Lek form. Liquid dosage forms: characteristics, classification, manufacturing technology

Solution – liquid dosage form, obtained by dissolving a medicinal substance (solid or liquid) in a solvent. In this way, The solution consists of two ingredients: solute and solvent.

The most commonly used solvent is water. distilled ethanol70% , 90% , 95% and liquid oils - peach, vaseline and etc.

Solutions should be clear and free of suspended particles or sediment. Use solutions for external and internal use and also for injection.

Solutions for external use used in the form eyeandear drops, drops in the nose, lotions, rinses, washings, douching.

solution concentration can be defined in three ways:

1) in percentage,

2) in relationships (for example, 1:1000, 1:5000, etc.),

3) in mass-volume ratios (for example, 0.6 - 200 ml, i.e. 200 ml contains 0.6 g of the drug substance).

Suspension – this is a liquid dosage form in which solid finely divided insoluble medicinal substances (dispersed phase, particle size more than 0.1 μm) are in a liquid (dispersed phase (medium)) in a suspended state. Water is used as the dispersion medium vegetable oils, glycerin and other solvents. Suspensions are prescribed internally and externally. Sterile suspensions can be administered intramuscularly.

Emulsion – liquid dosage form, in which water-insoluble liquids (for example, liquid oils) are in suspension in the form of tiny particles, i.e. emulsions are a dispersed system of immiscible liquids. Most often, oil emulsions are used. An example of a natural oil emulsion milk can serve. Emulsions are used internally and externally.

Oil emulsions prepared from liquid oils: castor, almond, etc. For emulsification oils (separating it into tiny particles) add special emulsifiers, which facilitate the formation of tiny droplets. As emulsifiers, gums are used (waste products of some trees that they secrete when the bark is damaged), for example, apricot gum.

Infusions and decoctions – water extracts from vegetable raw materials, obtained by processing herbal medicinal raw materials (leaves, grass, roots, etc.) with water at a temperature of 100 ° C from medicinal plants their active principles are extracted with some admixture ballast substances.

Infusions are often prepared from leaves, flowers, herbs. Decoctions are usually prepared from coarser, denser parts of plants (roots, bark) and in this regard, they differ from infusions in a longer extraction active principles.

For the preparation of infusions and decoctions a weighed amount of medicinal raw materials is placed in a vessel called infundia, and filled with water at room temperature. infundirka placed in boiling water bath: infusions - for 15 minutes, decoctions - for 30 minutes. Then the medicine is filtered and filtered: decoctions - after 10 minutes (hot), infusions - after complete cooling.

Since infusions and decoctions quickly deteriorate, they are prepared immediately before issuing to the patient in the amount required for no more than 3-4 days.

Assign infusions and decoctions, most often inside with tablespoons. In addition, these dosage forms they are also used externally for rinsing, washing, etc.

Tinctures and extracts –most often alcohol extracts from herbal medicinal raw materials. Tinctures are different from extracts lower concentration (tinctures are usually prepared at a concentration of 1:5 or 1:10; the concentration of liquid extracts is 1:1 or 1:2). Unlike infusions and decoctions, tinctures and extracts can be preserved long time, in connection with which they are usually prepared at factories according to certain technological standards.

E Extracts, depending on the consistency, are divided into liquid, thick and dry. Liquid extracts, like tinctures, are colored liquids, thick - viscous masses with a moisture content of not more than 25%, dry - loose masses with a moisture content of not more than 5%.

Novogalenic preparations – extracts from herbal medicinal raw materials, maximally freed from ballast substances (contain the sum of the active principles of plants) and suitable not only for oral administration, but also for parenteral administration. Each novogalenov drug has a special name. Novogalenovy preparations are made at factories.

potions – mixtures of liquid or liquid and solid medicinal substances; can be transparent, cloudy and even with precipitation (the latter should be shaken before use). Medicines are prescribed mainly inside.

Slime- are solutions of high molecular weight mucous substances plant origin(apricot gum, starch, etc.) in water. Mucus is usually used orally or rectally as enveloping agents to protect mucous membranes irritant medicinal substances.

syrups- a liquid dosage form of a viscous consistency, which, in addition to the drug, includes sugar in high concentration to give the drug good taste. Syrups are prescribed only inside and mainly for children.

Solutions, emulsions, infusions, decoctions, tinctures, potions and other methods of their administration:

enteral (inside and rectally),

parenteral (subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, etc.),

external (instillation into the eyes, application to the skin and mucous membranes, use in the form of lotions, washing, etc.);

Solution.

Solution.Solutio(im. p., singular), solutionis (genus p., singular) - a homogeneous transparent liquid without sediment and turbidity, obtained by dissolving one or more medicinal substances in a solvent. As a solvent, they often take:

1. water (distilled or boiled). It is customary to prepare a solution for external or internal use with distilled (Aq. destil-lata), and for injection - with double-distilled water (Aq. bidestillata), boiled (Aq. cocta), and drinking clean tap water (Aq. fontana).

2. Ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus). Alcoholic solutions are more stable than aqueous solutions. They act locally (depending on the concentration of astringent, bactericidal) and general (resorptively). Official alcohol concentrations are -40, 70, 90 and 95%. For intravenous administration, 20-33% is used, oral - 20, externally - 70% ethanol.

3. fixed oils, ethyl ether (Aether aethylicus), vaseline oil (Oleum Vaselini), etc. Oil solutions are prescribed externally, orally, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Solutions for injection are prepared in peach (Oleum Persicorum) or almond (Oleum Amygdalarum) oil, and for external use - in olive (Oleum Olivarum), sunflower (Oleum Helianthi), linseed (Oleum Lini), castor (Oleum Ricini) and other oils. .

When a solvent is not specified in the recipe, then water is taken;

when the strength of alcohol is not indicated, 90% alcohol is used.

Solutions are divided into three groups:

1 internal use,

2 for injection.

3 outdoor applications

Solutions for internalapplication. Enter through the mouth orally (per os) and rectum rectally (per rectum) in enemas. Dosing of solutions is carried out: with spoons, drops, graduated cups, glasses, bottles.

Solutions for internal use are prescribed underdosed in a divisional way in full or short form. In the full form, list all the components of the prescription, indicating the amount of the medicinal substance and solvent. In the signature, it should be noted how the substance is dosed (spoons, glasses, etc.) and the number of doses per day.

Rp.: Calcii chloridi 15.0

Aq. destillatae ad 150 ml

M.D.S. Internal. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Abbreviated form of writing

Rp.: Solutionis Calcii chloridi 10% - 150 ml

Calculation. For 1 intake of calcium chloride, the calf needs 1.5 g, and for 10 - (1.5 10) \u003d 15 g. It was decided to dose with tablespoons: 15 10 \u003d 150 ml. Therefore, water should be taken up to 150 ml.

When prescribing alcohol or oil solutions in short form, after the name of the drug, the words “alcohol” or “oil” (Spirituosa seu oleosa) are written.

Rp.: Solutionis Kalii iodidi spirituosae 4% - 150 ml

D.S. Internal. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Liquids are injected into the rectum in the form of enemas. They can be cleansing or medicinal. The cleansing volume of liquid for large animals is taken up to 10 liters, for small animals - from 300 ml to 2 liters.

Medicinal enemas the volume of liquid is small: for large animals - up to 1 liter, for small animals - 100 ... 150 ml and less. Medicinal enemas put after cleansing. If the drug is irritating, mucus (Mucilago) is added at about 10 times the dose of the drug. The temperature of the drug enema should be within 38 ... 40 ° C. When prescribing them, you need to know: 1 dose of a medicinal substance per 1 injection,

2 volume 1 enema

3 number of injections (usually 1...2).

Rp.: Chlorali hydrati 30.0

Mucilaginis Amyj£

Aq. destillatae aa 300 ml

M.D.S. Rectal. For 1 introduction.

Starch slime is added to the recipe due to the fact that chloral hydrate has an irritating effect.

Solutions for injections. must be accurately dosed and sterile prepared. Administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly and intravenously, etc. Parenterally - bypassing digestive tract drugs are administered with a syringe and needle.

Sterilization- this is the process of deposition of medicinal substances, utensils, auxiliary materials, tools from microorganisms and their spores. There are several ways:

1 in the drying cabinet at 180 °C for 20-60 minutes or at 200 °C for 10...30 minutes;

2 in autoclave at:

119-121 °С (0.1...0.11 MPa) for 8...15 min

110°C (0.05 MPa) - 30-60 min;

3 flowing steam in a steam sterilizer or autoclave at 100 °C for 30...60 minutes;

4. tyndalization (fractional) - daily heating 1 time per day for 1 hour at 60...65 °C for 5 days

5. boiling in a water bath.

Medicinal substances that decompose at 100 ° C are subjected to tyndalization, and from those decomposing at 60 ° C and below, solutions are prepared aseptically - only the bottle and solvent are sterilized, and various antiseptics are added to the solution (0.5% phenol, 0.3 % tricresol, etc.).

parenteral administration Solutions are released in vials or ampoules. Sterile solutions in ampoules are prepared at the factory. When prescribing solutions in vials for injection, you need to know:

1 dose of medicinal substance

2 quantity (volume) of solution per injection,

3 number of introductions.

They are written out in a divisional way in expanded or abbreviated form. When prescribing solutions for injection, it should be indicated that the solution must be prepared sterile (sterilis, sterilisata, sterilisetur or pro injectionibus).

Strong and poisonous medicinal substances are prescribed in such a way that a single dose is contained in 1 ml of solution for small animals or 3-5 ml of solution for large animals.

Example. Dog. Galantamine hydrobromide at a dose of 0.001 g per 10 subcutaneous injection. With a dosed method, you need to take a medicinal substance 0.01 g (0.001 10), and a solvent - distilled water - 1 ml. Therefore, 1 ml is needed for 10 injections 10 = 10 ml.

Rp.: Galanthamini hydrobromidi 0.01

Aq. destillata ad 10ml

M.f. Solutio sterilisata

D.S. Subcutaneous. 1 ml 2 times a day.

