Medvedev and physical methods of treatment in veterinary medicine. Physiotherapy for surgical diseases of farm animals
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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation Department of Scientific and Technological Policy and Education Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education.
Kostroma State Agricultural Academy.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. Department of Internal Non-Contagious Diseases, Surgery and Obstetrics
Test
discipline: Physiotherapy and physioprophylaxis
Completed:
1st group 4th year student
correspondence faculty
Supervisor:
Kochueva Natalya Anatolyevna
Professor, Doctor of B. n.
Karavaevo 2014
1. Types of electrotherapy
treatment electrophoresis skin mucous membrane
In electrotherapy, direct current of low voltage and low strength is used (galvanization, electrophoresis); high voltage and high frequency (darsonvalization, inductothermy); pulse currents (faradization); electric and magnetic fields with an alternating electric field of ultra-high frequency (UHF), etc.
Galvanization is a method of treatment with direct electric current of low voltage (30-80 V) and low power (up to 50 mA).
The therapeutic effect depends on the intensity of the current, the duration of its action, and the polarity of the active electrode. Galvanic current enhances the secretion of glands, promotes the resorption of pathological effusions, improves metabolism, reduces pain, and causes active hyperemia at the site of contact of the electrodes. When peripheral receptors are irritated, nerve impulses through the central nervous system cause complex responses from organs and body systems. For galvanization, the following devices are used: AGN-1, AGN-2, portable ones - GVP-3, AGP-33, “Po-tok-1”.
Electrophoresis is a method of introducing medicinal substances into the body through the skin and mucous membranes using direct current.
The mechanism of action of electrophoresis is associated with the breakdown of the drug into ions and its accumulation in the skin, from where it slowly enters the body through the blood and lymph flow, enhancing its pharmacological effects.
During electrophoresis, two factors act simultaneously - the drug and the galvanic current, which contributes to the supply of the drug in a more active form.
Indications. Subacute and chronic processes, rheumatic and traumatic lesions of joints, muscles, tendons, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, mastitis, neuralgia, neuritis.
Contraindications. Increased sensitivity to galvanic current, acute purulent inflammation, hemorrhagic diathesis, malignant neoplasms, irreversible degenerative processes.
Faradization is therapy with pulsed currents of low frequency and voltage.
The peculiarity of pulsed currents of low frequency and voltage is that irritation of the motor nerves or the muscles themselves leads to excitation of their contractility. In this case, an analgesic, ganglion-blocking, vasodilating effect is observed, which helps to increase the trophic function of the nervous system. The effectiveness of the effect depends on the strength, duration of the current and the frequency of contraction periods. The stronger the functional disorder of the muscle, the shorter the duration of the procedure should be.
For electrodiagnostics of atrophy, paresis, paralysis of muscles with their subsequent electrical stimulation, the following devices are used: ASM-3, EI-1, ASM, UEI-1. The ASM-3 device is assembled in a metal case with control knobs on the panel and has 9 adjustment steps from 100 to 8 Hz. Using this device, it is possible to apply both continuous and rhythmic modulated currents with a constant increase in their amplitude from 12 to 32 pulses per minute.
Indications. Paralysis, paresis, muscle atrophy, rumen and intestinal atony.
Contraindications. Acute inflammatory processes, increased sensitivity to pulsed currents of low frequency and voltage, pronounced degeneration of muscles and nerves with a lack of response to the applied current, purulent-putrefactive processes.
Darsonvalization is a method of treatment with alternating pulse current of high frequency (110 kHz), high voltage (20 kV) and low strength (0.02 mA). The action of the current is based on the electrical discharge that occurs between the electrode and the patient’s body.
Indications. Long-term non-healing wounds, ulcers, eczema (to improve the growth of granulation tissue), furunculosis, diseases of peripheral nerves, joint pain and pain of traumatic origin.
General darsonvalization is used for enteralgia, diathesis, spasmodic colic, and complications after the plague.
Contraindications. Malignant neoplasms, tendency to bleeding, insufficiency of the cardiovascular system.
Inductothermy, short-wave diathermy - exposure for therapeutic purposes to a high-frequency alternating magnetic field, which, penetrating deep into the tissue, is converted into heat. Used to warm tissues. The amount of heat generated in tissues depends on their electrical conductivity. Blood, lymph, liver, bile, etc. have good electrical conductivity. With increasing distance between the electrode and the surface of the body, the amount of heat in the deep layers of tissue decreases.
Indications. Subacute and chronic diseases of the urinary system, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, spastic colic, enteralgia, respiratory diseases.
Contraindications. Neoplasms, acute purulent processes and spontaneous bleeding.
