How to do a flush. Gastric lavage: purpose, methods, solutions, cost

Gastric lavage is one of the most effective methods to cleanse the stomach in case of poisoning. This procedure can be done at home, but the most effective is a hospital lavage. This procedure has both indications and contraindications, in addition, it is necessary to know exactly how the washing is carried out.

General provisions

Digestive problems can occur for a variety of reasons. The most common of these are poor quality food, stress, eating disorders, etc. Often, homemade food causes poisoning, not to mention factory-made semi-finished products. In addition, distinguish whole line causes of poisoning, which will be discussed below.

Important! Gastric lavage should be performed at the first signs of poisoning. The fact is that toxins are able to be absorbed by the body, penetrating into the blood. As a result, unforeseen consequences may arise, leading not only to various complications the patient's condition, but also to the possible lethal outcome. Therefore, first aid to the patient should be provided as soon as possible.

Indications for gastric lavage

This procedure should be carried out immediately in case of poisoning:

Food products. Very often severe poisoning is caused by fungi.
Medicines. This may occur due to an overdose or intolerance to any of the components.
Alcohol, most commonly overuse alcohol or low-quality product.
Poisons. In such cases, you should act especially quickly, because toxic substances should not have time to be absorbed into the blood.

It is especially necessary to act quickly in case of acute poisoning.

Contraindications

Flushing remains today one of the most effective methods fight against acute poisoning. But nevertheless, this procedure can not always be carried out, because there are a number of contraindications to it, which must be taken into account in case of poisoning.

The patient was found acute bleeding from the esophagus or stomach.
No cough or throat reflexes.
There is a violation of cerebral circulation.
There was poisoning with cauterizing poisons or acids, as a result of which the victim received severe burns of the larynx or esophagus. (We are talking in particular about whether or kerosene). If poisoning has occurred by these means, then it is absolutely impossible to carry out washing at home. The fact is that human mucous membranes are subject to rapid destruction under the influence of acids and alkalis, and their repeated passage through the esophagus will increase the burn, causing severe pain up to painful shock.
There are heart problems. They may appear as broken heart rate, signs of a heart attack, etc. In such cases, it is necessary to give the patient specialized medicines.
The patient is in an unconscious state.
Seizures are observed.

Important! If the patient loses consciousness, specialists carry out washings after the intubation procedure. In this case, a tube is inserted into the patient's larynx and trachea, which is necessary in order to maintain respiratory activity while maintaining patency. respiratory tract. This procedure can only be performed in a hospital setting.

What methods of washing are practiced in a hospital setting

To date, the most popular methods for gastric lavage are:

Tubeless gastric lavage. Most often used at home.
Gastric lavage with a thick probe. Most often, this method is used for poisoning with alkalis, acids, poisons, etc.
using a thin probe. Gastric lavage through a tube is the most popular for common poisoning.

Procedure algorithm using a probe

Most effective option gastric lavage is the use of a probe. Before the procedure, the specialist must calculate the amount of fluid. The calculation is based on the fact that for every kilogram of the patient's weight there are about 7 ml of liquid. It should be remembered that with the rapid introduction large quantities solution, it can enter the intestines, opening the way for poisons and toxins.

When gastric lavage in the hospital, it is important to monitor the amount of fluid that is injected and excreted from the patient's body. Normally, it should be approximately the same. In the case of discrepancies, the doctor must take appropriate measures by determining the nature of the problem.

Probing and gastric lavage in case of poisoning is performed in several stages:

The patient must take comfortable position, after which his chest is covered with an apron.
The specialist measures the length of the probe for gastric lavage.
Next, the probe must be lubricated and carefully inserted into oral cavity the patient by placing it on an outstretched tongue.
If the patient began to choke and cough heavily, the probe should be removed.
After the probe enters the stomach, it is necessary to attach a funnel into which water is poured.
The specialist slowly raises the funnel to the level of the patient's face.
After water enters the stomach, the funnel must be lowered down, placing it just below the patient's chest. In this case, the liquid should pour out of the stomach into the dishes prepared for this. The specialist performing the procedure needs to ensure that the funnel is not completely emptied. Otherwise, air can enter the stomach.

Important! Gastric lavage with a thick probe is performed several times until the exiting fluid becomes clear.

