The most difficult organ in the body. Incredible Facts About the Human Body
This complex organ with many functions; The mass of this organ reaches 2.7 kg; It is the heaviest organ of the human body; It is called the mirror of health and illness; This organ gradually dies off and is constantly born again; This organ, together with the nervous system, develops from one outer germ layer; This organ forms racial formations - nails and hair.
Structure and functions of the skin Layer of the skin Structural features Functions Epidermis The skin itself is the dermis Hypodermis subcutaneous tissue Upper layer– horny The lower layer is germinal, formed epithelial tissue. Educated connective tissue Are located – hair follicles, sweaty, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, receptors. Formed by fat cells and connective fibers. Protective: does not allow liquids, gases, solid particles, microorganisms to pass through. Protective, Sensitive, Respiratory, Thermoregulatory, Excretory. Protective: softens blows and shocks. Thermoregulatory, storage.
General conclusions Lesson 1 Skin is the outer covering of the human body, performing various functions: protective, excretory, sensitive, thermoregulatory; 2. The skin consists of 2 layers: epidermis and dermis; 3. The hypodermis causes mobile attachment of the skin to the underlying tissues, which protects the skin from damage; 4. In addition to glands, the skin has horny formations - nails and hair.
7 Select the correct judgments: 7 Match: Answer the questions: I – m 2 II – 5 2. epidermis III – 1 3. elasticity IV – 3 4. vitamin D V – 6 5. ultra-violet rays. VI – 5 VII – 1
Sinkwine The first line sets the topic in one word (usually a noun). The first line sets the topic in one word (usually a noun). In the second line, two or three words describe the topic (these can be not only adjectives, since in the Russian language various parts of speech act as definitions). In the second line, two or three words describe the topic (these can be not only adjectives, since in the Russian language various parts of speech act as definitions). The third line gives a dynamic description of the topic (as a rule, this line is full of verbs). The third line gives a dynamic description of the topic (as a rule, this line is full of verbs). The fourth line should express the author's attitude to the topic. The fourth line should express the author's attitude to the topic. In the fifth line, the author gives in one word a synonym (possibly contextual) of the original word, which significantly expands the understanding of the topic or subject of the syncwine. In the fifth line, the author gives in one word a synonym (possibly contextual) of the original word, which significantly expands the understanding of the topic or subject of the syncwine.
Teacher - Teacher - Cruel and rude, Cruel and rude, Ready to humiliate, yell at. Ready to humiliate, yell at. I'm cold. Lips closed. I'm cold. Lips closed. Run? Run? Oil Oil Poisonous, oily. Poisonous, oily. It has spread and does not allow you to breathe. It has spread and does not allow you to breathe. Disaster at sea - life is lost... Disaster at sea - life is lost... SOS!!! SOS!!!
We don’t remember the internal organs until they bother us, although thanks to them we eat, breathe and walk.
Let's get to know unusual facts, which may surprise you.
Human intestines
Most large organ- This small intestine. It is four times longer than the average adult.
The normal human intestine contains about 1 kg of bacteria.
The Japanese have unique microbes in their intestines that help much better convert seaweed used in making sushi than people of other nationalities.
Human heart
The human heart creates enough pressure to force blood out over a distance 9 m. It's no wonder that you feel your heartbeat well. This blood pump moves blood throughout the body quickly and efficiently thanks to the strong contractions of the heart.
The heart begins to beat from the fourth week after conception, and will not stop until the person’s death.
A newborn baby has one cup of blood circulating. The circulatory system of an adult holds more than 4.5 liters of blood, which the heart pumps into all tissues in one minute 75 times.
Although the heart weighs on average 300 g, it pumps 2,000 liters of blood through the blood vessels every day.
The heart has its own electrical impulses, which means it works even outside the body, provided there is a sufficient supply of oxygen.
On this moment your heart contains 5% of the total amount of blood, 20% of the blood goes to the brain and central nervous system, 22% goes to the kidneys.
