Urolithiasis factors. Urolithiasis: symptoms, treatment and prevention

Urolithiasis disease(ICD) is a pathology that is always accompanied by pain. Discomfort is often localized in the lower back. But if you go to the exit, pain can be felt throughout the entire abdominal area. Such symptoms often underlie incorrect diagnosis and make one suspect the patient has appendicitis or an ulcer. Therefore, let’s look at the symptoms and treatment for men diagnosed with urolithiasis.

What is the basis of the disease?

The disease is much more common among the stronger sex than among women. Statistics provide the following figures. Men are three times more likely to be diagnosed with urolithiasis.

Doctors divide the causes of pathology into two groups: external and internal factors. Let's look at them.

External factors leading to the formation of stones:

Features of the climate. Dry air often leads to dehydration.
Soil structure. It affects the electrolyte content of products.
Water. In case of urolithiasis, the source of pathology can be excess salts in the fluid consumed. This leads to a high concentration of them in the urine. In addition, the acidity of the water affects stone formation.
Daily regime. Physical inactivity contributes to the development of pathology.
Lack of fluid. A small amount of water consumed seriously increases the risk of disease.
Diet. Promotes the formation of stones excessive consumption meat products, as well as food containing many purine bases(sorrel, spinach, peas).

These are not the only sources that influence the development of such pathologies as urolithiasis. The reasons may lie in internal factors:

Infectious diseases urinary tract: urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis.
Pathologies digestive tract: pancreatitis, hepatitis, colitis.
Infections of other organs: osteomyelitis, furunculosis, tonsillitis.
Abnormal development of the bladder, kidneys, and ureters.

Symptoms of the disease

No special clinical manifestations on initial stages does not have urolithiasis. Symptoms and treatment in men are often absent during this period. Pathology may be discovered if other diseases are diagnosed.

Characteristic signs of urolithiasis occur in the patient when stones advance. The most basic symptom is severe, sudden onset pain. This condition is characterized as renal colic.

It is characterized by the following symptoms:

Paroxysmal strong pain, which periodically worsens.
A rise in temperature may occur.
Painful discomfort appears suddenly, often during shaking, movement, or after large quantity taken liquid, alcohol. Changing body position does not eliminate pain.
Discomfort can spread to the lumbar region, lower abdomen, and groin.

Features of symptoms

The localization of pain and its nature make it possible to determine the place where the stones are located if the patient is diagnosed with urolithiasis. Symptoms and treatment in men depend entirely on their location:

Discomfort that occurs in the lumbar region (in the region of the costovertebral angle), spreading to the groin, characterizes the localization of kidney stones and their movement along the ureter. With this pathology, blood often appears in the urine.
If the pain is concentrated on the side of the lumbar area and spreads to the groin, then the stone is located high. Painful discomfort occurs as a result of stretching of the kidney capsule.
A moving stone always causes painful sensations. The pain usually radiates to the anterior thigh and scrotum.
The pain is constant. Sometimes the patient experiences periods of relief, which are followed by exacerbation. Such symptoms are typical for localization

In addition to the above clinical manifestations, other signs may be observed:

dysuria;
deterioration of the patient's condition;
elevated temperature;
hematuria;
nausea, vomiting;
delayed urine output due to blockage of the bladder neck.

Diagnosis of the disease

To confirm the diagnosis of urolithiasis, the attending physician examines the patient very carefully. The doctor is interested in the treatment carried out in the past, its effectiveness. Such measures make it possible to correctly prescribe adequate therapy.

The diagnosis is made based on the following data:

The patient has characteristic symptoms. Periodically appearing sharp pains in the lumbar region, abdomen or groin. Incomplete emptying bubble A burning sensation in the urethra during urination.
Inspection data. The doctor palpates the abdomen, as a result of which inflammatory pathologies of the peritoneum, such as pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and appendicitis, are excluded. Tapping lumbar area and abdomen makes it possible to differentiate pathology from lumbago, radiculitis, pyelonephritis. An external examination of the patient can characterize many factors. The patient’s posture, skin color, and the presence of swelling are taken into account.
Indicators of general urinalysis characteristic of pathology. As a rule, it is found increased density. Unchanged red blood cells are found in the urine. They state high concentration salts Such indicators of a general urine test indicate the presence of urolithiasis in a patient.
Ultrasound data. This examination accurately determines the diagnosis and gives an idea of the size, shape and location of the stones.
CT results. The examination is used if ultrasound does not give full description pathology.
Results of X-ray contrast examination. This method allows you to examine the urine flow in detail. Diagnostics reveals where the blockage of the ducts occurred.

Types of stones

It is very important not only to identify such a pathology as urolithiasis. Symptoms and treatment in men depend entirely on the type of stone. That is why it is advisable not to resort to traditional medicine, but to entrust your health to an experienced professional.

