What adverse factors affect health. What exactly affects human health

Health- this is perhaps the most valuable thing that nature has awarded man. When a person is healthy, he enjoys every day, enjoys life, he wants to create and act. Our living conditions have changed dramatically compared to the lives of our grandparents. The fast pace of life, the high level of production technologies, new discoveries in various fields of science - all this has left its mark on a person.

It is important for a modern inhabitant of planet Earth to know what environmental factors influence a healthy lifestyle in order to live a long and happy life.

Psychological

A person's thoughts, his attitudes towards life have a direct impact on his health. If a person does not love himself and those around him or he is not satisfied with himself, then, naturally, he will experience emotions that will destroy his psyche: resentment, anger, envy, fear and malice. And as you know, the soul and body are interconnected, and these spiritual experiences will be reflected in bodily sensations. Such people have little chance of being healthy. Such a person certainly needs to sort out his thoughts either on his own or with the help of a specialist and determine life priorities, and this will be one of the right steps towards a healthy lifestyle!

Healthy lifestyle and nutrition

It has long been no secret that the composition of modern food products includes various chemical components. These are various artificial colors, flavors, preservatives, antioxidants, flavor enhancers and others. In ancient times, such a variety of food supplements was not even heard of. But today it is our reality.

Not only are all these nutritional improvers toxins for the human body, but they also make modern nutrition “empty”. This means that the products that a person buys in stores do not contain the amount of nutrients, vitamins, microelements that is necessary for the normal functioning of the body, and even more so for a healthy lifestyle. It turns out that a slagged human body cannot function normally and, in addition, is constantly in a state of nutritional deficiency. Of course, human health from this only worsens.

Healthy lifestyle and just water

More precisely, the amount of water a person drinks per day and its quality. As you know, water is the basis of all life on Earth. Without water, all biochemical reactions in a living organism cannot take place. Only the human brain is 90% water. Thanks to water, toxins and toxins are removed from the body.

A person should drink an average of 1.5 - 2 liters of water per day. For every kilogram of body weight a person needs to drink 30-40 ml of water. That is, if a person weighs 60 kg, he should drink 1.8 - 2.4 liters of water per day. And these are the values ​​for pure water! Soups, teas, juices and other drinks are not taken into account. And, of course, the water must be of high quality. Decontaminated from various types of microorganisms, do not contain salts of heavy metals, radioactive substances. If a person drinks enough clean water every day, he will feel much better and his body will thank him.

Medicine

Medicine, of course, develops and does not stand still, but diseases around the world are not decreasing, but rather, on the contrary. Doctors prescribe various drugs to their patients, some of them are toxic. And, often, in life you can encounter uncontrolled use of antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics. Do not forget that these are chemicals that have a detrimental effect on the human body. A person who leads a healthy lifestyle for many years will not need medicines!

Ecology and healthy lifestyle

Currently, the industry is gaining momentum. The number of industrial complexes is increasing, and industrial emissions into the air are increasing along with them. Modern man, alas, is forced to breathe this polluted air. In addition, the number of cars is also increasing, and these are additional exhaust emissions into the atmosphere. The presence of radioactive substances in the atmosphere. Radioactive substances can enter the human body through air, water and soil. Accumulating in the body, they have a negative effect on it for a long time. Of course, the environmental factor has a negative impact on human health.

Healthy lifestyle and bad habits

Everyone knows about the dangers of alcohol and smoking, probably from childhood. At school, teachers constantly tell their students about what the future holds for them if they lead an unhealthy lifestyle. But in addition to these basic bad habits, there are no less dangerous habits, such as listening to loud music on headphones, or reading in transport, etc. Such seemingly trifles can lead to serious vision and hearing problems in the future. Don't forget about it.

Heredity

The hereditary factor is perhaps the most difficult to eliminate of all. Of course, no one can change the genetic information that parents passed on to their children, or rather, it is very difficult. But it must be said that some diseases (type 2 diabetes, cholelithiasis, arthrosis) may be the result of malnutrition from generation to generation. Most hereditary diseases appear in the first 10-15 years of life. But following a healthy lifestyle, even heredity can be dealt with, which is proved, for example, by many Olympic champions who were born with a heart defect!

Injuries

Injuries are a common occurrence these days. Every day, a person is at risk of receiving varying degrees of severity of damage. The extent of the injury depends on the health of the person. It happens that in the same person, injuries become not an accident, but already a pattern. But, if this has already happened, you need to track the consequences of the injury and, if possible, eliminate them. Here you just need to be careful and take care of yourself.

Movement

Currently, the problem of movement is relevant. More and more people are leading a sedentary lifestyle. Before work, they prefer to drive even 500 m by car. For many, the work itself is sedentary. And with the development of information technology and the widespread use of Internet opportunities, it is pleasant and interesting for a person to spend all his free time at a computer. But the body needs physical activity every day.

Movement is life. And indeed it is. While a person is moving, his organs and all organ systems work harmoniously. One has only to stop, as over time a person acquires a wide variety of diseases. An important point for those who have decided to lead a healthy lifestyle: move, run, swim, walk, etc.

Thus, there are a lot of factors influencing a healthy lifestyle of a modern person. Some of them are difficult for a person to influence. However, most can be easily dealt with.

At some point in their lives, some people come up with the idea that it's time to change something in their lives and, believe me, if you have such thoughts, then it really is time to change something! If a person values ​​his health, he will think about the way of life that he leads and thinking and will do everything possible and impossible to change everything for the better!

Be healthy, try to lead only, and we will try to help you with this!

Question 3. Factors shaping and influencing human health. Health risk factors.

WHO experts determined the approximate ratio of various factors for ensuring individual human health, highlighting the 4th derivatives as the main ones, which are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Factors shaping health

Actual sphere of influence (in Russia)	Health Promotion Factors	Factors deteriorating health
genetic	Healthy heredity, the absence of morphofunctional prerequisites for the onset of the disease	Hereditary diseases and disorders. hereditary predisposition.
Environment 20-25% (20%)	Good living and working conditions, favorable natural climate, etc.	Harmful conditions of life and production, adverse climatic, environmental conditions.
Medical support 20-15% (8%)	Medical screening, high level of preventive measures, timely and complete medical care	There is no constant medical control over the dynamics of health: low level of primary prevention, poor quality medical care
Conditions and lifestyle 50-55% (52%)	Rational organization of life: sedentary lifestyle, adequate motor acts, social lifestyle, etc.	Unhealthy Lifestyle

It has been established that the development of many somatic diseases is associated with the negative effect of environmental factors. These factors are called risk factors. Thus, hypercholesterolemia (an increase in blood cholesterol levels) increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease in people aged 35-64 years by 5.5 times, elevated blood pressure - by 6, smoking - by 6.5, a sedentary lifestyle - by 4.4 , excessive body weight - 3.4 times. When combined with several

For some risk factors, the probability of developing the disease increases (in this case, 11 times). Persons who do not have signs of diseases, but the listed risk factors are identified, formally belong to the group of healthy people, but they have the possibility of developing coronary artery disease in the next 5-10 years is very likely.

Climatogeographic features of the human habitat (hot or cold, dry or wet soils, temperature fluctuations, etc.) have always been the most important factor in shaping morbidity and mortality.

Mankind in its activities has also formed a complex of so-called anthropogenic risk factors, such as urbanization, environmental pollution, etc. Their action is associated with the spread of various diseases, for example, ischemic heart disease, bronchitis, emphysema, diseases of the esophagus, stomach, spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations, inflammatory diseases of the eyes, and others. Significant risk factors are smoking, alcohol, drugs, etc. Table 3 shows some groups of risk factors for human health.