Microwave therapy is the use for therapeutic purposes of ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic oscillations (UHF) from 300 to 30,000 MHz, wavelength 12.6 cm (centimeter waves - UHF) and 10-100 cm (decimeter waves - UHF). Using a special generator, a UHF, ultra-frequency electromagnetic field is created, which is directed using a radiator to an area of the body of a sick animal. UHF radiation - with less heating of the body surface, penetrates deeper into tissues than MB. Microwaves are little absorbed by the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Absorption occurs more intensely in tissues rich in water, so they heat up more.
Indications. Subacute and chronic sinusitis, sinusitis, furunculosis, lesions of the musculoskeletal system, diseases of peripheral nerves (neuralgia, neuritis).
Contraindications. Malignant neoplasms, traumatic reticulopericarditis, pregnancy, predisposition to bleeding, decompensated heart defects, increased blood pressure.
Ultrahigh-frequency therapy is a therapeutic method in which animal tissue is exposed to an alternating electromagnetic field of ultra-high frequency (40, 68 MHz).
Indications. Acute inflammatory processes of the skin, joints, neuralgia, phlegmon, thrombophlebitis, pleurisy, equine paralytic myoglobinuria, sinusitis, sinusitis, bronchopneumonia.
Contraindications. Malignant neoplasms, hemorrhagic diathesis, pulmonary and cerebral edema, traumatic reticulopericarditis, hypertension.
2. Washing the rumen of ruminants. Indications, contraindications and methods of dispensing procedures
Washing the rumen of ruminants is an effective and therapeutic procedure for overfilling the stomach and rumen with feed masses, and for atony and poisoning.
The proventriculus of cattle is washed (feed poisoning, overfeeding, atony of primary origin, tympany, etc.) using probes V. A. Cherkasov A. V. Korobov and URZhZ-1-Z. The Cherkasov probe is a dense, polished, rubberized hose with an internal diameter of 42 mm and a length of 2.5 m, in the middle of which there is a metal spiral covered with thin rubber. At the end of the probe there are two holes equal to the diameter of the probe and spaced 10 cm apart from each other. The probe is supplied with: a hydraulic extractor with conical holes and a metal funnel with a volume of 10 liters.
Before washing the forestomach, the animal's head is fixed with two straps on a stretch in the machine, or two assistants hold it in a slightly extended forward position. With his left hand, the operator removes the tongue, and with his right hand he takes the end of the probe, generously lubricated with Vaseline, and inserts it into the oral cavity by the root of the tongue. With soft forward movements, he directs it into the esophagus and at the same time releases the tongue, moving the probe along the esophagus to the beginning of the metal spiral (should be at the level of the animal’s last molars).
After inserting the probe through a large funnel, 16-32 liters of a 1% solution of baking soda is poured into the proventriculus at a temperature of 38-40°C. When a small amount of liquid remains at the bottom of the funnel, it is lowered down and disconnected from the probe, and the contents of the scar begin to flow out through the probe. In this case, it is advisable to massage the scar with your hands. Having removed 16-24 liters of contents from the proventriculus, 8-16 liters of water at a temperature of 10°C are again poured through the funnel, then the rumen contents are quickly released through the probe. A sharp change in the temperature of the infused water causes increased contraction of the rumen, and the contents are ejected from the proventriculus through a tube. When the secretion of the proventriculus contents stops, a hydraulic extractor with a conical tip is inserted through the hole of the probe to push and liquefy the feed mass. The use of hydraulic extractors is recommended for tympany, overfeeding and in other cases when the introduction of large volumes of liquids into overcrowded proventriculuses is contraindicated. In recumbent animals (on the right side), the forestomachs are washed in the same way as indicated above. In this case, the contents are removed through the probe even with weak contractions of the rumen.
Depending on the general condition of the animals, the contents of the forestomach can be washed and removed in one or several steps. In severe cases of illness, the animal is given rest between washing procedures. If a probe is inserted to remove gases, then using a nylon cord, its gastric end is raised upward, where more gases accumulate.
In all cases of severe condition of animals, especially in cases of severe poisoning, when the described washing methods are insufficient, they begin to forcefully suction the contents of the forestomach using a Datsenko probe, which operates on the principle of a water-jet pump. It consists of the probe itself with a coupling, an ejector device with an inlet and outlet nozzle, a central tap, rubber hoses, couplings and a metal mixer.
Using this probe, a certain amount of tap water is injected into the rumen under pressure and the liquefied contents are removed from it. Before the manipulation, determine the time it takes for the sampled volume of water (for example, 10 liters) to pass through the probe and to be sucked out. This is achieved by regulating the central tap “for stomach” and “for ejection”. The orogastric tube is inserted in the same way as the Cherkasov tube and is connected through couplings to the inlet tube of the ejector device. The handle of the central tap of the ejector device is moved to the “stomach” position, the water supply tap is opened and 20-30 liters of water are introduced into the rumen, and then the tap handle is moved to the “discharge” position, the stream of passing water creates a vacuum in the gastric end of the probe, due to which the liquefied the contents are sucked into the probe and thrown out. Depending on the general condition of the animals, the rumen is washed and its contents are removed in one or more steps. After sufficiently complete removal of the rumen contents, it is advisable to administer up to 3 liters of an aqueous extract of the rumen contents of a healthy cow to the given animal.
