Urolithiasis factors. Urolithiasis: symptoms, treatment and prevention

Urolithiasis disease(ICD) is a pathology that is always accompanied by pain. Uncomfortable sensations are often localized in the lower back. But if the exit, the pain can be felt in the entire abdomen. Such symptoms often underlie the misdiagnosis and make the patient suspect appendicitis or an ulcer. Therefore, we will consider what are the symptoms and treatment in men with the diagnosis of "urolithiasis".

What underlies the disease?

The disease is much more common in the stronger sex than in women. The statistics give the following figures. Men are three times more likely to be diagnosed with urolithiasis.

The causes of pathology are divided into two groups: external and internal factors. Let's consider them.

External factors leading to the formation of stones:

Climate features. Dry air often leads to dehydration.
Soil structure. It affects the electrolyte content of foods.
Water. With urolithiasis, the source of pathology can be an excess of salts in the fluid consumed. This leads to a high concentration of them in the urine. In addition, stone formation is affected by the acidity of the water.
Daily regime. Hypodynamia contributes to the development of pathology.
Lack of fluid. A small amount of water consumed seriously increases the risk of disease.
Diet. Promotes stone formation overuse meat products, as well as food containing many purine bases(sorrel, spinach, peas).

These are not the only sources that affect the development of such a pathology as urolithiasis. The reasons may lie in internal factors:

Infectious diseases urinary tract: urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis.
Pathologies digestive tract: pancreatitis, hepatitis, colitis.
Infections of other organs: osteomyelitis, furunculosis, tonsillitis.
Abnormal development of the bladder, kidneys, ureters.

Symptoms of the disease

No specific clinical manifestations initial stages does not have urolithiasis. Symptoms and treatment in men are often absent during this period. Pathology can be detected if other diseases are diagnosed.

The characteristic signs of urolithiasis occur in the patient when the stones move. The most basic symptom is severe, sudden onset pain. This condition is characterized as renal colic.

She has the following features:

Paroxysmal strong pain which escalates periodically.
An increase in temperature may occur.
Painful discomfort appears suddenly, often during shaking, movement, or after a large number taken liquid, alcohol. Changing the position of the body does not eliminate pain.
Discomfort can spread to the lumbar region, lower abdomen, groin.

Features of symptoms

The localization of pain and its nature make it possible to determine the place where the stones are located, if the patient is diagnosed with urolithiasis. Symptoms and treatment in men depend entirely on their location:

Discomfort in the lumbar region (near the costovertebral angle), spreading to the groin, characterizes the localization of kidney stones and their movement along the ureter. With this pathology, blood often appears in the urine.
If the pain is concentrated on the side of the lumbar area and spreads to the groin, then the stone is high. Painful discomfort occurs as a result of stretching of the kidney capsule.
A moving stone always calls pain. The ball radiates, as a rule, to the anterior region of the thigh and scrotum.
Pain is persistent. Sometimes the patient has periods of relief, which are replaced by exacerbation. This symptomatology is typical for the localization

In addition to the above clinical manifestations, other signs may be observed:

dysuria;
worsening of the patient's condition;
elevated temperature;
hematuria;
nausea, vomiting;
urinary retention due to blockage of the bladder neck.

Diagnosis of the disease

To confirm the diagnosis, the patient's urolithiasis is studied very carefully by the attending physician. The doctor is interested in the past treatment, its effectiveness. Such measures make it possible to correctly prescribe adequate therapy.

The diagnosis is made as a result of the following data:

The patient has characteristic symptoms. Periodically appearing sharp pains in the lumbar region, abdomen or groin. Incomplete emptying bubble. Burning sensation during urination in the urethra.
inspection data. The doctor feels the abdomen, as a result of which inflammatory pathologies of the peritoneum, such as pancreatitis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, are excluded. tapping lumbar zone and abdomen makes it possible to differentiate the pathology from lumbago, sciatica, pyelonephritis. An external examination of the patient can characterize many. The patient's posture, skin color, and the presence of swelling are taken into account.
Characteristic for pathology indicators of the general analysis of urine. Typically found increased density. Unaltered erythrocytes are found in the urine. Ascertain high concentration salts. Such indicators of the general analysis of urine characterize the presence of urolithiasis in the patient.
Ultrasound data. This examination with high accuracy determines the diagnosis and gives an idea of the size, shape and localization of stones.
CT results. The examination is used if the ultrasound did not give complete description pathology.
The results of radiopaque examination. This method allows you to examine the flow of urine in detail. Diagnostics reveals where the blockage of the ducts occurred.

Varieties of stones

It is very important not only to determine such a pathology as urolithiasis. Symptoms and treatment in men are completely dependent on the type of calculus. That is why it is advisable not to resort to traditional medicine, but to entrust your health to an experienced professional.