Table 3. Risk factors for the onset of the disease

Climatogeographic
Atmospheric pressure lability	Hypo- and hypertensive crises, myocardial infarction, stroke
Duration of exposure to sunlight, dry air, winds, dust	Malignant tumors of the skin, lower lip, respiratory organs
Exposure to cold air, wind, hypothermia	Rheumatism, skin cancer
Hot climate, high mineralization of water	kidney disease
Excess or deficiency of trace elements in soil or water	Diseases of the endocrine system, circulatory system
Environmental
Air pollution (dust, chemicals)	Malignant neoplasms, diseases of the circulatory system, female genital organs, digestive system, genitourinary organs, endocrine system
Pollution of soil, water bodies, food	Same
Condition of roads, transport, vehicles	Road injuries
Urbanization
Working conditions
Chemical factors (gases and reactive dust)	Malignant neoplasms of the lungs, skin, diseases of the female genital organs. Genitourinary system, digestive system
Physical factors (noise, vibration, ultra-high frequencies, EMF, etc.)	Diseases of the circulatory system, vibration disease, diseases of the endocrine system
Tension of the sense organs
Hypodynamia	Diseases of the circulatory system
Forced position of the body	Diseases of the peripheral nervous system, circulatory organs
Social microclimate
Tense microclimate, stress	Diseases of the nervous system, circulatory system
Genetic factors
hereditary predisposition to disease	Diseases of the circulatory system, respiratory organs, digestion, malignant neoplasms
Blood group A (II) and 0 (I)	Malignant neoplasms of the respiratory, digestive, skin
Pathophysiological and biochemical factors
Arterial hypertension
Psycho-emotional instability	IHD, hypertension, atherosclerosis, diseases of the nervous system
Birth trauma, abortion	Diseases of the female genital organs, malignant neoplasms

Combining numerous risk factors into qualitatively homogeneous groups made it possible to determine the relative importance of each group in the occurrence and development of pathology in the population (Table 4).

Table 4. Grouping of risk factors and their contribution to the formation of the level of public health (Lisitsyn Yu.P., 1987)

Group of Risk Factors	Risk factors included in the group	The share of a group of factors influencing health
I Lifestyle	Smoking, abuse of tobacco, alcohol, drugs, medications; irrational nutrition; adynamia and hypodynamia; harmful working conditions, stressful situations (distresses); fragility of families, loneliness, low educational and cultural lifestyle; excessively high level of urbanization.	49-53%
II Genetic factors	Predisposition to hereditary diseases Predisposition to degenerative diseases	18-22
IIIEnvironment	Pollution of water and air with carcinogens. Other air pollution, soil water. Sudden change in atmospheric pressure. Increase of heliocosmic, magnetic and other radiations	17-20
IV Medical factors	Ineffective preventive measures. Poor quality of medical care. Untimely medical care	8-10

Of course, it should be emphasized once again that the influence of various factors on human health must be considered in a complex, taking into account the characteristics of the individual (age, gender, etc.), as well as the specifics of the specific situation in which the person is.

Question 4.Influence of natural and ecological factors on human health.

Initially, Homo Sapiens lived in the natural environment, like all consumers of the ecosystem, and was practically unprotected by the contribution of its limiting environmental factors. Primitive man was subject to the same factors of regulation and self-regulation of the ecosystem as the entire animal world, his life expectancy was short and the population density was very low. The main limiting factors were hyperdynamia and malnutrition. The leading cause of death was pathogenic(disease-causing) effects of a natural nature. Of particular importance among them were infectious diseases, characterized, as a rule, by natural focality. essence natural foci in the fact that pathogens, specific vectors and animal accumulators, the custodians of the pathogen, exist in given natural conditions (foci) regardless of whether a person lives here or not. A person can become infected from wild animals (the "reservoir" of pathogens), living in this area permanently or accidentally being here. Such animals usually include rodents, birds, insects, etc.

All these animals are part of the biocenosis of the ecosystem associated with a certain bioton. Hence, natural focal diseases are closely related to a certain territory, with one or another type of landscape, and therefore, with its climatic features, for example, they differ in seasonality of manifestation. E. P. Pavlovsky (1938), who first proposed the concept natural focus, attributed plague, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, some helminthiases, etc. to natural focal diseases. Studies have shown that in one focus may contain

huddle a few diseases.

Natural focal diseases were the main cause of death of people until the beginning of the 20th century. The most terrible of these diseases was the plague, the death rate from which many times exceeded the death of people in the endless wars of the Middle Ages and later.

Plague - acute infectious disease of humans and animals, refers to quarantine diseases. WHO

the wakener is a plague microbe in the form of an ovoid bipolar rod. Plague epidemics covered many countries of the world. In the VI century. BC e. more than 100 million people died in the Eastern Roman Empire in 50 years. No less devastating was the epidemic in the 14th century. From the 14th century the plague was repeatedly noted in Russia, including in Moscow. In the 19th century she "mowed down" people in Transbaikalia, Transcaucasia, in the Caspian Sea, and even at the beginning of the 20th century. was observed in the port cities of the Black Sea, including Odessa. In the XX century. large epidemics were recorded in India.

Diseases associated with the natural environment surrounding humans still exist, although they are constantly being fought. This is due, in particular, to the reasons purely ecological nature, for example resistance (the development of resistance to various factors of influence) of carriers of pathogens and the pathogens themselves. A typical example of these processes is the fight against malaria.

More attention is now being paid to integrated, environmentally sound malaria control methods "Living environment management". These include draining wetlands, reducing water salinity, etc. The following groups of methods are biological- the use of other organisms to reduce the danger of the mosquito - in 40 countries, at least 265 species of larvivorous fish are used for this, as well as microbes that cause disease and death of mosquitoes.

Plague and other infectious diseases (cholera, malaria, anthrax, tularemia, dysentery, diphtheria, scarlet fever, etc.) destroyed people of various ages, including reproductive ones. This led to a rather slow population growth - the first billion people on Earth appeared in 1860. But the discoveries of Pasteur and others at the end of the 19th century, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of preventive medicine in the 20th century. in the treatment of very serious diseases, a sharp improvement in sanitary and hygienic living conditions, culture and education of people, in general, led to a sharp decrease in the incidence of natural focal diseases, and some of them practically disappeared in the 20th century.

Natural and environmental factors affecting human health include geochemical And geophysical fields. anomalies these fields, i.e., areas (territories) on the surface of the Earth, where their quantitative characteristics differ from the natural background, can become a source of diseases of the biota and humans. Such a phenomenon is called geopathogenesis, and the areas (territories) where they are observed are geopathogenic zones. Geopathogenic zones can be compared with natural foci according to the signs of impact on biota and humans.

Geopathic zones associated with the geochemical field affect a person with toxic chemical elements contained in them, associated with a radioactive field - increased release of radon, with the presence of other radionuclides, i.e. the mechanism of pathogenesis in this case is quite clear - the exchange between the source and the object of exposure . Here, the forms of pathogenesis and measures to combat it, including preventive ones, are already well known.

Geopathogenesis, due to geophysical fields, is poorly understood, especially the mechanism of transmission of pathogenic effects on living organisms. Nevertheless, some facts are known, when the violation of the Ionic balance of the electrostatic field in the direction of an increase in the number of positive air ions was established in the Areas of geologically active zones, with a general decrease in air ionization, which led to a decrease in immunity in people: and as a result, to the appearance of oncological diseases.

In humans, the action of geophysical fields "is also associated with brain rhythms, vascular waves, changes in vegetative physiological parameters, mental functions, etc." In this regard, it should be noted that

elimination of disturbances in the electromagnetic field created by flares on the Sun, which can last for seconds, minutes and hours. It is this short duration of outbreaks, ahead of the time of the adaptation period, that does not allow a person, and possibly some representatives of the biota, to develop an adaptive "antidote" to such fluctuations. They cause diseases in people, for example, with a weakened vascular system: increased blood pressure, headaches, and in especially severe cases, up to a stroke or heart attack, etc.

Statistically confirmed significant exacerbation of vascular diseases in people with a drop in solar activity. The prevalence of such geopathology is also explained by the fact that a person is largely isolated in his life from these natural processes.

Question 5. Influence of socio-ecological factors on human health.

