When is DPT given to newborns? Which drugs should you choose? Are vaccinations dangerous?

Vaccination of Russian babies begins on the first day after birth, so parents should find out in advance about the vaccinations required in the first year of life. Let's figure out what mandatory vaccinations are present in the vaccination schedule of children from birth to one year.

Calculate your vaccination schedule

Why get vaccinated at such an early age?

Vaccination in the first year of life helps children develop immunity as early as possible, protecting them from dangerous diseases. How smaller baby, those great danger represents an infectious disease for him.

For example, if you are infected with whooping cough before 12 months, there is a huge risk of suffocation and brain damage.

In a child with diphtheria, the airways are clogged with films, and tetanus often ends in death. Once infected with hepatitis B, a child can remain a carrier of this virus for life. Tuberculosis in young infants is very dangerous as it develops into a widespread form and damages the membranes of the brain.

Of course, in the first months of life, the baby most likely will not encounter the causative agents of these dangerous diseases. However, this is precisely why vaccination is carried out in the first year. It is important that by the time the risks of infection increase (the child begins to actively explore the world and communicate with big amount people), the baby already had protection against such infections.

Vaccinations protect your baby from deadly diseases

Table

Child's age	What infection is the vaccine against?
First 24 hours	Hepatitis B
From 3 to 7 days of life	Tuberculosis
One month	Hepatitis B
Two month	Hepatitis B (if the baby’s risks are increased); Pneumococcal infection
Three months	Haemophilus influenzae infection (for babies who have big risk infection); Polio; Diphtheria; Tetanus;
Four and a half months	Polio; Pneumococcal infection; Tetanus; Haemophilus influenzae infection (children with increased risk infection); Diphtheria.
	Polio; Hepatitis B (except for children at risk); Haemophilus influenzae infection (for babies whose risk of infection is increased); Diphtheria; Tetanus;
12 months	Rubella; Hepatitis B (children at increased risk);

Short description

The first vaccine used in babies under one year of age is a drug that develops immunity to hepatitis B. The vaccination is performed on the first day after the baby is born (usually in the first 12 hours), then repeated at 1 month and at 6 months. If the baby is classified as a risk group, then the third immunization is postponed until later. early date(2 months), and at one year of age they give another, fourth vaccination.
The second vaccine a newborn is exposed to is BCG. It is administered to babies on the third to seventh day of life in the maternity hospital. If the level of the disease in the region is not increased, and there is no baby among the relatives infected people, a lighter version of this vaccine is introduced - BCG-M.
From two months, relatively recently, they began to vaccinate against pneumococcal infection. The child receives the second dose of the anti-pneumococcal vaccine at 4.5 months.
Three-month-old babies are faced with several new vaccines at once. It is at this age that people begin to be vaccinated against diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus. Also, three-month-old babies are given a vaccine that protects against polio (used inactivated vaccine). If the baby has indications, he is also given a vaccine aimed at preventing hemophilus influenzae infection.
At 4 and a half months, the baby repeats all the vaccinations that were given at the age of three months.
A six-month-old child is vaccinated for the third time against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus, as well as against Haemophilus influenzae (if indicated). Also at this age, they are vaccinated against polio for the third time, but using a live vaccine.
From the age of 6 months, babies begin to be vaccinated against influenza. The vaccine is administered annually in the autumn.

Children tolerate vaccination best when breastfeeding

Preparing for vaccination

Since only healthy children are allowed to be vaccinated, the main point in preparing for the vaccine is to determine the baby’s health status. For this purpose, the child should always be examined by a doctor - in the maternity hospital the condition of the baby is assessed by a neonatologist, in the children's clinic the babies are examined by a pediatrician, and if necessary, the baby can also be shown to an allergist and neurologist.

Immunoprophylaxis in the Russian Federation is guaranteed by the state. All mothers and fathers dream of being born healthy child, and it is they who must think about how to protect the long-awaited child from diseases after it leaves the mother’s womb. Vaccinations for newborns are the protection that the state legally guarantees, but following the principle “ informed consent”, gives parents the right to choose whether to accept vaccination or refuse it. If a mother says “no,” she must be aware that her grown-up baby may simply not be accepted. kindergarten, or school.