Preparation of a solution for gastric lavage without a probe

Gastric lavage by probe method is possible only in a hospital setting. Rinsing without a probe can be performed both in the hospital and at home. This procedure involves inducing a natural gag reflex, and therefore, to perform it, it is necessary to prepare a special solution. There are several basic recipes:

Soda solution. For this, a liter is taken boiled water, to which a tablespoon of soda is added. Mix thoroughly until bubbles appear and drink immediately.
A solution of potassium permanganate. Its color must necessarily be pale pink. Before use, it is necessary to filter this liquid. To do this, you can make a paper filter or use gauze folded in several layers.

Important! Manganese crystals should not be allowed to enter the stomach, as they can cause mucosal burns. You can use this solution only in cases where the patient is in normal condition. In acute disorders, use is prohibited!

Solution based on sorbents. Due to the fact that similar drugs promote the elimination of toxins from the body, this solution is very effective in flushing.
Salt solution. It prevents the penetration of toxins and poisons into the tissues, therefore many people wash the stomach with this particular solution. Salt does not allow harmful substances to be absorbed, completely removing them from the body with vomiting. To prepare the solution, 2 liters of water and a tablespoon of salt are taken.

The tube gastric lavage technique can only be used in a hospital. At home, you can wash the stomach with a special solution, causing vomiting reflex.

Gastric lavage is one of the most common treatments for acute food or chemical poisoning, at home, you can use the method without a probe, but if a person serious condition only the probe method can help (it is better to do it in a hospital, under the supervision of medical staff). Properly performed procedure helps to remove toxic substances (even poisons) from the body, improves the patient's condition and contributes to speedy recovery. In some cases timely help can save a life.

What is gastric lavage

The essence of the lavage procedure is to pump out toxic contents from the patient's stomach, but sometimes it is used to diagnose diseases. gastrointestinal tract(GIT). There are only two ways to clear the stomach - simplified and with the help of a probe. The first method can be used at home, but for the procedure using a probe, the conditions of a medical clinic are necessary. The choice of fluid and the calculation of its amount, measuring the length of the tube (probe) and carefully introducing it into the body is the task of the medical staff.

Indications

In most cases, gastric lavage is performed in cases of poisoning with alcohol, medicines or food (poor quality food, poisonous mushrooms). This form of poisoning is considered mild, but under certain circumstances it can be fatal. If the patient is unconscious, there are convulsions - it is forbidden to do the washing yourself. The tactics of treatment directly depends on the definition of the type of substance that poisoned the patient. Sometimes gastric lavage is recommended for overeating.

In addition to poisoning, various acute and chronic problems with the digestive tract:

narrowing of the outlet of the stomach;
pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, in which mucus is actively produced and interferes normal digestion;
decreased muscle tone of the gastrointestinal tract;
intestinal obstruction;
hit toxic substances in the gastrointestinal tract (for example, urea in renal failure).

Contraindications

Before proceeding with the procedure, it is necessary to find out from the patient what was drunk or eaten before the onset of symptoms of poisoning. If the patient is conscious, this information can be obtained directly from him. But if a person is unable to answer questions, then help will come analysis of the composition of vomit. It is very important that the person who will perform the lavage has sufficient experience, otherwise there is a risk of complications (rupture of the esophagus, aspiration of the airways). At the pre-medical stage, you need to carefully examine the symptoms of the patient.

As for the other procedure, it is worth knowing the contraindications for gastric lavage, if signs are found, this manipulation is postponed:

narrowing of the esophagus;
bleeding of the digestive tract;
burn of the larynx, esophagus or gastric mucosa with acids and alkalis (severe severity);
violation of cerebral circulation;
myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, unstable angina;
unconsciousness in the absence of prior intubation;
lack of a laryngeal or cough reflex;
pregnancy (all periods);
convulsive state patient.

Gastric lavage technique

In case of poisoning with concentrated acids, alkaline solutions, vinegar, household chemicals or turpentine, it is strictly forbidden to induce vomiting, because the reverse passage of these substances through the esophagus and larynx can cause severe burn. In such cases, the method of washing with a probe is used, this technique is used by employees of ambulance stations and medical staff of hospitals. Sorbents, as a means for binding and removing toxins, poisons, bacteria or allergens, can not be used in all situations, it is better to consult a doctor.

