Liquid drug forms are used as solutions. Liquid dosage forms
An overdose of drugs can be dangerous for the body and lead to irreversible processes, even death. Most heavy drugs for use in large doses: nootropics, sleeping pills, antidepressants, pain relievers, and drugs that affect the body's coronary system.
Drug overdose can be dangerous
What drugs can poison you? Signs of poisoning
The manifestation of symptoms of poisoning directly depends on what the patient took and in what dosage. Each individual group of drugs has its own symptoms, features of first aid and subsequent treatment.
Poisoning with sleeping pills, MAO inhibitors, CNS stimulants
If intoxication occurs as a result of taking medication with a sedative or hypnotic effect, then the patient has a strong inhibition of the receptors of the central nervous system. The person has confusion shallow breathing wheezing is likely. At severe poisoning sleeping pills The patient may stop breathing. With opiate poisoning, the patient may experience convulsions, and with prolonged intoxication with meperidine and propoxyphene, coma may occur. Symptoms of an overdose of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and central nervous system stimulants are similar in clinical manifestations. With this intoxication, it is noted:
- General increase in psycho-emotional arousal.
- An increase in the level of psychomotor reactions a few hours after taking the drug.
- Significant increase in cardiac arrhythmia, immediately after an overdose, which can cause death.
Clinical symptoms of an overdose of substances of monoamine oxidase inhibitors are noted 24 hours after taking the drugs in excess. None of these drugs has an emergency antidote.
Overdose of narcotic drugs has a high chance of death
Opiate overdose
If you notice that your relative or close friend is showing symptoms similar to these, then this condition is caused by a drug overdose:
- Weakness.
- Constant feeling of apathy.
- Dizziness.
- He has bluish skin around the lips and nails.
- Constriction of the pupils.
- General coma.
With an overdose of narcotic drugs, the likelihood of death increases significantly. It is important here to recognize the cause of such behavior of the patient in time, and seek help from specialists. How faster doctor will help the patient more likely the fact that the patient will not experience complications.
Intoxication of the body with antipyretic and analgesic drugs
An overdose of drugs of this property is expressed by symptoms:
- Expansion of capillaries.
- Weakness sets in.
- The patient feels a strong desire to sleep.
- Possible transitions unconscious coma.
- Stopping breathing and slowing blood circulation.
- General inhibition of the functions of the central nervous system.
Overdose of drugs that can be bought at a regular pharmacy
Death can also occur from drugs that are produced without a doctor's prescription. Most deaths occur when these drugs are taken in combination with alcohol. These drugs include:
- Aspirin. What drug can cause death in patients with pronounced diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In children prone to allergic and asthmatic reactions, patients with Reye's syndrome.
- Paracetamol. This harmless drug to lower body temperature, which can be used even for small children, can provoke the destruction of brain cells. And with its excessive intake, cause severe intoxication of the body.
- Loperamide. This drug is a life-saving remedy for poisoning on vacation, it helps with acute diarrhea, prevents the development of dehydration. But this drug can provoke various side effects(up to colon cancer).
- Vitamin C. Such useful vitamin, which helps fight obesity, boosts immunity, and has a large amount positive properties, may lead to the development cancer cells in organism. With an overdose of vitamin C, DNA in the body is damaged, which leads to the formation of malignant tumors. The lethal dose of vitamin C for an adult is 45 grams.
Vitamin C Overdose Damages DNA
First aid and methods of treatment of drug overdose
In order to prevent drug poisoning of your body, you must strictly adhere to the rules of admission assigned by your doctor. It is forbidden to use several drugs at the same time if you do not know about their compatibility. Self-treatment drugs without proper education, can lead to death.
The cause of intoxication with drugs in the body can be both a single dose and long-term treatment drug in the wrong dosage. But most often, drug poisoning is not to blame. wrong treatment and suicide attempts.
First aid
If you notice signs of intoxication with drugs in the body, then first of all you should:
- Call an ambulance and inform the dispatcher about drug poisoning. It is necessary to say: how much time has passed since taking the drug, what kind of drug it was, and what dose was taken.
- undertake possible measures for the urgent removal of life-threatening chemical compounds from the body.