The abbreviated formula is given as a percentage.

The first digit is the concentration of the solution (%),

the second is the total amount of solution (ml);

Calculation of the concentration of the solution in percent:

1 ml of solution contains 0.001 g. substances, and in 100 ml:

x-100, x= 0.001 100= 0,1%.

Rp.: Sol. Galanthamini hydrobromidi sterilisatae 0.1% - 10 ml

D.S. Subcutaneous. 1 ml 2 times a day.

Solutions for intravenous administration are prescribed in abbreviated terms.

Cow...

Rp.: Sol. Glucosi sterilisatae 10% - 50 ml

D.S. Intravenous.

Solutions in ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Atropini sulfatis 0.1% - 1 ml

D.t. d. N. 5 in ampuliis

S. Subcutaneous. 1 ml 2 times a day.

When prescribing solutions in ampoules, the signature should be written in 1 ml, and not in 1 ampoule.

Ampoules also release solid preparations that are sensitive to atmospheric influences. Solutions from them are prepared aseptically before use.

Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.3

D.t. d. N. 5 in ampuliis

S. Dissolve the contents of the ampoule in 5 ml of water for intravenous administration.

In such cases, the solvent should be prescribed in the recipes at the same time or a separate prescription should be written for it.

Rp.: Aq. destillatae pro injectionibus 5 ml

D.t. d. N. 5 in ampuliis

S. To prepare a solution of novarsenol.

Solutions for external use. They are usually issued in large volumes. Used for disinfection of instruments, disinfection of premises and irrigation of body cavities. Solutions are prescribed in full or brief form, the concentration of the drug is indicated in percentages or ratios.

Rp.: Solutionis Kalii permanganatis 1: 1000-500 ml

D.S. For irrigation of the mouth.

Rp.: Chloramini B 1.0

Aq. destillatae ad 1200 ml

D.S. Outdoor.

Sometimes concentrated solutions are prescribed for external use, followed by dilution to the desired concentration before use. In this case, the volumes of the concentrated solution and solvent must be accurately indicated in the signature in order to obtain the desired dilution.

Rp.: Sol. Kalii permanganatis 5% - 100 ml

D. S. External. 20 ml per 1 liter of water for washing the wound.

Calculation. To wash the wound, the concentration of potassium permanganate should be 1: 1000, the volume per treatment is 1 liter. The calculation is carried out according to the formula

Required amount of solution, ml Required concentration, %

Available concentration, %

100 ml 0.1% _=20 ml

Therefore, to prepare 1 liter of a solution of potassium permanganate with a concentration of 1: 1000 (0.1%), you need to take 20 ml of its 5% solution.

Potion. Mixtura(named item, singular), mixturae (genus item, singular) is a dosage form obtained by dissolving or mixing (mixtura - mixture) of medicinal substances in liquids. Medicinal substances included in the mixture can be solid or liquid, dissolve completely or form opalescent mixtures or suspensions.

Water, decoctions, infusions, mucus, emulsions and other liquids are used as solvents.

Rp.: Pulveris radicis Ipecacuanhae 5.0

Natrii hydrocarbonatis 20.0

Aq. destillata ad 200 ml

M.D.S. Internal. For 1 reception.

Shake before use.

Rp.: Sol. Natrii bromidi 5% - 50 ml

Tincturae Menthae piperitae 5ml

Infusions.infusum(im. p., sg.), infusi (genus p., singular) - a dosage form obtained by extracting the active principles from medicinal plants with water. They are prescribed to animals of all kinds inside, less often - externally.

Prescribe infusions in an abbreviated form in a non-dosed way. When prescribing infusions, you need to know:

dose of plant material for 1 dose,

number of appointments,

volume of infusion for 1 reception.

The first number in the recipe indicates the amount of plant material, the second - the amount of infusion. At the same time, it is taken into account that the infusion, which includes non-poisonous plants, is prescribed in a ratio of 1: 10; from herb adonis, lily of the valley, ergot, valerian root and rhizome, senega root - 1: 30, and from poisonous plants(foxglove leaf, thermopsis herb) - 1: 400.

Rp.: Infusi herbae Bursae pastoris 60.0 - 600 mi

D.S. Internal. 1 glass for 1 dose 2 times a day.

Calculation. For 1 dose cow grass shepherd's bag you need 20.0 g, for 3 doses - 60.0 g. The infusion is prepared in a ratio of 1:10, therefore, the total infusion will be 600 ml for 3 doses, or 1 glass for 1 dose.

Decoction.Decoctum(im. p., singular) - a dosage form obtained by extracting the active principles from plants with water. For the preparation of decoctions, roots, bark, rhizomes are used, less often - grass, leaves, seeds, flowers.

Decoctions are prescribed and used in the same way as infusions.

Rp.: Decocti corticis

Frangulae ex 30.0 - 400 ml

D.S. Internal. 1 glass per day.

Rp.: Decocti seminis Lini - 200 ml

M.D.S. Internal. For 1 reception.

