What blood groups do humans have? The Rh factor is very important in two cases
Health
Our blood group has big influence on our body along with nutrition and lifestyle. As you know, there are 4 types of blood groups: I (O), II (A), III (B), IV (AB).
A person's blood type is determined at birth and has unique characteristics.
All blood groups have several features that, interacting with each other, determine how external influences affect our body. Here are a few facts that would be interesting to know about the blood group.
1. Nutrition by blood type
Throughout the day in our body occur chemical reactions, and therefore the blood type plays important role in nutrition and weight loss.
People with different type blood is worth consuming different type of food. For example, people with I (O) blood type, it is worth including protein-rich foods in the diet such as meat and fish. People from II (A) blood type should avoid meat because vegetarian food is more suitable for them.
To those who have III (B) blood type, should be avoided chicken meat and eat more red meat, and people with IV (AB) group will benefit more from seafood and not fatty meat .
2. Blood type and disease
Because each type of blood different characteristics, each blood type is resistant to a certain type of disease, but more susceptible to other diseases.
I (O) blood type
Strengths: strong digestive tract, strong immune system, natural protection against infections, good metabolism and nutrient retention
Weak sides: bleeding disorders, inflammatory diseases(arthritis), diseases thyroid gland, allergies, ulcers
II (A) blood type
Strengths: adapts well to dietary and external diversity, retains and metabolizes nutrients well
Weak sides Key words: heart disease, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, cancer, liver and gallbladder disease
III (B) blood type
Strengths: strong immune system, good adaptability to food and external changes, balanced nervous system
Weak sides: type 1 diabetes, chronic fatigue, autoimmune diseases(Lou Gehrig's disease, lupus, multiple sclerosis)
IV (AB) blood type
Strengths: well adapted to modern conditions, stable immune system.
Weak sides Key words: heart disease, cancer
3. Blood type and character
As mentioned earlier, our blood type also affects personality.
I (O) blood type: outgoing, confident, creative and extroverted
II (A) blood type: serious, accurate, peaceful, reliable and artistic.
III (B) blood type: dedicated, independent and strong.
IV (AB) blood type: reliable, shy, responsible and caring.
4. Blood type and pregnancy
Blood type also affects pregnancy. For example, women with IV (AB) blood type produce less follicle-stimulating hormone, which helps women get pregnant more easily.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when the blood of the mother and fetus is incompatible with the Rh factor, sometimes with other antigens. If an Rh-negative woman has a fetus with Rh-positive blood, an Rh conflict occurs.
5. Blood type and exposure to stress
People with different blood types react differently to stress. Those who lose their temper easily are more likely to have I (O) blood types. They have more high level adrenaline, and they need more time to recover from a stressful situation.
At the same time, people with blood type II (A) have higher levels of cortisol, and they produce more of it in stressful situations.
6. Blood group antigens
Antigens are present not only in the blood, but also in digestive tract, in the mouth and intestines, and even in the nostrils and lungs.
7. Blood type and weight loss
Some people have a tendency to store belly fat, while others may not be concerned about it due to their blood type. So, for example, people with I (O) blood type are more prone to fat in the abdomen than those with II (A) blood type, who rarely have this problem.
8. What blood type will the baby have?
Description of the individual antigenic characteristics of erythrocytes, determined using methods for identifying specific groups of carbohydrates and proteins included in the membranes of animal erythrocytes. (c) from Wikipedia.
Typology of blood groups
The number of studied and characterized blood group systems is constantly growing. The International Society for Blood Transfusion currently recognizes 29 major blood group systems. These include the two most important classifications of the human blood group - the AB0 system and the Rh system.
ABO system.
Human plasma can contain agglutinins α and β, agglutinogens A and B can be contained in erythrocytes, and one and only one of proteins A and α is contained, the same is for proteins B and β. Thus, there are four valid combinations; Which one is typical for this person, determines his blood type:
* α and β: first (O)
* A and β: second (A)
* α and B: third (B)
* A and B: 4th (AB)
Rh system (rhesus system)
The Rh factor is an antigen (protein) found on the surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes). It was discovered in 1919 in the blood of monkeys, and later in humans. About 85% of Europeans (99% of Indians and Asians) have an Rh factor and, accordingly, are Rh-positive. The remaining 15% (7% in Africans) who do not have it are Rh-negative. The Rh factor plays an important role in the formation of the so-called hemolytic jaundice of newborns, caused due to the Rh conflict between the blood cells of an immunized mother and fetus.