The following stones can form due to urolithiasis:

Oxalate. Such stones are formed from calcium salt. They are distinguished by their high density and prickly surface. Initially their color is black and gray. If a stone injures the mucous membrane, it becomes black or dark brown due to the blood pigment.
Phosphate. They contain calcium salt phosphoric acid. Typically, the stone is smooth or slightly rough. Can acquire a variety of different shapes. The consistency of the stone is soft. It is distinguished by its light gray or white color. This type of stone tends to rapid growth. Very easy to crush.
Urate. They are formed either by its salts. The stones are yellow-brick in color. They have a smooth surface but a hard consistency. Crushing is possible with the help of medications.
Carbonate. They contain calcium carbonate. The consistency of the stones is soft, and the shape is varied. The calculus has a smooth surface and is white in color.
Cystine. They are formed by the sulfur compound of the amino acid cystine. Stones round shape, yellowish-white. As a rule, they have a smooth surface and soft consistency.
Protein. Their formation is promoted by fibrin mixed with bacteria and salts. Stones white, small, soft and flat.
Cholesterol. They are extremely rare in the kidneys. They consist of cholesterol, have a soft consistency, and are black in color. Such stones are dangerous because they crumble easily.

Treatment of the disease

The tactics to combat pathology are determined by the urologist. Surgical methods are used for treatment and conservative therapy. Choice required method depends on the patient’s condition, his age, the size and location of the stone, the clinical course of the pathology, the presence of physiological or anatomical changes, as well as stages of renal failure.

In most cases, surgical treatment must be used to remove stones. The exception is stones formed by uric acid. These stones can be dissolved with conservative treatment.

Initially, the patient is prescribed the following medications for urolithiasis:

Antispasmodics. They eliminate spasm of the ureter and help relax its walls. This allows you to reduce painful sensations and facilitate the passage of stones. The patient is recommended next drugs: “Papaverine”, “No-shpa”, “Halidor”, “Diprofen”.
Painkillers. They are prescribed in case of an attack renal colic. Medicines that perfectly eliminate pain: “Analgin”, “Bral”, “Tempalgin”, “Baralgin”, “Pentalgin”, “Tetralgin”.

Some patients may be prescribed antibacterial drugs. They are introduced into therapy if an infection is associated with urolithiasis. Choice necessary antibiotics can only be done by a doctor based on an examination.

Dissolution of urates

It is extremely important to understand: only a doctor will tell you how to treat urolithiasis, since you can choose the necessary medications to dissolve the stone after determining its type.

The following drugs are used to treat urate:

“Allopurinol”, “Allozyme”, “Allopron”, “Allupol”, “Zilorik”, “Milurit”, “Remid”, “Sanfipurol”, “Purinol”. Such medications help reduce salt deposits uric acid.
"Etamide". The medicine stimulates intensive excretion of urates along with urine. Helps reduce uric acid salts in the body.
"Ugly." Combination drug, which causes alkalinization of urine. The medicine promotes the formation of soluble salts with uric acid.
"Uralit U". The product is used to dissolve urates. Protects the body from the formation of new stones.
"Blemaren." The drug is capable of dissolving urates and some other urinary stones.
"Solimok." Excellent dissolves urinary stones, mainly urates.

Oxalate dissolution

If a patient is diagnosed with these stones, drug therapy includes medications:

"Marelin."
"Spilled." Herbal preparation, which promotes the dissolution of oxalate stones.
Medicinal fees No. 7; No. 8; No. 9; No. 10. Such remedies are officially recognized by urology. They have diuretic, litholytic (stone-dissolving) and antispasmodic properties.

Phosphate dissolution

To combat this pathology, the most popular drugs are:

"Madder extract." This product allows you to loosen phosphates. In addition, the medicine has antispasmodic and diuretic effects.
"Marelin." The drug not only softens stones, but also perfectly eliminates spasms renal pelvis, ureter. The medicine relieves inflammation in the genitourinary system.

Dissolution of cystine stones

If this pathology is detected, it is most advisable to take the following medications:

"Penicillamine." The product forms a certain compound with cystine that easily dissolves in urine. This helps reduce stones.
"Tiopronin." The effect on the body of the drug is similar to the above-mentioned medicine. It is prescribed if Penicillamine is ineffective.
"Potassium citrate", "Sodium bicarbonate". Medicines that alkalinize urine. As a result, cystine stones dissolve.
"Uralit".

Nutritional Features

All patients must follow the diet prescribed by the doctor. Urolithiasis in men, depending on the type of stone, imposes certain dietary restrictions.