In practice, a universal orogastric tube (URZhZ-1-Z) is being successfully introduced, designed to push stuck objects in the esophagus, obtain scar contents for laboratory research, treat rumen tympany and administer medicinal solutions into the proventriculus of cattle.
This probe consists of a metal head (olive), a polyethylene tube with holes, a tubular yoke with a U-shaped plate, two pairs of fixation belts, and a special hand pump. The probe is inserted into the oral cavity with smooth forward movements, moving along the esophagus into the scar. The presence of a specially shaped metal head prevents it from entering the respiratory tract. Gases accumulated in the dorsal rumen sac are freely released and removed through holes in the upper part of the polyethylene tube of the probe. Using a special pump included in the kit, you can administer medicinal solutions from any container. Contraindications for insertion of the probe are damage to the esophagus, nosebleeds, severe heart failure, inflammation of the pharynx and larynx.
Literature
1. Internal diseases of animals: textbook/Under the general editorship. G.G. Shcherbakova, A.V. Korobova. - St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing House, 2009. - 736 pp.: ill. - (Textbooks for universities. Special literature).
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Physiotherapy in veterinary medicine has long been successfully used not only to treat animals, but also to increase their productivity.
The general physiological principles of physiotherapy as applied to humans and animals are the same, but the method of their use has its own distinctive features.
Physiotherapeutic devices have been used in veterinary medicine since the beginning of the 20th century, but the first systematization was carried out by I.D. Medvedev in his book “Physical methods of treatment in veterinary medicine.” The book was published in 1939 and contains more than 300 pages. In Soviet times, very few of these were published. The book covers the entire range of physical methods, including even x-ray therapy. When purchasing veterinary equipment from us, we provide a copy of this book on CD-ROM. We will also help you become familiar with modern methods of physiotherapeutic treatment of animals.
On the other hand, most modern devices are adapted for veterinary medicine and already contain specially selected treatment programs. An example is a special veterinary version of a magnetic therapy device - Biomag Lumina Vet . To treat animals, the device stores about 15 different magnetic field therapy protocols in its memory: joint diseases (arthritis, arthrosis, bursitis, synovitis), mechanical and thermal damage (bruises, wounds, sprains, subluxations, bone fractures, burns, frostbite, etc. .), diseases of the blood and lymphatic vessels, tissue trophic disorders.
Physiotherapy in veterinary medicine is especially effective in the treatment of diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system (fractures, wounds, arthrosis and arthritis, joint dysplasia), osteochondrosis and such severe complications as paresis of the limbs, rickets, diseases of the respiratory system (bronchitis, pneumonia), ENT diseases organs (otitis, sinusitis), eye diseases (keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers), skin diseases and many others.
Physiotherapy in veterinary medicine is most often used in the treatment of dogs, cats, horses, and cows.
For modern veterinary clinics and livestock farms, hippodromes, the following physiotherapeutic equipment can be recommended.
