Skin vesicants. Liver fluke: affected human organs and routes of infection

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Worms in the organs of vision appear, as a rule, by accident. Their larvae enter the optic canal from environment and from other organs, moving through the bloodstream.

Worms are more common in the intestines than in the eyes. People living in countries with a humid and hot climate, such as Asia, are susceptible to helminthiasis of the organs of vision.

Symptoms of infection

Often the patient feels the worm moving in eyeball. As the larvae grow, bruises under the eyes, conjunctivitis, and uveitis occur. As a result of their release of toxins, retinal dystrophy and inflammatory processes in tissues are formed. Visual hallucinations may also occur, leading to mental disorders patient. If the disease is neglected, a person may lose his sight.

Opisthorchiasis

The disease is caused by the helminth opisthorchis, which enters the eyes from the liver. The pathology occurs in chronic form. During inflammatory processes, adhesions may appear, thereby increasing the risk of loss of visual abilities.

The disease can affect two eyes at once. The main signs are a violation of their sensitivity, inflammation of the cornea, damage to the sclera, which often leads to hemorrhage of the orbit. Treatment involves the use of medications.

Echinococcus

You can suspect the appearance of echinococcus by the following symptoms. First, a cyst forms, and as it enlarges, the eye protrudes outward. The patient begins to experience difficulty blinking and closing his eyes.

The skin folds around the eyes become thinner, swelling appears, drying out of the mucous membrane, conjunctivitis, and death of the cornea. A person has a feeling foreign object in the eye, diplopia. When worms are localized in the lacrimal glands, profuse tearing occurs.

Dirofilariasis

The pathology is caused by a mosquito bite. Once inside the human body, the pathogen begins to move under the skin.

Ophthalmomyasis

The anterior form of the disease is formed when the helminth penetrates through the space between the iris and cornea. This dangerous disease, leading to severe deterioration of visual ability and blindness.

The course of posterior ophthalmomyasis can be different. Manifestations of the disease may be completely absent, and it is detected only with loss of vision. During the examination, a specialist can determine retinal detachment, inflammation optic nerves, as well as the addition of a secondary infection. This disease is treated surgically.

Toxoplasmosis and cysticercosis

Toxoplasmosis is common in pets, which can spread the infection to humans. The pathogen leads to the appearance of cysts, retinal damage, and visual impairment. If left untreated, a person may lose visual ability.

Eye helminthiasis can be diagnosed through an external examination, as well as a blood test. Therapy involves the use the following groups medicines:

antimicrobial;
antihistamines;
drugs that remove toxins and eliminate intoxication in the body.

The most commonly prescribed drug is Tobramycin, as well as eye ointments. With the external form of ophthalmomyasis, you cannot do without surgical intervention. The most commonly used methods are photocoagulation and vitrectomy. After the operation, the patient needs some time for rehabilitation.

For opisthorchiasis, Chloxikol, Tsikvalon, Kholagol, Praziquantel are used. When infected with echinococcus, Dekaris, Pirantel, as well as the medications Ditrazin and Chloxyl are prescribed.

Ophthalmiosis is treated with sulfonamides, antihistamines, as well as products from the detoxification group. In some cases, antibiotics and corticosteroids are prescribed. The choice of medication depends on the type of helminth and the severity of the pathology.

Prevention measures

If there is any suspicion of helminthic infestation in the organs of vision, you should not self-medicate, but should immediately seek medical help. If therapy is not carried out in a timely manner, it can threaten not only the loss of visual abilities, but also other dangerous consequences.

There are the following types of ascariasis:

Migratory, when larvae enter the body and migrate along circulatory system person.
Intestinal, when the roundworm has settled in the intestines, lives there, destroys and damages the organ.

Localization of roundworms when the body is affected

In the intestines and stomach

Small intestine– the main place of localization of roundworm eggs.

a thick gray coating with a bad odor forms on the tongue;
the patient is bothered by abdominal pain, belching and heartburn;
you feel discomfort and sore throat;
cough bothers you;
the person feels nauseous, loses appetite, which causes loss of body weight.