If the patient is found to have urates, then it is necessary to minimize the use of:

Purine-rich foods. These are fish, animal meat, mushrooms, offal, legumes, meat broths. Such food is acceptable once a week.
Alcohol. Patients are prohibited from drinking red wine and beer.

Dietary nutrition should be based on the following foods:

sweet peppers, tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes;
mild cheese;
millet, buckwheat, barley;
fruits, berries;
pasta;
eggs;
milk, cottage cheese, fermented milk products.

Patients diagnosed with oxalates should limit their intake of the following foods:

spinach, lettuce, sorrel;
beets, carrots, tomatoes;
sauerkraut;
celery, parsley;
coffee Tea;
jelly, jellies;
chocolate, cocoa;
green bean;
chicken, beef;
currants, citrus fruits, sour apples.

dairy products;
whole grains, cereals;
potatoes, pumpkin, cabbage;
nuts;
apricots, bananas, pears, watermelons;
peas.

If phosphates are detected in the diet, you should limit:

cranberries, currants, lingonberries;
vegetables fruits;
fermented milk products, cottage cheese, cheese, dairy products;
alcohol;
hot spices;
carbonated drinks;
coffee.

The following foods are preferred in the diet:

various soups;
vegetable oil;
pasta, bread;
butter;
fish, meat;
fruit drinks and juices from sour berries and fruits (cranberries, citrus fruits, apples).

For cystine stones, the following foods should be excluded:

By-products - spleen, liver, kidneys.
Fish, meat. It is allowed to use no more than 3 days a week. The daily dose is 200-250 mg.
Eggs (you can only have one per day).
Wheat flour.
Legumes.

watermelons;
citrus;
cowberry;
grape;
strawberry;
raisin;
pomegranate;
olives;
pears;
currant;
carrot;
nuts;
blueberry.

Conclusion

If necessary, patients diagnosed with ICD (urolithiasis) may be recommended special methods crushing stones. As you can see, any pathology can be dealt with. The main thing is not to give up and strictly follow all the doctor’s prescriptions.

Urolithiasis (urolithiasis) is pathological process, which leads to the formation of stones in bladder, ureter or kidneys. The disease is diagnosed in 3% of the total population. In young people, stones are most often found in the kidneys and ureter. In older people, pathology forms in the bladder area. This disease has no restrictions regarding age and gender.

Etiology

Urolithiasis develops, most often, due to metabolic disorders. But here we should take into account the fact that urolithiasis will not develop if there are no predisposing factors for this. The causes of urolithiasis are the following:

diseases of the kidneys and urinary system;
metabolic disorders and diseases associated with it;
pathological processes of bone tissue;
dehydration of the body;
chronic gastrointestinal diseases;
unhealthy diet overuse unhealthy food - spicy, salty, sour, fast food;
acute lack of vitamins and minerals.

It should also be noted that urolithiasis can develop due to constant use hard water. But this one etiological factor observed only in cases of weakened immunity and the presence of underlying diseases.

Pathogenesis

Violation normal exchange substances in the human body leads to the accumulation of insoluble salts in the genitourinary system. This leads to the formation of stones - phosphates or urates. Painful sensations appear when the stone begins to grow and does not pass quietly through the ureter.

General symptoms

Like most diseases, initial stage Symptoms of urolithiasis may be absent.

As the pathological process develops, the following signs of urolithiasis may be observed:

unstable arterial pressure;
increased body temperature, sometimes up to 40 degrees;
symptoms;
frequent urge urination that does not bring relief;
pain in the lumbar region, sometimes on both sides;
blood in urine;
pain when urinating.

It should be noted that in women, signs of urolithiasis are observed much more often than in men. Especially during pregnancy.

In some cases, the pain spreads to the genitals. In men, the pain may radiate to inner side thighs, and in women, on the bladder. Due to the fact that during pregnancy there is a frequent urge to urinate normal phenomenon, many simply do not pay attention to it.

Also, the clinical picture of urolithiasis may vary depending on the position and size of the stone itself. Urolithiasis in men is most often diagnosed after 40 years of age.

Kinds

According to the ICD ( international classification diseases) the following types of stones are distinguished in urolithiasis:

oxalate - easily determined on radiography, occurs most often;
uralate - formed from uric acid and unprocessed salts;
phosphate - formed as a consequence of disturbances in phosphate-calcium metabolism;
cystine;
mixed.

The cystine type of stone is often due to a hereditary predisposition. In women during pregnancy, this type of stone is almost never diagnosed.

General classification

According to ICD 10, the following classification of urolithiasis is accepted:

by location (kidneys, bladder, ureter);
by type of stones;
according to the nature of the development of the disease (primary or re-development illnesses).