Maternal immunity reliably “envelops” the fetus in the womb; after birth, it becomes a source of strong immunity breast milk(provided that the mother’s body has at one time developed antigens against measles, chickenpox and other infectious diseases). However, to protect your child from all harmful bacteria, and especially from those that are transmitted through sneezing and coughing, mother's milk is not possible, and vaccinations for newborns in the maternity hospital should effectively protect them from “infection”.

Particularly principled parents avoid immunization, believing that the baby’s body should fight infections on its own, using internal reserves. But the vast majority of moms and dads trust vaccination as a reliable way to develop specific immunity. Unlike nonspecific (innate) immunity, specific immunity is individual character and is formed as a result of contact of the immune system with microbes and antigens.

Why is “dense” vaccination important in the first year of life?

Already in the first week of life, the newborn is vaccinated twice, and over the next 12 months, in the absence medical contraindications, the child is given a significant total dose of various vaccines. And the lion's share of them, based on national calendar vaccinations falls precisely in the first year of a child’s life (six vaccines against nine infections).

To the logical question why such a massive vaccination is needed, doctors answer: with what? younger age child, the lower the likelihood of acute reactions and complications. When calculating the dosage of the drug, it is taken into account that the immune system is still in the formative stage, and side effects, as a rule, are kept to a minimum.

National vaccination calendar

In Russia, as in most countries of the world, it is valid. The contents of this document (list and terms) are determined by the risk specific disease, forecast possible complications after immunization, the nature of the disease and other objective circumstances. The availability of the required vaccine is also taken into account.

The national calendar of the Russian Federation does not coincide with the calendars of most European countries: in our country, immunization against hemophilus influenzae is carried out only in risk groups. But already in the maternity hospital, Russian newborns are supposed to do this, which is due to the alarming numbers of the spread of this disease.

Almost immediately after birth, the baby is vaccinated twice: against tuberculosis and against hepatitis B.

Ways of hepatitis entering the body

The hepatitis B virus attacks the liver. It enters the adult body through blood or sexual contact. Airborne path transmission is excluded, as is the possibility of infection through food and drinks. The hepatitis B virus can quickly penetrate into the fragile body of a newborn if a small particle of infected blood gets on the mucous membrane or damaged skin. If you allow the virus to freely “get” into the baby’s body, it will be very difficult to cope with it: it will provoke the development of chronic hepatitis.

We put a barrier to enemy number 1 - viral hepatitis B

A newborn receives this vaccine on the first day of birth. Then at three months and then at six months. There are two exceptions to the timing: infants with the hepatitis virus infected from the mother are given the vaccine in the first 12 hours after birth, and premature babies after they gain 2 kg. weight.

List of contraindications for hepatitis B vaccination

In the maternity hospital, a newborn will not be vaccinated if:

The baby is not full term (weighs less than two kg).
He has a purulent-septic infection.
Any intrauterine infections are present.
The central nervous system is affected.

Primary (secondary) immunological deficiency in family members.
Side effects after such a vaccination in older children in the family.
Congenital enzyme deficiency.
Perinatal lesions of the central nervous system.
Severe hereditary pathologies.
BCG can also be temporarily postponed if:
The newborn has infectious diseases.
The newborn was diagnosed with hemolytic disease.
The baby is not full term.

What vaccinations should a child receive before one year of age?

When the baby turns three months old, the first DTP vaccination(from whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus), and from polio. At four and a half months, vaccination against these four diseases is repeated, and a second one is given. At 6 months the child is vaccinated for the third time against four diseases, and for the third time against hepatitis B. At 7 months the baby is vaccinated against hemophilia, at eight months - against hemophilia again. When a child turns one year old, he is vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps(pigs).

The principle of “informed consent”

We must remember that this principle has not been canceled. The doctor undertakes to disclose to patients full information about the advantages or disadvantages of a particular method medical intervention(in this case - about vaccination). When refusing vaccinations, you can rely on the law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated July 17, 1998 (No. 157FZ). It enshrines the right of any citizen of the Russian Federation to refuse vaccinations (Article 5), and to vaccinate minors only with parental consent (Article 11).

When making a decision regarding vaccination, parents should be aware that their decision affects the health and full life their child in society.