Through the probe

There are two types of rubber or plastic tube for gastric lavage - a thick probe (diameter 10-13 mm) or a thin probe (diameter 5-9 mm). This tube is passed into the stomach with calm and gentle movements, then a funnel is put on the free edge to infuse the washing solution. In order to learn how to use a gastric lavage tube, health workers work out practical skills on dummies, but in real practice there are situations when a patient (for example, in drunkenness) is too excited, then before the procedure apply sedatives.

When washing with a probe, you need to monitor the amount of fluid injected and excreted, the difference should be no more than 1% of the patient's body weight. There are several stages in the technique of the procedure:

it is necessary to make sure that the patient is conscious;
choose correct posture(sitting position at the back of a chair, or lying on its side);
chest cover the patient with an apron or diaper;
measure the required length of the probe tube (from the earlobe, draw along the anterior wall of the sternum to the xiphoid process);
grease the rounded end generously vaseline oil or glycerin;
put the end of the tube on the tongue (root) of the patient, ask to make swallowing movements (the probe should move slowly along the esophagus to the length mark);
make sure that the probe reaches the stomach;
attach a funnel to the tube, holding it at the level of the navel, pour up to 1 liter of water;
slowly raise the funnel to the face;
when the water reaches the mouth of the funnel, lower it below the level of the navel;
the contents of the stomach will begin to come out, collect it in a special container, the first portion is sent for analysis;
the procedure is repeated until the water becomes clean (from 5 to 10 liters of water);
after completing the manipulation, the funnel is disconnected and the probe is gradually removed, wrapped in a towel or napkin.

Without probe

Gastric lavage without the use of a probe is the so-called restaurant method. It is often used on prehospital stage to quickly alleviate the patient's condition, but such manipulation is unable to completely clear the stomach. Washing solutions can be prepared at home, purchased at a pharmacy, or you can use ordinary boiled water. Need a drink enough liquid and tear it out along with the contents of the stomach, if vomiting does not start on its own, it is stimulated.

At proper conduct procedures, you can get rid of intoxication at home, if possible, you should find an assistant. It is necessary to know exactly the algorithm of actions during the manipulation and carefully follow it:

give the patient the correct posture (sitting on a chair or lying on his side);
put a container for collecting rinsing water;
give the patient to drink 500 ml of water at a time (total amount of liquid - 5-10 liters);
tilt the patient over the container, while fixing the head;
if vomiting does not occur spontaneously, stimulate it by pressing on the root of the tongue or use an emetic drug;
the procedure is carried out until the appearance of clean, without food residues, washing water.

For children

The technique of gastric lavage in children is the same as in adult patients. But there are several features. It is very important to do such a manipulation with an assistant who will firmly fix the position of the child. It is easier for a child to transfer the “restaurant” washing method, he is wrapped in a sheet and carefully laid on his side. It is important to correctly calculate the amount of liquid. For newborns single dose liquid 30-50 ml, from 1 to 6 months - 100 ml, from six months to a year - 200 ml, for older children use the formula - 200 + 100 * age (years).

For adults

Since the algorithm for gastric lavage through a probe consists of many stages, and such a procedure is unpleasant for the patient, if there is no urgent need, it is carried out using a simplified (without a probe) method. But there are cases in which the use of the device is indispensable. For example, if a person is unconscious or has inappropriate behavior. In addition, some substances can burn the mucous membranes when exiting back through the esophagus.

How to wash the stomach at home

The ambulance always has a probe in the first aid kit, but not always at the sick home. But even if you managed to get a probe, without experience and knowledge of the matter, it is dangerous for human health to carry out such manipulation, so you need to limit yourself to the "restaurant" method. After the procedure, it is necessary to give the body time to recover, you need peace and light nutrition (overeating is strictly prohibited). After cleaning the stomach, it is recommended to take sorbents ( Activated carbon, "Sorbeks", "Enterosgel") and drink water, unsweetened teas.

The technique of the procedure is simple, but it is worth getting a consultation from a doctor about how the stomach is washed. In case of poisoning, it is important to start acting quickly, which means using the means that are at hand:

washing solution;
a clean container for collecting wash water (bucket, basin), the collected liquid can help doctors in diagnosing the disease;
means for inducing vomiting (spoon, stick, medications);
protective equipment for assistants (sterile protective gloves, apron) to prevent bacteria and other toxins from entering.