Urolithiasis during pregnancy

During pregnancy, urolithiasis is diagnosed much less frequently than in women who are not pregnant. If the disease proceeds without significant complications, then this does not affect the course of pregnancy and the health of the baby. Otherwise, a miscarriage is possible.

As a rule, this disease is not regarded as a contraindication to conceiving and bearing a child. Hospitalization of a pregnant woman is carried out only in the following cases:

symptom of renal colic;
development of infection against the background of urolithiasis;
gestosis;

Concerning clinical picture, then during pregnancy it becomes more pronounced:

renal colic;
unstable body temperature, high blood pressure;
frequent urge to urinate;
presence of blood in the urine.

It is noteworthy that during pregnancy, urolithiasis may not be as painful as in women who are not pregnant.

In 80% of cases of urolithiasis in pregnant women against the background of this disease pyelonephritis develops. This pathological process can manifest itself both in the first and second trimester. In this case, hospitalization is simply necessary.

As for treatment, during pregnancy the emphasis is on a diet rich in minerals, with abundant consumption of purified water. The use of medications is kept to a minimum. Proper nutrition is also very important, with everyone essential vitamins for mother and child. Treatment of urolithiasis during pregnancy should be strictly under medical supervision.

Urolithiasis in children

Urolithiasis in children is most often diagnosed at the age of 8–10 years. IN childhood Boys are more susceptible to the disease. Clinical picture in children preschool age is this:

bloating;
nausea, refusal to eat;
capricious state, crying of a child for no apparent reason;
increased body temperature;
unstable stool;
aching pain in the lower back.

With such symptoms, the child should be immediately shown to a doctor and not self-medicate.

Urolithiasis in children is treated with special drugs And proper nutrition.

Diagnostics

If you have the above symptoms, you should contact a nephrologist or urologist. If the clinical picture is observed in children, then you should initially visit a pediatrician.

After examination and clarification of the medical history, instrumental and laboratory diagnostics are carried out. Concerning laboratory methods research, it is used only general analysis urine.

Diagnosis of urolithiasis necessarily includes instrumental techniques:

X-ray of the abdominal organs.

If, based on such a diagnosis of urolithiasis, it is not possible to accurately determine the presence of the disease, differential diagnosis is used. Only a doctor should prescribe a course of treatment for urolithiasis. Self-medication is unacceptable.

Treatment

At the initial stage, urolithiasis responds well to treatment and does not cause complications. Hospitalization is required if infectious diseases develop against the background of the illness.

If the stones are small, then drug treatment with the obligatory prescription of a diet. Otherwise, surgical intervention is applicable. Drug therapy includes taking the following medications:

painkillers;
anti-inflammatory;
to improve stone passage;
to improve metabolism.

The dosage and regimen of taking medications is prescribed only by a doctor. Unauthorized use of drugs for the treatment of urolithiasis can worsen the situation and lead to the development of an infectious disease.

Diet

In addition to taking medications, a patient with urolithiasis should adhere to correct mode nutrition. The diet excludes or minimizes the consumption of the following foods:

foods rich in oxalic acid;
spicy, sour, too salty;
coffee, chocolate;
meat and dishes made from them (including broths);
foods rich in vitamin C.

Instead, the patient’s diet should include the following foods:

potato;
cereals;
dairy products;
coarse cereals;
fruits.

Particular attention is paid to drinking. Daily norm Water consumption should be at least 1.5 liters. Concerning mineral water, then it should be without gas. It is advisable that the type of water (composition, amount of consumption) be prescribed by a doctor.

Instead of water, you can use herbal teas. But this should also be done as prescribed by a doctor.

Surgical treatment

If it is not possible to remove the stones using the methods described above, use surgical intervention. Typically, the following methods are used:

shock wave therapy;
urethroscopy;
percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

It should be noted that at the initial stage of progression of urolithiasis, abundant consumption of mineral water and proper nutrition allows one to avoid surgical intervention.

Treatment of urolithiasis with folk remedies is possible only as prescribed by a doctor. early stage development of the disease or as prophylactic agents. Best to use folk recipes in tandem with taking medications and proper nutrition. Also, do not forget about consuming the optimal amount of mineral water.

Prevention

Just as with treatment, prevention is based on the consumption of the optimal amount of purified water. You should drink at least 1.5–2 liters per day clean water. This is especially important for those who have already encountered this disease.

In addition, you must adhere to the following rules:

proper, healthy nutrition;
moderate physical activity;
timely and correct treatment of all diseases.

If the symptoms of the disease still make themselves felt, you should immediately seek help. medical care. Self-medication is fraught with serious complications.

Is everything correct in the article? medical point vision?

Answer only if you have proven medical knowledge

Urolithiasis is characterized by the presence of sand and stones in the kidneys and urinary tract. Treatment of urolithiasis with folk remedies in this case is considered almost the main method of therapy. Recipes traditional healers can work wonders by dissolving kidney stones in just a few months of use at home. What are the most effective folk remedies for treating urolithiasis?