If roundworms have damaged the integrity of the gastric walls, the person is worried sharp pains, blood impurities are visible in the vomit, anemia also develops, which leads to deterioration general well-being and weaknesses. If 2-3 symptoms occur, do not hesitate and take the medicine at your own discretion. This will only aggravate the problem and cause complications.

development of pain in the area of the right hypochondrium;
after eating spicy or fatty foods, a person feels sick;
worries about indigestion;
the liver becomes enlarged;
allergic rashes appear on the skin;
worries about bitterness in the mouth and pain in the gall bladder;
the person becomes irritated, worried about weakness and a general deterioration in well-being.

With ascariasis, the liver is rarely affected, but if this happens, the person develops dangerous complications which can cause death.

headache and dizziness;
disorientation;
frequent loss of consciousness;
nausea;
increased intracranial pressure;
vision and hearing are impaired;
there is a ringing in the ears.

It doesn’t matter which type of herpes a person has, it harms internal organs, affecting the covering tissues, and as the infection spreads, the symptoms cause a lot of problems for the patient. If externally the infection manifests itself in the form of rashes on the lips and nose, then internal herpes affects the liver, lungs, vagina, uterine epithelium, gastrointestinal tract, urethra. Doctors' opinions boil down to the fact that cytomegalovirus lives inside every person, and as soon as it appears favorable conditions in the form of a cold or decreased immunity, it is quickly activated. Most of the population, about 95%, are carriers internal herpes, but most often it appears after 35-40 years.

Features of infection and routes of infection

Diagnosing infection viral etiology or herpes, the doctor determines which of the 8 strains pathogenic microorganisms he relates. Most often, the mucous membranes and surface of the lips are affected, and less often the internal organs of a person.

IN modern medicine The prerequisites for the appearance of herpes are:

Infection with viruses type 1 and 2.
Infection with the microorganism Varicella zoster, causing herpes zoster.
Kaposi's eczema herpetiformis is a severe form of the virus.

The process of cytomegalovirus type 5 spreading through the bloodstream and then throughout the body is called viremia. Viremia can be primary, when the infection immediately spreads through the blood and circulates, and secondary, when the virus, after multiplying throughout the body, enters the blood again and the cycle repeats.

There are three main forms of internal herpes strain 5:

Acute manifestations of hepatitis.
Esophagitis.
All types of pneumonia.

Type 5 virus can be diagnosed by herpetic formations on the vaginal walls, in the larynx, on bladder, trachea, urethra, he is specifically responsible for the lesion internal organs.

If it is not possible to determine when the infection process occurred, then we can say for sure that this requires close or intimate contact with the infected person. The main ways of infection by herpes:

Infection through saliva by airborne droplets when it enters the oral cavity of a healthy person.
Sexual intercourse, after which infection through semen remains on the vagina.
Through mother's milk to her baby.
By blood through a woman's placenta during childbirth.
Blood transfusion.

The herpes virus affects to a greater extent people with suppressed immunity, patients with AIDS or oncological diseases, but may not manifest itself throughout life.

Symptoms

It is difficult to identify signs of cytomegalovirus if a person develops fever, weakness and headache, which do not always indicate that herpes has become more active inside the body. In practice, a person may be bothered by prolonged bronchitis or pathologies urinary system, indicating the growth of the virus. Symptoms are manifested by the presence of signs similar to other diseases, manifested in different organs(see table).

Areas affected by herpes	Description of symptoms
Esophagus	In addition to painful sensations when eating and chest pain, it is difficult for a person to swallow. By infecting the esophagus, the virus causes discomfort on the diaphragm, the person quickly loses weight, and feels pain behind the sternum. Only endoscopic examination will confirm the presence of ulcers on the mucous membrane, covered with a film, which subsequently loosen it. Untimely treatment leads to damage to the intestines and pancreas.
Lungs	Symptoms appear based on reduced immunity. These include coughing and fever painful sensations in the chest, accompanied by shortness of breath. General weakness occurs due to fungal bacterial infection. In severe cases, cytomegalovirus is activated when tracheobronchitis moves into the lung parenchyma. At untimely treatment genital herpes in the face and mouth can cause bilateral pneumonia.
Genitourinary system	The patient feels discomfort in the lower abdomen, accompanied by discharge from the genitals. The most common signs are pain when urinating and body flushing.
Anus	Peripheral damage occurs nerve tissue virus, thereby causing unbearable itching at the entrance to the rectum. The patient experiences severe pain, becomes irritable, insomnia and constipation appear. Against this background, they become inflamed and enlarged. The lymph nodes, hyperemia is possible. Characteristic is the appearance of small blisters, which then burst and heal, indicating their healing. Herpes from the rectum can spread to the gastrointestinal tract, causing erosive changes in the mucous membranes and the appearance of blood in the stool.
Liver	The inflammatory process in the liver with hepatitis B and C is manifested by yellowness of the white membrane of the eyes, skin, pain under the ribs, radiating to the shoulder blade and shoulder. The size of the patient's liver increases, fever periodically appears, which provokes liver dysfunction due to tissue damage. The patient develops weakness, migraines, the concentration of bilirubin in the blood increases, and DIC syndrome appears less frequently.
Brain	With encephalitis or inflammation of the brain, cytomegalovirus enters its cortex, trunk, and both hemispheres. The patient is worried about fever, convulsive state, V in rare cases coma. A person’s behavior changes, dementia develops, acquired skills are lost, and speech is impaired.
Heart	As a result of infection, heart failure develops; when the muscular lining of the heart is damaged, myocarditis develops.