The following stones can form with urolithiasis:

Oxalate. Such stones are formed from calcium salt. They are distinguished by a high density, spiky surface. Initially, their color is black and gray. If the stone injures the mucous membrane, it acquires a black or dark brown hue due to the blood pigment.
Phosphate. They contain calcium salt phosphoric acid. As a rule, the stone is smooth or slightly rough. Can buy a variety different shape. The texture of the stone is soft. It is distinguished by light gray or white color. This stone tends to rapid growth. Very easy to crush.
Urate. They are formed either by its salts. The stones are yellow-brick in color. They have a smooth surface but a firm texture. Crushing is possible with the help of medications.
Carbonate. They contain the calcium salt of carbonic acid. The consistency of the stones is soft, and the shape is diverse. The calculus has a smooth surface and is white in color.
cystine. They are formed by the sulfur compound of the amino acid cystine. stones round shape, yellowish white. As a rule, they have a smooth surface, soft texture.
Protein. Their formation is facilitated by fibrin with an admixture of bacteria and salts. stones white color, small, soft and flat.
Cholesterol. They are extremely rare in the kidneys. Consist of cholesterol, have a soft texture, differ in black color. Such calculi are dangerous because they crumble easily.

Treatment of the disease

The tactics of dealing with pathology is determined by the urologist. Surgical methods are used for treatment and conservative therapy. Choice necessary way depends on the patient's condition, his age, size and location of the stone, the clinical course of the pathology, the presence of physiological or anatomical changes and stages of renal failure.

In most cases, surgery is required to remove the stones. The exception is calculi formed by uric acid. These stones can be dissolved with conservative treatment.

Initially, the patient is prescribed the following drugs for urolithiasis:

Antispasmodics. They eliminate the spasm of the ureter, help to relax its walls. This allows to reduce pain and facilitate the passage of stones. The patient is recommended the following drugs: "Papaverine", "No-shpa", "Galidor", "Diprofen".
Painkillers. They are prescribed in case of an attack renal colic. Means that perfectly eliminate the pain syndrome: "Analgin", "Bral", "Tempalgin", "Baralgin", "Pentalgin", "Tetralgin".

Some patients may be prescribed antibacterial drugs. They are introduced into therapy if an infection is attached to urolithiasis. Choice necessary antibiotics can only be done by a doctor on the basis of an examination.

Dissolution of urates

It is extremely important to understand: only a doctor will tell you how to treat urolithiasis, since you can select the necessary medicines to dissolve the calculus after determining its type.

The following drugs are used to treat urates:

Allopurinol, Allozim, Allopron, Allupol, Zilorik, Milurit, Remid, Sanfipurol, Purinol. Such medicines help to reduce the deposition of salts. uric acid.
"Etamid". The drug stimulates the intensive excretion of urates along with urine. Helps reduce uric acid in the body.
"Urodan". Combined drug which causes alkalization of urine. The drug promotes the formation of soluble salts with uric acid.
"Uralit U". The tool is used to dissolve urates. Protects the body from the formation of new stones.
"Blemarin". The drug is able to dissolve urates and some other urinary stones.
"Solimok". Perfectly dissolves urinary stones, mainly urates.

Dissolution of oxalates

If a patient is diagnosed with these stones, drug therapy includes drugs:

"Marlin".
"Spilled". herbal preparation, which contributes to the dissolution of oxalate stones.
Medicinal collections No. 7; No. 8; No. 9; No. 10. Such funds are officially recognized by urology. They have diuretic, litholytic (dissolving stones), antispasmodic properties.

Dissolution of phosphates

To combat this pathology, the drugs most in demand are:

"Extract of madder dye". This tool allows you to loosen the phosphates. In addition, the drug has an antispasmodic and diuretic effect.
"Marlin". The drug not only softens the stones, but also perfectly eliminates spasm renal pelvis, ureter. The medicine relieves inflammation in the genitourinary system.

Dissolution of cystine stones

When this pathology is detected, it is most advisable to take the following medications:

"Penicillamine". The agent forms a specific compound with cystine, which is easily dissolved in the urine. This allows you to reduce the stones.
"Thiopronin". The effect on the body of the drug is similar to the above medicine. It is prescribed if "Penicillamine" was ineffective.
"Potassium citrate", "Sodium bicarbonate". Medications that alkalize urine. As a result, cystine stones dissolve.
"Uralit".

Nutrition Features

All patients must follow the diet prescribed by the doctor. Urolithiasis in men, depending on the type of stones, imposes certain dietary restrictions.

If a patient has urates, then it is necessary to minimize the use of:

Foods rich in purines. These are fish, animal meat, mushrooms, offal, legumes, meat broths. Such food is allowed 1 time per week.
Alcohol. Patients are forbidden to drink red wine, beer.

