Cytostatics and cytotoxins. Cytostatics - mechanism of action, side effects

Cytostatics- drugs that inhibit or completely suppress cell division by inhibiting their mitotic activity, as well as the growth of connective tissue.

Cytostatic agents are primarily related to (affect intracellular metabolism) and are used primarily for the treatment malignant tumors.

The greatest impact is exerted on rapidly dividing cells of malignant neoplasms, with reticulosis, as well as on intensively growing epithelial cells in psoriatic lesions.

Together with a decrease in the mitotic activity of cells, cytostatic agents have an immunosuppressive effect.

Cytostatic drugs

An immunosuppressant that simultaneously has some cytostatic effect. It is used to suppress the reaction of tissue incompatibility during organ transplantation, systemic diseases, non-specific ulcerative colitis and etc.

It is the most active cytostatic antagonist folic acid(antifolic agent, antifolica); anticancer drug, is highly toxic, as a result of which it is indicated only when severe forms diseases.

Hydroxyurea- antimetabolite, less toxic than methotrexate. IN large doses ah, however, hydroxyurea can cause kidney damage. Young men and women are not prescribed hydroxyurea.

Cytostatic substance of the alkylating type. The drug inhibits the proliferative activity of tissues, including the development of tumors. It has a selective inhibitory effect on lymphopoiesis.

Inhibits the formation of young cells. Treatment with Mercaptopurine for 15-45 days is carried out under close clinical supervision. The drug should be used with caution in diseases of the liver and kidneys. How side effects taking Mercaptopurine may experience leukopenia, dyspepsia, vomiting, diarrhea.

A cytostatic antimetabolite of folic acid, an analog of Aminopterin, reduces cell activity; an antitumor agent with an immunosuppressive effect.

(Busulfan, Mileran) - an analogue of Methotrexate, produced in Sweden. Myelosan is less toxic, but causes side effects in the form of inhibition of bone marrow hematopoiesis, vascular dystonia, decreased sexual function in men, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.

It is even less toxic than Methotrexate and hydroxyurea, it inhibits bone marrow hematopoiesis less.

An anticancer drug used in cancer of the larynx and malignant neoplasms pharynx, regardless of the stage, form of growth and localization of the tumor.

Cytostatic, in its own way pharmacological properties close to, but less toxic and somewhat better tolerated by patients. It is used to treat cancer of the rectum and colon, stomach cancer, breast cancer. It is used in the treatment of patients with psoriatic arthritis, as it has analgesic and local anesthetic effects.

A cytostatic agent that has an active therapeutic effect at tumor processes. The drug inhibits hematopoiesis.

Side effects of cytostatic agents

Due to inhibition of the growth of rapidly dividing tissue cells of the lymphoid system, bone marrow, epithelium by cytostatics digestive tract patients sometimes develop stomatitis, hemorrhagic diathesis, progressive cytopenia, exacerbate peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum symptoms appear toxic injury liver up to the development of cirrhosis.

The immunosuppressive effect of cytostatic drugs contributes to the activation of pathogenic microflora, as a result of which exacerbation is possible. pathological processes in chronic pyococcal and tuberculous foci, the body's resistance to pathogenic factors decreases.

There is an assumption that due to the suppression cytostatic agents defensive reaction cells create conditions for cell malignancy.

Immunosuppressive drugs have common property suppress cell reproduction by blockade or destruction of nuclear DNA, as a result of which its replication necessary for cell division is interrupted. Most wide application these drugs have been obtained in oncological practice, where they are used as antiproliferative agents in high doses. In addition, their use is necessary to suppress the response of the recipient during organ transplantation. This makes it possible to prolong the engraftment period, prevent the rejection crisis or stop it. IN last years immunosuppressive drugs also began to be used in the treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases, using them in small doses long time(months, years). Positive result sometimes achieved after a few weeks or months from the start of therapy.

1. Antimetabolites

Purine antagonists - 6 mercaptopurine (6-MP), azathioprine. Pyrimidine antagonists - 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromodeoxyuridine. folic acid antagonists - aminopterin, methotrexate.

Antimetabolites have a structure similar to physiologically important compounds (amino acids, nucleotide bases, vitamins), but do not have their properties. Involved in the metabolism, they cause the synthesis of compounds that are not absorbed by the cell and block certain metabolic reactions.

2. Alkylating compounds

Cyclophosphamide, chlorbutine, sarcolysin. In vitro the effectiveness of drugs in this group is not expressed. Alkylation occurs only after the elimination of the cyclic phosphorus-containing compound. In other words, the immunosuppressive effect is determined not by the drugs themselves, but by their degradation products in the body.