In order to fight against the action of natural factors regulating the ecosystem, man had to use natural resources, including irreplaceable ones, and create an artificial environment for his survival.

Built environment also requires adaptation to oneself, which occurs through illness. The main role in the occurrence of diseases in this case is played by the following factors: physical inactivity, overeating, information abundance, psycho-emotional stress. In this regard, there is a constant increase in the "diseases of the century": cardiovascular, oncological, allergic diseases, mental disorders and, finally, AIDS, etc.

natural environment now preserved only where it was not available to people for its transformation. An urbanized, or urban, environment is an artificial world created by man, which has no analogues in nature and can only exist with constant renewal.

Social environment is difficult to integrate with any human environment, and all the factors of each of the environments are "closely interconnected

among themselves and experience the objective and subjective aspects of the “quality of the living environment”.

This multiplicity of factors makes us more cautious in assessing the quality of a person's living environment in terms of his health. It is necessary to carefully approach the choice of objects and indicators that diagnose the environment. They may be short lived changes in the body, which can be used to judge different environments - home, production, transport - and long-lived in this particular urban environment - some adaptations of the acclimatization plan, etc. The influence of the urban environment is quite clearly emphasized by certain trends in the current state of health

person.

From a medical and biological point of view, the environmental factors of the urban environment have the greatest impact on the following trends: 1) the process of acceleration, 2) disruption of biorhythms, 3) allergization of the population, 4) an increase in cancer incidence and mortality, 5) an increase in the proportion of overweight people, 6) lag of physiological age from the calendar one, 7) “rejuvenation” of many forms of pathology, 8) abiological tendency in the organization of life, etc.

Acceleration- this is the acceleration of the development of individual organs or parts of the body in comparison with a certain biological norm. In our case, this is an increase in body size and a significant shift in time towards earlier puberty. Scientists believe that this is an evolutionary transition in the life of the species, caused by improving living conditions: good nutrition, which “removed” the limiting effect of food resources, which provoked selection processes that caused acceleration.

biological rhythms- the most important mechanism for regulating the functions of biological systems, formed, as a rule, under the influence of abiotic factors, can be violated in urban life. This primarily applies to circadian rhythms: a new environmental factor was the use of electric lighting, which extended daylight hours. Desynchronosis is superimposed on this, chaotization of all previous biorhythms occurs, and a transition occurs. to a new rhythmic stereotype, what causes diseases in humans and in all representatives of the biota of the city, in which the photoperiod is disturbed.

Allergization of the population- one of the main new features in the changed structure of the pathology of people in the urban environment. Allergy- hypersensitivity, or reactivity, of the body to a particular substance, the so-called allergen(simple and complex mineral and organic substances). Allergens are external - exoallergens, and internal - autoallergens, in relation to the body. Exoallergens can be infectious- pathogenic and non-disease-causing microbes, viruses, etc., and non-infectious- house dust, animal hair, plant pollen, medicines and other chemicals -

gasoline, chloramine, etc., a. also meat, vegetables, fruits, berries, milk, etc. Autoallergens are pieces of tissues of damaged organs (heart, liver), as well as tissues damaged by burns, radiation exposure, frostbite, etc.

The cause of allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, urticaria, drug allergies, rheumatism, lupus erythematosus, etc.) is a violation of the human immune system, which, as a result of evolution, was in balance with the natural environment. The urban environment is characterized by a sharp change in the dominant factors and

the emergence of completely new substances - pollutants, the pressure of which the human immune system has not experienced before. Therefore, an allergy can occur without much resistance from the body and it is difficult to expect that it will become resistant to it at all.

Cancer incidence And mortality- one of the most indicative medical trends of trouble in a given city or, for example, in a countryside contaminated with radiation (Yablokov, 1989, etc.). These diseases are caused by tumors. Tumors("onkos" - Greek) - neoplasms, excessive pathological growths of tissues. They can be benign- sealing or spreading surrounding tissues, and malignant- sprouting into surrounding tissues and destroying them. Destroying blood vessels, they enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, forming the so-called metastases. Benign tumors do not form metastases.

The development of malignant tumors, i.e. cancer, can occur as a result of prolonged contact with certain products: lung cancer in uranium miners, skin cancer in chimney sweeps, etc. This disease is caused by certain substances called carcinogens.

Carcinogenic substances(translation from Greek - "giving birth to cancer"), or simply carcinogens,- chemical compounds that can cause malignant and benign neoplasms in the body when exposed to it. Several hundred are known. According to the nature of the action, they are divided into three groups: 1) local action; 2) organotropic, i.e. affecting certain organs; 3) multiple action causing tumors in various organs. Carcinogens include many cyclic hydrocarbons, nitrogen dyes, and alkalizing compounds. They are found in industrially polluted air, tobacco smoke, coal tar and soot. Many carcinogenic substances have a mutagenic effect on the body.

In addition to being carcinogenic, tumors also cause tumor viruses, as well as the action of some radiation - ultraviolet, x-ray, radioactive, etc.

In addition to humans and animals, tumors also affect plants. They can be caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, exposure to low temperatures. They are formed on all parts and organs of plants. Cancer of the root system leads to their premature death.

In economically developed countries death from cancer is in second place. But not all cancers are necessarily found in the same area. Certain forms of cancer are known to be associated with certain conditions, for example, skin cancer is more common in hot countries, where there is an excess of ultraviolet radiation. But the incidence of cancer of a certain localization in a person can vary depending on changes in the conditions of his life. If a person has moved to an area where this form is rare, the risk of contracting this particular form of cancer is reduced, and, accordingly, vice versa.

Thus, the relationship between cancer and the environmental situation is clearly distinguished, i.e. environmental quality, including urban.

An ecological approach to this phenomenon suggests that the root cause of cancer in most cases is the processes and adaptations of metabolism to the effects of new, different from natural factors, including carcinogens. In general, cancer should be considered as a result imbalance of the body and, therefore, it can be caused, in principle, by any environmental factor or their complex, capable of bringing the body into an unbalanced state. For example, due to the excess upper threshold concentration air pollutants, drinking water, toxic chemical elements in the diet, etc., i.e. when the normal regulation of body functions becomes impossible.

Growth in the proportion of overweight people- also a phenomenon caused by the peculiarities of the urban environment. Overeating, physical inactivity, and so on, of course, take place here. But an excess of nutrition is necessary to create energy reserves in order to withstand a sharp imbalance in environmental influences. However, at the same time, there is an increase in the proportion of representatives of asthenic type: there is a blurring of the "golden mean" and two opposite adaptation strategies are outlined: the desire for fullness and weight loss (the trend is much weaker). But both of them entail a number of pathogenic consequences.

Birth, into the world of a large number of premature babies, and therefore, physically immature, - yet

cause of an extremely unfavorable state of the human environment. It is associated with a violation in the genetic apparatus and simply with an increase in adaptability to environmental changes. Physiological immaturity is the result of a sharp imbalance with the environment, which is transforming too rapidly and can have far-reaching consequences, including acceleration and other changes in human growth.

The current state of man, as a biological species, is also characterized by a number of medical and biological trends associated with changes in the urban environment: an increase in myopia and dental caries in

schoolchildren, an increase in the proportion of chronic diseases, the emergence of previously unknown diseases - derivatives of scientific and technological progress: radiation, aviation, automotive, medicinal, many occupational diseases, etc.

infectious diseases also not eradicated in the cities. The number of people affected by malaria, hepatitis and many other diseases is enormous. Many doctors believe that we should not talk about "victory", but only about temporary success in the fight against these diseases. This is explained by the fact that the history of combating them is too short, and the unpredictability of changes in the urban environment can nullify these successes. For this reason, the “return” of infectious agents is recorded among viruses: and many viruses “break away” from their natural basis and move into a new stage capable of living in the human environment - they become the causative agents of influenza, a viral form of cancer and other diseases (perhaps this form is HIV virus), By their mechanism of action, these forms can be equated to natural focal, which also take place in the urban environment (tularemia, etc.).