Emulsion.Emulsum(im. p., unit h.), emulsi (genus p., unit h.) - liquid dosage form, according to appearance resembling milk, is a mixture of water with substances undissolved in it: oils, resins, protein substances.

There are two types of emulsion:

1.true (seed)

2. false (oil).

True emulsions are obtained from seeds and fruits of plants containing fatty oils. If the recipe does not indicate the number of seeds for the preparation of the emulsion, the pharmacist, guided by the pharmacopoeial rule, prepares it in a ratio of 1: 10, which is official.

When prescribing false emulsions, the ingredients are indicated in the recipe: vegetable oil, water, and an emulsifier to give them stability and obtain a homogeneous mass. As the latter, protein substances, gum arabic, starch, gelatin, gelatose, agar, etc. are used, which contribute to the crushing of oil particles and prevent them from sticking together.

Emulsions are stable if the ratio of all their components is:

1 part oil

0.5 part emulsifier

10 parts water.

Write out all emulsions in a non-dose form of the prescription in a short and full form. Apply them inside, less often - externally. Other medicinal substances can be introduced into the emulsion, in which case the prescription ends with the expression M.D.S.

Rp.: Emulsi seminis Cannabis 200 ml

D.S. Internal. For 1 reception.

Rp.: Olei Ricini 30 ml

Ag. coctae ad 300 ml

D.S. Internal. For 1 reception.

Rp.: Seminis Cannabis 20.0

Aq. destillata ad 200 ml

D.S. Internal. For 1 reception.

Tincture.Tinctura(im. p., singular), tincturae (gen. p., singular) an opaque liquid alcohol, alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extract of active principles from plant materials, obtained without heating and removing the extractant. It is prepared mainly in pharmaceutical factories. This is the official form. Assign inside or less often externally.

The tincture is prescribed in a short form in a divisional way, indicating its amount. From a non-potent medicinal raw material, tinctures are prepared in a ratio of 1: 5, and from a potent one - 1: 10.

Rp.: Tincturae Valerianae 40 ml

D.S. Internal. 20 drops 3 times a day.

extracts.Extractum(im. p., singular), extracti (gen. p., singular) - concentrated extracts of active principles from medicinal plants. There are extracts:

1. water (Extracta aquosa),

2. alcohol (Extracta spirituosa)

3. essential (Extracta aetherea).

By consistency:

1. liquid (Extractum fluidum),

2. thick (Extractum spissum)

3. dry (Extractum siccum). Liquid extracts are prepared in a ratio of 1:1 or 1:2.

To prescribe extracts you need to know:

dose for 1 dose

number of tricks.

Liquid extracts are prescribed in the same way as tincture - officially and underdosed; dry - in the form of powders, tablets, suppositories, etc. The consistency of the extract should be indicated in the recipe.

Calf...

Rp.: Extracti Aloes fluidi 50 ml

D.S. Internal. 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

Calculation. Dose liquid extract aloe calf 5 ml per 1 dose (teaspoon). For 10 receptions - 50 ml.

The extracts are kept in a well-sealed container, protected from light, at room temperature.

Slime.Mucilago(im. p., singular), mucilaginis (genus p., singular) - a thick viscous liquid obtained by dissolving or extracting mucous substances from plants with water, as well as by swelling gum (Arabian, or Arabic).

Aerosols. Tiny droplets of liquid or solid particles suspended in a gaseous medium. Aerosols from solid particles formed by fragmentation are called dust, and as a result of condensation, they are called fumes.

Pharmacology: lecture notes Valeria Nikolaevna Malevannaya

2. Solid dosage forms

Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, etc. Tablets(tabulette, tab.) is obtained by pressing a mixture of medicinal and excipient. Distinguish between simple and complex composition.

1. Rp.: Tab. Analgini 0,5 № 10

D.S.. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

2. Rp.: Amidopyrini

Butadioni aa 0.125

№ 20 tab.

S. 1 tablet 3 times a day (after meals).

Dragee(Dragee) is made by layering medicinal and excipients for granules.

Rp.: Nitroxolini 0,05

D.t. d. № 50 in dragee

S. 2 tablets 4 times a day with meals.

Powders(Pulveres, Pulv.) are intended for internal, external or injection (after dissolution) use. There are undosed, simple and complex powders, including powders, and dosed, simple and complex powders.

The mass of the dosed powder should be 0.1–1.0. At a dose of less than 0.1, indifferent substances are added to the composition, most often sugar ( Saccharum).

Volatile, hygroscopic dosed powders are released in special paper (waxed, waxed or parchment) and the recipe indicates: D. t. d. No. 20 in charta(paraffinata, pergaminata).

1. Rp.: Streptocidi 10,0

D.S.. For dressing wounds.

2. Rp.: Pul. foliorum digitalis 0,05

D.t. d. № 30

S. 1 powder 2 times a day.

Capsules(capsules) - gelatin shells, which include dosed powder, granular, pasty, semi-liquid and liquid medicinal substances.

Rp.: Olei Ricini 1,0

D.t. d. № 30 in capsule gelatinosis

S. 1 capsule per dose.

Granules(granulae) is a solid dosage form in the form of particles with a size of 0.2-0.3 mm, intended for oral administration.