Depending on the way the lethal drug enters the body, immediate resuscitation measures must be taken:
| How did the drug get | First aid actions |
| Mucous membranes and skin | In case of contact with skin and mucous membranes, they must be washed big amount water. This operation will remove mechanically a large number of poisonous substances that caused intoxication. If the product has got on the conjunctiva of the eye, then other measures must be taken to eliminate it. |
| Conjunctiva of the eye |
If the medicine in a large dose gets into your eyes, then you need to take the following measures:
|
| Respiratory organs | When a poisonous drug enters the body through Airways, it is necessary to provide the patient with access to fresh and clean air. If there are seizures heavy breathing and wheezing, it is necessary to free the person from clothing that restricts breathing. Rinse all mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth with warm water. |
| Ingestion of the drug into the gastrointestinal tract |
At similar poisoning the victim needs plentiful drink. If there is poisoning with drugs of the codeine-containing group, then drinking plenty of water must be diluted with manganese. If after acceptance a large number fluids in the patient do not depart vomiting water, then it is necessary to induce vomiting mechanically. You can completely clear the stomach of poisonous drugs by inducing vomiting at least 3 times. With some factors, you can not cause a gag reflex:
After gastric lavage, the patient needs to take enterosorbents, this will help to partially reduce the absorption of toxins from the intestines. |
Treatment
For each individual case, the doctor individually selects the treatment. It depends on many factors:
- How the drug entered the body. When taking the drug in liquid form or by inhalation, or by injection, poisoning occurs more rapidly.
- The ability of a substance to accumulate in body tissues.
- Individual characteristics and biometric parameters.
- Use with other toxic drugs.
- Was it accepted lethal dose medicines.
The fact that first aid measures are taken in case of intoxication also plays a big role in treatment. If the people nearby did everything right, then the treatment will help to avoid death and serious complications.
Drugs are a hobby that leads to death. Drug addicts sacrifice their health, physical and mental, position in society, family and friendly relations. Consumption narcotic drugs in a very frequent cases leads to overdose. The saddest result of a serious intoxication of the body that occurs during an overdose is the death of the addict.
To death from overabundance narcotic substances can lead to the use of any drug, regardless of its type and method of use. The death of a person happens due to refusal to work internal organs. To know what a drug overdose is, how it manifests itself and how everyone should help the victim, because trouble can come to any home.
In case of drug overdose, call immediately ambulance
"Overdose" in everyday life refers to too much drug taken. The average life expectancy of a drug addict does not differ in length anyway, sometimes a person comes to death after 3-4 years from the beginning of his hobby. And only a small part of drug addicts goes into another world due to the failure of the internal organs or severe chronic diseases. Most often, people die due to an overdose.
Overdose is the main and most common cause of death, affecting mostly young people. According to sad statistics, only about 6% of drug addicts can survive an overdose.
Incredibly, overdose mostly "mows down" young and just beginning drug addicts. Experienced addicts long experience live longer than novice dope lovers. This strange phenomenon- after all, the body of "old-timers" is much more undermined by drugs than that of beginners, narcologists have long explained.
What is the essence of overdose
The fact is that death from a drug overdose occurs rapidly, at once. In most cases, death depends on initial state internal organs and the level of permeability blood capillaries. A drug addict with experience during his short life increases the dose gradually, and the body has time to adapt to it.
This ability is called "tolerance", that is, a decrease in response to the injected drug. But even if a drug addict experiences an overdose, this situation finally destroys his body, leading to irreversible disorders:
- kidneys;
- brain;
- liver;
- hearts;
- all parts of the CNS.
In this case, the drug addict turns into a profoundly disabled person, but does not lose the craving for drug consumption. But a subsequent overdose could be fatal for him.
Features of drug overdose
So how does a drug overdose happen? It is extremely easy to cross the deadly line in the case of the use of narcotic drugs, sometimes it is enough just to increase the dose by a few milligrams. A person who is on drugs gets pleasure and euphoria against the background of the effect of a stimulating substance on the receptors of the brain and depression of the central nervous system.
It is these areas that perform the main functions of regulating the main systems of the functioning of the body, in particular, the work of the heart and pulmonary apparatus. Exceeding the limit acceptable level drugs, even a thousandth of a percent, can lead to blocking of brain impulses. What causes violation feedback with lungs or heart.
Drug addiction is considered a "young" problem
These vital important organs they simply will not receive a signal about the need to take another breath or speed up heartbeat. In this case, their work stops, resulting in the death of a person.
Often people who have successfully passed necessary treatment from drug addiction.
After treatment, the human body is completely cleared of traces of drugs and begins to work normally. natural mode. If the cured of addiction again takes up the old, even a minimal intake of the drug will lead to death. And a previously non-lethal dose becomes fatal.
According to statistics, the death of an overconsumption addict most often occurs:
- heroin;
- alcohol;
- sleeping pills.
Reasons for the development of a fatal situation
One of the most common causes of an overdose is the desire of the addict to part with bad habit. And when you try to do it yourself, without the competent intervention of doctors. For some time, a person steadfastly refrains from using the potion, during which time the body manages to slightly cleanse itself of traces of poison. But addiction almost always wins over illiterate attempts to return to healthy life and pushes the person to use the next dose.
The main signs of an overdose
The result is a severe overdose, which leads to heart or lung failure. The possibility of developing a fatal situation is also influenced by a number of the following factors:
- Drug use by inhalation (smoking) or orally (swallowing).
- Some individual characteristics organism.
- Existing chronic diseases (especially pathologies of the urinary system or hepatitis).