In recent years, in Southeast Asia, people are dying from completely new epidemics - "SARS" in China, "bird flu" in Thailand. Filed by the Research Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology. Pasteur (Soviet Russia. 2004, No. 21.14 Feb.), “not only mutagenic viruses are to blame for this, but, in general, poor knowledge of microorganisms - in total, 1-3% of the total number have been studied. Researchers simply did not know before the microbes that caused the "new" infections. So, over the past 30 years, 6-8 infections have been eliminated, but over the same period, more than 30 new infectious diseases have appeared, including 1981-1989. - 15, including HIV infection, hepatitis E and C, which already account for millions of victims. In the following decades, 14 more new pathogens were discovered, among which it is enough to name the “prions” that are associated with the “mad cow disease” epidemic, and in humans they can cause a disease - encephalopathy (damage to the brain and central nervous system).

There are also known risk factors that are associated with the migration of pathogens to new territories (an outbreak in 1999 of "West Nile fever" in the United States, where it has never been recorded), and on the other hand, a very sharp increase in population migration around the world occurs mixing of human collectives, which always leads to mixing of infectious agents. Therefore, we can expect pathogens of infectious diseases in Russia from the most remote wilds of Africa, the swamps of Southeast Asia, etc. In addition, the migration of the population to the zone of natural focal infection, for example, tick-borne encephalitis, leads to a collective illness of new settlers, because the local population, for the most part, has immunity against this disease.

In urbanized areas, a person can himself pave the way for infection to his home - rats and mice settle in underground communications - carriers of infectious agents that easily penetrate directly into people's homes.

Purely social factors also have a great influence on the epidemic situation. Thus, poverty and malnutrition of the population are the most favorable conditions for an increase in the number of infectious diseases. In addition, in all social strata, the resistance of the human body to infections decreases as a result of the growth of stressful situations.

abiological trends, which are understood as such features of a person's lifestyle as physical inactivity, smoking, etc., are also the cause of many diseases - obesity, cancer, heart disease, etc. This series also includes sterilization environments - a frontal struggle with a viral-microbial environment, when, along with harmful forms, useful forms of a person's living environment are also destroyed. This is due to the fact that in medicine there is still a misunderstanding of the important role in the pathology of supraorganismal forms of the living, i.e. human population. Therefore, a big step forward is the concept of health developed by ecology as a state of the biosystem and its closest connection with the environment, while pathological phenomena are considered as adaptive processes caused by it.

As applied to a person, one cannot separate the biological from the perceived in the course of social adaptation. For the individual, the ethnic environment, the form of labor activity, and social and economic certainty are important - it's only a matter of the degree and time of influence. Unfortunately, an example of the negative impact of such

factors on human health and its population is the Russian Federation.

Health of people and features of the demographic situation in Russia. In Russia, over the past more than 10 years, since the beginning of the transition to the so-called "market economy", the demographic situation has become critical: the death rate began to exceed the birth rate in the country on average by 1.7 times, and in 2000 its excess reached two times . Now the population of Russia is decreasing annually by 0.7-0.8 million people. According to the forecast of the State Statistics Committee of Russia and the Center for Human Demography and Ecology of the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences, by 2050

The population of Russia will decrease by 51 million people, or by 35.6% compared to 2000, and will amount to 94 million people.

In 1995, Russia had one of the lowest birth rates in the world - 9.2 babies per 1,000 people, while in 1987 it was 17.2 (in the US, 16 babies per 1,000 people). For simple reproduction of the population, it is necessary that the birth rate per family be 2.14 - 2.15, and in our country today it is 1.4, that is, there is a process of reducing the human population (the phenomenon of depopulation) in Russia.

Under economically favorable conditions, a regulated mechanism of depopulation will actually begin to operate, and in three generations humanity will be reduced to 1-1.5 billion without conflict. Apparently, if we take this point of view, we are dealing with an anomalous phenomenon of depopulation.

Indeed, in Russia, a mortality dynamics atypical for any country in the world has formed: an increase in the number of deaths occurs with a decrease in the population, while usually the opposite is true. There is a high probability that this trend will develop in the long term.

All this happened not as a result of the depletion of resources available to mankind in the richest country in the world, but as a result of a sharp change, almost to the opposite, in the vast majority of social factors in almost 90% of the population. This has led to the fact that 70% of the Russian population lives in a state of prolonged psycho-emotional and social stress, which depletes the adaptive and compensatory mechanisms that support health. In addition, one of the reasons for the increase in mortality is the deteriorating ecological state of the territory of Russia.

The life expectancy of both the male and female population has also been noticeably reduced. If in the early 70s. 20th century it was 2 years lower among the Russians than in the developed countries of Europe, North America, Australia and Japan, at present this difference is 8-10 years. Currently, in Russia, men live an average of 57-58 years, women 70-71 years - the last place in Europe.

“All this indicates that without changes in the political, socio-economic and environmental situation on the territory of Russia, a “terrible explosion” is possible in the foreseeable future, with a catastrophically decreasing population and a decrease in life expectancy.

5.1 General concepts of demography.

Demography- the science of the population, the patterns of population reproduction and their socio-economic conditionality. Under the population understand the totality of people united by a community of residence within a particular country or part of its territory (region, territory, district, city), as well as groups of countries around the world.

The tasks of demography include the study of the territorial distribution of the population, the analysis of trends and processes occurring among the population in connection with the socio-economic conditions of life.

The health status of the population is characterized by a number of statistical indicators, the most important of which are medical and demographic. Medical demography studies the impact of demographic processes on the health of the population, and vice versa. Its main sections are statistics and population dynamics.

Population statistics studies the size and composition of the population by sex, age, employment in various fields of activity. It provides information on the size of the child population both in the country as a whole and in individual regions.

Population dynamics studies migration (mechanical movement); natural movement, i.e. change in the population of a particular territory as a result of the interaction of the main demographic phenomena - fertility and mortality.

The natural movement of the population is characterized by general and special demographic indicators. General demographic indicators are indicators of fertility, mortality, natural increase, and average life expectancy. Special demographic indicators are indicators of general and marital fertility, age-specific fertility, age-related mortality, infant mortality, neonatal mortality, and perinatal mortality. These data are calculated based on the registration of each case of ro

births and deaths at civil registry offices (ZAGS). General demographic indicators are calculated per 1,000 people of the entire population, and special demographic indicators are also calculated per 1,000, but representatives of the relevant environment (for example, live births, women aged 15–49 years, children under 5 years old, etc.).

Demographic indicators are compared with generally accepted estimated levels, in dynamics, over time periods, with similar indicators in other territories, between individual population groups, etc.

5. 2 General indicators of natural population movement:

1. Indicator (coefficient) of fertility: the number of births per year per 1000 people. The average birth rate is 20-30 children per 1000 people.

2. Indicator (coefficient) of total mortality: the number of deaths per year per 1000 people. The average mortality rate is 13-16 deaths per 1000 people.

3. Rate of natural increase: This rate can be calculated as the difference between birth and death rates.

One of the most important indicators of the state of health and well-being of the nation is infant mortality . If mortality in old age is a consequence of the physiological process of aging, then the mortality of children, primarily under the age of one year (infant), is a pathological phenomenon. Therefore, infant mortality is an indicator of social ill-being, the ill-being of the population's health. The low infant mortality rate is 5-15 children per 1000 people. population, medium - 16-30, high - 30-60 or more.

maternal mortality is an integrating indicator of the health of women of reproductive age, a reflection of the social, economic, environmental processes taking place in society, and is defined as the ratio of the number of dead pregnant women, women in childbirth and puerperas to the number of living, multiplied by 100,000.

Although maternal mortality in the general structure of mortality of the population is only 0.031% of all deaths, this is the main indicator considered by WHO when assessing the standard of living and the quality of medical care for women. Comparison of maternal mortality rates in Russia and in European countries shows a significant difference: Russian indicators are several times higher than European ones.