What do you need to know when treating urolithiasis at home?

It is not always possible to remove stones from the kidneys and other organs at home. Therapeutic measures can only be carried out under the following conditions:

If the presence of stones is confirmed by a diagnostic study.
You are allowed to remove stones up to 5 mm in size on your own. Larger stones may become lodged in the narrow passage of the ureter.
The diagnostician named the type of stones that are localized in the organ. Some may be acidic, others alkaline. Treatment for each type of stone is different and is selected individually.

Herbal treatment

A course of herbal treatment is suitable for removing small stones.

Treatment of urolithiasis with herbs is considered very effective. It acts gently and quite effectively. The outcome of such therapy is always favorable: the stones slowly dissolve and, together with sand, are removed from the urinary tract to the outside. The main thing is to be patient and stay the course folk healing. Various diuretic herbs are used for urolithiasis of the kidneys: yarrow, chamomile, knotweed, horsetail, Birch buds etc.

Oxalate stones

Oxalate stones are an acidic type of mass that forms in the kidneys. Oxalic acid is a common cause of their appearance. It is found in foods such as sorrel, spinach, beans, nuts, etc. Therefore, you should limit the consumption of these foods during treatment. It is recommended to eat foods rich in calcium and magnesium. Cottage cheese, fish, buckwheat, peas are products that should be on the menu every day. Treatment with herbs is simple and painless. ethnoscience suggests using herbal infusions and decoctions to get rid of oxalate stones.

Recipe for healing infusion:

Take 10 g of corn silk, knotweed and St. John's wort.
Mix the ingredients, add 1 liter of boiling water.
Leave to infuse for a quarter of an hour.
Take three times a day, drinking 100 ml of infusion.

Recipe for madder potion:

Take 10 g of dried plant root.
Pour into a 0.5 liter jar.
The container is filled with boiling water to the very brim.
The product is infused for about half an hour.
The medicine is drunk throughout the day.
Treatment is carried out daily for three weeks.

Phosphate

Elimination diet phosphate stones should include adequate intake of acidic foods.

They are an alkaline type of stone. Main sign the presence of solid masses in the urinary tract - the presence of white. Along with therapy, it is necessary to follow a diet that will be effective when consuming large amounts of acidic foods. Pumpkin, cabbage, corn, and other foods with high alkaline values are limited.

The herbs used for urolithiasis have good diuretic and cleansing properties that make it possible to improve the health of the entire body. Herbal treatment of phosphate stones helps to avoid many health problems. Plants with healing properties, will eliminate unpleasant symptoms and will save a person from torment. Herbal infusions prepared from inflorescences, stems and roots medicinal plants, used to split stones.

Cooking recipe No. 1:

We take 10 g of several varieties of herbs: dandelion inflorescences, comfrey root, yarrow.
Mix the ingredients and pour 1 liter of boiling water.
Let the infusion stand for 60 minutes, then filter.
We drink ½ glass in the morning and evening before or after meals.

Preparation of recipe No. 2 includes the following procedure:

Take pre-dried rosehip roots in an amount of 50 g.
Grind the roots using a meat grinder.
Place the raw materials in a 0.5 liter jar.
Add boiled cold water.
Place on the stove and bring to a boil.
After 30 minutes, strain the infused liquid.
Drink 250 ml twice a day before meals.

Struvite

Collection medicinal herbs To remove struvite stones, you can prepare it at home.

Stones formed by alkaline properties consumed food. Occurs mainly in women. During therapy, the following foods are completely excluded: all types of cabbage, pineapples, tangerines, etc. The ability to “acidify” urine is inherent in cereal dishes, meat products, citrus fruits. Struvite stones are soft and crumble easily. They can be successfully treated with the help of healing herbal mixtures.

Collection Recipe No. 1

The collection consists of plant components:

10 g currant stems or leaves;
10 g anise seed;
20 g rowan berries;
20 g dried hops.

Preparation:

From the collection you need to take 1 tbsp. l. mixtures.
Pour into a 1 liter jar.
Pour boiling water over it.
Place in the refrigerator for 3-4 days.
Drink the medicine 1/3 cup three times a day before meals.
The therapeutic course is long - at least 4 months.

Collection Recipe No. 2

Main component healing agent is a grass - corn silk. You need to take 40 g of stigmas, 1 tsp. bearberry and oat straw; mix the ingredients and pour boiling water (1 l); infuse the medicine for 50 minutes; Decant the liquid and take 200 ml in the morning and evening, regardless of meals. The therapeutic course will be 30 days. Make it yourself week break and repeat the treatment.