If symptoms appear progressively over the course of two weeks, then you should consult a doctor for a PCR and ELISA test showing the pathogen and antibodies.

Herpetic infection in a newborn

Herpes of internal organs in infants is serious danger, since it immediately affects several organs and the central nervous system. Suspecting cytomegalovirus in a newborn, the doctor focuses on skin color, looks at the size of the liver and kidneys, and whether there are extensive hemorrhages.

After activation of cytomegalovirus in a child’s body, the fatal outcome is 65%, and only one child out of ten is affected nervous system able to develop normally. Comparing primary and secondary infection of a pregnant woman, in the second case the risk of complications in the fetus is less. It is important to prevent activation of the virus in a pregnant woman in the first trimester, when all the organs of the fetus are forming.

The greatest danger for infants is that cytomegalovirus can show the main symptoms at a late stage, when it is already difficult to help. For this purpose, women are recommended to treat herpes of internal organs before the expected pregnancy.

Diagnostics

You can understand what a herpes virus infection is by performing laboratory tests and instrumental studies, during which specific antibodies to the virus are detected.

Having made a preliminary diagnosis cytomegalovirus infection, the following diagnostic methods are carried out:

The PCR method involves detecting virus cells in urine, blood, saliva or genital secretions based on their culture. The results do not provide information about the development activity of the virus; they only confirm its presence or absence.
Cell culture makes it possible to assess the rate of progression of herpes, after which effective therapy is prescribed.
The presence of IgM antibodies indicates the presence primary infection, IgG – about contact with an infected person and infection, after which the person remains a carrier of the virus for life.

When conducting diagnostics, a list of antibiotics that are suitable, the presence or absence of rashes, pregnancy, and temperature are taken into account.

Treatment

If emerging herpes rapidly affects and spreads to internal organs, the first step is to seek help from a doctor. In order to correctly diagnose the symptoms and start treatment immediately, the patient is admitted to the hospital, where antiviral or immunostimulating therapy is prescribed, and in case of fever, additional antipyretics.

To determine which immunomodulators are suitable for the patient, an immunogram is performed. Since it is impossible to completely eliminate the virus from the body, drugs are used that eliminate the outbreak of infection and restore the affected organs.

Cytomegalovirus is treated with the following immunostimulating drugs:

Viferon.
Citrovir.
Citrabin.
Ganciclovir.

Amoxicillin and Amoxiclav are prescribed as antibiotics, and the most popular anti-inflammatory drugs are Acyclovir and Vacaclovir.

The categories of people most susceptible to infection are:

Patients with reduced immunity.
Nursing and pregnant women.
Patients with AIDS and HIV.
Blood donors.
Oncology patients.
Patients with diabetes.

Cytomegalovirus infection, which belongs to herpes type 5, is not completely curable, but research is being conducted on glycyrrhizic acid, which is predicted to be able to defeat the disease. If the virus has no symptoms, it does not require treatment.

Prevention

After herpes of internal organs and the corresponding symptoms are identified, treatment of cytomegalovirus with drugs begins, in combination with the doctor’s prescriptions for nutrition and lifestyle.