Diet food should be based on the following food:

sweet peppers, tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes;
mild cheese;
millet, buckwheat, barley groats;
fruits, berries;
pasta;
eggs;
milk, cottage cheese, dairy products.

Patients who are diagnosed with oxalates should limit the use of the following products:

spinach, lettuce, sorrel;
beets, carrots, tomatoes;
sauerkraut;
celery, parsley;
coffee Tea;
jelly, jellies;
chocolate, cocoa;
green bean;
chicken, beef;
currants, citrus fruits, sour apples.

dairy products;
whole grains, cereals;
potatoes, pumpkin, cabbage;
nuts;
apricots, bananas, pears, watermelons;
peas.

When detecting phosphates in the diet, you should limit:

cranberries, currants, cranberries;
vegetables fruits;
fermented milk products, cottage cheese, cheese, dairy products;
alcohol;
hot spices;
carbonated drinks;
coffee.

The following foods are preferred in the diet:

various soups;
vegetable oil;
pasta, bread;
butter;
fish, meat;
fruit drinks and juices sour berries and fruits (cranberries, citrus fruits, apples).

With cystine stones, the following foods are to be excluded:

Offal - spleen, liver, kidneys.
Fish, meat. It is allowed to use no more than 3 days a week. The daily dose is 200-250 mg.
Eggs (only one per day).
Wheat flour.
Legumes.

watermelons;
citrus;
cowberry;
grape;
strawberry;
raisin;
pomegranate;
olives;
pears;
currant;
carrot;
nuts;
blueberry.

Conclusion

If necessary, patients with a diagnosis of "MKD" (urolithiasis) can be recommended special methods crushing stones. As you can see, any pathology can be dealt with. The main thing is not to give up and strictly follow all the doctor's prescriptions.

Urolithiasis (urolithiasis) is pathological process, which leads to the formation of stones in bladder, ureter or kidneys. The disease is diagnosed in 3% of the total population. In young people, stones are most often found in the kidneys and ureter. In older people, the pathology is formed in the bladder area. There are no restrictions regarding age and gender.

Etiology

Urolithiasis develops, most often, due to metabolic disorders. But here one should take into account the fact that urolithiasis will not develop if there are no predisposing factors for this. The causes of urolithiasis are the following:

diseases of the kidneys and urinary system;
metabolic disorders and related diseases;
pathological processes of bone tissue;
dehydration of the body;
chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
malnutrition, overuse junk food - spicy, salty, sour, fast food;
acute lack of vitamins and minerals.

It should also be noted that urolithiasis can develop due to constant use hard water. But this etiological factor observed only with weakened immunity and the presence of background diseases.

Pathogenesis

Violation normal exchange substances in the human body leads to the fact that insoluble salts accumulate in the genitourinary system. This leads to the formation of stones - phosphates or urates. Pain occurs when the stone begins to grow and does not pass quietly through the ureter.

General symptoms

Like most diseases, initial stage symptoms of urolithiasis may be absent.

As the pathological process develops, the following signs of urolithiasis can be observed:

unstable arterial pressure;
elevated body temperature, sometimes up to 40 degrees;
symptoms;
frequent urges to urination, which do not bring relief;
pain in the lumbar region, sometimes on both sides;
blood in the urine;
pain when urinating.

It should be noted that in women, signs of urolithiasis are observed much more often than in men. Especially during pregnancy.

In some cases, the pain extends to the genitals. In men, the pain may radiate into inside hips, and in women on the bladder. Due to the fact that during pregnancy, frequent urge to urinate is normal phenomenon a lot of people just don't pay attention to it.

Also, the clinical picture of urolithiasis may vary depending on the position and size of the stone itself. Urolithiasis in men is diagnosed most often after 40 years.

Kinds

According to ICD ( international classification diseases) distinguish these types of stones in urolithiasis:

oxalate - easily determined on x-ray, occurs most often;
uralate - formed from uric acid and unprocessed salts;
phosphate - is formed as a result of violations of phosphate-calcium metabolism;
cystine;
mixed.

The cystine type of stone is often due to hereditary predisposition. In women during pregnancy, this type of stone is almost never diagnosed.

General classification

According to ICD 10, the following classification of urolithiasis is adopted:

by localization (kidneys, bladder, ureter);
by the type of stones;
according to the nature of the development of the disease (primary or re-development disease).

Urolithiasis during pregnancy

During pregnancy, urolithiasis is diagnosed much less frequently than in women who are not in position. If the disease proceeds without significant complications, then this does not affect the course of pregnancy and the health of the baby. Otherwise, a miscarriage is possible.