Increasing the proportion of older people in the population is becoming an increasingly important factor in economics and social policy. According to the UN, in 1950 there were about 200 million people over the age of 60 in the world. By 1975 this number increased to 350 million, by 2010 - about 800 million. According to the UN forecast, the number of people over 60 years old by 2025 will exceed 1 billion 100 million.

A demographic situation similar to the one described above is also observed in Russia, where over the past 40 years the discrepancy between the growth of the total population and the number of older people has been constantly increasing. So, if from 1959 to 1997 the population of Russia increased by 25%, then the number of elderly people doubled. Existing trends will continue in the coming decades. In 2025, people aged 60 and over are expected to make up more than 25% of the total population.

This circumstance is becoming a serious economic factor due to the decline in the proportion of the working-age population and the increase in health care costs, a significant part of which falls on the elderly. At the same time, population aging in Russia is not due to economic growth, as is the case, for example, in Europe, but due to economic recession, and is a factor that worsens the economic situation.

In general, the health of the population is an indicator of social well-being, the normal economic functioning of society, and the most important prerequisite for the country's national security. And in this regard, the Russian Federation is currently experiencing an extremely unfavorable situation in the field of population reproduction, which can be characterized as a protracted demographic crisis leading to irreversible negative demographic, and hence economic and social consequences.

Natural population growth serves as the most general characteristic of population growth. One of the most unfavorable demographic phenomena is a negative natural increase, indicating a clear trouble in society. As a rule, such a demographic situation is typical for periods of war, socio-economic crises. In the entire history of Russia (excluding the period of wars), in 1992, for the first time, a negative natural increase was noted - 1.3p, which in 2000 amounted to - 6.7p. Negative natural growth indicates depopulation - a reduction in the population on a national scale.

According to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, as of July 1, 2002, the permanent population of the Russian Federation was 143.5 million people. and since the beginning of the year decreased by 444.1 thousand people, or

by 0.3% (in the first half of 2001 - by 458.4 thousand people, or by 0.3%).

Since 1992, the death rate in Russia has exceeded the birth rate, i.e. the number of deaths exceeds the number of births, resulting in a natural population decline. For 1992-2000 the natural decline in the country's population amounted to 6.8 million people. However, due to external migration in the amount of 3.3 million people. the total decline in the population of Russia during this period was only 3.5 million people.

The birth rate in the Russian Federation has significantly decreased over the past 10 years, the mass two-child family model in Russia has been replaced by a mass one-child family with an increase in the number of childless families. The number of births has fallen

from 1.8 million in 1991 to 1.3 million in 2000. Demographers explain the current decline in fertility by a decrease in the number of women in the most fertile age (the second “echo of the war”), a continuation of the global trend of demographic transition (a long-term decline in fertility and mortality, and growth in life expectancy) and the beginning of the second demographic transition in Russia.

The theory of the second demographic transition explains the decline in fertility in Western Europe in the second half of the 20th century. qualitative changes in the institution of family and marriage: the weakening of the institution of the family, an increase in the number of divorces. an increase in “trial”, unregistered marriages and out-of-wedlock births, a sexual and contraceptive revolution, the spread of non-traditional sexual orientation, a drop in the value of children in the system of life values, etc.

In Russia, the birth rate in 1989 was 14.6 per 1,000 inhabitants compared to 8.4 in 1999. The current birth rate is 2 times lower than that required for simple reproduction (the numerical replacement of generations of parents by their children) and is about 1.3 births per one woman during her lifetime with a coefficient of 2.15 necessary for simple reproduction.

The overall mortality per 1000 population in Russia in 1989 was 7.0, and until 1994 this figure was constantly increasing. The emerging ones were in 1995–1998. positive changes in the mortality of the population turned out to be short-lived. Already in 1998, the rate of reduction in mortality slowed down significantly, and the demographic situation in Russia worsened again - the mortality rate increased to 14.7.

Thus, the low birth rate and high mortality rate of the population bring the problem of health and life expectancy of the peoples of Russia into the rank of national ones, which determine the prospects for the preservation and development of the nation.

The most negative feature of the current demographic crisis in Russia is the unprecedentedly high mortality rate in working age (520,000 people per year). At the same time, the mortality of men of working age is 4 times higher than the mortality of women. And in the first place came the mortality of men from unnatural causes: accidents, poisoning, injuries, murders, suicides.

The level of this mortality is almost 2.5 times higher than the corresponding indicators in developed countries and 1.5 times in developing countries. And in combination with high mortality from cardiovascular diseases (4.5 times higher than similar indicators in the European Union), it determines the decrease in average life expectancy. The difference between the life expectancy of men and women exceeds 10 years.

One of the indicators used to assess public health is the indicator average life expectancy , which serves as a more objective criterion than the birth rate, death rate and natural increase. The indicator of average life expectancy should be understood as the hypothetical number of years that a generation of people born at the same time will have to live, provided that age-specific mortality rates remain unchanged. It is calculated at birth and at the age of 1, 15, 35, 65 years, disaggregated by sex. This indicator characterizes the viability of the population as a whole and is suitable for analyzing the indicator in dynamics and comparison across regions and countries. The value of this indicator not only characterizes the state of health of the population, but also gives an indirect assessment of the level of organization of medical care for the population in the country, the degree of medical literacy of the population, and the current socio-economic situation.

The highest indicators of life expectancy are observed in Japan, France and Sweden. In Russia, this indicator is not only extremely low - 62.2 years, but there is also a significant difference between men and women, which is 13 years - for men it was 59.1 years, for women - 72.2 years.

Dynamics (movement) of the population includes mechanical natural movement. Due to the movement of the population, the size of the population, its age-sex and national composition, the share of the employed population, etc., change.

Indicators of the mechanical movement of the population. The mechanical movement of the population - migration (from lat.

"movement") of certain groups of people from one area to another or outside the country. The mechanical movement of the population has a great influence on the sanitary condition of society. Due to the movement of large masses of people, the possibility of spreading infections is created.

The intensity of this type of movement is largely determined by the existing socio-economic conditions. Migration is divided into:

Irrevocable (resettlement with a permanent change of residence);

Temporary (resettlement for a sufficiently long, but limited period);

Seasonal (resettlement during certain periods of the year);

Pendulum (regular trips to the place of study or work outside their locality).

In addition, they distinguish between external (outside their own country) and internal (movement within the country) migration. External migration, in turn, is divided into:

Emigration (departure of citizens from their country to another for permanent residence or a long term);

Immigration (entry of citizens from another country to this one).

5.3 The structure of causes of death.

In assessing the social, demographic and medical well-being of a particular territory, it is necessary to take into account not only birth rates, but also death rates. The interaction between these indicators, the change of one generation to another ensure the continuous reproduction of the population.

The indicator of general mortality in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. ranged from 40 to 50 p. By 1940, it decreased to 18 p, and in 1969 it reached its lowest value - 6.9 p. The mortality rate reached 15.7 percentage points, in 2000 -15.4 percentage points.

If we consider the level of mortality depending on sex, then the mortality rate for men in 1999 was 16.3 percentage points, among women it did not exceed 13.4 percentage points. With an increase in mortality, the natural population growth decreases. There is a significant aging of the Russian population.

The study of the structure of the causes of death gives the most complete picture of the state of health of the population, reflects the effectiveness of measures taken by health authorities and institutions and the state as a whole to improve the health of the population. During the XX century. in economically developed countries, there have been significant changes in the structure of the causes of death of the population. So, if at the beginning of the century infectious diseases were one of the leading causes of death, recently in the structure of causes of death the leading place is occupied by:

Diseases of the circulatory system - 55.4%;

Malignant neoplasms - 10.8%;

Respiratory diseases - 10.8%;

Diseases of the digestive system - 2.8%;

Infectious diseases - 1.7%;

Poisoning, injuries, external causes of death - 14.1%;

Other reasons - 4.4%.