The composition of the granules includes both medicinal and excipients.

Rp.: Granulum urodani 100,0

S. 1 tsp. 4 times a day (before meals, in 0.5 cups of water).

In addition, there are films and records(Membranulae and Lamellae) - special solid dosage forms that contain medicinal substances on a polymer basis; glossets(Glossetes) - small tablets intended for sublingual or buccal use; caramel(Caramela) are prepared in the form of sweets containing sugar and molasses.

Used to treat oral diseases poultices(cataplasmata) - semi-solid drugs that have anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effects.

Soluble tablets(Solvellenae) is dissolved in water. The solution is applied externally (for example, furacilin tablets).

From book Latin language for doctors author A. I. Shtun

38. Dosage forms Aerosolum, -i (n) - aerosol - dosage form, which is a dispersed system obtained using special packaging. Granulum, -i (n) - granule - solid dosage form in the form of grains, grains. Gutta, - ae (f) - drop - dosage form,

From the book Pharmacology: lecture notes author

2. Solid dosage forms Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, etc. Tablets (Tabulette, Tab.) are obtained by pressing a mixture of a drug and an excipient. There are simple and complex in composition.1. Rep.: Tab. Analgini

From the book Pharmacology author Valeria Nikolaevna Malevannaya

4. Dosage forms for injections. Soft dosage forms Dosage forms for injection include sterile aqueous and oil solutions. There are simple and complex in composition. Rp .: Sol. Glucosi 5% - 500 ml; Rp.: Sol. Camphorae oleosae 20% - 2 mlSteril.! D.t. d. No. 10 in amp.D. S. dripSolutions in

From the book Family Book author Tatyana Demyanovna Popova

3. Validity of prescriptions and dosage of medicinal substances. Solid dosage forms Prescription for narcotic and poisonous drugs is valid for 5 days; for ethyl alcohol - 10 days; for all others - up to 2 months from the date of discharge. Solid dosage forms include

From the book 33 Recipes for men author V. D. Sheremetiev

Dosage forms Homeopathic medicines are prepared in the form of grains, tablets, powders and alcohol solutions in pharmaceutical laboratories and specialized pharmacies. The most common form at present is

From the book Golden Mustache. Treatment and prevention colds author Julia Ulybina

Dosage forms and use Inside - an infusion of dry rhizomes (10 g of raw materials per 200 ml of boiling water), a quarter cup 3-4 times a day for 30 minutes. before meals. Tincture of dry rhizomes (prepared in a ratio of 1: 5 in 40% alcohol or vodka), 0.5 teaspoon 3 times a day before meals; juice (fresh

From the book Siberian Health Recipes. Miracle Remedies from all diseases author Maria Vitalievna Nikitina

Dosage forms and application Inside - a decoction of the roots (25 g of roots per 0.5 l of water, boil for 10 minutes) taken 4 times a day before meals; Fresh Juice from grass or roots, take 1 tablespoon in half a glass of water with the addition of honey, 3 times a day. SINGLEHEAD PRIMORSKY

From the book Dandelion, plantain. natural medicines author Yuri Konstantinov

Dosage Forms From the succulent parts of the plant, juice is obtained and syrup, ointment, tea, decoction for poultices and other dosage forms are prepared. Juice Plant juice is squeezed out of freshly harvested raw materials immediately or within a day after its collection. Used internally for colitis and ulcers

From the book Ginger - a universal healer author Olga Vladimirovna Romanova

Dosage forms Powders, pills, ointments, tinctures are made from bear bile. Dried bile is marketed in the form of a gallbladder. The cost of such a bag is from 200 to 250 rubles per gram. Whole gallbladder a bear weighs an average of 30–80 g. To the market

From the book Essential Medicines Handbook author Elena Yurievna Khramova

Dosage forms Bear and badger fat supplied to the market in in kind(melted fat); sold in pharmacies in the form of biologically active additive to write; is a part of medical and cosmetic creams and ointments. Bear and badger have proven themselves well

From the author's book

Dosage forms Manufacturers supply to the market beaver stream in its natural form (whole dry iron), as well as in the form of powders and ready-made tinctures. Some traditional healers strong rubbing and ointments are made from natural raw materials. Essential

From the author's book

Dosage forms The complex complex of active ingredients of ginseng has not been separated, and they have not yet been obtained separately, therefore, from the roots of this medicinal plant make tinctures and extracts. The most common in medical practice is alcohol

From the author's book

Dosage forms Buy fresh cedar resin can be from the manufacturers. There are a lot of private ads and offers from various companies on the Internet. To prepare turpentine balm, the collected resin is cleaned and filtered, and then mixed with cedar and

From the author's book

Dosage forms Decoction 1. Preparing in the following way: 1 tbsp. a spoonful of crushed roots pour 1 cup hot water, simmer for 15 minutes, cool for 45 minutes and strain. Take 1/3-1/2 cup 3 times a day 15 minutes before meals with liver diseases,

From the author's book

Dosage forms If you are interested in getting rid of an ailment, you need to clearly understand what and how to take for a particular disease, which folk remedies component is ginger and how these folk remedies to use them so that their action is as soft as possible,

From the author's book

Dosage forms All medicines can be divided according to their state of aggregation into the following forms: - solid; - liquid; - soft; - gaseous. Also, drugs are divided according to the method of their introduction into the body (orally through the mouth, in the form of injections,

The variety of dosage forms requires their systematization, which combines into groups individual phenomena and facts, determines the optimal scheme for the manufacture of a medicinal product. Currently, there are several classifications of dosage forms based on different approaches and principles.

none of existing classifications cannot be called universal, therefore, their further improvement and search for new ones continues.