3. Antibiotics

Along with their action on bacteria, fungi, they are endowed with cytostatic and immunosuppressive properties. According to the mechanism of action, these drugs represent a heterogeneous group.

The clinic actively uses mitomycin C, dactinomycin, chloramphenicol, daunorubicin.

4. alkaloids

Colchicine, vinblastine, vincristine.

5. Other drugs

L-asparaginase is an enzyme produced by many organisms. Most often it is obtained from Escherichia coli. Used in the treatment autoimmune diseases and transplants.

Sulfazine, salazopyridazine belong to the group of sulfanilamide drugs, in recent years they have been used in the complex treatment of autoimmune diseases as immunosuppressants and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Cyclosporine is a fungal metabolite, a peptide consisting of 11 amino acids. It has several varieties: A, B, C, F, D, H, etc. It has the ability to suppress T cell immunity through the suppression of T-lymphocytes, without affecting the B-link.

Heparin and aminocaproic acid endowed with anticomplementary action, suppressing complement-dependent reactions; used, for example, in autoimmune hemolytic anemias.

γ -globulin- with the introduction of antigen with high concentrations of this drug, the induction of immune paralysis is possible.

enzymes, for example, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, xanthine oxidase inhibit the formation of antibodies.

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) are endowed with certain immunosuppressive properties. Side effects are observed in 20-30% of cases in the form of nephritis, exanthema.

6. Corticosteroids

This group includes pregnane derivatives. The main targets of drugs and pharmachologic effect glucocorticosteroids:

Induction of enzymatic activity;

carbohydrate metabolism;

amino acid metabolism;

Stabilization of cell membranes;

Protection of lysosomal membranes;

Inhibition of diffusion through biomembranes;

Strengthening the action of catecholamines;

Inhibition of synthesis, release and action of mediators during inflammatory processes and allergies.

7. Irradiation

Action radiotherapy is based on ionization caused by X-rays and γ-rays with the formation of active radicals (HO2+, H+, H3O+) of water inside cells. They cause changes in nucleic acid metabolism, which leads to disorders in protein metabolism and cell function.

High (lethal) radiation doses (900-1200 rad) completely exclude the possibility of any immune response. Sat lethal doses(300-500 rad) for a long time deprive the ability to immune response, mitoses are suppressed in the lymphatic tissue and the cells are damaged, many cells are necrotic. This is followed by a long period of inactivation of mitosis and proliferation. After irradiation, the number of cells is restored within 3 months, CD19 (B)-lymphocytes - 6 months, CD3 (T)-lymphocytes - up to 12 months.

8. Anti-lymphocyte serum

Anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS), anti-lymphocyte γ -globulin (ALG). These preparations are obtained by heterologous immunization. Spleen cells, lymphocytes are used as antigens. thoracic duct, peripheral blood, lymph nodes.

9. Surgical methods treatment of autoimmune diseases

autoimmune hemolytic anemia(splenectomy), sympathetic ophthalmia (enucleation), autoimmune pericarditis (pericardectomy), autoimmune thyroiditis (thyroidectomy).

10. Indications for the use of cytostatics

Confirmed diagnosis of an autoimmune disease;

progressive course;

Unfavorable prognosis;

A situation where other therapeutic options have been exhausted;

Resistance to glucocorticoids;

Contraindications to corticosteroids, for example, splenectomy;

Development of life-threatening complications of autoimmune diseases (bleeding, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura);

Advanced age (if possible).

11. Contraindications to immunosuppressive therapy

Presence of an infection (it can get out of control);

Upcoming surgery (kidney transplant);

Insufficient bone marrow function (the cytostatic effect of immunosuppressors is dangerous);

Decreased function of the kidneys, liver;

Pregnancy or desire to have a child;

Gross disorders in the immune system.

General principles for prescribing therapy

Usually, therapy begins with large doses. After achieving the desired effect, they switch to a maintenance course, which is 1/2-1/4 of the initial dose. The effectiveness of treatment is assessed by parameters specific to each nosoform. It is generally accepted that the duration of therapy is at least 3 weeks, although other options are possible. The exception is methotrexate, which should not be used for more than 4 weeks. With exacerbation of immune processes, the doses of drugs are increased. Almost all immunosuppressive drugs are used in combination with hormones.

Common side effects

1. Bone marrow dysfunction. First of all, cells with high mitotic activity (hematopoietic cells) are damaged.

2. Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Nausea, vomiting,

structures of the stomach. Can be gastrointestinal bleeding(methotrexate).