Stomach acidity
Stomach acidity is so strong that it can dissolve the razor. However, you should not take this information too seriously and deliberately swallow a razor or other metal objects.
Hydrochloric acid, which is contained in the stomach, not only dissolves your dinner well, but is also able to dissolve many types of metals.
Blood vessels
It is estimated that in the human body, blood vessels stretch for 96,000 km. For a visual representation, you can compare this distance with the distance around the globe, which is 40,000 km. That is, all the blood vessels of one person can be spread out in length around the Earth more than twice.
Human blood
Blood cells are constantly dying and being replaced by new ones. Leukocytes (white blood cells) live from several hours to several weeks, and erythrocytes (red blood cells) live from 90 to 125 days.
Circulates throughout the body in blood vessels only half blood. The other half is in reserve "blood depots". These “depots” include the liver, spleen and skin. The subcutaneous vessels contain 10%, the spleen 16% and the liver up to 20% of the total blood.
About 46% of blood is contained in “blood depots”. If there is a need to replenish blood, it is released from the “depot” into the blood vessels in order to continue the normal activity of the entire body. This happens, for example, with increased muscle work or loss of blood. After replenishment occurs, some of the blood is refilled in the skin, spleen and liver.
Recently it was discovered that predisposition To various diseases depends on blood type. Doctors confirmed the research of geneticists.
People with first blood group are predisposed to gastrointestinal diseases.
People with second may suffer from blood type rheumatic diseases, allergies, bronchial asthma, diabetes, heart disease.
People with third blood group suffers from pneumonia more often than others. They are susceptible to developing infections. Women often have purulent mastitis, sepsis after childbirth, joint diseases and osteochondrosis.
People with fourth blood group suffer from colds, flu and other infections.
Not only predispositions associated with blood type are inherited, but also the diseases themselves. It can be intestinal infections, tonsillitis, pharyngitis or chronic tonsillitis.
Japanese researchers found that the first blood group affects even on character person.
Stomach protection
You get a new "tablecloth" for your stomach every three to four days. These mucus-like cells form on the walls of the stomach and are soon dissolved due to strong digestive acids. People who have an ulcer know how painful it can be without such a lining in the stomach.
Lung area
The area of a person's lungs is tennis court.
In order for the blood to be saturated with oxygen, the lungs consist of thousands of tiny branches of the bronchi. They, in turn, are filled microscopic capillaries, in which oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The large lung area facilitates metabolism, and you always get required amount oxygen.
woman's heart
A woman's heart beats faster than a man's. The only reason for this is that the mass female body, as a rule, less than the male mass.
However, that's not all. Men's and women's hearts can actually work completely different especially when they are injured from heart attack and other diseases. The treatment that is suitable for a man's heart does not always help a woman's.
Walls of a female heart in the left chamber prevail in characteristics with the same male walls in elasticity and thinness. The more elastic the walls in the heart chamber, the lower the likelihood of hypertension.
Another feature of the female heart is Great chance stressful and mental illness than men.
In medical science, the reasons for the emergence of diagnostic tests are not yet clear. features cardiac diseases in women. For example, it is not known why electrocardiographic testing is less reliable in women than in men.
Doctors have long been accustomed to believe that cardiovascular diseases mainly appear in men. However, in Lately statistics indicate that women suffer similar diseases in a more severe form. Death in such cases, women have 55%, and men 45%.
Liver functions
Scientists count more than 500 various functions liver. We are used to remembering the liver only after alcohol intoxication. But the liver is one of the hardest working and largest organs.
Here is a list of just a few of the main purposes of the liver: production of bile, decomposition of red blood cells, synthesis of protein in plasma, detoxification.
The average volume of blood passing through the liver is 1,500-2,000 l per day .
The liver is also temperature balance in the human body, which keeps the temperature within 37 °C.
U intrauterine child at 8-10 weeks the liver weighs half the whole fruit.
Occur regularly in the liver thousands of chemical reactions. It is called a filter or a chemical plant, since the liver cleanses our body of toxins and waste, and also produces substances necessary for life. From 18:00 to 20:00 the liver most actively removes harmful substances.