On initial stage In the life of a baby, the issue of immunology is more pressing than ever. During the entire first year of a newborn’s life, the mother’s antibodies are present in the blood, giving children basic protection against some dangerous infectious diseases. But there are diseases against which there can be no natural defense. And what the disease is more dangerous, the sooner vaccination should take place after the birth of the child. The first vaccination for any baby, according to the vaccination calendar in Russian Federation, becomes a vaccine against infectious hepatitis. It is placed immediately after birth in the first few days. Subsequently, revaccination against this disease is carried out at the age of one month and six months. Why is vaccination against hepatitis B so necessary for children and how many of them are required?

Danger of hepatitis

Viral hepatitis of any type (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) is a dangerous infectious disease. It is transmitted parenterally (including sexually), that is, through the physiological fluids of the body. The hepatitis B virus is considered the most dangerous, since it is the most common and very difficult to inactivate. This means that the virus survives very well in the most difficult environments and temperature conditions. For these reasons, there is high risk become infected with the virus even without direct contact with the carrier: through personal hygiene items, medical instruments, wounds and even dried blood. This also provokes children to become infected; children love to touch everything with their hands and put everything in their mouth - all this increases the risk of infection.

Vaccination against hepatitis B can be carried out as many times as desired, but as a rule, 5 vaccinations are enough - 3 in the first years of life, 3 at the age of 20 years.

The incubation period or the time during which the virus manifests itself in an infected body for hepatitis can be several weeks, up to six months - per long time hepatitis B virus can provide children with several chronic diseases. On the list dangerous complications after hepatitis of the liver there are cancer and cirrhosis of the liver, functional impairment liver, disorders of the urinary and biliary tract, and many other pathologies. Often, with chronic hepatitis, it is no longer possible to return to full health. healthy life, especially for children. There are rare cases when hepatitis B disease goes away without significant consequences for the body, so prevention is a reasonable option. Man sick chronic hepatitis B, contagious throughout life.

With proper vaccination against hepatitis B, a newborn becomes immune to the virus for more than 20 years.

Vaccination and taking precautions are the only reliable methods prevent infection from this dangerous virus. Children are vaccinated on the first day of life; rarely, if there are any complications, vaccination is postponed for 1–2 days. The urgency of vaccination against hepatitis B is explained by the fact that no immunity is passed from the mother to the child - on the contrary, if the mother has hepatitis B, her child has a very high chance of becoming infected. This can happen in utero, during childbirth, and also in everyday life - through objects common use, wounds and so on. It is not the one-time use of medical instruments that poses a high degree of risk. To prevent infection of children, all pregnant women donate blood in the second month of pregnancy for the presence of the hepatitis virus - infection detected in advance gives the newborn child a much greater chance of remaining healthy.

Vaccination

As we have already said, vaccination against hepatitis B for newborn children is divided into three stages:

the first vaccination immediately after birth (from several hours to a day);
vaccination at the age of one month after birth;
6 months - final stage revaccination, after which final immunity is acquired.

However, the schedule may vary slightly depending on different conditions, the decision about how many and when vaccinations to give should always remain with the immunologist. So, a child in a high-risk area of infection (sick or untested parents) is given one more vaccination - at the age of 2 months, and the last stage is given to the child exactly at one year. This type of vaccination is called “rapid” and significantly reduces the chances of becoming infected (from 40–60%, provided that the mother is a carrier of the virus, to 5–12%). How standard method, it is also absolutely safe.

In Russia, the problem of hepatitis is given much attention great attention, perhaps that is why there are quite a lot of vaccination drugs on the medical market, suitable for the child up to 6 months. Here is the complete list:

Name	Manufacturer country
Hepatitis B recombinant yeast vaccine	Russia
Regevak B	Russia
Shanvak	India
Biovac	India
Serum Institute	India
Eberbiovak	Cuba
Euvac B	South Korea
Engerix	Belgium
H-B-Vax II	USA
BUBO-M	Russia
BUBO-KOK	Russia
BUBO-KOK	Russia

The last three vaccines are combined, that is, they are used for vaccination not only against hepatitis B. Often, this is much more convenient, but sometimes it is unacceptable. Before using such drugs you need mandatory consultation immunologist. It would also be a good idea to seek advice if you have doubts about which vaccination to choose for your child.