Solutions for gastric lavage

After calculating the required volume of liquid, you need to make sure that it is at room temperature (24-27 degrees). Do not use a cold (may cause stomach cramps) or too hot (may dilate blood vessels and increase the rate of absorption of toxins into the blood) solution for oral intake. If water must be diluted with other substances to prepare a solution, then the liquid must be thoroughly mixed until homogeneous. You can choose how to wash the stomach in case of poisoning, based on the personal preferences of the patient.

For gastric lavage at home, you can use the following solutions:

Pure water	The temperature is not more than 27 degrees, it is better to use boiled (defended, without sediment).
saline solution	To prepare 2 tbsp. spoons of salt mixed with 5 liters of water causes a spasm of the sphincter of the stomach and prevents the passage of toxins. Salt liquid can be replaced pharmacy solution for injection (sodium chloride).
Light solution of potassium permanganate	Several crystals of potassium permanganate are diluted in in large numbers water until a very light pink color is obtained. Such flushing liquid must be well stirred or cleaned with a filter. Potassium permanganate has an antiseptic effect.
soda solution	2 tablespoons diluted in 5 liters of water, stir well.

Video

Indications: 1. acute poisoning 2. stagnation of food masses with pyloric stenosis or atony of the stomach

Materials:

1) thick gastric tube (length 100-200 cm, outer diameter 10-15 cm, at the blind end - two lateral oval holes, at a distance of 45, 55, 65 cm from the blind end - marks - a guideline for determining the length of the insertion of the probe; length inserted probe (counting from the teeth) = patient's height - 100 cm

2) 70 cm long rubber tube (for extending the probe) and a glass connecting tube with a diameter of at least 8 mm

3) funnel with a capacity of 1 l

4) vaseline oil

5) basin or bucket for washing water

6) bucket with clean water room temperature (approximately 10-12 l) and a liter mug

7) mouth expander, tongue holder and metal fingertip

8) rubber gloves, oilcloth aprons

The method of gastric lavage with a thick probe:

1. Assemble the gastric lavage system: probe, glass tube, rubber tube (connect the funnel after inserting the probe into the stomach)

2. Put on an apron on yourself and on the patient, seat him, put his hands behind the back of the chair and fix them in this position with a towel or sheet

3. Stand behind or to the side of the patient

4. Insert the second finger of the left hand with a fingertip on or a mouth expander between the patient's molars, slightly take his head back

5. With your right hand, put the blind end of the probe smeared with petroleum jelly or moistened with water on the root of the tongue of the patient and invite the patient to swallow, breathing deeply through the nose

6. As soon as the patient makes a swallowing movement, slowly pass the probe into the esophagus.

NB! If the patient began to cough, choke, the face becomes cyanotic - immediately remove the probe from the larynx

7. Having brought the probe to the desired mark, stop its further introduction, connect the funnel and lower it to the level of the patient's knees. If gastric contents begin to stand out from it, the probe is inserted correctly. If not, change the position of the probe by moving it forward or backward.

8. Holding the funnel slightly inclined at knee level, pour about 1 liter of water into it

9. Slowly lift the funnel up. As soon as the water reaches the mouth of the funnel, lower it below its original position, while the amount of water that comes out should approach the amount of water entered.

10. Pour the contents of the funnel into the basin

11. Repeat the manipulation until clean wash water

12. At the end of the washing, disconnect the probe and remove it from the stomach. Thoroughly rinse it and the funnel from the outside and inside

NB! If the patient tries to close his mouth, use a mouth expander. If the patient is unconscious - gastric lavage only after tracheal intubation

Probe sterilization: mechanical cleaning under running water  in an antiseptic for 30 minutes  boiling in distilled water for 30 minutes from the moment of boiling  storage of the probe in a 1% solution of boric acid  rinsing with water before use

5. Technique for taking gastric juice.

Target: study of the secretory, acid-forming and enzyme-forming functions of the stomach.

A thin probe is used - an elastic rubber tube with an outer diameter of 4-5 mm and an inner diameter of 2-3 mm; the gastric end of the probe has two side holes; there are three marks on the probe at a distance of 45, 60 and 70 cm; the length of the probe is 110-115 cm. The extraction of the entire volume of gastric contents is carried out continuously with a syringe or using a special device.