- Mixing when drinking alcohol and drugs. You should know that ethanol actively stimulates and prolongs negative impact narcotic drug.
- existing cirrhosis of the liver. In case of damage and destruction this body the body loses its ability to cleanse itself of toxins in a timely manner. In such a situation, all toxic substances entering the body are deposited in their pure form, gradually accumulating. Any subsequent dose can become fatal and the last in a person's life.
- combination of drugs and medicinal product. This happens because of the desire of the drug addict to experience previously unfamiliar sensations. But, afraid to increase the dose of the drug, drug addicts simply mix the potion with drugs that have a stimulating effect in the hope of increasing the buzz. But sometimes the result is a fatal overdose (after all, a medical one is added to the narcotic effect).
- Change in concentration. Poison suppliers often dilute the drug they sell with neutral substances. But, if they are replaced by another "supplier of death", the usual concentration can change and lead to an overdose.
- Diseases of the internal organs. Just as in the case of the liver, drugs can accumulate in tissues damaged by diseases, in worn-out internal organs. In this case, any subsequent intake may already be lethal.
According to statistics, narcologists most often diagnose death from an overdose in the case of intravenous / intramuscular injection of the drug.
In this case, toxic compounds do not pass through natural biological barriers and directly enter the bloodstream. But no less dangerous are the tablet form of the drug. Due to the inability to predict what will be the strength of their impact on the body.
How to recognize the syndrome
Close friends and family members of the addict should definitely know everything inherent symptoms, a drug overdose is a fatal situation, and if not timely assistance the person dies. There are a huge number of drug compounds, each of them affects a person in its own way, and the signs of an ongoing overdose also differ.
What do drugs lead to?
But there are a number of symptoms that are characteristic of the vast majority of narcotic drugs, accepted by man in excess. They are the following:
- loss of consciousness;
- the appearance of seizures;
- blueing of the skin;
- depression and respiratory arrest;
- profuse foaming from the mouth;
- the appearance of sticky, cold sweat;
- pulsating sharp headache;
- burning and squeezing in the chest area;
- seizures panic attack, anxiety;
- severe shortness of breath due to lack of oxygen.
The most basic and important symptom drug overdose becomes a severe headache. She can't be beaten by any of the medications. Painful impulses are aggravated by bright light and increased noise.
This symptomatology develops mainly when drugs are consumed by injection (intravenously or intramuscularly). If the narcotic potion is used by mouth, clinical picture looks a little different. In this case, the main signs of an overdose are the following symptoms(they develop gradually):
- nausea;
- blue lips;
- profuse vomiting;
- severe diarrhea;
- panic attacks;
- tremor of the limbs;
- increased sweating;
- cyanosis of the nasolabial fold;
- pressure rises, then there is a sharp drop;
- respiratory depression (it becomes superficial and rare);
- burning sensation in the chest area, which is accompanied by soreness;
- tachycardia and arrhythmia (pulse indicators either increase or fall to critical levels).
Symptoms of an overdose of certain types of drugs
Depressants (marijuana, opium, hashish, codeine, morphine, phenobarbital):
- profuse vomiting;
- thready pulse;
- oppression of consciousness;
- breathing problems;
- breathing problems;
- speech delay.
Stimulants (cocaine, volatile liquids, crack cocaine, adhesives, solvents, paints):
- anxiety;
- hallucinations;
- hyperactivity;
- irritability;
- disorganization;
- clouding of consciousness;
- aggressive behavior;
- monotonous repetition of actions;
- paranoia or excessive suspicion.
Hallucinogens (PSP, LSD, hallucinogenic mushrooms, mescaline):
- tachycardia;
- memory loss;
- disorientation;
- a state of panic;
- redness of the face;
- vivid hallucinations;
- dilated pupils;
- depressive manifestations;
- retardation of movements;
- increase in blood pressure to critical levels;
- psycho-emotional disorder (a person laughs loudly and cries at the same time);
- the appearance of various illusions (a person incorrectly perceives the outlines of objects, movements, sounds).
How to help the victim
First aid scheme for overdose
What to do when a person has symptoms of an overdose? The first and most important thing is to immediately call an ambulance, because the drug continues to be actively absorbed into the blood. While the doctors are on the way, the person should necessary measures. First aid for overdose is as follows:
- Provoke artificial vomiting. But this should be done only if the victim is conscious. To do this, give warm and slightly salted water to drink and press on the root of the tongue.
- If the victim does not show signs of life, turn him on his side so that in case of involuntary vomiting he does not choke on vomit.
- Ensure inflow fresh air. If the situation occurred in the apartment, open wide all the windows.
- Track your breath. Do if necessary indirect massage hearts.