Without the liver, we would get very severe poisoning even from milk or water.
It's difficult to meet a person who healthy liver already by the age of 35-40 due to stress, ecology, poor nutrition, various medications.
If a person expresses negativity, then the liver suffers. If we carry this negativity within us, then its cells suffer even more. Therefore, many doctors assure that you need to have self-control, not hold evil within yourself, learn to forgive and control your emotions.
Facts about the aorta
The aorta has a diameter of almost garden hose. Considering that adult heart almost the size of a fist, the size of the aorta is quite impressive.
In fact, the arteries must be quite large, because they are the main supplier of oxygenated blood to the rest of the organs.
Human lungs
Our left lung is smaller than our right. Nature created this so that there was a place for the heart to fit. Both lungs are similar in shape to each other.
Passes through your lungs every day 10,000 l air.
On average, an adult makes a day 23,000 inhalations and exhalations.
If you abuse alcohol, the proteins that protect the function of lung tissue will be destroyed. This process is called "alcohol lung."
A person living in a city over 60 years of age needs to cope with 0.1 g of metals, 200 g of harmful chemical substances and 16 g of dust.
95% of people who died of lung cancer smoked 40-20 cigarettes a day.
Substances that have anticancer effects are called isothiocyanates. By eating vegetables containing isothiocyanates (broccoli, Chinese cabbage) at least once a week, you reduce the risk of lung cancer by more than 30%.
Number of people suffering from bronchopulmonary diseases, doubles every decade. Urban residents have a higher risk of developing such diseases than rural residents.
Human Vitality
If most of a person's internal organs are taken away, then he will survive. The human body may seem fragile, but it will live even if the stomach, spleen, 75% of the liver, 80% of the intestines, one kidney, one lung and genitals are removed.
Interesting fact! 25-year-old worker Phineas Gage was on earthworks in the United States and had an accident. When a stick of dynamite exploded, a heavy metal rod 109 cm long and 3 cm in diameter flew out. It pierced Phineas’s cheek, knocking out a tooth, and then flew out through the skull and brain.
The surprising thing is that Gage did not die on the spot. Then he lost a tooth and an eye. Soon he fully recovered, keeping your mental capacity, the power of speech and complete control over the body.
Facts about the adrenal glands
Adrenal glands (paired endocrine glands) change in size throughout our lives. The adrenal glands, located above the kidneys, are responsible for production of stress hormones(cortisol and adrenaline). In the seventh month, these glands are approximately the same size as the fetus's kidneys.
At birth, the adrenal glands become smaller and will continue to do so for all my life. When a person reaches old age, the glands are so small that they can hardly be seen.
Both adrenal glands are composed of medulla and cortical layer.
They regulate the concentration of several substances in the blood and metabolic processes.
Adrenaline, which is secreted by the adrenal glands, signals danger to the human body. This causes your breathing to speed up, your blood flow to increase, and your heart to beat faster. Adrenaline is released into the blood in order to prepare for danger or run away from it.
The human body is an incredibly complex and intricate system that still baffles doctors and researchers, despite the fact that it has been studied for hundreds of years. It is therefore natural that body parts and normal bodily functions may surprise us. From sneezing to growing nails, here are 100 of the strangest and most interesting facts about human body.
Brain
The brain is the most complex and least studied human organ. There is a lot we don't know about him, but nevertheless, here are some facts about him.
1. Nerve impulses moving at a speed of 270 km/h.
2. The brain requires as much energy to function as a 10-watt light bulb.
3. Cage human brain can store five times more information than any encyclopedia.
4. The brain uses 20% of all oxygen that enters the circulatory system.
5. The brain is much more active at night than during the day.
6. Scientists say that the higher the IQ level, the more often people dream.
7. Neurons continue to grow throughout a person's life.
8. Information passes through different neurons at different speeds.
9. The brain itself does not feel pain.
10. 80% of the brain consists of water.