The incidence of certain diseases. Morbidity is a set of diseases detected in the population. According to these data, the health of the population is judged, which largely depends on the activities of health workers and institutions. Knowledge of morbidity, its age and sex characteristics is necessary for planning medical care, the correct placement of personnel, and the preparation of a plan for preventive measures (medical examination, sanitary and educational work).

Morbidity rates reflect the real picture of the life of the population and make it possible to identify problematic situations for the development of specific measures to protect the health of the population and improve it on a nationwide scale.

There are three levels of detection of morbidity:

1. Newly detected incidence - all new cases of acute diseases, the first visits for chronic diseases during the year.

2. General morbidity - the totality of all diseases among the population that were first detected both in a given year and in previous years, but for which the patient applied again in a given year.

3. Accumulated morbidity - all cases of diseases detected both in the current year and in previous years, for which patients applied and did not apply to medical institutions.

The source of information on morbidity is the accounting and reporting medical documentation, which is filled in during the visits and medical examinations. The number of people seeking medical care in medical institutions is the most frequently used source of data on morbidity.

Distinguish: the actual incidence - a newly emerged disease in a given year; the prevalence of the disease - diseases that have reappeared in a given year. The incidence of the population shows the level, frequency, prevalence of all diseases (together taken and each separately) among the population as a whole and in its separate groups by age, sex, profession, etc.

Over the past 10 years in Russia, the level of general morbidity, according to the population's accessibility to health care institutions, tends to increase in almost all age groups and for most classes of diseases. At the same time, the main share is predominantly socially determined diseases.

The most significant of these is tuberculosis.

The second significant problem is the deterioration of the epidemiological situation in Russia regarding sexually transmitted diseases. In recent years, the epidemic situation of HIV infection has significantly worsened, especially in Moscow, the Moscow and Irkutsk regions.

The growth of HIV infection, as well as the incidence of viral hepatitis B and C, is largely due to the spread of drug addiction, a decrease in the general moral level, as well as insufficient effectiveness of information support and hygienic education of the population.

Chronic noncommunicable diseases account for the main burden of health care costs. The most significant non-communicable diseases include diseases of the circulatory system: they account for more than 14% of the total morbidity in the Russian Federation, about 12% of cases of temporary disability, about half of all cases of disability and 55% of mortality.

Undoubtedly, socio-economic conditions and lifestyle, the lack of an effective national program for the primary prevention of diseases of the circulatory system, as well as targeted investments aimed at improving the system of medical prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with cardiovascular pathology.

Since the beginning of the 90s of the XX century. more than 400 thousand cases of malignant neoplasms are registered annually in Russia. At the same time, there is an annual increase in the absolute number of patients with a first diagnosis.

Thus, the analysis of the incidence of the population makes it possible to comprehensively characterize the dynamics of its level and structure and show the influence of the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country on their magnitude.

Question 6.The concept of population health and the main approaches to its assessment.

Coverage of issues related to health occurs at various levels: individual (the health of an individual - individual health), generic (health problems of the family), population (health of the population of a particular territory - population health).

To assess the health of the population, the following indicators are the most acceptable: medical and demographic, morbidity and morbidity, disability and disability of the population.

Medico-demographic, in turn, are divided into indicators of the natural movement of the population: fertility, mortality, natural population growth, average life expectancy, etc., and indicators of the mechanical movement of the population (population migration).

Births and deaths of the population are calculated on the basis of the registration of each birth and death in the departments of civil registration. The birth or death rate is the number of births or deaths per 1,000 people per year. If mortality in old age is a consequence of the physiological process of aging, then mortality in children is a pathological phenomenon. Therefore, infant mortality is an indicator of social ill-being, the ill-being of the population's health.

Natural population growth is the difference between births and deaths per 1,000 people. Currently, in Europe, there is a decrease in natural population growth due to a decrease in the birth rate.

The average life expectancy is the number of years that a given generation of those born will have to live on average, assuming that during their life the mortality rate will be the same as in the year of their birth. It is calculated using special statistical methods. Currently, 65–75 years of age and more are considered high, 50–65 years of age are considered medium, and up to 50 years of age are considered low.

Indicators of the mechanical movement of the population reflect the movement of certain groups of people from one area to another or outside the country. Unfortunately, recently, due to socio-economic instability in our country, migration processes have become spontaneous and have become more and more widespread.

strange.

Morbidity rates are of paramount importance in studying the state of health of the population. Morbidity is studied on the basis of an analysis of medical documentation: sick leave certificates, patient cards, statistical coupons, death certificates, etc. The study of morbidity also includes a quantitative (morbidity rate), qualitative (morbidity structure) and individual (multiplicity of diseases transferred per year) assessment .

Distinguish: the actual incidence - a newly emerged disease in a given year; morbidity - the prevalence of a disease that reappeared in a given year or passed from the previous to the current

The incidence of the population shows the level, frequency, prevalence of all diseases taken together and each separately among the population as a whole and its individual groups by age, sex, profession, etc. The incidence rates are determined by the corresponding figure per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 people of the population. The types of morbidity are as follows: general morbidity, morbidity with temporary disability, infectious morbidity, childhood morbidity, etc.

Disability is a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions, caused by diseases, congenital defects, the consequences of injuries leading to disability. They are identified by registering the data of medical and social expertise.

Question 7.The value of the formation, preservation and promotion of health in human life.

Health management involves the collection and comprehension of information, decision-making and its implementation. Health management is the management of the mechanisms of self-organization of a living system, which ensure its dynamic stability. The implementation of this process implies formation, preservation and strengthening the health of the individual.

Under formation health is understood as the creation of a harmoniously developed person. Caring for human health begins from the pre-embryonic period and is expressed in the prevention of gametopathies (disturbances in the structure and functions of germ cells) and the general improvement of future parents. It is obvious that the earliest possible start of health formation is the most effective. We must also remember that a person is constantly changing throughout life, especially during critical periods of life (puberty, menopause, etc.). From the competent "tuning" of the body depends on its further functioning. The formation of health is one of the most urgent problems of our society, in the solution of which not only a doctor, a teacher, but also every individual should participate.

Preservation health includes adherence to the principles of a healthy lifestyle (HLS) and the return of lost health ( recovery) if its level has acquired a downward trend.

Recovery is the return of health to a safe level by activating its mechanisms. Recovery can be carried out at any initial level of health. It is important to improve the relationship of the organism with the environment by optimizing them. For example: assessment of the region of residence, its ecology, the possibilities of maintaining the health of a particular person in a given place; study of the ecology of the home, place of work, clothing, food, etc. with subsequent correction of negative aspects (noise, environmental pollution, etc.). It is also impossible to ignore the issues of harmonization of a person's inner world. The most important component in the practice of recovery is educational work and the formation of an active position in relation to one's health.

Under strengthening of health understand its multiplication due to training influences. Since the level of health naturally decreases with age, maintaining it in the same range requires additional activity. The most universal training effects are physical and hypoxic training, hardening. The influences that are used in this case are mainly natural (without medicines). These include - cleansing the body, healthy nutrition, hardening, motor and hypoxic training, psycho-unloading, massage, etc.

Question 8.A healthy lifestyle is a factor that strengthens human health, the main directions of the formation of a healthy lifestyle.

The essence of the concept " healthy lifestyle"can be interpreted as a typical set of forms and methods of everyday life of a person, uniting the norms, values, meanings of the activities regulated by them and its results, strengthening the adaptive capabilities of the organism, contributing to the full, unlimited performance of its inherent functions. This emphasizes its inextricable connection with the general culture of human

loveka. Orientation to values ​​is a characteristic feature of a person's life activity, depending on how much they satisfy her material and spiritual needs. Objectivity as a property of value is contained in the subject-practical activity of the individual, her way of life.