- Do not allow a person to fall into oblivion. To do this, you should constantly talk to him, ask something, pull. If the victim passes out, do not let him lose consciousness. You can try to bring him to his senses with intense rubbing. earlobes or a pat on the cheek.
conclusions
Remember that every drug addict sooner or later overdoses. Whether it will be the last in life or a person will be able to get out depends on the will of chance. If in a family or among inner circle there are people suffering from drug addiction, you should not wait for the arrival of a fatal situation, but do everything possible to send the addict to pass complete treatment and try to bring him back to a healthy and clean life.
Liquid dosage forms are mainly used for internal use, are sold in special vials. The range of use of such drugs is very extensive - from medicine for the common cold to special solutions for complex surgical operations.
Classification
Here are the main types of liquid dosage forms:
- Solutions.
- Potions.
- Infusions and decoctions.
- Tinctures.
- Drops.
- Suspensions (suspensions).
- extracts.
- emulsions.
- syrups.
- baths.
Let's consider all of them in more detail.
Solutions for injections
Transparent sterile liquids, the introduction of which into the body is associated with a violation of the skin.
Solutions are available in ampoules, vials (glass and polyethylene) and syringe tubes.
Solutions with a volume of more than 100 ml are called infusion. Infusion solutions include solutions that are administered intravenously using a dropper (hemodynamic, water-salt balance regulators, detoxification, oxygen transfer solutions, etc.), as well as preparations for parenteral nutrition and polyfunctional solutions with a wide range of action.
Examples of infusion solutions:
- saline: Ringer-Locke, Kvartosol;
- detoxification: Hemodez, Reopoliglyukin, Poliglukin, etc.;
- for parenteral nutrition: Lipofundin, Venolipid, Liposin.
Solutions for internal and external use
Transparent, homogeneous (homogeneous) systems.
Release form - bottles with a stopper-dropper closed with a screw cap.
Solutions are stored at room temperature (15-25°C) or in a refrigerator (4-8°C), protected from light. More specific instructions for storing solutions are given in the instructions for the drug.
potions
Potions are liquid or powder (dry potion) soluble in water.
Liquid mixtures consist of solutions of salts, syrups (sugar), as well as extracts and aromatic waters. Such mixtures are prepared in a pharmacy according to an individual prescription.
Dry mixtures at home are diluted with water to the desired volume. For example, dry cough medicine.
Dry mixtures should be stored in a dry place (at room temperature) or in a refrigerator (at 4-8°C). Liquid medicines are stored in the refrigerator for no more than a few days. The method of storage and use of such mixtures is always indicated on the vial.
Infusions and decoctions
These are liquid dosage forms water extracts from medicinal plant materials, as well as aqueous solutions dry or liquid extracts(concentrates).
Infusions and decoctions are mainly taken orally, less often they are used externally.
In the absence of instructions on the amount of medicinal plant raw materials, infusions and decoctions are prepared in a ratio of 1:10 (10 g of the finished product should be obtained from 1 g of raw materials. Water should be taken a little more, taking into account the water absorption coefficient; from Adonis grass, valerian roots - 1:30. Infusions and decoctions from medicinal plant materials containing potent substances, prepared in a ratio of 1:400.
When preparing an infusion or decoction using an extract (concentrate), the latter is taken in an amount corresponding to the volume of medicinal plant materials specified in the recipe.
For the preparation of infusions and decoctions, crushed medicinal plant raw materials are poured into boiled water room temperature, insist in an appropriate container in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring: infusions - for 15 minutes, decoctions - for 30 minutes; then cooled at room temperature: infusions - at least 45 minutes, decoctions - 10 minutes, filtered (squeezing out plant material) and water is added to the required volume of infusion or decoction.
Decoctions from bearberry leaves, lingonberries and raw materials containing tannins (oak bark, serpentine rhizome, etc.) are filtered immediately, without cooling, decoctions from senna leaves - after complete cooling.
Store infusions for the specified period (usually several days), in a cool place. Before use, infusions and decoctions are shaken.
Tinctures
Colored liquid alcohol or water-alcohol extracts from medicinal plant materials obtained without heating.
Basically, tinctures are taken orally, diluting them in a small amount of water or dripping on sugar.
Store tinctures in well-closed bottles for the specified shelf life (longer than the shelf life of infusions and decoctions), in a cool, dark place. During storage, precipitation may occur.
Drops
Dosage forms(suspensions, emulsions, solutions), dosed in drops.
Drops are for external (eye, ear, nasal) and internal (for example, drops of nitroglycerin) use. Drops are dosed using a dropper dispenser installed in the vial.
Drops are stored in a cool, dark place.
Suspensions (suspensions)
Dosage form consisting of one or more crushed powdery substances distributed in a liquid (water, vegetable oil, glycerin, etc.).
Suspensions are for internal, external and parenteral use. The latter are administered intramuscularly (for example, insulin preparations).
Before use, the suspension is shaken for 1-2 minutes.
Suspensions are stored in the original packaging with a dosing device at a temperature of 4 to 8°C (freezing is not allowed!), if necessary, in a place protected from light.
extracts
Extracts are such liquid dosage forms, which are concentrated extracts from medicinal plant materials.