The use of any vaccine available in Russia is allowed. They are all absolutely safe, but the Regevak B vaccine is considered the most suitable for Russian conditions. It is adapted specifically to the genotype of the virus that is most common in our country, is suitable for children under 6 months and does not break the bank.

Ask your doctors what vaccinations cost how much and consult with several doctors. Often, doctors are in an unspoken conspiracy with nearby pharmacies and can even recommend vaccines that are less useful for children, but more expensive.

The hepatitis B vaccine injection is always given intramuscularly: in the shoulder or inner part hips. The child is up to 9 months old, due to the peculiarities of formation muscle tissue, the vaccine is almost always given in the thigh. A syringe of no more than 5 ml and a needle with a thickness of 0.6 to 0.8 mm should be used. It is important to warm the vaccine solution before use to reduce the risk of harm to the child. discomfort. The standard dosage for children of recombinant yeast vaccine against hepatitis B per month is 0.5 ml.

Complications and contraindications

Whatever vaccines doctors offer to choose from, they are all made according to the same principle - the main active ingredient is 95% antigen of the hepatitis B virus. With this approach to creating the drug, the risk of dangerous complications and negative reactions of the body is practically eliminated. However, the standard for national medicine Vaccinations against hepatitis B have important contraindications:

presence of allergies to baker's yeast(in the case where one of the parents had such an allergy, it is better to refrain from vaccination or find an analogue);
allergic reaction on the previous vaccination (children often forget to note cases of allergies in their medical records; it is important to monitor this additionally);
previous meningitis - the vaccine is given no earlier than six months after the illness;
spicy autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or systemic multiple sclerosis.

The presence of hepatitis B in the blood of a vaccinated child is not a contraindication; in this case, the vaccine will simply be useless. Whatever unusual situations arise during vaccination, you should seek advice from an immunologist or therapist.

Among the standard reactions of the body to vaccination, several main ones can be distinguished. They are observed extremely rarely and are not so dangerous as they are unpleasant consequences. The list of such reactions: slight increase temperature (no more than 1.5 degrees from normal), slight weakness and general malaise, sweating, rash, redness of the skin, children's cry. All these unpleasant consequences are not considered a serious deviation from the norm, but can be very worrying for parents. In such cases, it is recommended to wait at least a day before contacting a doctor, noting in detail all changes in the child’s condition. Also, some children may experience discomfort due to itching around the vaccination site and painful lump, in the event that the vaccination was done unprofessionally.

Importance of vaccination

The second vaccination against hepatitis B for children is very important, without it it is impossible to instill full immunity. Therefore, do not skip it, even if your child had an unpleasant reaction to the first one or had any doubts. If the standard vaccination is not suitable for the baby, the vaccination at 1 month can be given with another drug - fortunately there are many analogues on the market.

Vaccinations for children - good or bad for health? Anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin serum

A child whose immune system is improving artificially, through vaccinations, this is primarily the preparedness of the child’s body for various serious diseases. IN Lately There were many opponents who believed that vaccination is the deliberate infection of a child’s body with a disease that can seriously harm the baby’s health.

Medicine has been using the vaccination technique for about one hundred and fifty years, and all this time there have been both opponents and defenders of this action. Although such a simple thing as statistics confirms the correctness of actions, many parents consider vaccination dangerous and partly this fear is understandable: the child’s reaction to the injected antibodies is very different, ranging from fever to the appearance of a rash and ending in some cases with serious problems expressed by side effects. If you add frequent violations vaccination procedures on the part of the doctors themselves, it is quite understandable why parents so often refuse vaccinations, thereby exposing the child to the danger of serious diseases.

The first vaccines are carried out directly in the maternity hospital, but today the governments of many countries, due to the reluctance of parents to vaccinate their children, do not insist on the procedure. After active antibodies are introduced into the child’s body, at the time of infection he is exposed to them, which causes a corresponding reaction. Due to the small amount of the substance and the active resistance of the baby’s immune system when normal development the child comes into close contact with the disease for which the vaccine is being given and becomes ill with it in mild form. In return, the baby’s immune system will learn to recognize and suppress the development of antibodies in the body throughout life.

What diseases are vaccinated against?