In recent years, approaches to the formation of a healthy lifestyle have been determined three main directions: 1)philosophical and social, which defines a healthy lifestyle as an integral indicator of the culture and social policy of society, which reflects the level of state interest in the health of citizens; 2) biomedical, considering a healthy lifestyle as a hygienic behavior based on evidence-based sled

container-hygienic standards; 3) psychological and pedagogical the direction assigns the leading role to the formation of a person's value orientations for the preservation and strengthening of health, the priority is the educational moment.

The content of a healthy lifestyle for a certain group of people (schoolchildren, students, civil servants, etc.) reflects the result of the spread of an individual or group style of life, fixed in the form of samples up to the level of tradition. The main elements of a healthy lifestyle are: labor culture (educational, creative, physical, etc.) with elements of its scientific organization; organization of an individual expedient mode of physical activity; meaningful leisure, which has a developing impact on the personality, overcoming bad habits; culture of sexual behavior, interpersonal communication and behavior in a team, self-government and self-organization. All elements of a healthy lifestyle are projected onto a person, their life plans, goals, requests, and behavior. These components of a healthy lifestyle are interconnected and interdependent, forming its integral structure.

To determine the signs of the formation of a healthy image of an individual, I usually use the following generalized indicators: the presence of a system of knowledge and practical skills in healthy lifestyles; attitude towards him; orientation; satisfaction with his organization; regularity of activities aimed at its implementation; the degree of manifestation of healthy lifestyle in the main types of life; the degree of readiness for its observance and propaganda. A high level of healthy lifestyle formation is characterized by an optimal ratio of all the criteria of a healthy lifestyle, the regular inclusion of the main means of physical culture in life at least three times a week and the daily use of its forms such as morning exercises, hardening, hygiene, etc. The average level of healthy lifestyle is distinguished by irregular implementation of elements of a healthy lifestyle, and the means of physical culture are used only occasionally. A low level corresponds to an indifferent attitude to a healthy lifestyle, the practical absence or minimal use of its elements in life. And the extremely low level of formation of a healthy lifestyle can be viewed as a passive attitude towards it, a complete denial of the need and necessity of its presence in life.

Therefore, health-improving and hygienic education and upbringing, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, primarily among the younger generation, as a form of education and maintenance and preservation of health, should go not only from knowledge to behavior, but also through the activation of incentive mechanisms, including a number of other phenomena inherent in man.

1. Zhilov Yu.D., Kutsenko G.I. Fundamentals of biomedical knowledge. Moscow: Higher School, 2006

5. Tonkova-Yampolskaya R.V. Fundamentals of medical knowledge. 4th ed. finalized - M .: Education, 2008.

All elements of nature are interconnected. A person who is also a part of it is influenced by various factors, including harmful ones. Their impact negatively affects health. Most often, the digestive system suffers. The rhythm of life in which we live simply does not allow us to eat properly. In addition to harmful products, there are many other factors that have a negative impact on the human body.

Conventionally, all harmful factors affecting human health can be divided into those whose impact is inevitable, and those that can be excluded from your life.

Alcohol and overeating. Very often, after the holidays, usually accompanied by feasts with the use of a large amount of heavy food and alcohol, we do not feel very well.

Such errors in nutrition, of course, have a negative impact on the digestive system. Overeating and alcohol delay the breakdown of body fat, which is reflected in the figure. As a result of the ingestion of alcohol, as well as its breakdown products, into the intestines, due to a violation of the microflora, we have additional problems, such as abdominal pain.

Fatty, spicy food eaten the day before is poorly digested by the stomach, which leads to a feeling of heaviness, discomfort, frustration and nausea. With a constant violation of the principles of proper nutrition, you will inevitably develop health problems over time.

Smoking. Smoking is one of the most common negative factors. This bad habit disrupts not only the respiratory system, larynx and pulmonary system, but also causes diseases of the stomach (gastritis, ulcers), intestines, negatively affects the cardiovascular system, liver and kidneys. The poison from nicotine poisons our entire body, which weakens the immune system and causes a greater tendency to various diseases than non-smokers.

Carcinogenic substances and heavy metals gradually accumulate in the body of a heavy smoker, causing irreversible changes in all organs and systems. It is known that very often people suffering from tobacco dependence die from stroke, myocardial infarction and lung cancer.

Sedentary lifestyle. In the modern world, many suffer from the consequences of hypodynamia. But movement has always been the key to good health. Regular sports loads stimulate all body systems, including the digestive system. A physically active person practically does not have flatulence, constipation and similar problems associated with congestion and putrefactive processes in the intestines.

coffeemania. Many people are used to drinking a cup of coffee in the morning. This helps to cheer up and quickly tune in to the working mood. Coffee does not pose a danger to the body only if a person is limited to one cup a day. By abusing it, we burden the heart and endanger our health.

Treatment abuse. The regular use of drugs, which can even cause addiction, causes great harm to the body. Painkillers, enzymes that help the stomach digest heavy food are in every home medicine cabinet, but they could be completely dispensed with if a person watched what and in what volumes he eats, how he chews everything, what lifestyle he leads. All body systems are closely interconnected with each other.

Medicines destroy the microflora of the stomach and intestines and have a negative effect on the mucous membranes. The circle closes and we reach for the pills again.

All these factors are harmful to human health, affect the body, gradually worsening its condition. But many people are not interested in how they could maintain health and prolong their lives, and they do so absolutely in vain ... If you want to lead a healthy lifestyle, you must take into account the factors affecting health! Do not be indifferent to yourself, lead a healthy lifestyle!

Our body is a perfect machine, all the components of which are amazingly correlated with each other. The correct and balanced activity of all organs and systems allows us to feel strong and healthy for many years. However, the body has a tendency to wear out. For some, wear time comes earlier, for others later. And even despite the high level of development of medicine, specialists are not always able to fix the breakdowns that occur. What does our health depend on? What factors have a particular impact on it?

More than thirty years ago, scientists compiled a list of four factors that ensure the health of every modern person. Fifteen to twenty percent is provided by genetic factors, the state of the environment determines health indicators by twenty to twenty five percent. Ten fifteen percent of our body depends on the level of medical care. And finally, fifty - fifty-five percent of our health is a way of life and its conditions.

It should be borne in mind that the magnitude of the influence of individual factors also depends on age indicators, the sex of the individual and his personal and typological characteristics.

Let's look at each of the factors described above in a little more detail.

Genetics

As you know, much in the development of our body is determined by the set of genes that our parents laid in us. Not only our appearance depends on genetics, but also the presence of hereditary diseases and predisposition to certain pathological conditions. Parents pass us a certain blood type, Rh factor and an individual combination of proteins.

The hereditary factor also determines transmitted diseases, such as hemophilia, diabetes mellitus, endocrine diseases. A predisposition to the development of mental disorders can be passed on from parents.

However, from the point of heredity, all forms of pathologies can be divided into four large groups:

Diseases that develop precisely because of the presence of pathological genes. These are diseases such as phenylketonuria or hemophilia, as well as chromosomal ailments;

Also, hereditary diseases that can develop under the influence of the environment, at the same time, the elimination of pathological factors of external influence leads to a decrease in the severity of clinical manifestations. A striking example of such diseases is gout;

This group is represented by fairly common ailments, most of which develop in old age (ulcers, hypertension, oncology). The occurrence of such pathological conditions in some way depends on the genetic predisposition, but the main factor provoking their development lies in the adverse effects of the environment;

The fourth group includes diseases that develop solely due to environmental factors, but a certain genetic predisposition can affect the outcome of these conditions.

Environment

This factor of influence on human health includes a number of natural and anthropogenic influences, in the environment of which people's daily life takes place. At the same time, it includes social, natural, as well as artificially created biological, physical and chemical factors that directly or indirectly affect the life, health and various activities of the individual.

Medical service

Many people place most of their hopes for health on this factor, but its influence is at a rather low level. Now medicine involves the elimination of pathological conditions, and not the maintenance of health at the proper level. At the same time, the medicinal effect often reduces the stock of health due to the presence of many side effects.