Urate stones

During the diet, you need to control your protein intake.

Such stones are formed with the acidic reaction of urine. Their increase occurs when eating a large amount of meat, fish products, offal, and protein foods. The diet involves consuming foods that contain an abundance of magnesium, calcium, and vitamin B6. Urates are highly soluble in water, therefore, you need to drink more fluids during therapy. Therapy with folk remedies will provide excellent results. Herbal infusion used in therapeutic purposes, is prepared as follows: Quite rare in men and women, unlike other species kidney stones. The cause of the appearance of such masses is a hereditary metabolic disorder (cystinuria). Treatment for this type of stone is not considered effective, however, there are exceptions. During the therapeutic course, it is necessary to drink more fluids and limit the consumption of foods containing sodium.

Herbal mixture for the treatment of cystine stones:

Take 10 g dried herbs- bearberry, chamomile, dandelion stems.
Mix the ingredients.
Pour into container.
Pour 1 liter of water brought to 60 degrees.
Let it sit for a quarter of an hour.
Strain the resulting liquid.
Drink 250 ml three times a day after meals.
The treatment course will be 1 month.

Strong fees for getting rid of stones

Herbal collection No. 1

Strong herbal preparations have been successfully used for urolithiasis. Kidney collection consists of the following ingredients:

10 g bearberry;
10 g St. John's wort;
20 g string;
20 g dried parsley roots.

Preparation of the medicine:

Mix the ingredients thoroughly.
Pour boiling water (1.5 l) over the composition.
Leave to infuse for 50 minutes.
Strain the resulting liquid.
Take ½ glass 2 times a day.

Pathology of the urinary tract, in which stones form, is called urolithiasis (urolithiasis). Metabolic disease caused by for various reasons. KSD is often hereditary, and its most common form is nephrolithiasis, when stones crystallize in the renal calyces, parenchyma, and pelvis.

Diagnosis of ICD

The disease urolithiasis is very common. An increase in the incidence of pathologies is associated with growth unfavorable factors environment, but medicine cannot yet accurately explain why ICD develops in people of working age. Urolithiasis is a diagnosis in which stones are formed due to the deposition of salts in the urinary tract. The stones have different shapes - flat, angular, round, and the size ranges from a couple of millimeters (sand) to several centimeters. As a rule, the onset of the disease occurs between 20 and 60 years of age.

Causes of urolithiasis

Experts are confident that there is no single reason for the development of urolithiasis. The development of pathology can be influenced by many factors and conditions. Possible reasons urolithiasis:

congenital disease kidney;
excess uric acid;
gastrointestinal diseases, fractures or bone injuries;
calcium metabolism disorder;
secondary form of gout;
physical inactivity;
genitourinary infections promoting stone formation (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis);
unbalanced diet;
hereditary disorders leading to enzyme deficiency.

Diagnostics

Important role In the diagnosis of kidney ICD, it is important to take an anamnesis. The clinical picture is determined by the duration and nature of the pain, what it is accompanied by (nausea, chills, vomiting), the presence of hematuria in the urine, chronic diseases And so on. Differential diagnosis urolithiasis includes visual inspection external genitalia, lumbar region, palpation of the abdomen, rectal examination prostate in men and vaginal examination in women.

The main methods for diagnosing urolithiasis are instrumental and laboratory research. Modern devices Ultrasound allows you to diagnose not only the smallest stone located in any area of the urinary tract, but also sand in the urine, kidney enlargement, and the presence of foci of destruction. Crucial It has X-ray examination. Overview shot 96% will show the shadow of the stone. For laboratory diagnostics the patient is prescribed:

clinical urine culture;
blood biochemistry for the presence of other pathologies, for example, hyperoxaluria and hyperuricemia;
general blood analysis.

Symptoms

Stones can crystallize anywhere urinary system, therefore, the symptoms of urolithiasis appear depending on the side, size and level of their location. Main manifestations of the disease:

Pain syndrome. It is unstable and can become more intense. In men and women, the localization of pain is different. The male half of the population suffers from colic in the lumbar region, genital area and perineum. Women experience pain in the vulvar area.
Hematuria (blood in the urine). Occurs due to scratching the walls of the ureter with a stone high density. There may be microhematuria, when the amount of blood is so small that it can only be determined under a microscope.
Frequent urination. It is observed when there is a stone in the bladder or when a stone passes. Sometimes the stream of urine suddenly stops.
Chills, deterioration of health. Occurs after pyelonephritis or other kidney pathology is added to the ICD.

Among women

In most cases, pain in women is not constant, but tends to periodically intensify. When the ureter is blocked by a stone, renal colic occurs. The main signs of urolithiasis in women are pain in the lower back, sometimes radiating to the genitals. At the same time, it is difficult to stay in one position, so the patient’s behavior is restless. Sometimes the pain syndrome is accompanied by vomiting and frequent urination.