The patient should be treated under the supervision of medical staff in a hospital.
If the esophagus is affected by cytomegalovirus, it is prescribed special diet, in which nutrition should be healthy and balanced.
The patient must refuse alcoholic drinks, smoking, drinking carbonated drinks.
If the lungs are affected by herpes, it is important to take medications that prevent the spread of infected microorganisms throughout the body. At an advanced stage, additional drugs are prescribed to remove sputum from the lungs, such as ACC or Gerbion, which can be taken by adults and children.
The patient can take Viferon or Zovirax ointments if a herpes infection affects the ear or nose areas.
Recommended to take vitamin complexes to improve immunity.
Every day a person should consume fresh juices from fruits or vegetables, for example, apples, carrots, beets.

When the first symptoms of cytomegalovirus appear, you should decide with your doctor how to treat the infection, undergo an examination, and get tested. Despite the fact that this moment no medicine has been found that completely cures the disease, drugs can extinguish inflammatory process, put away painful symptoms. Long absence treatment leads to renal failure, cardiac myocardium, damage to the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, internal genital organs, etc.

How to treat internal herpes?

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Liver flukes belong to the class of trematodes, flatworms. They are less common than nematodes, but the diseases they cause can have a serious prognosis and lead to serious consequences.

The name “liver fluke” is applied to several species of trematodes localized in the liver and bile ducts of warm-blooded animals.

The term “fluke” used means that the helminth has two suckers - oral and abdominal, with the help of which it is fixed to tissues. Flukes that infect the hepatobiliary system include the following flukes.

Fasciola(Fasciola hepatica). Causes fascioliasis. The invasive form is the Adolescaria larva, which, after emerging from the intermediate host (mollusk), attaches itself to the film of water, aquatic plants, and garden greens.
Giant fasciola(Fasciola gigantica). It is also the causative agent of fascioliasis. The invasive form is adolescaria.
Feline or Siberian(Opisthorchis felineus). The causative agent of opisthorchiasis. The invasive form is the metacercariae larva that colonizes freshwater fish carp family.
Eastern or Chinese(Clonorchis sinensis). The disease is caused by clonorchiasis. The invasive form is a metacercariae found in fish and crayfish.
Lanceolate(dicrocoelium lanceatum). Causes dicroceliosis. The invasive form is a metacercariae that has invaded the second intermediate mediator, the ant.

This is interesting. Once in the ant's body, one lanceolate fluke larva penetrates the insect's brain, as a result of which its behavior changes. Throughout the day, the infested ant behaves as usual. But in the evening, when the temperature drops, it climbs to the top of the grass and hangs on it until the morning, clinging to the leaves or stems with its jaws. This increases the chance of the metacercaria being ingested by the definitive host.

The number of trematodes known today reaches 3000. They have a similar shape in the form of a plant leaf. The body is covered with a muscular skin sac. Dimensions vary between: length – 10…100 mm, width – 2…13 mm.

Liver flukes are biohelminths. That is, their development presupposes the presence of one or more intermediate intermediaries. The final hosts, in whose body they develop to adulthood, are some animals, including humans.

Having passed the required stage of development in intermediate hosts, the eggs turn into invasive larvae, which are located in the body of fish, crayfish, insects, and aquatic plants. They are subsequently ingested by their definitive hosts, and continue to develop into adults within their body.

Infection occurs when a person swallows helminth larvae. Depending on the type of the latter, this can happen in different ways.

When eating greens, vegetables or fruits with adolescaria found on them - when infected with Fasciola vulgaris or gianta (fascioliasis).
When eating fish infected with cat fluke (opisthorchiasis).
When eating crayfish or fish with Chinese fluke larvae (clonorchiasis).
In the case of the lanceolate fluke, dicroceliosis is contracted by ingesting invasive ants with metacercariae found on berries, vegetables, and edible herbs.

Reference. The human organs affected by the liver fluke are not limited to the hepatobiliary system - the liver, bile ducts and bladder. Other systems and tissues can also be colonized - skin, lungs, mammary glands, kidneys, spleen, pancreas. With prolonged invasion, diseases of the central nervous system, heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract. The development of oncological processes is possible.

Routes of infection

A person becomes infected with worms only orally, by ingesting their infective larvae. The route of infection depends on the type of fluke and its life cycle.

In a group of people susceptible increased risk trematode diseases caused by flukes include:

peoples who use traditional raw fish dishes;
fishermen, hunters and outdoor enthusiasts who are in close contact with land and water;
children playing in nature;
sellers of fish products.