3. Predisposition to infections. The disorders are based on damage to the skin and mucocutaneous barrier, suppression of lymphatic defense mechanisms(leukopenia, decreased intensity of phagocytosis, inhibition of inflammatory processes), blocking immune mechanisms. These phenomena are enhanced by complexing with corticosteroids.

4. Allergic reactions. They develop after taking ALS and some other drugs. They often appear as skin lesions eosinophilia and drug fever.

5. carcinogenic effect. In addition to the main action, immunosuppressive drugs block the mechanisms that ensure the elimination of blast cells. Such cells, which have already undergone the process of differentiation, are not controlled by the body and can be the cause of the formation of tumors. Especially often these processes occur in patients with "transplanted" tumors.

6. Violation reproductive function and teratogenic effects.

When prescribing alkylating compounds, there is a risk of infertility in both women and men in 10-70% of cases. When taking these drugs, pregnancy should be avoided even 6 months after stopping the course of treatment.

7. Growth stop. When prescribing drugs to children, growth retardation may occur.

8. Other side effects. Alkylating derivatives induce disorders of spermatogenesis, amenorrhea, pulmonary fibrosis. Mielosan- hyperpigmentation, weight loss. Cyclophosphamide- hair loss, hemorrhagic cystitis. Antimetabolites- impaired liver function. Vinca alkaloids- neurotoxic effect, ataxia, motor disturbances.

myelosuppression (anemia, leuko-thrombocytopenia)

gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)

toxic damage to organs: heart, lungs (methotrexate causes pulmonary fibrosis), liver ( toxic hepatitis), kidneys (dysuric phenomena up to hemorrhagic cystitis when using cyclophosphamide), gonads (violation menstrual function, spermatogenesis), nervous system(neurotoxic effect).

decreased immunity, exacerbation or accession of infections.

Leflunomide (Arava) - has antiproliferative, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. The main indication is rheumatoid arthritis.

Infliximab (remicade) Immunosuppressant containing chimeric muscle-human IgG 1 monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alpha. It is prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis in the absence of the effect of methotrexate treatment at the maximum tolerated dose (up to 20 mg / week) for 3 months.

6.Practical work

Analysis of the medical history.

Curation of the patient with an emphasis on the pharmacological history.

Studying annotations.

7. Tasks for understanding the topic of the lesson:

Final level tests

1. Compared to other NSAIDs, aspirin is unfair:

Less fluid retention

Less causes dystrophy

Less likely to cause leukopenia

Less ulcerogenic

Everything is fair

2. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) gives analgesic and antipyretic effects due to

Decreased synthesis of prostaglandins in the CNS

Interactions with opiate receptors

Blockade of lipoxygenase

Direct effect on peripheral vessels

None of the above

3. Most effective for the prevention of erosion from NSAID drugs

β-blockers

H-2 - blockers

prostaglandins

M-anticholinergics

All equally effective

4. Does not apply to selective COX-2 blockers

Meloxicam

Diclofenac

Nimesulide

Celecoxib

5. Correlate the name of the GCS and the severity of the mineralcorticoid effect

Hydrocortisone a) pronounced

Prednisolone b) absent

Dexamethasone c) moderately pronounced

6. Supportive (minimum daily dose prednisolone)

is:

1. Depends on the condition of the patient

7. More often than other corticosteroids, pulse therapy is used

Hydrocortisone

Methylprednisolone

Triamcinolone

None of them

Everything is about the same

8. “Basic” funds do not include

Quinolones

Preparations of gold

Penicillamine

Sulfasalazine

9. Typical side effects of cytostatics do not include

Toxic effect on the blood

Dyspeptic disorders

sexual dysfunctions

Attention and memory disorders

Task #1

A 16-year-old patient was admitted because of pain in the left knee joint, fever up to 39C, general weakness, sweating. 3 weeks ago he had a sore throat, took ampicillin 0.5 g 4 times a day for 5 days. A week ago I had pain in my elbow joints.

Objectively: the left knee joint is enlarged, hyperemic, hot to the touch, painful on palpation and movement. Other joints and internal organs without features. Tonsils are not changed. KLA: leukocytosis, ESR 60 mm/h

Suggest a diagnosis?

The role of transferred angina?

Suggest a treatment option.

Task number 2.

A 47-year-old patient was admitted to the Department of Rheumatology with complaints of pain in the small joints of the hands, feet, shoulder, knee joints, stiffness in the morning, fever, weakness. For 13 years - rheumatoid arthritis. Constantly taking prednisolone 5 mg/day, diclofenac 100 mg/day, calcium supplements. Deterioration 3 days ago, when body temperature increased, pain in the joints intensified, weakness appeared.