Hair and nails
In fact, these are not living organs, but remember how women worry about their nails and hair, how much money they spend on caring for them! On occasion, you can tell your lady a couple of such facts, she will probably appreciate it.
11. Hair grows faster on your face than anywhere else.
12. Every day a person loses an average of 60 to 100 hairs.
13. Diameter women's hair half that of men.
14. Human hair can bear 100g weight.
15. The nail on the middle finger grows faster than the others.
16. There is as much hair on a square centimeter of a human body as on a square centimeter of a chimpanzee's body.
17. Blondes have more hair.
18. Fingernails grow about 4 times faster than toenails.
19. Average duration The life of a human hair is 3-7 years.
20. You need to be at least half bald for it to become noticeable.
21. Human hair practically indestructible.
Internal organs
We don’t remember the internal organs until they bother us, but it is thanks to them that we can eat, breathe, walk and all that stuff. Remember this the next time your stomach growls.
22. The largest internal organ is the small intestine.
23. Human heart creates pressure that is enough for blood to spray seven and a half meters forward.
24. Stomach acid can dissolve razor blades.
25. Length of all blood vessels human body - about 96,000 km.
26. The stomach is completely renewed every 3-4 days.
27. The surface area of a person’s lungs is equal to the area of a tennis court.
28. A woman’s heart beats faster than a man’s.
29. Scientists say that the liver has more than 500 functions.
30. The aorta has a diameter almost equal to the diameter of a garden hose.
31. The left lung is smaller than the right - so that there is room for the heart.
32. You can remove most of the internal organs and move on with your life.
33. The adrenal glands change size throughout human life.
Organism's functions
We don't really like to talk about them, but we have to deal with them every day. Here are some facts about the not so pleasant things that concern our body.
34. The speed of sneezing is 160 km/h.
35. The speed of coughing can even reach 900 km/h.
36. Women blink twice as often as men.
37. Full bladder reaches the size of a softball.
38. Approximately 75% of human waste products consist of water.
39. There are approximately 500,000 on their feet sweat glands, they can produce up to a liter of sweat per day!
40. Over the course of a lifetime, a person produces so much saliva that it can fill a couple of swimming pools.
41. The average person passes gas 14 times a day.
42. Earwax is essential for healthy ears.
Sex and procreation
Sex is a largely taboo but very important part of human life and relationships. Continuation of the family line is no less important. Perhaps you didn't know a few things about them.
43. Every single day, 120 million sexual acts occur in the world.
44. The largest human cell is the egg, and the smallest is the sperm.
45. During the first trimester of pregnancy, women most often see frogs, worms and plants in their dreams.
46. Teeth begin to grow six months before birth.
47. Almost all children are born with blue eyes.
48. Children are strong as bulls.
49. One in 2,000 children is born with a tooth.
50. The fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of three months.
51. Each person was a single cell for half an hour of his life.
52. Most men have an erection every hour or every hour and a half during sleep: after all, the brain is much more active at night.
Feelings
We perceive the world through our senses. Here Interesting Facts about them.
53. After a hearty lunch, we hear worse.
54. Only one third of all people have one hundred percent vision.
55. If saliva cannot dissolve something, you will not feel the taste.
56. From birth, women have a better developed sense of smell than men.
57. The nose remembers 50,000 different aromas.
58. Pupils dilate even due to slight interference.
59. All people have their own unique smell.
Aging and death
We age throughout our lives - that’s how it works.
60. The mass of the ashes of a cremated person can reach 4 kg.
61. By the age of sixty, most people have lost about half of their taste buds.
62. Eyes remain the same size throughout your life, but your nose and ears grow throughout your life.
63. At age 60, 60% of men and 40% of women will snore.
64. A child’s head is a quarter of his height, and by the age of 25, the length of the head is only an eighth of the entire length of the body.
Diseases and injuries
We all get sick and injured. And this is also quite interesting!
65. Most often, heart attacks occur on Monday.
66. People can go much longer without food than without sleep.
67. When you sunburn, it damages your blood vessels.
68. 90% of diseases occur due to stress.