Kell
The Kell group system consists of 2 antigens that form 3 blood groups (K-K, K-k, k-k). Antigens of the Kell system are second in activity after the Rhesus system. They can cause sensitization during pregnancy, blood transfusion; cause hemolytic disease of the newborn and blood transfusion complications.
Compatibility of human blood types
The theory of blood group compatibility arose at the dawn of blood transfusion, during the Second World War, in conditions of a catastrophic shortage donated blood. Donors and recipients of blood must have "compatible" blood types. In the middle of the 20th century, it was assumed that the blood of the 0(I)Rh− group was compatible with any other groups. People with group 0(I)Rh− were considered " universal donors”, and their blood could be transfused to anyone in need. Currently, such blood transfusions are considered acceptable in hopeless situations, but not more than 500 ml. Incompatibility of blood of the 0(I)Rh− group by other groups was observed relatively rarely, and for this circumstance long time did not pay due attention. The table below illustrates which blood types people could donate/receive blood (X marks compatible combinations). For example, the owner of the A(II)Rh− group can receive blood of the 0(I)Rh− or A(II)Rh− groups and donate blood to people who have blood of the AB(IV)Rh+, AB(IV)Rh−, A( II)Rh+ or A(II)Rh−.
Today it is clear that other antigen systems can also cause undesirable consequences during blood transfusion. Therefore, one of the possible strategies for the blood transfusion service may be to create a system for early cryopreservation of own shaped elements blood, for each person. I am for!
Plasma Compatibility
In plasma, group antigens of erythrocytes of group I A and B are absent or their number is very small, therefore it was previously believed that group I erythrocytes can be transfused to patients with other groups in any volume without fear. However, group I plasma contains α and β agglutinins, and this plasma can only be administered in a very limited volume, in which the donor agglutinins are diluted by the recipient's plasma and agglutination does not occur. Group IV(AB) plasma does not contain agglutinins, so group IV(AB) plasma can be transfused to recipients of any group.
Inheritance of blood types
There are several obvious patterns in the inheritance of blood groups:
1. If both parents have I blood group, then their children can only have I group.
2. If both parents have II blood group, then their children can only have II or I group.
3. If both parents III group blood, then their children can only have III or I group.
4. If at least one parent has blood group IV, a child with blood group I cannot be born in such a marriage, regardless of the group of the second parent.
The A (II) phenotype can be in a person who has inherited from parents either two A (AA) genes or A and 0 (A0) genes. Accordingly, the phenotype B (III) - with the inheritance of either two genes B (BB), or B and 0 (B0). Phenotype 0 (I) is manifested by the inheritance of two 0 genes. Thus, if both parents have blood type II (genotypes A0 and A0), one of their children may have the first group (genotype 00). If one of the parents has blood type A (II) with a possible genotype AA and A0, and the other B (III) with a possible genotype BB or B0 - children can have blood types 0 (I), A (II), B (III ) or AB (IV).
The probabilistic percentages of blood type inheritance given in the table are taken from an elementary combinatorial calculation.
The Rh factor is inherited in a recessive-dominant mode of inheritance. Rh positive - dominant trait, negative - recessive. The Rh+ phenotype manifests itself in both homozygous and heterozygous genotypes (++ or +-), the Rh- phenotype manifests itself only in the homozygous genotype (only --).
A pair of Rh- and Rh- can only have Rh- children. An Rh+ and Rh- couple, as well as an Rh+ and Rh+ couple, can have children of both Rh+ and Rh-, or only Rh+, depending on the genotype of the Rh+ parents.
It's funny, but if you ask me what my blood type is, then I might confuse it, either the second, or the first, and what is the Rh factor? We must remember - the first! Rh factor - positive!
As you know, there are four blood types, including the first. In addition, it can be positive or rhesus negative-factor. All this can leave a special imprint on the human body. It should be noted that these signs also affect the character of a person, his state of health, and the compatibility of spouses. The Rh factor and which blood group is easy to determine during a polyclinic study.