By using this method studied:

a) the contents of the stomach on an empty stomach

b) basal secretion - gastric contents obtained within 1 hour before the introduction of the stimulus

c) stimulated secretion - gastric contents obtained within 1 hour after the introduction of the stimulus

Methodology:

1. Study in the morning on an empty stomach. The day before, the patient does not smoke, does not use physiotherapy, and if possible, all medications are canceled in a day.

2. A clean sterilized wet probe is removed from the storage container with tweezers. The probe is taken with the right hand at a distance of 10-15 cm from the rounded end. Left - support the other end of the probe.

3. The patient is offered to open his mouth. Probe end right hand put on the root of the tongue. The patient is asked to make a swallowing movement and at this moment the probe is inserted deep into the pharynx. At the time of insertion of the probe, the patient should breathe through the nose and make swallowing movements, during which the probe should be actively passed through the esophagus into the stomach. The patient's head is slightly tilted forward. The probe is inserted to the third mark - into the pyloric part of the stomach (the probe is inserted from the incisors to a depth equal to the growth of the subject in cm minus 100.

NB! If the patient has coughing- immediately remove the probe - it is in the larynx

4. With an increased gag reflex, the probe is inserted after preliminary irrigation of the pharynx and pharynx with 1% dicaine solution, 10% lidocaine solution or 5% novocaine solution

5. After inserting the probe into the stomach, its outer end is attached to the installation for continuous aspiration (water jet pump, etc.) and all the contents of the stomach are removed into a jar (fasting portion of gastric juice)

6. Then, gastric juice is aspirated for an hour, changing jars every 15 minutes (only 4 servings - 2, 3, 4, 5th - servings of basal secretion)

7. Then, a gastric secretion stimulator is administered parenterally (submaximal stimulation with histamine at a dose of 0.008 mg per 1 kg of patient weight, maximum stimulation with histamine 0.024 mg/kg or pentagastrin 6 μg/kg). After the introduction of the stimulus for an hour, the gastric juice is continuously extracted every 15 minutes into a separate jar (6, 7, 8, 9th serving of stimulated secretion)

8. The probe is removed from the subject, processed, and portions of gastric juice are delivered to the laboratory for research.

Stomach problems occur at least once in a lifetime in every person. Options for their elimination are determined based on the cause that caused the violation. Washing is one of the methods.

The need for gastric lavage occurs when bad feeling becomes a consequence of the ingress of toxic, poisonous substances that cause severe intoxication, nausea, weakness. In such situations, the faster the harmful components are removed from digestive tract, the sooner improvement occurs, complications are excluded.

The following indications can be distinguished:

poisoning in acute form- the result of eating stale food, poisonous mushrooms.
Alcoholic or drug intoxication.
Anomaly of the output gastric section in the form of narrowing.
Decreased tone of the walls of the food-digesting organ.
Intestinal obstruction.
Chronic pathologies that provoke entry into the lumen of the stomach hazardous substances(for example, kidney problems).

There are also a number of contraindications. It's about about the narrowing of the esophagus of an organic type, severe bleeding in the stomach or esophagus, burns of the larynx and other organs of the gastrointestinal tract with alkali or acid, the absence of such reflexes as cough and laryngeal. Also, the procedure should be treated with caution if an adult or child is diagnosed with an impaired cerebral circulation, heart rhythm abnormalities, convulsions. Absolute contraindication becomes unconscious unless intubated.

Variants of methods and solutions

To solve the problem of how to wash the stomach at home in case of poisoning, you can use the so-called "restaurant" method. IN medical institution a probe can be used, special solutions and devices are used. Each method has its own characteristics, but in any case, napkins or a towel, dishes for the outgoing liquid must be at hand.

1. With probe.

At severe poisoning caused by alkali, acid, vinegar, or household chemicals, washing is carried out only in a hospital with a thick or thin probe. In the first case, the device for the procedure is a tube made from a rubber mixture, the length of which is from 80 to 120 cm, and the diameter is about 12 mm. There is a cut at one end of the tube, the other is equipped with side holes and has a rounded shape.