The main types of vaccinations for children include those that are preferably carried out in early age, with the aim of developing a child’s stable immunity to the category of pathogens serious illnesses. Some of them need to be carried out sequentially, in several stages, this ensures systematic adaptation children's immunity to antibodies not at once, but gradually.

Hepatitis B vaccine, the first vaccination that is administered to a child in the maternity hospital, provided there are no contraindications. Secondary revaccination is performed in a medical institution after 3 months, and the last, third, after six months. If the baby's mother is a carrier of the disease, the revaccination procedure is performed in a different sequence, increasing the amount up to 4 times.

On the third day, if there are no contraindications, specially trained personnel administer a tuberculosis (BCG) vaccination. The vaccine has a long period influence, but at this time it is forbidden to interfere with natural process forming the child’s protection by destroying or cauterizing the injection site.

From three months, the child is vaccinated with comprehensive protection against three diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough (DTP). The procedure is performed in stages, three times, with an interval of 1.5 months.

Together with DPT vaccination Doctors recommend vaccination against polio, a serious illness that can completely change a child's life if they become ill. Vaccination is carried out in stages, starting at 3, then at 4.5 and the last at 6 months, as well as when the child reaches 14 years of age.

Vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella is given when the baby reaches 1 year of age, with repeated revaccination at 6 years, or at 13, if for some reason this procedure was skipped.

Hepatitis: vaccination of newborns

Vaccination against hepatitis is carried out very first, and this is done in the maternity hospital, on the first day, provided that the baby was born healthy and has no contraindications to the procedure. Subsequent revaccination is performed at three months and finally at six months, but if a virus is detected in the mother, revaccination is carried out according to a scheme that differs from that described above in the following format:

For 1 month of life.
At 2 months.
Upon reaching one year.

If the first vaccination was not given for any other reason, vaccination is carried out at the clinic at the place of residence, repeated after a month. The last revaccination is carried out after six months.

The procedure for introducing antibodies is carried out using an injection, intramuscularly into the forearm or thigh. If all the rules for vaccination are followed, the child, apart from redness at the injection site and a slight expansion of the swelling in diameter, does not exhibit any other side effects. If a child shows anxiety or is capricious, the temperature may rise no higher than 37.2-37.50C. At a higher temperature (from 380C) and other symptoms: vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, you must immediately contact a medical facility or call an ambulance.

Contraindications to hepatitis vaccination for children are:

Any infectious disease at the time of the test.
During the period when teeth are being cut.
If there is incompatibility with the drug or an allergy to yeast products.

Doctors do not recommend vaccination during the course of any disease that may cause negative side effects. This advice should be heeded not only by the child’s parents, but also by medical workers who, when performing the procedure, must first inquire about the baby’s condition.

BCG vaccination for newborns (vaccination against tuberculosis)

BCG is a type of vaccine that is used to produce immunity protective properties from tuberculosis in the first day of life after birth (on days 3-5). Most often, the procedure is performed in the maternity hospital, intramuscularly in left shoulder, personnel specially trained for this event. For these purposes, a special tuberculin syringe is used. Before vaccination, the attending physician personally checks the expiration date of the drug and its integrity. The vaccination procedure is recorded in the baby’s medical record in a special certificate, which is handed to the parents or transferred to the institution where the child will be in the future. Next time Revaccination occurs upon reaching 7 and 14 years of age.

The peculiarity of the BCG vaccination is the duration external signs vaccinations, which are expressed as the presence small tubercle in the first 1.5-2 months, provided that the process does not go beyond normal limits. Then, under the formed crust (it should never be destroyed), a yellowish-dirty liquid accumulates, and the tubercle itself increases in size. The period of formation of the protective process is delayed for 3-4 months, after which the tubercle bursts, and a crust appears at the site of the wound, the integrity of which also cannot be violated. It is advisable not to touch the vaccination site at all. During the entire period of immune adaptation, the lymph nodes in the child’s armpits may increase in size. If other side effects are noticeable, you should seek professional help.

Before you do BCG vaccination specialists must examine the child and, if detected, the following diseases, the procedure is permanently postponed.

Immunodeficiency of various types.
Malignant blood diseases.
Detected tuberculosis.
Detection of neoplasms in the child’s body.
Allergy to a drug for the first time.