As a rule, this disease is not regarded as a contraindication to the conception and bearing of a child. Hospitalization of a pregnant woman is carried out only in such cases:

symptom of renal colic;
development of infection on the background of urolithiasis;
preeclampsia;

Concerning clinical picture, then during pregnancy it becomes more pronounced:

renal colic;
unstable body temperature, high blood pressure;
frequent urge to urinate;
the presence of blood in the urine.

It is noteworthy that during pregnancy, urolithiasis may not be as painful as in women who are not in position.

In 80% of cases of urolithiasis in pregnant women against the background of this disease pyelonephritis develops. Such a pathological process can manifest itself both in the first and in the second trimester. In this case, hospitalization is simply necessary.

With regard to treatment, during pregnancy, the emphasis is on a diet rich in minerals, with abundant consumption of purified water. The use of medications is kept to a minimum. Proper nutrition is also very important, with all essential vitamins for mother and child. Treatment of urolithiasis during pregnancy should be strictly under medical supervision.

Urolithiasis in children

Urolithiasis in children is diagnosed most often at the age of 8–10 years. IN childhood boys are more susceptible to the disease. Clinical picture in children preschool age is:

bloating;
nausea, refusal to eat;
capricious state, crying of a child for no apparent reason;
increased body temperature;
unstable stool;
aching pain in the back.

With such symptoms, the child should be immediately shown to the doctor, and not self-medicate.

Urolithiasis in children is treated with special preparations And proper nutrition.

Diagnostics

With the above symptoms, you should contact a nephrologist or urologist. If the clinical picture is observed in children, then initially you need to visit a pediatrician.

After examination and clarification of the anamnesis, instrumental and laboratory diagnostics are carried out. Concerning laboratory methods research, it is used only general analysis urine.

Mandatory diagnosis of urolithiasis includes instrumental techniques:

x-ray of the abdominal organs.

If, on the basis of such a diagnosis of urolithiasis, it is not possible to establish the exact presence of the disease, differential diagnosis is used. Only a doctor should prescribe a course of treatment for urolithiasis. Self-medication is unacceptable.

Treatment

Urolithiasis at the initial stage responds well to treatment and does not cause complications. Hospitalization is required if infectious diseases develop against the background of the disease.

If the stones are small, then drug treatment with a mandatory diet. Otherwise, operable intervention is applicable. Medical therapy includes the following medications:

painkillers;
anti-inflammatory;
to improve the waste of stones;
to improve metabolism.

The dosage and regimen of taking drugs is prescribed only by a doctor. Unauthorized use of drugs for the treatment of urolithiasis can worsen the situation and lead to the development of an infectious disease.

Diet

In addition to taking medications, a patient with urolithiasis should adhere to correct mode nutrition. The diet excludes or minimizes the consumption of such foods:

food rich in oxalic acid;
spicy, sour, too salty;
coffee, chocolate;
meat and dishes from them (including broths);
foods rich in vitamin C.

Instead, the following foods should be present in the patient's diet:

potato;
cereals;
dairy products;
coarse grains;
fruits.

Particular attention is given to drinking. Daily rate water consumption should be at least 1.5 liters. Concerning mineral water, then it should be without gas. It is desirable that the type of water (composition, amount of consumption) be prescribed by a doctor.

Herbal teas can be used instead of water. But it should also be done as directed by a doctor.

Operable treatment

If the stones cannot be removed by the methods described above, it is applied surgical intervention. Typically, the following methods are used:

shock wave therapy;
ureteroscopy;
percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

It should be noted that at the initial stage of the progression of urolithiasis, abundant consumption of mineral water and proper nutrition can avoid operable intervention.

Treatment of urolithiasis with folk remedies is possible only as prescribed by a doctor. early stage development of the disease or as prophylactic. Best to use folk recipes in tandem with taking medications and proper nutrition. Also, do not forget about the consumption of the optimal amount of mineral water.

Prevention

As with treatment, prevention is based on the consumption of the optimal amount of purified water. Drink at least 1.5-2 liters per day clean water. This is especially important for those who have already experienced this disease.

In addition, you must adhere to the following rules:

proper, healthy nutrition;
moderate physical activity;
timely and correct treatment of all diseases.

If the symptoms of the disease still make themselves felt, you should immediately seek medical attention. medical care. Self-medication is fraught with serious complications.

Is everything correct in the article with medical point vision?

Answer only if you have proven medical knowledge

Urolithiasis is characterized by the presence of sand and stones in the kidneys and urinary tract. Treatment of urolithiasis with folk remedies in this case is considered almost the main method of therapy. Recipes traditional healers able to work wonders by dissolving kidney stones in just a few months of use at home. What are the most effective folk remedies for treating urolithiasis?