To flush the stomach with a thick tube, prepare at least 5 liters of liquid (maximum 10 liters are poured). Boiled water cooled to 20 degrees is suitable, prepared from five liters of water and a couple of tablespoons of salt, a composition that helps stop the movement of toxins through the digestive tract. You can also use a pale pink solution of potassium permanganate, which is an effective antiseptic and antimicrobial agent, or a similarly prepared salt soda mixture. If children are affected by poisoning, it is important to correctly determine the volume of liquid. Approximately proceed from the need for an infusion of 5 ml per kg of weight. When choosing a washing technique using a thin probe, the diameter of which does not exceed 9 mm, similar solutions are used.

3. Without additional devices.

At home, the procedure for poisoning can be carried out using the already mentioned "restaurant" method. To do this, one of the solutions described above is drunk on its own, after which vomiting is caused. A single volume of a serving of liquid is not more than 500 ml. The total amount reaches 5-10 liters.

If rinsing is done at home, it is advisable for the person assisting with the procedure to wear gloves and an apron to protect clothing so that the contents from pathogenic bacteria did not get on the skin or things and the infection did not spread further.

How is washing done?

With the probeless option, the following algorithm of actions is provided:

The patient is seated or laid on its side, with the head lower than the body.
In the projection of the oral cavity, a container for flushing water is placed.
The prepared solution is given to drink and the contents that cause intoxication are expected to come out. In the absence of spontaneous vomiting, lightly press on the root of the tongue with a spoon or finger.

If cleaning with a thick probe is necessary, the following washing algorithm is provided:

1. The patient is seated or laid on one side, removing the pillow from under the head, a diaper is placed on the chest.

2. Determine the required length of the probe by measuring the distance between the lips and the earlobe with the tube itself, then descending to the edge of the xiphoid process of the anterior abdominal wall. The resulting point is marked on the probe in order to enter it exactly at this size.

3. The rounded end is well lubricated with petroleum jelly (glycerin is also suitable) and placed on the root of the patient's tongue, who will have to make a couple of swallowing movements that promote uniform movement of the device along the esophagus.

4. This technique requires especially careful actions so that the probe does not get into the larynx (cough, lack of air becomes a sign). If the advancement of the tube causes a strong gag reflex, pre-irrigate the oral cavity with an anesthetic in the form of a spray with lidocaine.

5. When the probe is at the required level, a funnel is attached to it and the first 500-1000 ml of the solution is poured. When the liquid reaches the level of the mouth of the funnel, it is placed below the level of the stomach, initiating gastric lavage.

6. It is important that the funnel is not completely empty to avoid air ingress. Purification is carried out until clean water is obtained.

It should be remembered that the volume of injected fluid may exceed the amount of outgoing masses by a maximum of 1%, since in the case of absorption of solutions, the condition worsens.

When used for washing a thin probe, it is inserted through the nose, after determining the most "breathable" nostril. The procedure begins with measuring the required distance to the stomach, inserting the probe into the nasal passage (with the head thrown back) by 15 cm. After that, the patient should lean forward and make swallowing movements, ensuring that the probe moves along the wall of the larynx and esophagus. The ability to speak and breathe freely indicates the correct introduction. In order for the probe to move as smoothly as possible, it is suggested to drink water in small sips with the head tilted forward.

The technique of washing with this method is different in that the solution is injected through a syringe, after which it is pumped out of the stomach in a similar way and poured into a prepared container. Actions according to the specified algorithm are repeated using the entire volume of liquid.

If poisoning is diagnosed in a child

Flushing in children except correct definition the volume of the required liquid has a number of nuances:

1. It is advisable to fix the child in the arms of an adult, who should wrap his legs around the baby’s legs and hold his forehead and arms with his hands little patient. Children early age swaddled beforehand.

2. For children, the volume of the solution depends on weight and age. For newborns, this amount does not exceed 50 ml, for babies up to six months - 100 ml, for children aged 6-12 months - 200 ml. After a year, the following formula is used - 100 ml is multiplied by the age of the child reduced by a year, after which 200 ml is added to the result.

What points should be paid special attention to?

In order for washing during poisoning to be successful, you need to pay attention to the following nuances:

1. When using a probe, less water may leak out compared to the infused liquid. This phenomenon occurs due to the bending of the tube when it is too deep or insufficiently inserted. The movement of the probe and its correct placement in the stomach helps to correct the position.