The earliest is the classification of dosage forms according to the state of aggregation, proposed by Academician Yu. K. Trapp (1814-1908).

Classification of dosage forms according to the state of aggregation.

In accordance with this classification, all dosage forms are divided into four groups: solid, liquid, soft, gaseous.

Solid dosage forms include powders, tablets, granules, microgranules; to liquid - potions, drops, lotions, rinses; to soft ones - ointments, pastes, patches; to gaseous - gases, vapors (atomized liquids), aerosols.

This distribution of dosage forms allows you to get a primary idea of the nature of the technological process; choose a package to some extent predict the rate of onset pharmacological effect(as a rule, liquid dosage forms have more fast action than solid ones).

Classification according to the method of application and routes of administration. She is

most perfect. For the first time such a classification was proposed by V.A. Tikhomirov, who, based on the routes of administration, divided all dosage forms into 2 large groups: enteral (introduced through gastrointestinal tract) and parenteral (which is administered bypassing the digestive tract). A later classification is given in Table. 7.1.

Enteral route of administration - through the mouth, through the rectum - As a modification oral route can be considered sublingual administration(under the tongue). Medicinal substances are quickly absorbed through the mucous membrane oral cavity, enter general circle blood circulation, bypassing the barriers of the gastrointestinal tract and liver.

Table 7.1

Classification of dosage forms

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Path introductions	Mode of application	Dosage forms	Marking
Enteral	Through the mouth (per os)	Powders, medicines, oral drops, pills	Internal
	Through the rectum (per rectum)	Suppositories, enemas, rectal ointments, rectiols, rectocapsules	Outdoor
	Sublingual, buccal (partial entry into the gastrointestinal tract)	Tablets, oral capsules, films, drops	Internal
Parente	In the form of injections and infusions, implantation	Solutions, suspensions, emulsions, soluble powders, implantable capsules	Inyekpi-
	On the skin covering and mucous membranes	Ointments dermatological, ophthalmic; drops ophthalmic, nasal, ear, lotion	Outdoor
	Transdermal administration, through the mucous membrane	Solutions for ion electrophoresis, therapeutic transdermal systems (TDS), patches	Outdoor
	In natural and pathological cavities body, including cavities that do not contain microorganisms	Sticks, vaginal suppositories, washing solutions, etc.	Outdoor
	Through the respiratory organs	Inhalation dosage forms (aerosols, sprays, vapors)	Outdoor
	For wounds and burn surfaces	Solutions, ointments, etc.
	Sublingual (absorption into the blood in the oral cavity, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract)	Tablets, capsules, oral drops	Internal

Rectal (Latin rectus - direct) route of administration - through the rectum (per rectum) is able to provide both local and general action medicinal substance to the body. It is convenient in pediatric practice, in geriatrics; for patients who are unconscious.

Parenteral (lat. par enteron - past the intestines) methods of administration are very diverse. This is application to the skin, to easily accessible mucous membranes (nose, eyes), injection, inhalation and transdermal routes of administration.

The classification is of technological importance, since, depending on the method of administration, certain requirements are imposed on dosage forms, the fulfillment of which must be ensured by the technological process.

The classification allows to resolve the issue of the need to check the doses of substances of lists A and B (enteral route of administration); arrange the drug in accordance with the method of application. Depending on the route and method of administration, appropriate labels are used.

Classification of dosage forms according to the features (nature) of the dosage. In this case, dosage forms are divided into dosed (powders, pills, suppositories, solutions for injections in ampoules, eye films) and non-dosed (potions, powders, ointments).

This division allows different approach when checking the substances of lists A and B, choosing the nature of the packaging, appropriate packaging, quality control (checking the number of doses, deviation in the weight of the dose, etc.).

Classification of dosage forms depending on the age of patients. It involves the division of dosage forms into children's (pediatric) - for patients under the age of 14 years ( special group for newborns - children under the age of 1 month); for the middle-aged category of patients (from 14 to 60 years); geriatric (for patients over 60 years of age).

The differences between the drugs of these groups consist in the difference in the prescribed doses of the drugs of lists A, B, etc.;

the admissibility of the introduction of certain excipients, taking into account the anatomical, morphological and physiological characteristics the patient's body;

strict regulation of the conditions for the manufacture of drugs for newborns;

the appearance of specific age-related dosage forms (dragees, sweet syrups, lozenges, medicinal sweets, etc.).