Extracts are:
- liquid;
- thick (viscous masses with a moisture content of not more than 25%);
- dry (loose masses with a moisture content of not more than 5%).
Extracts are used orally, liquid extracts are dosed by volume, dry ones, as a rule, are part of solid dosage forms.
Store the extracts in their original packaging, if necessary, in a cool, dark place. Precipitation may occur during storage of liquid extracts. On average, extracts are stored for 1-5 years.
emulsions
Opaque liquids, homogeneous in appearance, consisting of two mutually insoluble liquids - the active substance (oil, balm) and water.
Emulsions are intended for internal, external or parenteral use.
The shelf life of emulsions prepared in a pharmacy is usually a few days. They must be shaken before use. Store emulsions in a cool place without freezing. Shelf life of emulsions industrial production at least 1.5 years.
syrups
Concentrated aqueous solutions of sucrose, which, in addition to active ingredients may contain fruit food extracts.
Syrups are thick clear liquids with a characteristic taste and smell (depending on the composition).
Syrups are taken orally, they are especially widely used in pediatrics to correct the taste of the drug. Syrups have a more pronounced healing effect compared to solid dosage forms.
Syrups are stored in a well-closed glass container, in a cool and, if necessary, protected from light place. The shelf life of industrial syrups is at least 2 years.
Baths
Aqueous solutions that affect the human body during medical procedures(more often auxiliary). Baths have a restorative, soothing, tonic, bactericidal action. For example, coniferous or oxygen baths, etc.
Dosage form - the state given to the medicinal product, corresponding to the route of its administration and method of application and ensuring the achievement of the required therapeutic effect.
8.1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DOSAGE FORMS
Types of classification of dosage forms
The classification helps to characterize individual phenomena, data; depending on belonging to one or another classification group, it makes it possible to foresee still unknown or unexplored phenomena and objects.
The task of dosage form technology is to create a variety of products used as medicines. Their properties, nature and ways of creating them are very diverse and require an appropriate classification. In technological industries, the correct classification allows you to determine in advance the optimal scheme for the manufacture of a particular product. IN training course it makes learning the material easier. However, it should be borne in mind that any classification is conditional, therefore, its further improvement is possible. Pharmacists (pharmacists) should be familiar with all types of classifications of dosage forms.
Currently, there are several classification systems for dosage forms based on different principles. Each classification in one way or another gives the subject a certain harmony.
Most often in pharmacy, 4 types of classification of dosage forms are used:
According to the state of aggregation;
Depending on the method of application or method of dosing;
Depending on the method of introduction into the body;
Dispersological.
8.2. CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS BY AGGREGATE STATE
All dosage forms are divided into 4 groups according to their state of aggregation: solid, liquid, soft, gaseous.
8.2.1. Solid dosage forms
Pills- a dosage form obtained by pressing or forming a medicinal product, medicinal mixtures and excipients.
Dragee- dosed dosage form of a spherical shape, obtained by repeated layering of drugs and excipients on granules.
Granules- homogeneous particles (grains, grains) of medicines round, cylindrical or irregular shape 0.2-0.3 mm in size.
Powders- dosage forms with flowability; distinguish:
Powders are simple (single-component) and complex (from 2 or more components);
Divided into separate doses and undivided.
Fees- a mixture of several types of cut, crushed into coarse powder or whole medicinal raw materials of plants, sometimes with the addition of other medicines.
Capsules- dosed powdered, granular, sometimes liquid drugs, enclosed in a shell of gelatin, starch, or another biopolymer.
Spansula- capsules, in which the content is a certain number of granules or microcapsules.
Pencilsmedicinal (medical) - cylindrical sticks 4-8 mm thick and up to 10 cm long with a pointed or rounded end.
Medical films - dosage form in the form of a polymer film.
8.2.2. Soft dosage forms
Ointments- dosage forms of soft consistency for external use; when the content of a powdered substance in the ointment is more than 25%, the ointments are called pastes.
plasters- a dosage form for external use in the form of a plastic mass, which, after softening at body temperature, adheres to the skin; patches are applied to a flat surface of the body.
suppositories(suppositories) - dosage forms that are solid at room temperature and melt at body temperature, intended for administration into body cavities (rectal, vaginal suppositories); suppositories may be in the form of a ball, cone, cylinder, cigar, etc.
Pills -dosage form in the form of a ball weighing from 0.1 to 0.5 g, prepared from a homogeneous plastic mass containing drugs and Excipients; a pill weighing more than 0.5 g is called a bolus.
8.2.3. Liquid dosage forms
Solutions- dosage forms obtained by dissolving one or more drugs.
Suspensions(suspensions) - systems in which a solid is suspended in a liquid and the particle size ranges from 0.1 to 10 microns.
emulsions- dosage forms formed by liquids insoluble in each other.