| Description | Application |
|
 | Examination and massage tables with height adjustment Manumed Special Vet tables provide the following amenities for veterinary physical therapy rooms:
| Initial examination, massage, minor operations, transportation of animals within the clinic |
 | InfraRed RadiatorAn infrared therapy device from the Dutch company Enraf Nonius. When used in veterinary medicine it has the following advantages:
| All types of warming up, pain relief, preparation for procedures, massage |
 | Sonopuls 492The combined device for electrotherapy and ultrasound therapy Sonopuls 492 allows for all types of electrotherapy. The advantages of using this physiotherapeutic device in veterinary medicine include the following:
| Myostimulation, medicinal electrophoresis, anti-inflammatory therapy, pain relief, therapy for musculoskeletal diseases, limb injuries |
 | Curapuls 970Stationary device for UHF therapy of animals. When used in veterinary medicine, it has the following features:
| Inflammatory purulent processes, respiratory tract diseases, limb injuries, arthritis/arthrosis, pain syndrome |
| KN4006BCA new veterinary UV therapy device with a bactericidal radiation spectrum will be useful in any veterinary clinic. The device is characterized by simple operation, high reliability, and low weight of the emitter. The emitter can be installed in a special connector on the device or held in the hand. The long cable allows irradiation of fairly medium and large animals from the desired angle. A portable model of the KUF/SUF device KN 4006 BC is being produced, operating from an autonomous power source and having similar technical characteristics Advantages of the device:
| Bacterial and fungal skin diseases Bedsores Festering wounds Postoperative wounds Furunculosis |
 | Endopuls 811A modern device for shock wave therapy, Endopuls 811, is offered to veterinary clinics. High-energy waves propagate in soft tissues and, without damaging them, have a direct effect only on bone and cartilage tissue, bone spines, growths and other formations with increased acoustic resistance. The procedure restores natural metabolism, starts the processes of cell restoration and renewal, and improves metabolic processes in tissues. The advantages of the device include an electromagnetic system for generating shock waves, reduced pain effect, long life of the emitter, light weight of the device, and quiet operation. | Damage to the ligaments, tendons, inflammation of the sesamoid bones, calcification, degenerative joint diseases, fractures, cracks, perioosal processes Indications for ESWT in small animals: |
| Biomag Lumina VetA specialized device for low-frequency pulsed magnetic field therapy. In veterinary medicine, the Biomag Lumina Vet magnetic therapy device can be widely used in livestock farms, veterinary clinics or at home. The Biomag Lumina Vet veterinary magnetic therapy device has a wide selection of applicators: both for small animals (cats, dogs, etc.) and for large animals (horses, cattle, etc.). Some applicators allow therapy to be carried out using the combined effects of a magnetic field and polarized light. Local applicators are equipped with special clamps for precise positioning on problem areas. A large number of built-in magnetic therapy programs cover all possible applications of the magnetic field in the treatment of animals. The built-in battery allows you to not depend on the presence of an electrical outlet and carry out therapy even on the street. | Pain relief Joint dysplasia Joint deformity Back pain Treatment of fractures Overstrained muscles and tendons Restoring joint mobility Accelerate wound healing Urinary tract inflammation Gastrointestinal disorders Colic in large animals Excessive shedding |
Concept of physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is a treatment method based on the use of natural forces (air, water, light, clay) and artificial energy sources (electricity, ultrasound, ultraviolet and x-ray radiation, radioactive isotopes) to treat inflammatory processes. This type of treatment refers to pathogenetic therapy, which acts on the animal’s body primarily through the nervous system, changing its reactivity and increasing its protective properties. In response to the use of physical stimuli, the body reacts with neurohumoral changes occurring in cells, organs and systems, which are manifested by biochemical and biophysical changes qualitatively and quantitatively.
Types of physiotherapy in veterinary medicine
The following types of physiotherapy are most widely used in veterinary practice:
1) light therapy, 2) electrotherapy, 3) hydrotherapy, 4) mud therapy, 5) paraffin therapy, 6) ozokerite therapy and 7) massage therapy.
These physical factors can be used either independently or in combination with other therapeutic measures.
Types of physiotherapy most commonly used in gynecology
1. Phototherapy. Phototherapy uses infrared, visible and ultraviolet rays.
Application of infrared rays. Devices and methods of irradiation. The source of infrared radiation is a special lamp consisting of a reflector with a spherical surface, a 300 or 600 W emitter and a tripod. The emitter is a hollow cone made of refractory clay, in the grooves (notches) of which a spiral of nichrome wire is laid. There are two models of lamps: stationary and tabletop. When the device is connected to the electrical network, the emitter coil heats up to a dark red glow and produces radiation consisting mainly of infrared rays with a wavelength of 6 to 4 microns and partially red rays. When releasing the procedure, a stationary lamp is installed at a distance of 50-80 cm from surface of the animal's body, and tabletop - at a distance of 30-50 cm. The distance is adjusted according to the feeling of warmth. Procedures are carried out daily or every other day, lasting 15-30 minutes.
Indications: aseptic and purulent inflammatory processes of the genital organs of animals (orchitis, periorchitis, mastitis). The method is contraindicated for malignant tumors.
Ultraviolet ray dosimetry. Existing dosimetry methods are divided into two groups. The first group includes methods for measuring the power of light energy in physical units (in microwatts - μW/cm2 or in microeras - μre/cm2) using special devices - dosimeters. The most convenient to use are UV-2 and UVD-4 ufidometers, as well as UFM-5 ultraviolet meter. The irradiation intensity in microwatts can be converted into irradiance expressed in microeras by multiplying by a factor of 0.18.
The second group includes a biological dosage method based on the property of ultraviolet rays to cause erythema.