Classification of dosage forms based on the structure of dispersed systems. It is the most perfect and important for the pharmacist.

Physicochemical systems in which a crushed substance is distributed in another substance are called dispersed.

systems. The distributed substance constitutes the dispersed phase of the system, and the carrier constitutes the continuous dispersion medium.

Dosage forms can be without a dispersion medium or with a dispersion medium of different aggregate states (liquid, solid, viscoplastic and gaseous).

Systems without a dispersion medium. In this case, the dispersion medium is absent, since it is not introduced by the pharmacist during the manufacturing of the dosage form. By dispersion, these systems are divided into coarse (collections) and fine (powders).

Systems with a liquid dispersion medium. According to the nature of the dispersed phase and the nature of the connection with the dispersion medium, the following are distinguished:

a) true solutions in different solvents - homogeneous systems in which medicinal substances are in ionic or molecular form;

b) colloidal solutions with a micellar degree of crushing, in which the interface between the phases is outlined (ultramicroheterogeneous systems);

c) suspensions (suspensions) - microheterogeneous systems with a solid dispersed phase and a liquid dispersion medium. The interface between the phases is visible to the naked eye;

d) emulsions - also microheterogeneous systems, consisting of two liquids, insoluble one in the other;

e) combined systems.

Systems with a viscoplastic dispersion medium. According to the state of aggregation, the dispersion medium occupies a middle position between liquid and solid. Depending on the dispersion and state of aggregation of the dispersed phase, these systems are divided into: homogeneous (solutions), microheterogeneous (suspensions, emulsions), combined systems, which can be represented by a combination of any type of disperse systems. They may appear solid total mass(ointments, pastes) or a certain geometric shape (candles, balls, sticks).

Systems with a gaseous dispersed medium. This subgroup includes gas solutions and mists, fumes: inhalations, fumigations, smoking fumes, aerosols - microheterogeneous dispersed systems.

Dispersological classification allows you to choose best option technology, to anticipate the stability of dosage forms during storage, to evaluate the quality of the manufactured Preparation.

General requirements for dosage forms. The dosage form should provide:

Necessary pharmachologic effect and bioavailability of medicinal substances;

Uniform distribution of medicinal substances in the mass (volume) of the drug and dosing accuracy;

Stability during the established shelf life;

Compliance with the standards of microbial contamination, and if necessary - sterility;

Compactness;

Ease of use.

In pharmacies, we see thousands of different drugs every day. Tablets, sprays, syrups, suspensions… It makes my head spin. Which is better: solid or liquid dosage forms? What is the peculiarity of medicines in vials? Let's take a closer look at what is hidden in these mysterious liquids.

What are these drugs for?

Liquid dosage forms have a wide range of applications. Often they are used as internal remedy, less often - external. These drugs are available in special glass containers.

They treat colds and eye diseases, cough and gastrointestinal ailments, and some medicinal fluids are used in the process of complex surgical interventions.

What are they?

In order for the user to clearly distinguish one type of medication in a vial from another, there is a classification of liquid dosage forms. According to it, all such funds can be divided into the following groups:

potions;
extracts;
syrups;
solutions;
decoctions and infusions;
drops;
emulsions;
baths;
tinctures;
suspensions.

Each type has specific uses. Let's look at these liquid dosage forms in more detail.

potions

This form of medication is a powder or liquid. They are usually dissolved in water. Liquid medicine includes solutions of salts, extracts, syrups and fragrant waters. These liquid dosage forms are made on the basis of individual need by prescription in pharmacies. They are stored for no more than five days.

Dry mixtures are sold in the form of a powder, which is brought to the desired volume with water at home. Such drugs should be stored according to the manufacturer's recommendations: in the refrigerator or at room temperature.

In the manufacture of medicine, the following principle is used: first, rubbing of substances that dissolve most easily. Then begin to introduce pre-homogenized poorly soluble components. initially ground into powder with the addition of water.

If it is required to add to the composition of the medicine to an aqueous solution alcohol tincture, it is recommended to do this in small portions to prevent precipitation.

extracts

The peculiarity of these funds is that the technology for the manufacture of liquid dosage forms is reduced to the extraction useful substances from medicinal herbs into the solvent and its subsequent concentration. Extracts are divided into three types:

liquid, which are dosed by volume;
dry (they are loose, the proportion of water is not more than 5%), they are usually included in the composition of tablets;
thick (viscous in consistency, the proportion of water is not more than 25%).

Extracts can be used internally or externally. They are stored for up to five years in a package in a cool place without access to light, during which precipitation is likely. Therefore, it is best to shake the extract before use.

syrups

The preparation of liquid dosage forms in the form of syrups is reduced to the thickening of sucrose solutions. In addition to the main active ingredients, they may include extracts and flavors. By their consistency, syrups are thick, transparent and have a taste and smell characteristic of the drug.

These dosage forms are taken orally and are very popular in pediatrics for "sweetening" children's medicines. Usually healing effect from taking syrup is superior to that of tablets. Store them in a container with a tightly screwed lid in a cool, dark place. The shelf life of the syrup from the pharmacy is at least two years.