Infusions and decoctions- aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials or aqueous solutions of standardized extracts.
Slime -dosage forms of high viscosity, as well as those prepared with the use of starch or its containing vegetable raw materials.
Liniments -thick liquids or gelatinous masses.
Liquid plasters- dosage forms that leave an elastic film when applied to the skin.
Syrups medicinal - solution medicinal substance in a thick sugar solution.
Tinctures- alcohol, water-alcohol or alcohol-ether transparent extracts from medicinal plant materials, obtained without heating and removing extractants.
extracts- concentrated extracts from medicinal plant materials; distinguish between liquid, thick, dry types of extracts.
8.2.4. Gaseous dosage forms
Aerosols- dosage forms in special packaging, in which solid or liquid drugs are in a gas or liquefied gaseous solvent.
Classification according to the state of aggregation is convenient for the primary separation of LF. The state of aggregation partially determines the speed of action of the drug and is associated with certain technological processes.
8.3. CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS DEPENDING ON THE METHOD OF APPLICATION OR DOSING METHOD
In this classification, dosage forms are divided into 2 classes:
Dosed (powders, solutions and others, divided into separate doses);
Undosed (ointments, powders, bath powders, etc.).
Note 1.Potions are liquid dosage forms for internal use, which, although sold in one vial, are dosage forms, since their use requires dosing with a tablespoon, dessert or teaspoon.
Note 2.Some dosage forms, depending on medical manipulations, are called: powders, powders, rinses, poultices, lotions, potions, drops. In particular, drops are liquid dosage forms intended to be taken in the form of drops in the mouth, eyes, ears, etc. Name data
dosage forms are outdated, although they fully determine medical manipulations necessary for their application.
8.4. CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS DEPENDING ON THE METHOD AND ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
IN THE ORGANISM
This classification, based on the method of application of dosage forms, is more advanced and allows you to predict the biopharmaceutical factors that affect the effectiveness of the application. All dosage forms are divided into 2 classes.
Enteral forms - introduced into the body through the gastrointestinal tract. Parenteral forms - administered bypassing the gastrointestinal tract:
By applying to the skin and mucous membranes of the body;
By injection into the vascular bed (artery, vein), under the skin or muscle;
By inhalation, inhalation.
Enteral includes the following routes of administration: through the mouth, under the tongue, through the rectum. The oldest and most common method is oral (from lat. per- through, oris- mouth). This is the most simple and convenient way; It is convenient to take both solid and liquid dosage forms through the mouth.
For some substances oral route administration is ineffective, since the substances are destroyed either under the influence of intestinal enzymes or in the acidic environment of the stomach, for example, pancreatin, insulin, etc. In addition, with this method of administration, the drug substance is found in the bloodstream no earlier than 30 minutes, therefore administration cannot be used to provide rapid medical assistance.
Modification this method is sublingual administration (under the tongue). Medicinal substances are quickly absorbed through the mucous membrane oral cavity, enter the circulatory system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and liver, where drug inactivation is possible. Sublingually administered substances with high activity and the ability to inactivate stomach acid or intestinal enzymes (sex hormones, validol, nitroglycerin).
The rectal route of administration - through the rectum - is convenient in children's practice, as well as for patients in an unconscious state. The absorption of medicinal substances occurs after 7-10 minutes, while they enter the general circulation, bypassing the liver. Medicinal substances are not exposed to digestive tract enzymes.
To parenteral (from lat. par entheron- past the intestines) route of administration includes application to the skin, easily accessible mucous membranes, injection and inhalation routes of administration.
To influence the skin, many dosage forms are used (powders, ointments, pastes, liniments). The action of medicinal substances can be general and local. Mustard plasters placed on the chest cause expansion blood vessels lower extremities. Phenol, camphor, iodine, drugs in the form of emulsions are well absorbed through the skin.
The application of drugs to the mucous membranes is widely used: eye, intranasal, ear. The mucous membranes have a good suction function due to the presence of a large number of capillary blood vessels. The mucous membranes are devoid of a fatty base, therefore, they absorb aqueous solutions of medicinal substances well.
A special place among parenteral dosage forms is occupied by inhaled (from lat. un habare- inhale). With their help, medicinal substances are administered through the respiratory tract, for example gases (oxygen, nitrous oxide, ammonia), volatile liquids (ether, chloroform). Low-volatility liquids are administered using inhalers. The intensity of inhalation absorption of medicinal substances is explained by the huge surface of the pulmonary alveoli (50-80 m 2) and the abundant network of blood vessels in the human lungs. noted fast action medicinal substances, as they occur direct penetration into the bloodstream.
Parenteral dosage forms include injectable dosage forms administered with a syringe. Medicinal substances quickly penetrate into the blood and have an effect in 1-2 minutes and earlier. Injectable dosage forms are necessary when providing emergency assistance, are convenient in the unconscious state and for the introduction of drugs that break down into gastrointestinal tract. In connection with the method of administration of injectable dosage forms, they are presented with special requirements: sterility, non-pyrogenicity, absence of mechanical inclusions.