To determine the dose of ultraviolet radiation, the hair on one side of the animal’s neck is shaved over an area of 4x18 cm using a biological method, and the skin is wiped with alcohol. The neck is covered with oilcloth, into which a template is sewn, consisting of cardboard folded in half, 20 cm long and 6 cm wide. 5 square holes are cut out in the cardboard at a distance of 2 cm from each other (the length of each side is 15 mm). A curtain is inserted between the sheets of cardboard. Having installed this biodosimeter on a shaved area of skin, bring a mercury-quartz burner with a steady combustion mode closer to it at a distance of 50-60 cm, open the first hole of the biodosimeter and illuminate it for 3 minutes. Subsequently, every 3 minutes, the remaining holes are opened one after another. Thus, the first window is irradiated for 15 minutes, the second for 12, the third for 9, the fourth for 6 and the fifth for 3 minutes. After 18-20 hours, the results of irradiation are determined by swelling in the irradiated areas of the skin. The minimum dose of rays that causes the least swelling of the skin is taken in one biodose. It is expressed in minutes.
In practice, an average biodose is often used, which is calculated as the arithmetic mean obtained from 8-10 individual doses determined on a given burner.
Irradiation technique. Both local and general irradiation of animals is used for therapeutic purposes.
With local irradiation, ultraviolet rays affect limited areas of the skin both in the area of the pathological focus and in areas of the body remote from it.
2. Mud and peat treatment. For medicinal purposes, three types of mud are used: silt, sapropel and peat.
The method of mud and peat treatment is as follows. Therapeutic mud is stored in concrete or wooden boxes indoors at a temperature of 5-6. Peat is stored in barns; it should not dry out or freeze.
Mud and peat are heated in a water bath to a temperature of 45-55°. Before use, mud and peat are thoroughly stirred and large particles and pebbles are removed. Mud and peat are used in the form of applications (cakes) on limited areas of the body or in the form of mud tampons inserted into the vagina and rectum.
To prepare applications - cakes - lay out oilcloth, cover it with a piece of canvas and apply a layer of mud or peat 6-7 cm thick on it. The temperature of the mud or peat is brought to 45 - 50°. Recently, the so-called mitigated mud therapy with a mud temperature of 37-38° has also been used. The mud or peat cake prepared in this way, together with the oilcloth, is applied to the corresponding area of the body; A padded jacket, blanket or blanket is placed on top of the oilcloth and reinforced with bandages or braid. After completing the procedure and removing dirt, the skin surface is washed with water and wiped dry with a towel. In cold weather, warm wrapping is applied to the area where dirt is applied.
The duration of the mud procedure is 30-40 minutes. The first 3-4 procedures are given daily, and then every other day. 10-20 procedures are prescribed for a course of treatment.
Indications. Indications for mud and peat therapy: long-term non-healing wounds and ulcers; paresis and nerve paralysis, mastitis; chronic and subacute inflammatory diseases of the birth canal (vaginitis, endometritis).
Contraindications. Contraindications for thermal treatment are severe diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory organs, blood, malignant tumors, bleeding, cachexia, and active tuberculosis processes.
3. Paraffin treatment. For medicinal purposes, anhydrous white paraffin with a melting point of 50-55° is used. Melt paraffin in a water bath. The area of skin at the site of application is washed and thoroughly dried. Thick and long hair is pre-cut. Melted paraffin is applied to an area of the body using one of the following methods.
Method of smearing or layering: paraffin at a temperature of 60-70°C is spread with a flat paint brush on the surface of the skin until a layer 1-2 cm thick is formed.
Pouring or paraffin bag method: used only on the extremities. First, the surface of the skin is coated with molten paraffin to form a layer that protects against possible burns. Then a specially sewn sleeve made of oilcloth is put on the limb, the lower end of which is tightly bandaged to the animal’s body, and paraffin heated to a temperature of 65° is poured from a ladle into the space between the skin and the oilcloth. To distribute the latter evenly, a spiral bandage is applied over oilcloth 3.
Paraffin applications can be performed in two ways: napkin-application and cuvette-application. In the first method, multilayer (5-6 layers) gauze pads are impregnated with paraffin heated to 60-70°, and they are applied to an area of the body after first applying a layer of paraffin to it with a paint brush. With the cuvette-application method, molten paraffin is poured into cuvettes or baking trays, which are first lined with oilcloth over the edges in the expectation that as the paraffin cools to a temperature of 50-54°, it forms a cake 5 cm thick. Such a cake is removed from the cuvette along with the oilcloth and applied to the corresponding area of the body.
For all methods of using paraffin, the area of the body with paraffin applied to it is covered with oilcloth and a warm quilted pad or blanket.
The duration of the procedure for paraffin treatment is from 30-40 minutes to 2-3 hours. Treatment is carried out daily or every other day. The course of treatment includes 5 to 20 procedures.
Indications. Paraffin treatment is used for slowly healing wounds, neuritis, paresis and nerve paralysis, mastitis, and inflammatory diseases of the birth canal.
Contraindications. The same as for mud therapy.
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences Kozlov N.A.