In order for doctors to help the nation stay healthier, primary prevention must be carried out, namely, work with those people who are healthy, and with those who are just getting sick. However, our medical system does not have the resources for this, since all its forces are aimed at combating already developed diseases and preventing their relapses.

Lifestyle

So, we come to the last and most important factor that half determines our health. It is a healthy lifestyle that contributes to the prolongation of life and the maintenance of a full life. At the same time, recommendations for optimizing the daily lifestyle should be selected based on the individual characteristics of the individual. It is necessary to take into account not only the gender and age characteristics of a person, but also his marital status, profession, traditions of the family and country, working conditions. An important role is played by material support and working conditions.

At the same time, each person can carry out individual work to optimize their lifestyle, using the available literature. Unfortunately, now many teachings offer the opportunity to maintain and strengthen health using miraculous remedies. These are amazing motor practices, nutritional supplements, preparations for cleansing the body. However, it should be taken into account that health can be achieved only by optimizing all spheres of life, including the mental side.

So, the main factors influencing human health are now clear to you. As you can see, the lifestyle that we create for ourselves has the greatest impact on our body for most people. That is, a lot still depends on us ... And we are responsible for ourselves!

The state of health affects the well-being of a person, his physical, social and labor activity. The quality of life and the level of overall satisfaction depend on it. It is now believed that general health consists of several components: somatic, physical, mental and moral. It is formed under the influence of a number of external and internal factors that can have a beneficial or negative effect. Maintaining a high level of public health is an important state task, for which special federal programs are being developed in the Russian Federation.

The main factors affecting human health

All factors important for the formation and maintenance of human health can be divided into 4 groups. They were identified by WHO experts back in the 80s of the twentieth century, and modern researchers adhere to the same classification.

• socio-economic conditions and lifestyle of the individual;
• the state of the environment, including human interaction with various microorganisms;
• genetic (hereditary) factors - the presence of congenital anomalies, constitutional features and predisposition to certain diseases that arose during fetal development and during the life of a mutation;
• medical support - the availability and quality of medical care, the usefulness and regularity of preventive examinations and screening examinations.

The ratio of these factors depends on gender, age, place of residence and individual characteristics of a person. Nevertheless, there are average statistical indicators of their influence on the formation of health. According to WHO data, lifestyle (50–55%) and the state of the environment (up to 25%) have the greatest impact. The share of heredity is about 15-20%, and medical support - up to 15%.

Lifestyle includes the degree of physical activity of a person and the presence of bad habits. This also includes the nature of the organization of work and leisure, adherence to the observance of the daily routine, the duration of night sleep, food culture.

Environmental factors are natural and anthroponotic (created by people) conditions in the place of permanent residence, recreation or work of a person. They can be of a physical, chemical, biological and socio-psychological nature. Their influence can be small in intensity and permanent, or short-term, but powerful.

Physical factors

Temperature, air humidity, vibration, radiation, electromagnetic and sound vibrations are the main physical factors affecting health. In recent decades, more and more importance has been attached to electromagnetic radiation, because a person experiences its effect almost constantly. There is a natural background that does not pose a health hazard. It is formed as a result of solar activity. But technological progress leads to the so-called electromagnetic pollution of the environment.

Waves of different lengths are emitted by all household and industrial electrical appliances, microwave (MW) ovens, mobile and radio telephones, physiotherapy devices. Power lines, house power networks, transformer stations, urban electric transport, cellular communication stations (transmitters), television towers also have a certain influence. Even the constant action of medium-intensity unidirectional electromagnetic radiation usually does not lead to significant changes in the human body. But the problem lies in the number of sources of such radiation surrounding a city dweller.

The massive cumulative influence of electric waves causes a change in the functioning of the cells of the nervous, endocrine, immune and reproductive systems. There is an opinion that the increase in the number of neurodegenerative, oncological and autoimmune diseases in society is also associated with the action of this physical factor.

The radiation factor is also important. All living beings on Earth are constantly exposed to natural background radiation. It is formed during the isolation of radioisotopes from various rocks and their further circulation in food chains. In addition to this, a modern person receives radiation exposure during regular preventive X-ray examinations and during X-ray therapy of certain diseases. But sometimes he is unaware of the constant action of radiation. This happens when eating foods with an increased amount of isotopes, living in buildings made of building materials with a high radiation background.

Radiation leads to a change in the genetic material of cells, disrupts the functioning of the bone marrow and the immune system, and negatively affects the ability of tissues to regenerate. The functioning of the endocrine glands and the epithelium of the digestive tract worsens, and a tendency to frequent diseases appears.

Chemical Factors

All compounds that enter the human body are chemical factors that affect health. They can be ingested through food, water, inhaled air or through the skin. The following can have a negative impact:

• synthetic food additives, flavor improvers, substitutes, preservatives, dyes;
• household and auto chemicals, washing powders, dishwashing detergents, air fresheners in any form;
• deodorants, cosmetics, shampoos and body hygiene products;
• medicines and dietary supplements;
• pesticides contained in foodstuffs, heavy metals, formaldehyde, traces of additives to accelerate the growth of livestock and poultry;
• glue, varnishes, paints and other materials for the repair of premises;
• volatile chemical compounds released from floor and wall coverings;
• preparations used in agriculture for pest and weed control, means for getting rid of mosquitoes, flies and other flying insects;
• tobacco smoke, which can get into the lungs even of a non-smoker;
• water and air polluted by industrial waste, urban smog;
• smoke from burning landfills and burning leaves from city trees (which accumulate heavy metals and other exhaust products).

Chemical factors that affect health are especially dangerous if they tend to accumulate in the body. As a result, a person develops chronic intoxication with damage to peripheral nerves, kidneys, liver and other organs. The work of the immune system is changing, which leads to an increased risk of developing bronchial asthma, autoimmune and allergic diseases.

Biological and socio-psychological factors

Most people place great importance on the role of microorganisms in maintaining a sufficient level of health. To destroy pathogenic (pathogenic) bacteria, some people use disinfectants for everyday cleaning and washing dishes, thoroughly clean their hands, and even take antibacterial drugs for prophylactic purposes. But this approach is wrong.

A person is constantly in contact with a huge number of microorganisms, and not all of them pose a health hazard. They are found in soil, air, water, food. Some of them even live on the skin of a person, in his mouth, vagina and inside the intestines. In addition to pathogenic (pathogenic) bacteria, there are opportunistic and even beneficial microbes. For example, vaginal lactobacilli help maintain the necessary acid balance, and a number of bacteria in the large intestine supply the human body with B vitamins and contribute to a more complete digestion of food residues.

Constant interaction with a variety of microorganisms has a training effect on the immune system, maintaining the necessary intensity of the immune response. Uncontrolled intake of antibacterial agents, the use of unbalanced diets and lead to disruption of normal microflora (dysbacteriosis). This is fraught with the activation of opportunistic bacteria, the formation of systemic candidiasis, the development of intestinal disorders and inflammation of the vaginal wall in women. Dysbacteriosis also leads to a decrease in immunity and increases the risk of developing allergic dermatoses.

Social and psychological factors influencing health also play an important role. Stressful situations initially lead to the mobilization of the body with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and stimulation of the endocrine system. Subsequently, there is a depletion of adaptive capabilities, and unreacted emotions begin to transform into psychosomatic diseases. These include bronchial asthma, stomach and duodenal ulcers, dyskinesias of various organs, migraine, fibromyalgia. Immunity decreases, fatigue accumulates, the productivity of the brain decreases, existing chronic diseases become aggravated.

Maintaining health is not just about managing symptoms and fighting infection. Preventive examinations, proper nutrition, rational physical activity, competent organization of the workplace and recreation areas are important. It is necessary to influence all factors influencing health. Unfortunately, one person cannot radically change the state of the environment. But he can improve the microclimate of his home, choose his foods carefully, keep his water clean, and reduce his daily use of pollutants.

The article was prepared by the doctor Obukhova Alina Sergeevna