The classification of LF according to the route of administration is mainly important for the doctor. It is more perfect than classification by state of aggregation; is of technological importance, since, depending on the method of administration, certain requirements are imposed on dosage forms, the fulfillment of which must be ensured by the technological process. However, the disadvantage of the classification is that different dosage forms, differing from each other in type, technologies, belong to a single group, for example, powders and medicines (orally).
8.5. DISPERSOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS (BASED ON THE STRUCTURE OF DISPERSIVE SYSTEMS)
All complex LF by their nature are diverse disperse systems. The distributed substance constitutes the dispersed phase of the system, and the carrier constitutes the continuous dispersion medium.
This classification was created on the basis of the following features:
The presence or absence of a connection between the particles of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium;
Aggregate state of the dispersion medium;
Fineness of the dispersed phase.
IN modern classification dispersed systems are distinguished
2 main groups:
Freely dispersed systems;
Connected disperse systems.
8.5.1. Freely dispersed systems (systems without bonds between particles)
These systems are characterized by the absence of interaction between the particles of the dispersed phase. Due to this, they can freely move relative to each other under the influence of thermal motion or gravity. The particles of the dispersed phase are not connected to each other in one continuous grid. Such systems have fluidity and all the properties characteristic of liquids. These systems are called dispersed, since the dispersed phase is crushed according to
3 measurements: length, width and thickness. subject to availability
or the absence of a dispersion medium and its state of aggregation, the systems are divided into several subgroups. A. Systems without a dispersion medium
In this case, the particles solid not distributed in the mass of the carrier, ie. there is no dispersion medium (it is not introduced into the manufacturing process of LF). By dispersion, these systems are divided into coarse (collections) and fine (powders). Dosage forms of this group are obtained by mechanical grinding and mixing.
The main properties of systems without a dispersion medium are:
Large specific surface;
Appropriate supply of free surface energy;
Increased adsorption properties;
Subordination of particles to the action of gravity (flowability). B. Systems with a liquid dispersion medium
This subgroup includes all liquid dosage forms:
a) solutions - homogeneous systems with maximum grinding of the dispersed phase (1-2 nm) associated with the solvent in the absence of an interface between the phases;
b) sols, or colloidal solutions. The size of the particle diameter does not exceed 100 μm, the interface between the phases is outlined (ultramicroheterogeneous systems);
c) suspensions (suspensions) - microheterogeneous systems with a solid dispersed phase and a liquid dispersion medium. The interface between the phases is visible to the naked eye. The size of the particle diameter does not exceed 100 microns;
d) emulsions - dispersed systems consisting of 2 liquids, insoluble or slightly soluble in each other, phase and medium - mutually immiscible liquids. The dimensions of the liquid phase droplet diameter do not exceed 20 µm;
e) combinations of the listed systems.
Systems with a liquid dispersion medium are obtained by dissolving, suspending and emulsifying. This subgroup of systems includes potions, drops, rinses, lotions, water extracts. A special place in this subgroup is occupied by injectable dosage forms (solutions, sols, suspensions, emulsions). They require sterility and aseptic manufacturing conditions.
B. Systems with a plastic or elastic-viscous dispersion medium
According to the state of aggregation, the dispersion medium occupies a middle position between a liquid and a solid. Depending on the dispersity and state of aggregation of the phase, these systems are divided similarly to systems with a liquid dispersion medium into the following types:
a) solutions;
b) sols;
c) suspensions;
d) emulsions;
e) combined systems.
These systems can also be divided as follows:
Shapeless systems that look like a solid total weight(ointments, pastes), which cannot be given a geometric shape;
Formed systems that have certain regular geometric shapes (candles, balls, sticks).
D. Systems with a solid dispersion medium To systems this class relate:
Aerosols - analogues of colloidal solutions;
Fogs are analogues of emulsions;
Dusts are analogues of suspensions.
8.5.2. Connected disperse systems
These systems are made up of small particles solids, in contact with each other and soldered at the points of contact due to molecular forces, forming in the dispersion medium a kind of spatial grids and frameworks. The particles of the phase are unable to move and can only perform oscillatory motions.
Cohesive-disperse systems may contain a dispersion medium or be free from it.
Cohesive-disperse systems without a dispersion medium are solid porous bodies obtained by compressing or gluing powders (granules, pressed tablets).
Impregnated Connected Disperse Systems. Currently, this subgroup does not combine dosage forms. It includes the bases that are used for the manufacture of ointments, suppositories.
This chapter presents 3 main classification systems for dosage forms. Their advantages and disadvantages are given in Table. 8.1.