Physiotherapy is a field of medicine that studies the effect on the body of natural and artificially created physical factors used to treat patients and prevent diseases.
Rehabilitation is the elimination of consequences caused by a serious illness or injury.
Introduction
Whatever new methods of treatment and operations are developed, the topic of rehabilitation will always be an integral part of them. After all, it is an integrated approach to the treatment of pathologies, including timely diagnosis, selection of the optimal treatment method and postoperative recovery that ensures optimal results. All this allows the animal to recover after surgery or injury. In certain situations, rehabilitation allows, if not to restore, then to improve the animal’s quality of life.
In addition to recovery from orthopedic or neurosurgical operations, physiotherapy is used for sports and show animals. In this case, it becomes possible to increase the endurance and muscle mass of the animal, as well as restore the correctness and smoothness of movements, work on flexibility, etc.
The most important thing is that all manipulations are performed without forcing the animal, without causing a painful reaction. All first classes are based on adaptation, which allows you to avoid negative reactions and any reluctance to continue working with the animal and the doctor. Play conditions are most often created for animals, thereby causing motivation - this greatly facilitates training and is accompanied, in addition to the therapeutic effect, by psychological relief.
Indications:
— animals with neurological disorders;
— recovery for orthopedic pathologies (arthritis, arthrosis, fracture, ligament injuries, etc.);
— restoration of muscle tissue after surgery;
- inflammation of muscles and joints;
— diseases of the respiratory system (pulmonary edema, pneumonia);
- heart disease
- for obesity (combined with rationed feeding);
— for sports and exhibition animals;
- as a psychological relief.
Physiotherapy methods
Kinesitherapy
Kinesitherapy is movement therapy. Various types of movements during kinesitherapy change the overall reactivity of the body, destroy pathological dynamic stereotypes that arose as a result of the disease, and create new stereotypes that provide the necessary adaptation.
Most diseases of the musculoskeletal system and nervous system occur with impaired motor function. Kinesitherapy as a treatment method restores or helps compensate for impaired motor function, promotes training of the respiratory, cardiovascular and other systems.
This method can be either passive or active.
Passive kinesithrapy consists in the fact that the animal makes limp movements, i.e. with the help of doctor's manipulations. It can be performed in the form of massage, manual therapy, water massage, etc.
With the active method, conditions are created for certain active and conscious movements. Conditions for active movements are created using special installations. For example, a dry treadmill. Without using devices, kinesitherapy can be performed as walking, gymnastics (special stretching exercises, overcoming obstacles, etc.).
Electrotherapy
Electrotherapy is the use of electric current, electric and magnetic fields for therapeutic purposes.
For this type of therapy, methods such as darsonvalization, electrical stimulation, electrophoresis, etc. can be used.
Darsonvalization is treatment with high-frequency pulsed alternating current. Under the influence of alternating current in the area of application, blood supply improves, metabolism accelerates and tissue trophism improves. The local anesthetic effect is also expressed.
Electrical stimulation is the use of electric current to excite or enhance the activity of certain organs and systems. It is most often used to target muscles, which helps strengthen muscle tissue and improve local metabolism.
Electrophoresis is the passage of a medicinal substance through the skin of an animal under the influence of an electric current.
Thermotherapy
It is expressed in the effect on tissue of certain temperatures.
Cold temperature (cold water, ice, snow) is more often used in the postoperative period in the areas around the sutures, which helps reduce inflammation and reduce the pain response.
When exposed to heat, heating pads, hot water, and special devices are used. The use of heat is indicated for chronic pain.
This therapy is very simple and accessible, which allows owners to use it at home.
Hydrotherapy
This method of therapy uses water.
The most commonly used treatments in this area are aquatic treadmill and swimming.
The advantages of this treatment are expressed in the fact that due to the physical properties of water, the body weight of animals is significantly reduced while simultaneously increasing their tolerance to physical activity.
Hydrotherapy improves blood circulation, reduces the intensity of pain experienced, increases flexibility, mobility, muscle tone and mass, improves coordination of movements, and restores the ability to maintain balance while moving.
Shock wave therapy
The procedure is carried out using a special device that generates sounds (acoustic waves) of very low frequency. This acoustic wave in the area where the device is applied spreads through the tissues of the body and stops its movement when it reaches the bone.
Under the influence of acoustic waves at the site of exposure, blood circulation improves, metabolism is restored, which promotes the activation of tissue repair processes and cell renewal.
In veterinary medicine it is mainly used for arthrosis, arthritis, dysplasia of the elbow/hip joint, fractures, etc. This method allows you to bypass surgical intervention and restore the articular surface and tissue around the joints in one course, which alleviates the animal’s condition: pain and lameness disappear, and the mobility of the joint as a whole improves.