69. Human head remains conscious for 15-20 seconds after being cut off.
Muscles and bones
Muscles and bones are the frame of our body, thanks to them we move and even just lie.
70. You tense 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown. If you don't want to strain your face, smile. One who often walks for a long time with with a sour expression, knows how hard it is.
71. Children are born with 300 bones, but adults have only 206.
72. In the morning we are a centimeter higher than in the evening.
73. The strongest muscle of the human body is the tongue.
74. The heaviest bone in the human body is the jaw.
75. To take a step, you use 200 muscles.
76. Tooth - the only organ, incapable of regeneration.
77. Muscles shrink twice as fast as they build.
78. Some bones are stronger than steel.
79. The feet contain a quarter of all the bones of the human body.
At the cellular level
There are things that you cannot see with the naked eye.
80. There are 16,000 bacteria per square centimeter of the body.
81. Every 27 days you literally change your skin.
82. Every minute 3,000,000 cells die in the human body.
83. Humans lose about 600,000 pieces of skin every hour.
84. Every day, the adult human body produces 300 billion new cells.
85. All tongue prints are unique.
86. There is enough iron in the body to make a 6 cm nail.
87. The most common blood type in the world is first.
88. Lips are red because there are many capillaries under the skin.
Miscellaneous
A couple more interesting facts
89. The colder the room where you sleep, the higher the likelihood that you will have a nightmare.
90. Tears and mucus contain the enzyme lysozyme, which destroys the cell walls of many bacteria.
91. In half an hour, the body releases as much energy as it takes to boil one and a half liters of water.
92. Ears highlight more earwax when you are afraid.
93. You can't tickle yourself.
94. The distance between your arms outstretched to the sides is your height.
95. Man is the only animal that cries because of emotions.
96. Right-handers live on average nine years longer than left-handers.
97. Women burn fat slower than men - by about 50 calories per day.
98. The pit between the nose and lip is called the nasal philtrum.
Skin is the largest organ of our body. It provides us with protection, allows us to feel peace and is the first to report diseases. This is the “face” of our body, but we don’t know much about it.
Largest organ
Skin is the largest organ human body. Its average surface area is from 1.5 to 2 square meters. On different areas The skin of the body varies in thickness and sensitivity. The thickest skin is on the feet and palms, the thinnest is on the eyelids. At the same time, skin sensitivity is not directly dependent on thickness. Thus, the skin on the fingers and palms, although quite thick, can feel a pressure of 20 milligrams, which corresponds to the average weight of a fly.
Skin weighs a lot
The skin is not only the largest human organ, but also the heaviest. On average, the weight of our skin makes up 16% of our total body weight. So the excuse “I have heavy bones” can be safely replaced with the phrase “I have heavy skin.”
Skin that renews itself
Human skin is constantly renewed. This process is called regeneration. It happens like this: new skin cells are formed in the germinal layer of the epidermis, over the course of about 28-30 days they move to the surface and lose their cell nucleus. On the surface, with the help of the keratin they contain, they form the stratum corneum of the skin, which gradually peels off when washed or in contact with clothing. Thus, the skin that we consider ours is constantly renewed. After a month, the composition of a person’s skin completely changes. In newborns, the regeneration process, like many other processes (for example, metabolism), proceeds faster. “Skin change” in infants takes three days - 72 hours.
Goose pimples
When we are cold, scared, or when we are listening good music, then, as is known, so-called goosebumps may appear on the body.
This is a rudimentary reaction of the body, which we inherited as a “bonus” from our distant ancestors.
Once upon a time, it helped them warm up and made them more convincing in the eyes of the enemy. When necessary, tiny muscles throughout the body tense and “raise the hairs on end.” With thick fur, this gives the skin good thermal insulation. For modern man this skill is useless.