Experts include contraindications for vaccination against temporary tuberculosis:

Prematurity of the fetus during labor (less than 2000 grams).
Presence of intrauterine infections.
The presence of any infectious diseases, regardless of their form.
Therapy using hormonal drugs or immunosuppressants.
Hemolytic disease.

At certain periods, over several years, the child’s effectiveness of the vaccine is checked using a special test (Mantoux reaction), which is also performed subject to certain rules by workers who have undergone special training.

DPT for babies

DTP (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus toxoid) contains a complex of substances that kill bacteria of three diseases that are most dangerous in their manifestations for the child’s body: diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. Defensive reflexes children are produced by familiarizing the immune system with the killed cells of the pathogens of these diseases.

The vaccine has been one of the most difficult to obtain in the past. characteristic manifestations in the form of side effects. Availability severe swelling at the injection site, heat bodies, painful sensations, convulsions, all this terrified parents and often put them in dead-end situations medical workers. New developments are significantly different: this drug is acellular and, accordingly, infants tolerate it much more easily. Vaccination is designed for phased implementation procedures: the first at 3 months, repeated at 4.5, and the final at six months.

Contraindications to revaccination are:

Individual intolerance to the drug, manifested in an allergic reaction to the vaccine.
Neurological disorders in the form of seizures during the first vaccination.
A sharp increase in the baby’s body temperature after the first vaccination from 380C and above.
If the swelling and redness after the first injection exceeds 8 cm in extent.

Polio

Vaccination against polio is done together with DTP, in the same way with subsequent revaccinations. Infants are administered the drug in the form of drops, through oral cavity using 2 to 4 drops at a time. The child is not fed or given anything to drink for at least an hour; for a month, doctors advise excluding infants from contact with other children.

Occasionally, a side effect is observed in the form of an increase in the child’s body temperature, which occurs in the second week after vaccination. The inactivated version of the vaccine is considered a safer version of vaccination; this procedure is performed intramuscularly. At 12.5 and 14 years old booster vaccinations, during this period children already have relatively strong immunity, so they endure the procedure without complications.

Other vaccines

As the child ages, vaccinations are prescribed to prevent the baby from becoming infected with rubella, measles, and mumps, vaccinations of which are prescribed from one year of age. It should also be remembered that parents, when registering their child for kindergarten and other children's institutions, will have to deal with the registration procedure, which includes the availability of additional vaccinations:

Chickenpox, if the child has not had this disease before.
Seasonal vaccinations (in the fall) against influenza.
Haemophilus influenzae infection.
Meningococcus.
Pneumococcus.

Even the usual registration of a child in health Camp may fail without complying with the requirements obliging parents to provide child care medical card, which contains the listed vaccinations.

Contraindications to vaccination

Before vaccinations, the child must undergo comprehensive study. There are a number of contraindications that prohibit the vaccination procedure:

Permanent (absolute) contraindications. Those that cause a reaction that is complex in nature, complications that appeared earlier on the basis of the vaccine used, the presence of immunodeficiency, an infectious disease. This also includes allergies to the drug and chronic diseases.
Temporary contraindications. Prematurity less than 2000 grams, and other factors that can cause serious side effects. In all cases, the decision is made by the pediatrician, who determines the period and timing of vaccinations.
False contraindications. This category includes factors that, according to doctors, are unjustified in their manifestations, but in terms of symptoms are at risk. Most often, these contraindications are diathesis, atypical dermatitis, mild anemia, dysbiosis, thymomegaly.

Despite many protests and the reluctance of many parents to vaccinate their children, traditional medicine categorically insists on carrying out this type of procedure due to its special importance. To ensure that children’s vaccinations are carried out correctly, a special scheme has been developed, which is considered the most favorable form of strengthening children’s immune system in the fight against particularly serious diseases.

Hepatitis. The first 24 hours after the baby is born.
BCG. 1-7 days after birth.
Hepatitis. 1 month (repeated).
Poliomyelitis, DPT. At 3 months after birth.
Poliomyelitis, DPT. At 4.5 months (repeated).
Poliomyelitis, DPT. At 5-5.5 months (last in infancy).
Hepatitis. In the 6th month (final).