Solutions

This dosage form is absolutely transparent and sterile. The introduction of solutions is associated with a puncture of the skin. This medication produced in ampoules or vials (glass or polyethylene). If the volume of the solution exceeds 100 ml, it is called "infusion". Such funds are usually injected into the vein through a dropper. These can be solutions for hemodynamics, adjusting the balance of water and salts, detoxification, and a wide range action polyfunctional means. There is a certain rule: if it is necessary to do subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, then both solutions and suspensions of a transparent type can be used. Only transparent homogeneous solutions are allowed to be administered intravenously.

Solutions are usually prepared by diluting a liquid, solid or gaseous component in a solvent. This tool must be transparent and homogeneous, the presence of flakes, precipitation, suspensions is unacceptable. In order to filter the solution, special paper or filters are used, folded into a glass funnel on a stand.

Most often, water is used as a solvent. If the solution is intended for injection, then it must be sterile, if external use is intended, then boiled is also suitable. If a medicinal substance does not dissolve in water, then ethyl alcohol or ether or oils can be used as a solvent (for injection purposes - castor, sunflower, external - fish fat). Therefore, the solutions themselves are divided into alcohol, water, oil or ether.

There are also solutions intended for external (on wounds, mucous membranes, skin, etc.) and internal use. They are homogeneous and transparent. Such funds are produced in vials with a stopper in the form of a dropper, which closes with a screw.

Solutions are stored in a refrigerator or at room temperature. This is usually described in the instructions for the drug.

Decoctions and infusions

These dosage forms are aqueous extracts from medicinal plants or solutions of a dry or liquid extract. Most often they are used inside. The production of liquid dosage forms in the form of a decoction or tincture is usually carried out in a ratio of 1:10, that is, 10 g of the product is obtained from 1 g of plant material. Taking into account the moisture absorption coefficient, water needs to be taken a little more. If an infusion is prepared from valerian or adonis, the proportion is 1:30. In the case of using plants with a potent component, a ratio of 1:400 is applied.

If a concentrate is used, then it is taken in the volume of the component according to the recipe.

The technology for making infusion and decoction is as follows:

medicinal raw materials in crushed form are poured with water at room temperature;
the mixture is insisted on a water bath with continuous stirring for 15 (for infusion) or 30 minutes (for decoction);
cooled to room temperature;
filter;
add water to the required volume.

Decoctions of plants containing tannins(oak, lingonberry, bearberry, etc.) should be filtered while hot, and from hay leaves - only as it cools completely. Infusions should be stored in the refrigerator for no more than two days and shaken before use.

Drops

This term refers to solutions, emulsions or suspensions that need to be dosed in drops. They are for internal ("Nitroglycerin") or for external (nasal, eye, ear) use.

On the bottle, the manufacturer usually installs a dispenser in the form of a dropper, which allows you to measure right amount medicines. The latter should be stored in a cool place without access to light.

emulsions

These drugs are two insoluble liquids, one of which is active substance(balm or oil) and the other with water. The appearance of the emulsion is homogeneous and opaque. They can be used orally, topically or parenterally. If these liquid dosage forms (whose recipes every pharmacist knows) were made in a pharmacy, then their shelf life in the refrigerator is a couple of days. Industrial analogues retain their properties unchanged up to 1.5 years.

Baths

As ancillary procedures accompanying the main treatment, doctors may prescribe a bath with special aqueous solutions. They have a directed effect on the body: relax, strengthen, tone or fight bacteria. For procedures, extracts of various plants or mineral components can be used. The most popular baths are made of needles, lavender, as well as oxygen or thermal baths.

Tinctures

Often used for treatment and these liquid dosage forms. Their characteristic is as follows: they can be colored and have characteristic aroma. The tincture is made by alcohol extraction of the drug. plant component. They can be taken externally or internally, diluted with water or dripping on sugar. Their shelf life is longer than that of infusions and decoctions.

However, the bottle of tincture should be tightly closed and stored in the refrigerator without access to light. During storage, a precipitate may form, so it is necessary to shake the product before use.

Suspensions

The manufacture of liquid dosage forms in the form of a suspension is reduced to the distribution of powdered components in a liquid medium (oil, water, glycerin, etc.). They can be taken orally, topically, parenterally or intramuscularly. Shake the suspension for 1 or 2 minutes immediately before use. They should be stored in the refrigerator without access to light. Freezing suspensions is considered unacceptable.

The choice of liquid medicines is really great. Sometimes this form of medication is necessary measure. For example, children are much more likely to drink a sweet syrup than a nasty pill. In addition, it has been scientifically proven that this form of the drug works more efficiently than its solid counterpart. The most important thing in the treatment of liquid medicines- follow the doctor's instructions, instructions, store properly and do not use after the expiration date. If you decide to try herbal infusions, decoctions, tinctures or extracts, make sure you don't have allergic reaction on the components of the composition of the agent. For children prone to manifestations of dermatitis, manufacturers produce sugar-free syrups and emulsions, so kids should choose just such drugs. Be healthy!