What you need to know in the treatment of urolithiasis at home?

It is not always allowed to remove stones from the kidneys and other organs at home. Therapeutic measures can only be done under the following conditions:

If the presence of stones is confirmed by a diagnostic study.
Independently allowed to remove stones up to 5 mm in size. Larger stones can become lodged in the narrow passage of the ureter.
The diagnostician named the type of stones that are localized in the organ. Some may be acidic, others alkaline. Treatment of each type of stones has differences and is selected individually.

Herbal treatment

The course of herbal treatment is suitable for removing small stones.

Treatment of urolithiasis with herbs is considered very effective. It works gently and quite effectively. The outcome of such therapy is always favorable: the stones slowly dissolve and, together with the sand, are removed from the urinary tract to the outside. The main thing is to be patient and stick to the course folk healing. Various diuretic herbs are used for urolithiasis of the kidneys: yarrow, chamomile, knotweed, horsetail, Birch buds etc.

oxalate stones

Oxalate stones are the acidic type of masses that form in the kidneys. Oxalic acid is a common cause of their appearance. It is found in foods such as sorrel, spinach, beans, nuts, etc. Therefore, the use of these foods should be limited during treatment. It is recommended to eat foods rich in calcium and magnesium. Cottage cheese, fish, buckwheat, peas are products that should be on the menu every day. Treatment with herbs is simple and painless. ethnoscience suggests using herbal infusions and decoctions to get rid of oxalate stones.

Recipe for healing infusion:

Take 10 g of corn stigmas, knotweed and St. John's wort.
Mix the ingredients, add 1 liter of boiling water.
Set aside for insisting for a quarter of an hour.
Reception lead three times a day, drinking 100 ml of infusion.

Recipe for a drug from madder dye:

Take 10 g of the dried root of the plant.
It is poured into a jar of 0.5 liters.
The container is filled with boiling water to the very brim.
The tool is infused for about half an hour.
The medicine is drunk during the day.
Treatment is carried out daily for three weeks.

Phosphate

Diet for breeding phosphate stones should include adequate intake of acidic foods.

They belong to the alkaline type of stones. main feature the presence of solid masses in the organs of the urinary tract - the presence of white. Along with therapy, it is necessary to follow a diet that will be effective when eating a large amount of acidic foods. Pumpkin, cabbage, corn, and other foods with high alkalinity are limited.

The herbs used for urolithiasis have good diuretic, cleansing properties that allow you to heal the whole body. Herbal treatment of phosphate stones helps to avoid many health problems. Plants that have healing properties, eliminate unpleasant symptoms and save a person from suffering. Herbal infusions prepared from inflorescences, stems and roots medicinal plants used to break stones.

Cooking recipe number 1:

We take 10 g of several varieties of herbs: dandelion inflorescences, comfrey root, yarrow.
We mix the components and pour 1 liter of boiling water.
We stand the infusion for 60 minutes, then filter.
We drink ½ cup in the morning and in the evening before or after meals.

Preparing recipe number 2 includes the following procedure:

Take pre-dried rosehip roots in the amount of 50 g.
Grind the roots with a meat grinder.
Put the raw materials in a jar of 0.5 liters.
Add boiled cold water.
Put on the stove and bring to a boil.
After 30 minutes, decant the infused liquid.
Drink 250 ml twice a day before meals.

Struvite

Collection medicinal herbs to remove struvite stones can be prepared at home.

Stones formed by alkaline properties food consumed. They are found mainly in women. For the duration of therapy, such products are completely excluded: all types of cabbage, pineapples, tangerines, etc. The ability to “acidify” urine is inherent in cereal dishes, meat products, citrus fruits. Struvite stones are soft and crumble easily. They can be successfully treated with the help of medicinal herbs.

Collection Recipe #1

The collection consists of herbal ingredients:

10 g stems or currant leaves;
10 g aniseed;
20 g of rowan berries;
20 g dried hops.

Cooking:

From the collection you need to take 1 tbsp. l. mixtures.
Pour into a 1 liter jar.
Pour in boiling water.
Put in the refrigerator for 3-4 days.
Drink the medicine 1/3 cup three times a day before meals.
The therapeutic course is long - at least 4 months.

Collection Recipe #2

main component healing agent is grass - corn stigmas. You need to take 40 g of stigmas, 1 tsp each. bearberry and oat straw; mix the ingredients and pour boiling water (1 l); infuse the drug for 50 minutes; express liquid and take 200 ml in the morning and evening, regardless of food. The therapeutic course will be 30 days. Make yourself week break and repeat the treatment.

urate stones

During the diet, you need to control the intake of proteins.