The first blood group with a negative Rh factor exists in approximately 15% of people of the European race. About 7% of Africans have these features. In India 1st negative group there is almost no blood. Thus, its uniqueness directly depends on the climatic conditions of certain continents. For example, in Europe, the fourth negative blood type is more rare.
How is the blood of 1 negative group obtained?
What are the features of the 1st negative blood group, what is its characteristic and with whom is there compatibility? As you know, every child has genes received from parents. The blood group is obtained as a result of a combination of antigens. Therefore, it is affected by a hereditary factor.
What is the probability of the appearance of 1 blood type in a child? It is formed in the fetus in the following cases:
- if it is present in both parents (100% probability);
- when the father or mother has it, and the other parent has a second or third.
Rhesus acts as an additional erythrocyte antigen. It is formed with the following probability:
- the newborn does not have it if it is absent from the parents;
- if the mother or father has it, the child has a 50% chance of getting a negative Rh.
Blood transfusion
People who have a rare negative blood type are the safest donors. This is due to the fact that in this case there are no antigenic properties. Thus, if no one-group donors were found, it is possible to transfuse it into various life situations people with other traits. In this case, the Rh factor does not matter at all. It only affects the compatibility of a man and a woman when trying to conceive a child. It should be noted that such transfusions are not planned in a planned manner.
Advantages
Some theories claim that the owners of this group have a strong-willed character. They, as a rule, try to take leadership positions, to achieve the assigned goal. The nature of such people is characterized by high emotionality, a developed sense of self-preservation. A person with these signs will not put their own health at risk. He will always calculate in advance the result of actions. Takova a brief description of people who have a rare first blood group.
Flaws
As noted above, when a patient who has a rare 1st negative blood type needs a donor, only people with similar characteristics will be able to match him. Thus, medical workers It is recommended to first find out the group from relatives.
Typical diseases and signs from the presented group include:
- hypertension;
- stomach ulcer;
- the presence of excess weight;
- hemophilia in men;
- damage to the organs of the respiratory system;
- allergy.
A character in which strong-willed qualities are present is able to develop narcissism, lead to violent reactions to various criticism, jealousy. Such people have low stamina, the inability to adapt to changing living conditions. In the fairer sex, negative groups negatively affect compatibility with men who have Rh-positive blood.
Problems with pregnancy
I would like to note right away that for a woman with a negative Rh factor, it does not matter what group her blood is. As a rule, gynecologists appoint both spouses for examination to determine their compatibility. If it is absent, there may be problems with pregnancy, in particular, constant miscarriages occur. The body of a woman with a negative Rh factor can recognize the fetus as foreign body, rejecting it. Thus, the course of pregnancy can be complicated by the Rhesus conflict. This happens if the spouses do not have compatibility, and the fetus has positive genes inherited from the father.
It is worth noting that the first pregnancy is considered the most favorable, since the woman's immune system rejects the fetus for last term. As a result, the child has signs of jaundice, anemia, impaired liver function. If we take the state of the baby under medical control and to carry out appropriate treatment, he can become completely healthy with age.
If a second pregnancy occurs, the woman's body already has ready-made antibodies that begin to affect the fetus from the first weeks. Thus, miscarriages occur, and the formation of internal organs. And the reason for this is incorrect compatibility. Since the probability of fetal rejection is high, pregnant women are forced to lie on conservation for the first months. In addition, patients who lack compatibility with own child, it is recommended to take care of yourself, lead a calm lifestyle. After all, anything can serve as a reason for a miscarriage. It is also worth noting that toxicosis in women with a Rh minus sign is much stronger than in pregnant women with positive blood groups.
Fortunately, modern medicine found a way out of this situation. As a way to deal with this trouble, antirusus globulin is used, which is injected into the blood. It is able to bind and neutralize the effects of maternal antibodies. Thus, women who have a negative Rh factor and are not compatible with a man should especially carefully monitor their own health, as well as their children.
In the last century, the theory that each group has a certain diet has been quite popular. It turns out that there are products that are useful and, conversely, undesirable for people with blood of certain groups. As it became known, some food is capable of slagging the human body, which leads to various diseases.
The origin of people who have the first blood group is genetically associated with the appearance of anthropoid individuals that feed exclusively on meat food obtained by hunting. As a result of the dramatic changes that have occurred in the environment, in addition to meat, people also need other products. This allows you to provide normal functioning of the whole organism, receiving required amount nutritional elements of various categories.