Table 8.1. Advantages and disadvantages various systems classification
Classification system | Advantages | Flaws |
1. According to the state of aggregation | Convenient for primary separation of dosage forms | Special requirements for dosage forms depending on the method of application are not taken into account. For example, powders for internal use and external use |
2. By way of administration | 1. Allows you to determine the onset and speed of action of dosage forms (liquid dosage forms act faster than solid ones, since solid ones must dissolve in biological fluids organism). 2. It is of technological importance, since, depending on the method of administration, certain requirements are imposed on dosage forms, the fulfillment of which must be ensured by the technological process. For example, solutions injected into sterile body cavities must be sterile. | It does not provide information about the state of aggregation, about the technological processes that are used in the manufacture of dosage forms. For example, potions and drops are included in different classes, although the manufacturing process is identical. |
3. Based on the structure of dispersed systems | 1. Structural type dosage form determines the technological scheme. 2. Allows predicting the stability of the dosage form during storage of both homogeneous (stable) and heterogeneous (unstable) systems. 3. Makes it possible to visually assess the quality of the prepared preparation: transparent solutions (homogeneous systems), cloudy suspensions (heterogeneous systems) | Different dosage forms, which differ sharply from each other in type, structure and technology, can be included in the same group. For example, solid and liquid disperse systems can be included in the same class |
Control questions
1. What is the need for classification of dosage forms?
2. What is the purpose of using the classification of dosage forms according to the state of aggregation?
3. What is the significance of the classification of dosage forms by route of administration?
4. What groups are dosage forms divided into depending on the routes of administration?
5. List positive sides and shortcomings in the classification of dosage forms by route of administration.
6. What is the essence of dispersological classification and what is its significance for the technology of dosage forms?
7. What are the main principles of dispersological classification?
8. What is the difference between free-dispersed systems and connected-dispersed systems?
dreamy?
9. How dosage forms are divided - dispersed systems in
dependence on the state of aggregation of the dispersion medium?
10. What dispersed systems are dosage forms divided into depending on the fineness of the dispersed phase?
11. What are the general requirements for dosage forms?
Tests
1. The classification of dosage forms by dividing into groups allows:
1. Anticipate still unknown or unexplored phenomena and objects.
2. Correctly name drugs.
2. Dosage form - attached medicine or medicinal plant raw materials, a state convenient for use, in which:
1. Necessary therapeutic effect.
2. Necessary geometric shape.
3. General requirements for dosage forms:
1. Compliance medicinal purpose, the bioavailability of the drug substance in a given dosage form and the corresponding pharmacokinetics.
2. Uniform distribution of medicinal substances in the mass of auxiliary ingredients and hence the accuracy of dosing.
3. Stability during the expiration date.
4. Compliance with the standards of microbial contamination, ease of use, the possibility of correction bad taste; compactness.
5. Compliance with specific requirements reflected in the Global Fund or other regulatory documents.
6. Storage stability.
4. Types of classification of dosage forms:
1. According to the state of aggregation.
2. Depending on the application or dosing method.
3. Depending on the method of introduction into the body.
4. Dispersological classification.
5. Depending on the potent and toxic substances included in the composition.
5. Depending on the method of application or method of dosing, dosage forms are divided into the following classes:
1. Simple.
2. Complex.
3. Dosed.
4. Underdosed.
6. Medicines - liquid dosage forms for internal use:
1. Dosed in drops.
2. Dosed with spoons.
3. Representing a mixture of medicinal substances.
7. Depending on the method and route of administration into the body, dosage forms are divided into:
1. Enteral.
2. Parenteral.
3. Internal.
4. Outdoor.
8. Enteral forms are dosage forms introduced into the body through:
1. Mouth.
2. Rectum.
9. Parenteral forms are dosage forms administered by:
1. Application to the skin and mucous membranes of the body.
2. Injections into the vascular bed (artery, vein), under the skin or muscle.
3. Inhalation, inhalation.
10. The dispersological classification was created on the basis of the following features:
1. The presence or absence of a connection between the particles of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium.
2. Aggregate state of the dispersion medium.
3. Fineness of the dispersed phase.
11. In the dispersological classification, the following main groups are distinguished:
1. Freely dispersed systems.
2. Connected disperse systems.
12. Freely dispersed systems are systems characterized by:
1. The presence of interactions between the particles of the dispersed phase.
2. The absence of interaction between the particles of the dispersed phase.
13. Systems without a dispersion medium:
1. Fees.
2. Powders.
3. Aerosols.
14. Systems with a liquid dispersion medium:
1. Solutions.
2. Sols, or colloidal solutions.
3. Suspensions.
4. Emulsions.
5. Combinations of the listed systems.
15. Cohesive-disperse systems without a dispersion medium are solid porous bodies obtained by:
1. Mixing without crushing.
2. Compression.
3. Powder bonding.
16. Impregnated bonded disperse systems are:
1. Wet dosage forms.
2. The bases that are used for the manufacture of ointments, suppositories.