Such stones are formed with an acid reaction of urine. Their increase occurs when a large amount of meat, fish products, offal, protein foods is used in food. The diet involves eating foods that are rich in magnesium, calcium, and vitamin B6. Urate is highly soluble in water, therefore, you need to drink more liquid during therapy. Therapy with folk remedies will allow you to get an excellent result. Herbal infusion used in therapeutic purposes, prepared as follows: Quite rare in men and women, unlike other species kidney stones. The cause of the appearance of such masses is a hereditary metabolic disorder (cystinuria). Treatment of this type of stones is not considered effective, however, there are exceptions. During the therapeutic course, it is necessary to drink more fluids, limit the intake of foods containing sodium.

Herbal collection for the treatment of cystine stones:

Taken in 10 g dried herbs- bearberry, chamomile, dandelion stems.
Mix ingredients.
Pour into a container.
Pour 1 liter of water brought to 60 degrees.
Insist on a couple of quarter of an hour.
Strain the resulting liquid.
Drink 250 ml three times a day after meals.
The treatment course will be 1 month.

Strong charges for getting rid of stones

Herbal collection No. 1

Successfully used strong herbal preparations for urolithiasis. kidney fee consists of the following ingredients:

10 g bearberry;
10 g St. John's wort;
20 g of string;
20 g dried parsley roots.

Medicine preparation:

Mix the ingredients well.
Pour the composition with boiling water (1.5 l).
Set aside to infuse for 50 minutes.
Strain the resulting liquid.
Take ½ cup 2 times a day.

The pathology of the urinary tract, in which stones are formed, is called urolithiasis (UAC, urolithiasis). Metabolic disease is caused different reasons. Often, KSD is hereditary, and its most common form is nephrolithiasis, when stones crystallize in the renal calyces, parenchyma, and pelvis.

ICD diagnosis

The disease urolithiasis is very common. The increase in the frequency of pathologies is associated with the growth adverse factors environment, but medicine cannot yet explain exactly why KSD develops in people of working age. Urolithiasis is a diagnosis in which calculi are formed due to the deposition of salts in the urinary tract. The stones have different shapes - flat, angular, round, and the size ranges from a couple of millimeters (sand) to several centimeters. As a rule, the onset of the disease occurs between 20 and 60 years of age.

Causes of urolithiasis

Experts are sure that there is no one reason for the development of urolithiasis. The development of pathology can be influenced by many factors and conditions. Possible reasons urolithiasis:

congenital disease kidneys;
excess uric acid;
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, fractures or bone injuries;
violation of calcium metabolism;
secondary form of gout;
hypodynamia;
urinary infections, contributing to the formation of stone (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis);
unbalanced diet;
hereditary disorders leading to enzyme deficiency.

Diagnostics

Important role in the diagnosis of ICD of the kidneys belongs to the collection of anamnesis. The clinic is determined by the duration and nature of the pain, what they are accompanied by (nausea, chills, vomiting), the presence of hematuria in the urine, chronic diseases And so on. Differential Diagnosis urolithiasis includes visual inspection external genital organs, lumbar region, palpation of the abdomen, rectal examination prostate in men and vaginal examination in women.

The main methods for diagnosing urolithiasis are instrumental and laboratory research. Modern devices Ultrasound can diagnose not only the smallest stone located in any area of the urinary tract, but also sand in the urine, an increase in the kidney, and the presence of foci of destruction. Crucial It has x-ray examination. overview shot 96% will show the shadow of the calculus. For laboratory diagnostics the patient is prescribed:

clinical urine culture;
blood biochemistry for the presence of other pathologies, for example, hyperoxaluria and hyperuricemia;
general blood analysis.

Symptoms

Stones can crystallize anywhere urinary system therefore, the symptoms of urolithiasis appear, depending on the side, size and level of their location. The main manifestations of the disease:

Pain syndrome. It is inconsistent in nature, can acquire great intensity. In men and women, the localization of pain is different. The male half of the population suffers from colic in the lumbar, genital area and perineum. Women have pain in the vulvar area.
Hematuria (blood in the urine). Occurs due to scratching of the walls of the ureter with a stone high density. There may be microhematuria, when the amount of blood is so small that it can only be determined under a microscope.
Frequent urination. It is observed in the presence of a calculus in the bladder or when a stone passes. Sometimes the stream of urine is suddenly interrupted.
Chills, deterioration of health. Occurs after pyelonephritis or other kidney pathology is attached to the ICD.

Among women

In most cases, pain in women is not constant, but tends to increase periodically. When there is a blockage of the ureter with a stone, then renal colic occurs. The main signs of urolithiasis in women are pain in the lower back, sometimes radiating to the genitals. It is difficult to be in one position, so the patient's behavior is restless. Sometimes the pain syndrome is accompanied by vomiting, frequent urination.