Thus, modern specialists in the field of nutrition have developed special food which must be observed by people of certain categories. Since the topic of the article is the first blood group, we will now talk about it.
It should be noted that people of this type are prone to obesity. Therefore, they need to draw up such a diet, which will provide for restrictions on sweet and flour products. Thus, it is recommended to consume the following foods:
- fish, beef or lamb dishes low-fat varieties, seafood;
- cereals made from whole grains;
- broccoli, pumpkin, parsley, onion;
- green tea, herbal decoctions.
If a person has the first blood group, then the compatibility of dairy and meat products on the same day is undesirable. This is especially true for pork dishes. Also, do not abuse smoked meats, sausages. It is recommended to give up fatty meat, eggs. Among the products undesirable for consumption are hard cheeses, sour berries and fruits, citrus, butter, ice cream, oatmeal porridge. It is required to limit dishes from potatoes, cabbage, legumes in the diet. Among the drinks it is not recommended to choose coffee and black tea.
Such a diet provides for periodic relief. In other words, sometimes you can afford products that are not recommended for consumption. True, in limited quantities. Some experts are of the opinion that this approach is the only solution, which makes it possible to control one's own body weight and maintain health. It is worth noting that modern medicine is against excesses in nutrition. However, it does not support veganism. The diet should be designed so that it includes all necessary ingredients so as not to disturb the balance of substances in the body.
Thus the blood various groups affects not only personal qualities, his health, but also the diet. It is worth paying attention to this in order to maintain health.
Ever since school, we have been taught that human blood subdivided into four large groups, each of which, in turn, is divided depending on the positive or negative Rh factor.
The fourth negative blood type is the least common (in international terminology, it is given the name AB RH-). This type is recorded only in 0.4% of all people who have taken blood tests. Today you can find out all the information you need about the rarest blood type.
Why is AB RH- blood less common than others?
Difference between different types blood is associated with the presence of certain specific proteins on red blood cells. They are called "blood group antigens". There are many specific antigens in erythrocytes, for which many classifications of blood groups have been invented. There are 32 species in the human body. However, it is possible to conditionally divide all blood into only 4 groups.
Question about blood groups
Most important indicator in this matter is the location of the main groups of antigen proteins (AB0) and Rhesus. The presence of A and B antigen in red blood cells decides which of the four main groups the blood of a particular individual belongs to. By the way, the blood type is finally formed in the child's body by about 16-18 months of his life, so you can take an analysis only after the patient reaches the age of two.Main blood types:
- Group 0 (first) - absence of antigens in plasma cells;
- Group A (second) - has antigen A;
- Group B (third) - has antigen B;
- Group AB (fourth) - has both antigens A and B.
The simultaneous presence of both protein antigens (A and B) is a natural phenomenon that indicates that some organisms were able to perfectly adapt to external conditions. The fourth blood group does not have antibodies, so it can be transfused with the blood of any other group - this is the phenomenon of adaptation. But, unfortunately, AB blood has a small number of people.
Rh factor question
In addition to antigens A and B, antigen D also determines the value in the human body. If the patient has this species antigen, then its Rh factor will be positive (Rh +). In contrast, people with Rh-negative blood types do not have this antigen (Rh-). 85% of all inhabitants of the globe have blood with antigen D, that is, positive in the Rh plan. Its presence or absence does not depend in any way on antigens A and B, and therefore any of the four blood groups has either Rh + or Rh -.But since the fourth group is rare in itself (only 1% of people among all the inhabitants of our planet flow in the veins), taking into account the Rh-negative factor, this figure becomes even smaller (as we have already said, about 0.4%). Now you know why AB RH- blood is recognized as the rarest.
Characteristics of people with a rare blood type
Studies show that AB RH- carriers have good organizational skills. But there is a big but! If they are in a depressed mood, it is very difficult for them to accept right decisions. People with the fourth blood group are mysterious, they have a unique charisma. This applies to how appearance, and character.Very rarely, such individuals have health problems. Much, of course, depends on the circumstances, lifestyle, and most importantly, on the mood in which they are. However, in friendship, love, marriage, people with this rare group Bloods are selfless and almost perfect: they are happy and contented only if their partner also feels good.