In men

In the stronger half of humanity, ICD occurs three times more often than in women. This is due to the fact that men are less likely than women to adhere to proper nutrition and monitor their health. At the initial stage of urolithiasis, symptoms do not appear at all. Symptoms of urolithiasis in men begin with sudden attack pain, which may indicate advancement of stones. This condition is called renal colic. It is characterized by signs:

discomfort in the groin and lumbar region, bloating;
pain that begins during shaking (transport) or when taking a large amount of liquid (alcohol);
increase in body temperature.

Urolithiasis - treatment

ICD belongs to the group severe pathologies, which sometimes end with incorrect therapy fatal. Self-medication is prohibited, so at the first symptoms you should contact a urologist. Treatment for urolithiasis differs between men and women, but the general therapeutic measures exist:

patients are prescribed special diet;
if the largest stone present is less than 0.5 cm, then drug treatment of the disease is carried out;
with a stone bigger size(staghorn) ultrasonic crushing or surgery is prescribed.

In men

The most important thing in the treatment of this pathology is the drinking regime. You should drink at least two liters of clean water per day to avoid the growth of existing stones. KSD can be treated conservatively or operative method. Medicines used during therapy:

painkillers for acute colic(Baralgin, Ketanov)

antispasmodics that weaken the muscles of the ureter (Drotaverine, Noshpa);
antibiotics for kidney inflammation (Zinnat, Cephalexin).

Treatment of urolithiasis in men is carried out and promptly by cutting tissue and removing stone or using endoscopy. Sometimes lithotripsy is prescribed - remote destruction of stones. The procedure is carried out by exposure electromagnetic wave on the stone, which crushes it into small pieces. Then, along with urine, dense particles are excreted from the body. This method is not suitable for all patients.

Among women

In the initial stages of the disease, you need to stick to a diet and drink a lot to get rid of sand and dissolve small stones. Doctors prescribe antibiotics, antispasmodics and analgesics to reduce intense pain syndrome. At home, it is recommended to take hot baths and apply a heating pad to your lower back. TO absolute contraindication includes alcohol, chocolate, coffee, protein food. Treatment of urolithiasis in women includes prescribing various methods physiotherapy:

inductothermy;
laser therapy;
sinusoidal modulated currents;
ultrasound.

Treatment of urolithiasis with folk remedies

Self-administer medications or get treatment traditional methods from ICD is not recommended. Any therapy should be coordinated with a doctor to avoid complications. Folk remedies in case of urolithiasis, they help remove small stones (up to 4 mm). In summer, you can limit yourself to a 14-day watermelon-bread diet. In winter, herbal decoctions of birch leaves, burdock root, corn silk, taken in equal parts. The decoction should be used after meals, 1 tbsp. l.

Diet

If you have urolithiasis, you should reconsider your diet. A diet for urolithiasis involves the exclusion of foods such as spinach, beets, rhubarb, celery, sorrel, green salad. Salt, meat, red currants, sauerkraut, sour apples, and citrus fruits are subject to limitation. You need to include in your diet:

potatoes, pumpkin, peas, prunes;
grapes, bananas, plums, pears;
whole grains, cereals;
milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, kefir, hard cheese;
fish low-fat varieties;
herbal decoctions: violet roots, birch leaves and other diuretics.

Complications of urolithiasis

Prolonged presence of stones in the urinary tract leads to inhibition of kidney function and urinary tract. The main complications of urolithiasis are cystitis and pyelonephritis. These pathologies, if not treated in a timely manner, lead to paranephritis, kidney abscess, sepsis or necrosis of the renal papillae. Acute renal failure occurs, but is extremely rare, if stones are in the ureter on both sides.

Prevention

Preventive therapy is aimed at correcting metabolism. The patient is prescribed medications with calcium and fiber intake. The main prevention of ICD is lifestyle changes. We need regular exercise, giving up alcohol, losing weight for obese patients and reducing emotional stress. One of important factors stone formation – animal protein. Its safe dose is approximately 1 g/kg of human weight per day.

Video

Urolithiasis (urolithiasis) is a disease that occurs as a result of a metabolic disorder in which an insoluble sediment in the form of sand (up to 1 mm in diameter) or stones (from 1 mm to 25 mm or more) is formed in the urine. Stones settle in the urinary tract, which disrupts the normal flow of urine and causes renal colic and inflammation.

According to medical statistics, urolithiasis is the second most common disease among all urological diseases, and in third place among urological diseases leading to death. Urolithiasis affects people of any age, including children, but the main age group- people aged 25 to 45 years. The disease is more common in men than women, but women are more often diagnosed severe forms diseases. It is also known that stones are more likely to form in right kidney than in the left, and in approximately 20% of cases both kidneys are involved in the pathological process.