Electrotherapy uses currents of low voltage and low frequency; high voltage and high frequency with different current strength; ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field and direct current for galvanization and electrophoresis.
Galvanotherapy- a method of treatment with electric current of constant voltage and constant strength. When passing through animal tissue, the galvanic current affects the skin receptor apparatus by electrolysis, electroosmosis (cataphoresis and anaphoresis) and partially by heat. It improves metabolism, the processes of regeneration of nerve cells, reduces pain, and in areas the application of electrodes reflexively causes active hyperemia. Galvanic current enhances the secretion of glands, but does not change the chemical composition of the secretion. In addition, under its influence, dissociation increases and the movement of liquid and colloidal particles through porous plates (electro-osmosis) accelerates. As a result of this complex effect, interstitial exchange increases, which promotes the resorption of pathological effusions and scar growths.
Galvanic procedures are carried out every 1-2 days, up to 20 sessions in total. Galvanization is used for neuritis, paresis, paralysis, spinal cord injuries, especially with radicular disorders, intraperitoneal and intraperitoneal adhesions, sinusitis and frontal sinusitis. It is contraindicated in acute inflammatory purulent processes, skin ulcers and dermatitis.
Electrophoresis. (ionotherapy, ionogalvanization) - a method of introducing medicinal substances in the form of ions through a galvanic current through intact skin, mucous membranes or a wound surface, in which the pharmacological effect of medicinal substances is complemented by the action of galvanic current. The passage of current through the cell membrane increases permeability to electrolytes. The bulk of the ions penetrate through the ducts of the skin glands and are carried along the lymphatic slits and capillary blood network into the general blood flow. A small part of them remains in the injection zone, is adsorbed by colloids, discharges, turning into atoms, and also continues to move in the tissues of the interelectrode space according to the laws of diffusion, osmosis, electroosmosis and iontophoresis.
The following ions are used: calcium - for rickets, osteomalacia and phosphorus-calcium deficiency; iodine - for endemic goiter. 3 in relation to other medications are guided by their pharmacodynamic action.
Electrophoresis technique. The flannel lining of the active electrode is moistened with a solution of the selected medicinal substance, and the lining of the passive electrode is moistened with water. The electrodes are given a polarity that carries the charge of the injected ion.
Procedure conditions: current strength 0.25-0.3 A per 1 cm of active electrode area for a session duration of 30 minutes or more. Sulfonamides and antibiotics remain in the tissues under the active electrode after the session for at least 24 hours. One session is carried out, and in acute processes - two sessions per day.
Indications: acute inflammation of the pharynx, larynx, arthritis and inflammation of peripheral nerves. It should be taken into account that ion therapy is labor-intensive and requires great skill. One of the types of prolonged exposure to direct current on the central nervous system (in the head area) with rare impulses of very low strength is electrosleep.
Faradization - a method of treatment with alternating (a type of sinusoidal) electric current with an oscillation frequency of 20 - 60 cycles per second, a current strength of 25 - 50 A and a voltage of 50 - 60 W. Current affects striated and smooth muscles directly or through motor nerves.
The physiological effect of faradic current is reduced to excitation of motor and sensory nerves: it causes vigorous contractions of striated and weak contractions of smooth muscles. Rhythmic contractions and relaxations of muscles contribute to better emptying of blood and lymphatic vessels with their subsequent filling, which is accompanied by improved lymphatic circulation and tissue nutrition. The intensity of muscle contractions depends on the strength of the current and the state of nervous excitability of the animals.
In animals, local faradization is used, mainly for “gymnastics” of muscles. To obtain contractions of individual muscles or muscle groups, an active electrode with an area of 1-5 cm2, connecting to the negative pole of the secondary coil, is applied to the surface of the body at the point of muscle attachment.
The duration of the procedures is 10-15 minutes, they are prescribed daily or every other day, a total of 20-40 per course of treatment. Faradization is effective in the treatment of paresis, paralysis, muscle atrophy, rumen and intestinal atony. Contraindications are purulent-putrefactive processes.
Darsonvalization– a method of treatment with currents with a frequency of 200-300 kHz, a voltage of tens and hundreds of thousands of volts and a force reaching hundredths of an ampere. These currents can affect the entire body or individual parts of it.
D'Arsonval currents arise when a high-frequency current (500 thousand cycles per second) is combined with a strength of 50-200 A and a voltage height of 150,000-100,000 V. The device has vacuum capacitor electrodes consisting of glass tubes of various shapes. The air from these tubes is pumped out to a pressure of 1-05 mmHg. During normal operation of the device, the electrode should be placed in a purple or bluish color. In veterinary electrotherapy, they mainly resort to local darsonvalization using portable devices with a single-pole vacuum electrode made of glass. The electrode is brought closer to the body area at a distance at which the “outflow” of electric sparks begins, and it is continuously moved throughout the entire area for 5-15 minutes.