In men

In a strong half of humanity, ICD occurs three times more often than in women. This is due to the fact that men are less likely than women to adhere to proper nutrition and monitor their health. At the initial stage of urolithiasis, symptoms do not appear in any way. Symptoms of urolithiasis in men begin with sudden attack pain, which may indicate advancing stones. This condition is called renal colic. She has the following symptoms:

discomfort in the groin and lumbar region, bloating;
pain that starts when you are shaken (transport) or when you take a lot of liquid (alcohol);
increase in body temperature.

Urolithiasis - treatment

ICD belongs to the group severe pathologies, which, with incorrect therapy, sometimes end lethal outcome. Self-medication is prohibited, therefore, at the first symptoms, you should consult a doctor in urology. Treatment of KSD in men and women is different, but common therapeutic measures exist:

patients are prescribed special diet;
if the largest of the available stones is less than 0.5 cm, then drug treatment of the disease is carried out;
with calculus bigger size(coral-shaped) ultrasonic crushing or surgical intervention is prescribed.

In men

The most important thing in the treatment of this pathology is the drinking regimen. You should drink at least two liters of clean water per day to avoid the growth of existing stones. KSD can be treated conservatively or operational method. Medications used during therapy:

painkillers for acute colic(Baralgin, Ketanov)

antispasmodic drugs that weaken the muscles of the ureter (Drotaverine, Noshpa);
antibiotics for inflammation of the kidneys (Zinnat, Cefalexin).

Treatment of urolithiasis in men is carried out and operational way by cutting tissue, and removing the stone or using endoscopy. Sometimes lithotripsy is prescribed - remote destruction of stones. The procedure is carried out by electromagnetic wave into a stone that crushes it into small pieces. Then, together with urine, dense particles are excreted from the body. This method is not suitable for all patients.

Among women

In the initial stages of the disease, it is required to follow a diet and drink a lot to get rid of sand and dissolve small stones. Doctors prescribe antibiotics, antispasmodics and analgesics to reduce intense pain syndrome. At home, it is recommended to take hot baths, put a heating pad on the lower back. TO absolute contraindication includes alcohol, chocolate, coffee, protein food. Treatment of urolithiasis in women includes the appointment various methods physiotherapy:

inductothermy;
laser therapy;
sinusoidal modulated currents;
ultrasound.

Treatment of urolithiasis with folk remedies

Take on your own medications or be treated folk methods from ICD is not recommended. Any therapy should be agreed with the doctor in order to avoid complications. Folk remedies with urolithiasis, they help to remove small stones (up to 4 mm). In summer, you can limit yourself to a 14-day watermelon-bread diet. In winter, herbal decoctions from birch leaves, burdock root, corn silk taken in equal parts. It is necessary to apply the decoction after eating 1 tbsp. l.

Diet

With urolithiasis, you should reconsider your diet. The diet for urolithiasis involves the exclusion of foods such as spinach, beets, rhubarb, celery, sorrel, green salad. Salt, meat, red currants, sauerkraut, sour varieties of apples, citrus fruits are subject to restriction. You need to include in your diet:

potatoes, pumpkin, peas, prunes;
grapes, bananas, plums, pears;
whole grains, cereals;
milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, kefir, hard cheese;
fish low-fat varieties;
decoctions of herbs: violet roots, birch leaves and other diuretics.

Complications of urolithiasis

Long-term presence of a stone in the urinary tract leads to inhibition of kidney function and urinary tract. The main complications of urolithiasis are cystitis, pyelonephritis. These pathologies with untimely therapy lead to paranephritis, kidney abscess, sepsis or necrosis of the renal papillae. It occurs, but extremely rarely, acute renal failure, if the stones are in the ureter on both sides.

Prevention

Preventive therapy is aimed at correcting metabolism. The patient is prescribed drugs with calcium, the use of fiber. The main prevention of KSD is a change in lifestyle. Need regular exercise, avoidance of alcohol, weight loss for obese patients and reduction emotional stress. One of important factors the formation of stones - animal protein. Its safe dose is approximately 1 g/kg of body weight per day.

Video

Urolithiasis (urolithiasis) is a disease that occurs as a result of a metabolic disorder, in which an insoluble precipitate forms in the urine in the form of sand (up to 1 mm in diameter) or stones (from 1 mm to 25 mm and more). Stones settle in the urinary tract, which disrupts the normal outflow of urine and causes renal colic and inflammation.

According to medical statistics, urolithiasis ranks second in frequency among all urological diseases, and in third place among urological diseases leading to death. Urolithiasis affects people of all ages, including children, but the main age group- people aged 25 to 45 years. The disease is more common in men than women, but women are more commonly diagnosed severe forms illness. It is also known that stones are more likely to form in right kidney than in the left, and in approximately 20% of cases both kidneys are involved in the pathological process.