2. If the fluid stops flowing out of the probe during gastric lavage, this indicates a blockage of the tube opening with food debris or mucus. To eliminate the problem, the probe is removed, cleaned and the procedure is repeated.

3. With an excessive volume of once incoming water, the opening of the sphincter at the outlet of the organ is provoked, which leads to penetration harmful substances in the intestines and exacerbate signs of poisoning. Therefore, the indicated dosages should not be exceeded.

4. When choosing compositions, you need to be especially careful with potassium permanganate, since exceeding the concentration is dangerous for burning the mucosa of the esophagus and stomach.

5. After the liquid enters the stomach, the nausea accompanying the poisoning may increase, but this disappears with the release of the washing solution.

If, as a result of poisoning, the body spontaneously gets rid of harmful substances through the abundant release of vomit, measures may be required to stop this process. Help with vomiting is needed because of the risk of dehydration. To alleviate the condition of the house will come out by taking sorbents (at the same time they eliminate nausea) and special antiemetic drugs. The use of the latter is allowed only with the exception infectious process if vomiting is prolonged and debilitating vitality organism.

Unfortunately, in Everyday life such an unpleasant and dangerous phenomenon as poisoning occurs. A person can unknowingly get poisoned food products, alcohol or consciously (when attempting suicide) - drugs and toxic toxic substances. To alleviate the condition of the injured person or even to save a life, it is necessary to be able to provide assistance. We will talk about the symptoms of poisoning and actions to provide assistance at home and in a hospital.

Symptoms of poisoning

Often, when using low-quality products, a person feels signs of food poisoning. They usually present with symptoms such as:

nausea attack,
vomit;
loss of appetite;
increased salivation;
blurred vision;
diarrhea (loose stools);
chills;
increase in body temperature;
dizziness;
general state of weakness.

In most cases initial signs poisoning can be observed already 30-40 minutes after eating a poor-quality food product. Gradually, this condition worsens. If urgent medical care is not provided during this period, the risk of developing extremely severe complications, quite often leading to a serious loss of working capacity, in some cases to disability. Infections such as botulism and listeriosis can be fatal.

Acute signs of poisoning are observed in the first two days, during which you need to take Urgent measures. Duration mild poisoning ranges from 2 to 5 days, then there is a gradual self-healing.

Causative agents of food poisoning

In general, food poisoning is characteristic of summer period. The causative agents of such poisoning are considered to be staphylococci, clostridium, proteus, Klebsiella, strains coli, other bacterial microorganisms, affecting a person. They gradually accumulate in food with malicious non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards in enterprises engaged in food production. In some cases, pathogenic bacteria enter the products during improper transportation or storage. It should be noted that there are bacteria that do not die even after careful heat treatment.

First aid for poisoning at home

At initial signs poisoning must be called immediately ambulance. At the same time, without delay, it is urgent to provide the victim with the first first aid, - cleanse the stomach and intestines from eaten toxic foods. This is done by gastric lavage and/or a cleansing enema.

As a rule, the victim is washed out the stomach in the hospital. However, there are cases, especially in case of poisoning with toxic substances, when before the arrival of the ambulance it is necessary to immediately clean the stomach and intestines. At such times, there is usually no special devices. Therefore, the main thing is to call the injured person violent attack vomiting. The fact is that bacteria of poor-quality food or toxic substances that have entered the stomach are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. Washing them out of the digestive organs - the only way neutralization.

While waiting for the ambulance doctors, you can wash the stomach of the victim with a 2% solution of soda or a light solution of potassium permanganate, which must be well filtered through gauze to avoid burning the esophagus with potassium permanganate crystals. You can wash the stomach and ordinary boiled water, adding to it a dozen carefully ground tablets of activated carbon, at the rate of 10 tablets per liter of water. Coal is the most famous sorbent available in every home, capable of quickly removing toxins and poisons from the body. The solution should be warm and its volume for 1 washing should be 5-6 glasses. Children are advised to gastric lavage weak solution table salt.

Prepared cleansing solutions should be drunk quickly, in large sips. Then, by pressing on the root of the tongue, you should induce vomiting. It is required to wash the stomach until it is completely and completely cleansed of its contents, until the vomit becomes transparent. When cleansing the intestines, enemas help well, which are also repeated many times.