The scheme described above is intended for carrying out procedures for the main types of vaccines; additional vaccinations are prescribed when the child reaches 1 year of age.

Vaccination of children

Doctors insist: vaccination is vital necessary complex strengthening children's immunity artificially. This is the only way to avoid outbreaks of such epidemics. serious illnesses like polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis, diphtheria and others. Vaccination is divided according to the type of conditions for carrying out the procedures: maternity hospital, when the baby is guaranteed to be vaccinated against the most complex ailments from the first hours of his life, and medical institutions, where this will be executed after a certain period of time.

Vaccination of newborns in the maternity hospital

The issue of coordinating measures to vaccinate children at an early age between parents and doctors remains acute. Recently, such refusals have become more frequent and this is primarily due to the fear of harming the child’s health with a vaccine that contains weakened material of the disease against which protection is expected in the future. Against the backdrop of the excitement common sense still prevails: parents are aware of the danger that threatens their child in the first years of life from the effects of serious diseases, so they do not interfere with the work of doctors.

The first vaccinations (hepatitis B and BCG) are carried out in the maternity hospital almost immediately after the baby is born. Vaccination against hepatitis B is performed on the first day after the baby is born, by injecting the drug into the thigh. The disease is an infectious viral disease, affecting the liver with the subsequent development of cirrhosis. If a child was born from a mother who is a carrier of the pathogen, his vaccination is carried out in the first 12 hours after birth.

Vaccination against tuberculosis, as in the case of hepatitis B, is administered as an injection into the baby’s forearm, during the period from 3 to 7 days of his stay in the maternity hospital. After the injection, a papule forms at the injection site and lasts for 20 minutes.

Both vaccinations are performed by personnel specially trained for this type of procedure, provided there are no contraindications. For each vaccination, the reasons prohibiting the procedure differ in factors.

Preparing for infant vaccination in the clinic

The hassle associated with the birth of a baby and the responsibility for his health falls on the shoulders of parents and doctors, who are obliged in the first period of life to provide the child with everything necessary for his full development. The first months of a child’s life are especially troublesome, since at this time, in addition to the usual care of the baby, a number of necessary vaccinations. There are rules for preparing a baby for vaccination in a clinic:

By the time of vaccination, make sure that the baby is absolutely healthy, and exclude contact with other children and adults for a couple of days.
In case of allergic reactions, ensure that the procedure is carried out at the time of remission.
On the day when the event is planned, it is necessary to carefully observe the baby’s behavior, feed him ahead of time, provided that he is not overfed.
If there are people in the family who are sick with ARVI and other diseases at the time of vaccination, the vaccination date is postponed to a more favorable period.

After vaccinations, it is necessary to observe the baby’s behavior for some time, so it is best to spend the first half hour in the clinic, avoiding contact with other children. Previously, specialists should explain to parents which symptoms may appear after vaccination and how to properly respond to their appearance. You will also need to monitor changes in the child’s behavior during the first 24 hours: if the temperature rises, convulsions, vomiting, or diarrhea occur, you must immediately notify medical workers and call an ambulance.

Calendar mandatory vaccinations by month for newborns.

Today, already on the first day after the birth of a child, parents are offered to vaccinate their baby against hepatitis. And this is just the beginning. During the first year of life, the newborn is not yet times will pass similar procedure, because there are many diseases that are dangerous to the health and life of a baby. But is it necessary to vaccinate children, or can we do without them? As a rule, pediatricians cannot give a definite answer, although they are 90 percent sure of the benefits of vaccination. As for parents, they often have many questions regarding preventive vaccinations: will they harm you, what complications may there be, is it possible to refuse vaccinations, etc. Today, vaccination is not mandatory, and therefore, if parents are sure that vaccination is dangerous for their baby, they may well refuse it by signing the appropriate document. However, in this case, all responsibility for the child’s health falls on the shoulders of the parents. For those who have decided to vaccinate their babies, it will be useful to know which vaccinations are given to newborns by month.

Why is vaccination necessary?

When considering the vaccination calendar, parents are often frightened by their frequency and quantity. However, thanks to timely vaccination, it is possible to prevent the development of dangerous infectious diseases, to which young children are especially vulnerable. Thus, according to WHO, every year, thanks to vaccination, the lives of about 3 million children around the world can be saved. Vaccination is a proven and relatively safe way carry out mass prevention of infectious diseases dangerous to humans.