D'Arsonval currents normalize the peripheral nervous system, stimulate epithealization and growth of granulation tissue, and have a trophic, bactericidal and deodorizing effect. Local darsonvalization is prescribed for heart neuroses, eczema of nervous origin and furunculosis. Procedures are carried out daily or every 1-2 days.
Contraindications are malignant formations and a tendency to bleeding.
For general darsonvalization of small animals, a cage - solenoid - is connected to the current generator. for the treatment of large animals - the installation of I. S. Pomiluiko.
Diathermy– treatment consisting of heating tissues using high-frequency electric current (0.5-2 million cycles per second) with a force of up to 3 A and a voltage of 200-250 V.
Based on the form of application and the physical properties of the energy used, two methods of diathermy are distinguished; medium wave (wave from 300 to 600 m) and short wave (wave mainly 22 m).
In clinical practice, cathodic short-wave diathermy devices are used, which have high power, provide a uniform operating mode and a higher oscillation frequency compared to low-discharge devices; they do not create noise and warm up more deeply.
The average current strength in areas with well-developed muscles should be 5 - 10 A per I cm2 of the active electrode. The duration of the procedure is 20 - 30 minutes; if the animal is restless, the supply of diathermic current is stopped.
With diathermy, deep interstitial heating of a body area occurs; body, enclosed between two electrodes, with the formation of endogenous heat, which cannot be achieved by external heat. With local exposure to diathermic current, the overall body temperature can be increased by 0.1 - 0.20, with deep exposure, individual tissues warm up to 70, and with general exposure to this current the temperature increases by 2 - 40.
In addition to the thermal effect, the body is influenced by a high-frequency and high-voltage field, and there is no painful irritating effect on the neuromuscular system.
Endogenous heat soothes pain, relaxes convulsively contracted muscles (including internal organs) and produces active hyperemia, enhances tissue nutrition, promotes the resorption of inflammatory products, increases the bactericidal properties of tissues and stimulates biochemical processes in them (metabolic and enzymatic). When exposed to diathermic current on the liver area, its activity increases, and bile secretion occurs more intensely. Diathermy procedures are carried out every other day for bronchitis, thrombophlebitis, spastic colitis, chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, subacute nephritis and nephrosis, for adhesions in internal organs, especially in the renal region, and damage to the peripheral nervous system. The absorbable effect of diathermy in subacute and chronic inflammatory processes has been established.
For malignant neoplasms and spontaneous bleeding, diathermy is contraindicated.
Ultrashortwave(ultra-high-frequency - UHF) - therapy - an electrotherapeutic procedure aimed at influencing the ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic field (with an oscillation frequency of 30 to 300 MHz, which corresponds to a wavelength of 10 to 1 m) on the tissue of a sick animal located in the interelectrode space.
Ultra-high frequency currents are obtained from special electronic devices. This is a special type of energy that has a specific effect on the animal organism.” Duration of the procedure is 5-10 minutes.
When using UHF therapeutically, the sick animal (or part of its body) does not come into direct contact with metal electrodes. The body is affected by an electromagnetic (capacitor) field spreading in space.
The biological effect of UHF manifests itself in different ways. Small animals, being in a condenser field, become restless, gather in a heap, chickens flap their wings, breathing quickens, small vessels dilate, and tissues swell.
The main effect of ultrasonic sound is the generation of heat inside animal tissues, changing the electrical charge of cell membranes and the structure of cell colloids. At low dosages, activation of catalysts, an increase in albumin due to globulins, and the transformation of coarse protein molecules into smaller ones with the elimination of amino acids are noted.
UHF therapy is prescribed for lobar pneumonia, spastic colic, paresis and paralysis, acute and subacute aseptic sinusitis; This whitening cannot be performed during purulent-septic processes.
Ultrasound therapy- a physiotherapeutic method of treatment using ultrasound, whose vibrations range from 20 thousand to 1 billion Hz and higher. These vibrations are not perceived by the human ear and are classified as inaudible sounds. Ultrasound is used to treat neuritis, neuralgia, lung diseases, mastitis, furunculosis, etc.
Protective measures during electrotherapy. The greatest danger is posed by high low-frequency voltage generated on the secondary windings of transformers and in the wires going to the oscillating circuits. Most high-frequency devices come in boxes; the doors in the latter are equipped with fuses (blocking devices) that turn off the current when the doors are opened; wires carrying high voltage or high frequency current (devices for diathermy and darsonvalization) must be covered with a thick layer of rubber.
To eliminate the harmful effects of UHF on treating personnel, careful shielding of the generator is necessary, completely isolating it electrically from the space of the treatment room.