After cleansing the stomach, you can give the victim activated charcoal tablets and any laxative. The dose of activated charcoal recommended by doctors is 3-5 grams, which should be taken every quarter of an hour. In order to avoid dehydration of the body, provoked by vomiting and diarrhea, it is necessary to give the patient fluid every half hour.

If for some reason the victim failed to empty the stomach, then immediately upon arrival medical worker gastric lavage is performed using a special gastric tube. After a thorough cleaning of the stomach, when nausea and vomiting are stopped, the doctor continues treatment with special medications. medicines. For example, the medicine Cerucal is quite often used. It is impossible to self-medicate, since it is necessary to administer Cerucal only when complete confidence that the stomach is completely cleansed of harmful substances.

Gastric lavage in hospital

In case of severe food poisoning or ingestion of toxic substances (acids, alkalis, drugs), the injured person should be urgently sent to the nearest hospital. Before that, it is important to find out which poisonous substance the person has taken. IN stationary conditions the doctor or nurse will do a gastric lavage. For these purposes, a special probe with a diameter of about 1.5 centimeters is inserted through the esophagus into the stomach. To make sure that the tube is in the stomach, the doctor pumps some air through the tube and applies a phonendoscope to the stomach. The probe is considered to be entered correctly if the doctor hears a characteristic gurgling. Here it is important to consider the following. Quite often, the probe does not pass into the stomach due to spasm of the esophagus or trachea. Then especially sensitive people administer antispasmodics. And when the injured person is taken to the hospital in an unconscious state, they carry out artificial ventilation lungs.

After a special probe is inserted, the doctor puts a funnel on the end of the probe, then gradually begins to pour in and pour out water in small portions until the stomach is completely cleared of toxic substances. The total volume of pumped water is about 10 liters. After cleansing the stomach and removing toxic substances, activated charcoal dissolved in water or saline.
If a spasm of the esophagus occurs during the procedure, the victim begins to choke, then the probe is immediately removed from the esophagus, and antispasmodics are quickly administered to the person. If the procedure is carried out correctly, then the likelihood of complications is significantly reduced. During the provision of assistance to such people, a careful and attentive attitude is required.

exsicosis

If vomiting and diarrhea do not stop, exsicosis is possible - dehydration, which can lead to severe damage to the body. The patient is then rushed to the hospital. Exsicosis is of 3 types:

salt-deficient;
water scarce;
isotonic;

The severity of exsicosis depends on the amount (in %) of the lost fluid. There are 3 degrees:

1 - loss of fluid no more than 5% of the patient's body weight;
2 - loss of no more than 10% of body weight. Symptoms - serious violations functions of the cardiovascular system.
3 - fluid loss of 10% of body weight or more. Symptoms - the patient's condition is severe, there are obvious hemodynamic disturbances.

Exsicosis (more often isotonic form) is manifested by dryness and pallor of the skin, thirst, sharpening of facial features, lethargy and inactivity. The mucous membranes of the mouth are dry and dull, the tongue is lined with a white coating. The pressure is often normal, but may be low, heart sounds are muffled.

Therapy to restore fluid balance in the body depends on the severity of the patient's condition. At 1 degree of dehydration, they drink a glucose-saline solution (for example, Regidron, Oralit). Typically, such a solution consists of: sodium chloride 3.5 g, sodium bicarbonate 2.5 g, potassium chloride 1.5 g, glucose 20 g, boiled water 1 liter. The amount of the solution taken is calculated based on the norm of 50-100 ml per 1 kg of the patient's weight.

In severe dehydration, intravenous (in the form of a dropper) administration of solutions such as reopoliglyukin, plasma, etc. is also required. Frequent drinking of a teaspoon, possibly a tablespoon every 5-10 minutes, is also required. If severe vomiting does not give drink, then brine dripped into the mouth with a pipette.

In most cases, the stay of the victim in the hospital after the first medical care with food poisoning, it takes about 2 days. Do not be afraid of hospitalization, because in this way you can prevent many unpleasant consequences. Be reasonable, call an ambulance while the victim can still be helped. food poisoning dangerous consequences. Take care of yourself, be healthy!