Causes of urolithiasis

Many factors play a role in the occurrence of urolithiasis, but the mechanism of stone formation and its causes are not fully understood. It is known that the leading role is given to the structural features of the renal tubular system, when the anatomical structure of the kidney itself contributes to the occurrence stagnation. At the same time, for the formation of stones, the influence of external factors, mainly diet, as well as conditions drinking regime. Diseases also play a role in the development of urolithiasis genitourinary system, endocrine pathologies(especially diseases parathyroid glands, directly affecting metabolic processes involving calcium), long-term use some medicinal substances(sulfonamides, tetracyclines, glucocorticoids, aspirin, etc.).

Types of urolithiasis

Various violations metabolic processes cause the formation of stones that differ in their chemical composition. The chemical composition of stones is important, since it depends on it medical tactics in the treatment of urolithiasis, as well as diet correction to prevent relapses.

The following stones form in the urinary tract:

Stones based on calcium compounds (oxalates, phosphates, carbonates);
Stones based on uric acid salts (urates);
Stones formed by magnesium salts;
Protein stones (cystine, xanthine, cholesterol).

The main share is made up of calcium compounds (about 2/3 of all stones), protein stones are the least common. Urates are the only group that can be dissolved. These stones are more often detected in older people. Stones consisting of magnesium salts are most often accompanied by inflammation.

Stones due to urolithiasis can form in any part of the urinary tract. Depending on where they are located, there are following forms diseases:

Nephrolithiasis – in the kidneys;
Ureterolithiasis – in the ureters;
Cystolithiasis – in the bladder.

Urolithiasis is initially asymptomatic. The first signs of urolithiasis are discovered either by chance, during an examination, or with sudden onset of renal colic. Renal colic – severe pain attack, often the main symptom of urolithiasis, and sometimes the only one, occurs as a result of spasm of the urinary duct, or its obstruction by a stone.

The attack begins acutely, with sharp pain, the localization of which depends on the location of the stone. The pain is intense and can radiate to the groin, lower abdomen, and lower back. Urination becomes painful and frequent, and blood is found in the urine (hematuria). Nausea and sometimes vomiting appear. The patient rushes about in search of a position that would bring relief, but does not find such a position. An attack of renal colic can occur with subsidence and exacerbation of pain, and end either in the removal of the stone, or in the subsidence of the colic, or in the development of a complication.

It should be noted that the severity of signs of urolithiasis is not always related to the size of the stones. Sometimes small stones, not exceeding 2 mm, can cause severe colic, while there are cases of severe kidney damage, when multiple stones fused into coral-shaped formations do not lead to colic, but are discovered by chance or when complications of urolithiasis begin.

Diagnosis of urolithiasis

Diagnosis of urolithiasis is based on the characteristic clinical picture of renal colic and ultrasound data. Also informative CT scan and magnetic resonance urography. A detailed urine analysis is carried out using functional tests(according to Zimnitsky, Nechiporenko, etc.). Necessarily bacteriological examination urine. Radiography has now lost its leading place in the diagnosis of urolithiasis, but is still used as an additional method.

Treatment of urolithiasis

An attack of renal colic is relieved with the help of antispasmodic and analgesic drugs. The main treatment of urolithiasis is carried out in the absence of acute manifestations.

Urolithiasis is considered surgical disease, however, urolithiasis caused by the formation of urates can be treated medically by taking drugs that dissolve these stones. Other types of stones require mechanical removal.

Treatment of urolithiasis is carried out using two main methods: lithotripsy and surgery. External shock wave lithotripsy - effective method treatment of urolithiasis, in which stones in the urinary ducts are broken up using a shock wave, and then excreted in the urine. The method has proven itself excellent, thanks to its indications for surgical intervention during the treatment of urolithiasis significantly narrowed.

The operations used to treat urolithiasis are divided into open and endoscopic, as well as organ-preserving and radical. Radical operation is the removal of a kidney if it has lost its function. Method of preference in choice surgical treatment urolithiasis are endoscopic techniques, allowing stone removal without making an incision in the abdominal cavity.

Prevention of urolithiasis

Prevention of urolithiasis is a prerequisite complete cure, since without it relapses are inevitable. The basis for the prevention of urolithiasis is adherence to a diet that normalizes metabolism and biochemical composition urine, as well as compliance with the drinking regime. The diet for urolithiasis is developed depending on chemical composition stones. So, with oxalates, dairy products and chocolate are excluded from the diet, and with urate stones, the consumption of meat is limited. Extremely an important condition is the reception sufficient quantity water – 1.5 – 2 liters per day.

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