The essence of vaccination is the introduction into the baby's body of a vaccine, which consists of weakened or killed strains of microbes, purified protein or synthetic drug. After the introduction of vaccinations in children's body As a response, antibodies begin to be produced that “remember” the pathogen, which subsequently protects the body from it.

Vaccination schedule for newborns

Vaccinations should be done correctly according to the schedule approved by WHO. The table shows the list of vaccinations offered to children under one year of age. This scheme can be adjusted by a pediatrician if there are good reasons for this (for example, illness, allergic reaction, lack of a vaccine, etc.).

		Graft	Possible reaction	Possible complications	Contraindications to vaccination
Newborn baby – first 12 hours	Euvax V, Engerix V	Against viral hepatitis B (first vaccination)	Local reaction in the form of compaction at the injection site, redness, and discomfort. Fever, malaise and weakness, tearfulness due to headache, possible diarrhea and increased sweating.	Rash, urticaria, exacerbation of allergic reaction, erythema nodosum, anaphylactic shock.	Allergic reaction to yeast-containing products, diathesis, meningitis, infectious diseases in acute phase, autoimmune diseases.
Newborn baby – 3-7 days	BCG, BCG-M	Tuberculosis vaccine	Increased body temperature in the first days after vaccination; after 1.5-2 months, a thickening, the appearance of an abscess or a red bubble covered with a crust, a dark blue or brown spot may be observed at the injection site.	Cold abscesses, infiltrates, extensive ulcer at the injection site, lymphadenitis, formation of a keloid scar, BCG infection, post-vaccination syndrome (manifested by skin rashes), tuberculous osteitis.	Low weight of the newborn (up to 2.5 kg), a child born to an HIV-infected woman, the presence of intrauterine infection of the baby, moderate and severe form hemolytic disease, birth injuries, in which the infant’s brain was damaged, widespread pustular lesions of the infant’s skin, the presence of relatives with tuberculosis in the baby, genetic diseases if complications after BCG have been established in close relatives of the baby.
	Hiberix, DPT, Combitech, ActHib, Engerix V, Pentaxim, Euvax V, Regivak, Infanrix	Hepatitis B - 2nd vaccination. Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio B, Haemophilus influenzae type B - primary vaccination	Increased body temperature, loss of appetite, the appearance of a lump at the site of vaccine administration, redness and swelling of this area, its soreness, weakness, drowsiness, irritability, slight vomiting.	Induration and swelling at the site of vaccine administration with a diameter of more than 8 cm, convulsions, allergic reaction (swelling, rash, loss of consciousness), fever above 39 0 C	Complications and negative reaction for previous vaccinations, diseases in acute form, immunodeficiency, allergy to the components that make up the vaccine, seizures, stressful situations and problems of the nervous system.
4.5 months	Hiberix, DTP, AktHib, Pentaxim, Infanrix	Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type B - 2nd vaccination	Similar to the reaction during the 1st vaccination	Similar to complications with the 1st vaccination	Similar to contraindications for the 1st vaccination
6 months	Hiberix, DTP, AktHib	Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, viral hepatitis B, hemophilus influenzae type B – 3rd vaccination	Similar to the reaction during the 1st and 2nd vaccinations	Similar to complications with the 1st and 2nd vaccinations	Similar to contraindications for the 1st and 2nd vaccinations
12 months	MMR, Priorix, Ervevax	Measles, rubella, mumps	Runny nose and headache, general weakness, sleep disturbance, poor appetite, sore throat, redness of the tonsils, rash on the body, fever.	Severe toxic reaction with an increase in temperature over 38.5 0 C, convulsions and post-vaccination encephalitis, Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock	Allergy to egg white and aminoglycosides, oncology, AIDS, exacerbation of chronic diseases, administration of blood components or immunoglobulin, complication of ARVI.

If the child is sick, the pediatrician can defer vaccinations for a month, sometimes it takes a little longer. It is also possible to do several vaccinations on one day, otherwise there should be a gap of 1 month between vaccinations. A child who is absolutely healthy should also be vaccinated. More detailed information Your local pediatrician will tell you how to properly vaccinate children under one year of age.