Causes of urolithiasis

Many factors play a role in the occurrence of urolithiasis, while the mechanism of stone formation and its causes have not been fully elucidated. It is known that the leading role is given to the peculiarities of the structure of the tubular system of the kidneys, when the anatomical structure of the kidney itself contributes to the occurrence congestion. At the same time, for the formation of stones, it is also necessary to influence external factors mainly diet as well as conditions drinking regime. The disease also plays a role in the development of urolithiasis. genitourinary system, endocrine pathologies(especially disease parathyroid glands, directly affecting metabolic processes involving calcium), long-term use some medicinal substances(sulfonamides, tetracyclines, glucocorticoids, aspirin, etc.).

Types of urolithiasis

Various violations metabolic processes cause the formation of stones that differ in their chemical composition. The chemical composition of stones has importance, because it depends medical tactics in the treatment of urolithiasis, as well as dietary correction to prevent relapses.

The following stones are formed in the urinary tract:

Stones based on calcium compounds (oxalates, phosphates, carbonates);
Stones based on uric acid salts (urates);
Stones formed by magnesium salts;
Protein stones (cystine, xanthine, cholesterol).

The main share falls on calcium compounds (about 2/3 of all stones), protein stones are the least common. Urates are the only group that can be dissolved. These stones are more common in older people. Stones consisting of magnesium salts are most often accompanied by inflammation.

Stones in urolithiasis can form in any part of the urinary tract. Depending on where they are, there are the following forms diseases:

Nephrolithiasis - in the kidneys;
Ureterolithiasis - in the ureters;
Cystolithiasis - in the bladder.

Urolithiasis is initially asymptomatic. The first signs of urolithiasis are detected either by chance, during the examination, or with a sudden onset of renal colic. Renal colic - severe pain attack, often the main symptom of urolithiasis, and sometimes the only one, occurs as a result of a spasm of the urinary duct, or its obstruction by a stone.

The attack begins acutely, with a sharp pain, the localization of which depends on the localization of the stone. The pain is intense, can radiate to the groin, lower abdomen, lower back. Urination becomes painful and rapid, blood (hematuria) is found in the urine. There is nausea, sometimes vomiting. The patient rushes about in search of a position that would bring relief, but does not find such a position. An attack of renal colic can take place with a subsidence and exacerbation of pain, and end with either the removal of a stone, or subsidence of colic, or a developed complication.

It should be noted that the severity of signs of urolithiasis is not always associated with the size of the stones. Sometimes stones of small size, not exceeding 2 mm, can cause severe colic, while there are cases of severe kidney damage, when multiple stones fused into coral-like formations do not lead to colic, but are discovered by chance or when complications of urolithiasis begin.

Diagnosis of urolithiasis

Diagnosis of urolithiasis occurs on the basis of the characteristic clinical picture of renal colic and ultrasound data. Informative also CT scan and magnetic resonance urography. Perform a comprehensive urinalysis using functional tests(according to Zimnitsky, Nechiporenko and others). Necessarily bacteriological examination urine. Radiography has now lost its leading place in the diagnosis of urolithiasis, but is still used as an additional method.

Treatment of urolithiasis

An attack of renal colic is removed with the help of antispasmodic and analgesic drugs. The main treatment of urolithiasis is carried out in the absence of acute manifestations.

Urolithiasis is considered surgical disease however, urolithiasis caused by urate formation can be treated with drugs that dissolve these stones. Other types of stones require mechanical removal.

Treatment of urolithiasis is carried out using two main methods: lithotripsy and surgery. Remote shock wave lithotripsy - effective method treatment of urolithiasis, in which stones in the urinary tract are broken with a shock wave, and then excreted in the urine. The method has proven itself, thanks to him, indications for surgical intervention in the treatment of urolithiasis significantly narrowed.

Operations with which the treatment of urolithiasis is carried out are divided into open and endoscopic, as well as organ-preserving and radical. Radical operation is the removal of the kidney, in the event that it has lost its function. Choice preference method surgical treatment urolithiasis are endoscopic techniques, allowing the removal of stones without making an incision in the abdominal cavity.

Prevention of urolithiasis

Prevention of urolithiasis is a necessary condition complete cure because without it, relapses are inevitable. The basis for the prevention of urolithiasis is the observance of a diet that normalizes metabolism and biochemical composition urine, as well as compliance with the drinking regimen. Diet for urolithiasis is produced depending on chemical composition stones. So, with oxalates, dairy products, chocolate are excluded from the diet, and with urate stones, eating meat is limited. Extremely important condition is the reception enough water - 1.5 - 2 liters per day.

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