The story of the "golden boy"
Many people know the story of the "golden boy". In 1496, a festival was held in the castle of the Duke of Milan, Louis Moreau, at which the naked son of a baker, painted gold, appeared before the audience as a symbol of the coming Golden Age. Everything would have been fine, but the performance had to be stopped due to the illness of the Duke’s wife. They simply forgot about the boy. He stayed in the castle the whole night. Leonardo da Vinci found him in the morning, but the baker’s son could not be cured; on the fourth day he died. This story is sometimes told with the following conclusion: the boy died because his skin could not “breathe”, which is why he died. However, today it is already known that “skin breathing” is not dominant in saturating the body with oxygen, and the boy died due to a violation of the body’s thermoregulation, due to hypothermia, since the paint dilated the capillaries and they could not retain heat. Conclusion: don’t get too carried away with body painting.
Skin is an indicator of health
If the eyes are the mirror of the soul, then the skin is the mirror of our body. Changes in the skin often indicate the presence serious violations and diseases.
According to the doctor medical sciences Brooke Jackson, director of dermatology health center in Chicago, hyperpigmentation of the skin in the creases of the neck, especially in older people, may indicate diabetes mellitus, and too dry or moisturized skin (if this has not been observed before) – o possible violation functions of the thyroid gland.
Not to mention the usual rash, which is the first symptom of many dangerous diseases.
Wrinkled fingers
Anyone who has ever taken a bath or simply been in water for quite a long time has noticed how the skin on the fingers and toes wrinkles. This phenomenon is directly related to the water permeability of our skin, which is provided by its outer layer. Its cells are in contact with each other and on outer surface have a layer of fat. If we stay in water for a long time, the extracellular layer of fat becomes thinner, the water gains access to the skin cells and swells. This process does not represent anything critical for health.
Dust and albinos
It is a well-known fact that 2/3 of indoor dust consists of dead horny skin cells. Every minute our body loses up to 30,000 dead skin cells.
Over the course of a lifetime, every person loses at least one hundred kilograms of “old skin.”
Millions of tons of dead horny cells of our epidermis are released into the atmosphere. It is also interesting that White skin appeared in humans not so long ago, about 20-50 thousand years ago. This happened due to the loss of part of the melanin pigment by people migrating to the North. But still the percentage of people with white skin lacking melanin (albinism) is extremely low. Only one in 110,000 people is an albino.
Skin is a great worker
When they talk about human organs, they remember the heart and liver, but for some reason they forget about the skin. But human skin is the heaviest (weight 2-3 kg) human organ. Skin is a great worker, performing several functions at once. It protects the body from harmful influence environment– pathogenic microorganisms, destructive ultraviolet radiation and harmful chemical compounds. The skin carries out thermoregulation of the body. It removes harmful substances from the body along with sweat and produces vitamin D, which is necessary for life.
Layers of skin
The thickest skin is on the feet (3-4 mm), the thinnest is on the scrotum (0.4 mm). By the way, the skin is also the largest organ in area; the total area of the skin of an adult can reach 2 square meters.
Skin consists of three layers. The top one is the epidermis. The lower layers of the epidermis produce melanin, the pigment that determines skin color. There are also constantly dividing cells that are gradually pushed to the surface of the epidermis and exfoliate due to friction of the skin against clothing and other objects.
Drawing skin
The dermis, pushing its papillae into the epidermis and lifting it, creates an individual pattern of the skin - this is a person’s natural passport. This property is used by criminologists when studying the fingerprints of criminals.
The lowest layer of skin is fat; it serves as a shock absorber, protecting internal organs from shocks and impacts. It is thickest in places that are constantly under pressure - the buttocks and soles of the feet. Subcutaneous fat is also a reserve nutrients.
Nerve endings on the skin
Skin is the most ancient mechanism sensitivity. Exactly nerve endings on the skin of the first living creatures evolved into the modern nervous system. On the skin of a modern person there are 2 million receptors, of which 1.5 million are pain receptors, the rest of the receptors react to pressure, heat, cold, and just touch.
The cheeks have the fewest pain receptors - this is the most insensitive area of the skin. The most receptors are on the skin of the tongue and fingertips.