What is important for representatives of the 4th blood group is what they do in life. It is their favorite profession that most of all affects the strengthening or weakening of their body.
Health
- People with blood group AB RH- are very strong physically. They have a great metabolism.
- Carriers of this blood type should eat a mixed diet. They can eat meat, but only in small quantities and not too fatty varieties. Strong digestive system allows you to tolerate all dairy products well. People with the fourth blood group like to eat fish.
- In matters of sports, swimming is recommended for such individuals.
- Apart from aquatic species sports, they also like cycling, hiking and hiking.
Since time immemorial, blood has attracted the attention of the observant person. Life was identified with her. However, its corresponding application, based on the discovery of blood groups and the development of methods for its conservation, became possible only a few decades ago. The blood is mobile internal environment organism and is distinguished by a relative constancy of composition, while performing the most important diverse functions that provide normal life organism.
Blood type is a trait that is inherited. It is an individual set of specific substances for each person, called group antigens. It does not change throughout a person's life. Depending on the combination of antigens, the blood is divided into four groups. Blood type does not depend on race, gender, age.
In the 19th century, when examining blood on erythrocytes, substances of a protein nature were found, in different people they were different and designated as A and B. These substances (antigens) are variants of one gene and are responsible for blood groups. After these studies, people were divided into blood groups:
- Oh (I)- first blood group
- A (II)- second blood type
- B (III)- third blood group
- AB (IV)- fourth blood group
Blood groups are inherited in a plural manner. Variants of manifestation of one of the genes are equal and do not depend on each other. A pairwise combination of genes (A and B) determines one of the four blood groups. In some cases, it is possible to determine paternity by blood type.
With what blood type can a child have parents?
Rh factor refers to one of the blood group indicators and refers to innate properties human blood. It is inherited and does not change throughout life.
Rh factor refers to proteins and is found in the erythrocytes of humans and rhesus monkeys (hence the name). Rhesus factor was discovered in the first half of the twentieth century by K. Landsteiner (laureate Nobel Prize for the discovery of the blood group) and A. Wiener.
Their discovery helped distinguish Rh-positive (~ 87% of people) and Rh-negative (~ 13% of people) by the presence or absence of the Rh factor.
When transfused to Rh-negative individuals Rh positive blood possible immune complications up to the development anaphylactic shock with a lethal outcome.
In Rh-negative women, the first pregnancy proceeds without complications (without the development of Rh-conflict), with repeated pregnancies the amount of antibodies reaches a critical level, they penetrate the placental barrier into the blood of the fetus and contribute to the development of the Rh conflict, which manifests itself hemolytic disease newborns.
Determination of Rh - antibodies in the blood, as a rule, is carried out at the 9th week of pregnancy. For a warning severe complications anti-rhesus gamma globulin is injected.
What can you find out about yourself?
"Ketsu-eki-gata"
If we are asked in Russia: “What is your zodiac sign?” - then in Japan - "What is your blood type?" According to the Japanese, blood to a greater extent determines the character and individual characteristics man than distant stars. Carrying out tests and recording blood types is called "ketsu-eki-gata" here and is taken very seriously.
0 (I) "Hunter"; 40 to 50% of all people have it
Origin
The oldest and most common, appeared 40,000 years ago. Ancestors led a life of hunters and gatherers. They took what nature gave them today and did not care about the future. Defending their interests, they were able to crush anyone, regardless of who he was - friend or foe. The immune system strong and persistent.
Qualities of character
These people have strong character. They are determined and confident. Their motto is: "Struggle and seek, find and never give up." Excessively mobile, unbalanced and excitable. Painfully tolerate any, even the most fair criticism. They want others to understand them perfectly and instantly carry out their orders.
Men very skilled in love. Most of all they are excited by inaccessible women.
Women greedy for sex, but very jealous.
Adviсe
Try to get rid of narcissism and arrogance: this can seriously interfere with the achievement of goals. Stop fussing and rushing things. Remember that a person who strives to achieve what he has planned at any cost, indomitably striving for power, dooms himself to loneliness.
A (II) "Farmer"; 30 - 40% have it
Origin
Generated by the first forced migrations of the population, it appeared when it became necessary to switch to food from agriculture and, accordingly, change the way of life. Appeared between 25,000 and 15,000 BC. Each individual was required to be able to get along, get along, cooperate with others within a densely populated community.