Important. A person infected with liver fluke is not dangerous to others as a source of infection. To become invasive, the helminth eggs it secretes must undergo development in intermediate hosts. Only after turning into adolescaria or metacercariae do they become dangerous to their final hosts.

Diagnosis

Attention. Liver fluke eggs can also be found in healthy people– if they ate the liver of an infested animal. Such eggs are called transit eggs. They cannot cause infections because they need to undergo development in intermediate hosts. But they can cause misdiagnosis. Therefore, it is advisable not to eat the liver of any animals before the examination.

All possible preventive measures stem from the ways in which infection occurs:

You should not swim in polluted waters.
Drink untreated, unboiled water.
Eat vegetables and fruits that have not been washed with running tap water.
Eat raw or half-raw fish and crayfish.
You need to wash your hands often when you are in a place where flukes are possible.
The contents of latrines and toilets must be properly disposed of. Do not allow feces, which may contain fluke eggs, to get into the soil or water bodies.

State sanitary services monitor fish products sold in markets and stores and conduct sanitary education activities among the population.

Conclusion

Liver flukes are considered dangerous helminths, since their main damaging effect is aimed at a very important human organ- liver. With intensive invasion and untimely treatment, the development of severe pathologies is possible - abscesses and cirrhosis of the liver, which are life-threatening.

Preventive measures, monitoring your health and timely consultation with a doctor - only this can reliably protect against flukes.

Herpes can affect one or more organs at the same time. How to treat internal herpes depends on which organ is affected and how. What is internal herpetic infection, what organs does it affect and what are the principles of its treatment?

Viruses of the herpesvirus family are polytropic - they are capable of infecting all human organs and tissues, depending on the state of immune defense.

Before starting treatment, it is necessary to differentiate herpetic esophagitis from chemical or thermal burn, candidiasis, radiation exposure. For this purpose, cytological and virological study material obtained by esophagoscopy.

Treatment of herpetic lesions of the esophagus systemic use antiviral drugs.

Internal herpetic infection can affect the lungs, causing specific pneumonia. This is enough rare disease typical for patients with immunodeficiency. In this case, the virus inside the body is accompanied by cough, hyperthermia, shortness of breath, chest pain, and general weakness.

The disease is characterized by vague symptoms; herpes in this case most often occurs against the background of another bacterial, protozoal or fungal infection. First, tracheobronchitis develops, then necrotizing bronchopneumonia. It is possible to develop herpetic pneumonia as.

This form of internal herpes is also used to treat antiviral drugs. Without specific therapy mortality reaches 80%.

Herpetic hepatitis

The disease is common in people with immune deficiency of various etiologies. Hepatitis due to herpes is accompanied by a number of symptoms characteristic of hepatitis of all types. Main signs of the disease:

yellowness of the mucous membranes and skin;
hyperthermia;
increased levels of bilirubin in the blood;
liver enlargement;
weakness, malaise;
migraine;
pain in the right hypochondrium, referred pain in the shoulder and scapula;
DIC syndrome.

In this case, in addition to antiviral therapy, the body needs detox therapy and restoration functional activity weakened liver. For this purpose, hepatoprotectors are used.

Effect on pregnancy and baby

The primary spread of the infectious agent through the blood throughout the body of a pregnant woman can lead to fetal death and stillbirth. Especially .

In newborns, dissemination of the pathogen can result in damage not only to internal organs, but also to the central nervous system. Skin the virus affects late stages diseases. Generalized internal herpes virus of newborns in 65% of cases leads to fatal outcome, and only 10% of children with successful treatment lesions of the central nervous system do not subsequently have developmental abnormalities.

Cytomegalovirus is extremely dangerous during pregnancy for mother and child.

It is possible to develop other forms of internal herpes, such as arthritis, glomerulonephritis, necrotizing inflammation of the adrenal glands, idiopathic purpura etc. Sometimes the virus affects the pancreas, various departments intestines, bone marrow.

Features of treatment

Often the attending physician can diagnose final diagnosis only after detection of the virions themselves in the patient’s blood, since the symptoms of the disease have much in common with other diseases.

In order to cure the disease, antiviral drugs (for example, Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valaciclovir) and immunostimulating agents (for example, Cycloferon, Isoprinosine, Vieron) are prescribed. In addition, supportive and symptomatic therapy, the attending physician selects medications individually depending on which organ is affected.