Qualities of character
They are very sociable, easily adaptable to any environment, so events such as a change of place of residence or work are not stressful for them. But sometimes they show stubbornness and an inability to relax. Very vulnerable, hard to endure resentment and grief.
Men are shy. Romantics in the soul, they express their love with a look. They love to feel maternal care, and therefore they often choose women older than themselves.
Women also shy. They make excellent wives - loving and devoted.
Adviсe
Don't aim for leadership positions. But try to get like-minded people to support your interests. Do not relieve stress with alcohol, otherwise you will be overcome addiction. And don't eat a lot of fatty foods, especially at night.
In (III) Nomad; 10 - 20% have it
Origin
Appeared as a result of the merger of populations and adaptation to new climatic conditions over 10,000 years ago. It represents the desire of nature to strike a balance between increased mental activity and the demands of the immune system.
Qualities of character
They are open and optimistic. Comfort does not appeal to them, and everything familiar and ordinary brings boredom. They are drawn to adventure, and therefore they will never miss an opportunity to change something in their lives. Ascetics by nature. They prefer not to depend on anyone. They do not tolerate an unfair attitude towards themselves: if the boss yells, they will immediately leave work.
Men- true don Juan: they know how to beautifully look after women and seduce.
Women very extravagant. They can quickly win a man's heart, but they are afraid to marry them, not believing that they are capable of a reverent attitude to the family hearth. And absolutely in vain! Over time they become good housewives and faithful wives.
Adviсe
Think about it: maybe your weakness lies in individualism? If there are no people close to you in spirit around you, then this is the result of your independence. Behind the reputation of a "womanizer" or "libertine" only the fear of love is masked. The wives of such people have to get used to cheating, because otherwise they are good family men.
AB (IV) "Riddle"; only 5% of people have it
Origin
It appeared unexpectedly about a thousand years ago, not as a result of adaptation to changing living conditions, like other blood groups, but as a result of mixing Indo-Europeans and Mongoloids.
Qualities of character
People of this type like to boast that the blood of the AB group was in Jesus Christ. The proof, they say, is a blood test found on the Shroud of Turin. Whether this is so has not yet been proven. But, in any case, people with the fourth blood group are quite rare. They have a soft and meek disposition. Always ready to listen and understand others. They can be called spiritualized natures and multifaceted personalities.
Men attract with their intelligence and eccentricity. Very sexy. But their desire to make love day and night does not mean at all that they are filled with deep feelings.
Women also have sexual appeal, but they are very demanding in choosing men. And her chosen one will not be easy, because she requires a lot of attention.
Adviсe
You have a significant flaw: you are very indecisive. Maybe this is partly the reason for your lack of conflict: you are afraid to ruin your relationship with someone. But you are in constant internal conflict with yourself, and your self-esteem suffers greatly from this.
What is the AB0 system
In 1891 the Australian scientist Karl Landsteiner conducted a study of erythrocytes - red blood cells. And he discovered a curious pattern: in some people they differ in sets of antigens - substances that cause immune response and the formation of antibodies. The scientist designated the antigens found by the letters A and B. Some have only A antigens, others have only B. And the third have neither A nor B. Thus, Karl Landsteiner's research divided all of humanity into three parts, in accordance with the properties of blood : Group I (aka 0) - no A or B antigens; II group - there is A; III - with antigen B.
In 1902, the researcher Decastello described the fourth group (antigens A and B are found on erythrocytes). The discovery of two scientists was called the AB0 system. It is based on blood transfusion.
Red blood cell compatibility
| Repnpient | Donor | |||||||
| 0 (I) Rh- | 0 (I) Rh+ | B(III) Rh- | B (III) Rh+ | A(II) Rh- | A (II) Rh+ | AB(IV) Rh- | AB (IV) Rh+ | |
| AB (IV) Rh+ | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| AB(IV) Rh- | . | . | . | . | ||||
| A (II) Rh+ | . | . | . | . | ||||
| A(II) Rh- | . | . | ||||||
| B (III) Rh+ | . | . | . | . | ||||
| B(III) Rh- | . | . | ||||||
| 0 (I) Rh+ | . | . | ||||||
| 0 (I) Rh- | ||||||||