Objectively: the joints of the hands, shoulder joints and the ankle joint on the left are edematous, hyperemic, mobility is limited. In KLA leukocytosis, ESR 47 mm/h. CRP +++, seromucoid 0.54 units, RF 275 IU/mg. X-ray of the joints of the hand: periarticular osteoporosis, narrowing of the joint space and multiple marginal erosions.

1. Suggest a treatment option.

Task #3

The patient is 61 years old. Complaints about sharp pains in right foot, acute at night. Had two seizures in the past renal colic. Abuse alcohol. Within 5 years - pain in the epigastric region. 3 years - shortness of breath with little physical exertion.

Objectively: body weight 98 kg, height 170 cm. In the area of ​​the first metatarsophalangeal joint, redness, swelling, sharp pains during movement. Tofus on the lobe of the right ear. BP 190/105 mmHg ECG: sinus rhythm, LV hypertrophy. FGDS: gastric ulcer on the lesser curvature. Blood sodium 145 mmol/l, potassium 4.8 mmol/l, creatinine 0.09 mmol/l, uric acid 595 µmol/l.

1. Suggest a treatment option.

Classifications of cytostatics are conditional, since many drugs combined into one group have a unique mechanism of action and are effective against completely different nosological forms of malignant neoplasms (moreover, many authors refer the same drugs to different groups). Nevertheless, these classifications are of some practical interest, at least as an ordered list of drugs.

WHO classification of anticancer drugs and cytokines

I. Alkylating drugs:

1. Alkylsulfonates (busulfan, treosulfan).
2. Ethyleneimines (thiotepa).
3. Nitrosourea derivatives (carmustine, lomustine, mustophoran, nimustine, streptozotocin).
4. Chlorethylamines (bendamustine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan, trofosfamide).

II. Antimetabolites:

1. Folic acid antagonists (methotrexate, ralitrexed).
2. Purine antagonists (cladribine, fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, pentostatin, thioguanine).
3. Pyrimidine antagonists (cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, gemcitabine).

III. alkaloids plant origin:

1. Podophyllotoxins (etoposide, teniposide).
2. Taxanes (docetaxel, paclitaxel).
3. Vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine).

IV. Anticancer antibiotics:

1. Anthracyclines (daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone).
2. Other antitumor antibiotics (bleomycin, dactinomycin, mitomycin, plicamycin).

V. Other cytostatics:

1. Platinum derivatives (carboplatin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin).
2. Derivatives of camptothecin (irinotecan, topotecan).
3. Others (altretamine, amsacrine, L-asparaginase, dacarbazine, estramustine, hydroxycarbamide, procarbazine, temozolomide).

VI. Monoclonal antibodies (edercolomab, rituximab, trastuzumab).

VII. Hormones:

1. Antiandrogens (bicalutamide, cyproterone acetate, flutamide).
2. Antiestrogens (tamoxifen, toremifene, droloxifene).
3. Aromatase inhibitors (formestane, anastrozole, exemestane).
4. Progestins (medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate).
5. LH-RH agonists (buserelin, goserelin, leuprolein acetate, triptorelin).
6. Estrogens (fosfestrol, polyestradiol).

VIII. Cytokines:

1. Growth factors (filgrastim, lenograstim, molgramostim, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin).
2. Interferons (a-interferons, p-interferons, y-interferons).
3. Interleukins (interleukin-2, interleukin-3, interleukin-P).

alkylating agents. At the core biological action drugs of this group is the alkylation reaction - the addition of the alkyl (methyl) group of the cytostatic to the molecules organic compounds, in the first place - DNA molecules. Alkylation occurs at position 7 of guanine and other bases, resulting in the formation of abnormal base pairs. This leads to direct suppression of transcription or to the formation of defective RNA and the synthesis of abnormal proteins. The drugs of this group do not have phase specificity.

Antimetabolites. Structural or functional similarity with metabolite molecules allows these drugs to block the synthesis of nucleotides and thereby inhibit the synthesis of DNA and RNA, or directly integrate into the structures of DNA and RNA, blocking the processes of DNA replication and protein synthesis. They are phase specific and are most active in the S phase.

plant alkaloids. The cytostatic effect of vinca alkaloids is due to the depolymerization of tubulin, a protein that is part of the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The process of cell division stops in the phase of mitosis. Small doses of vinca alkaloids can cause a reversible arrest of mitosis with subsequent recovery. cell cycle. This observation led to numerous attempts to integrate this group of cytostatics into chemotherapy regimens in order to "synchronize" the cell cycle.

Taxanes also affect the mechanism of microtubule formation, but in a slightly different way - these drugs promote the polymerization of tubulin, causing the formation of defective microtubules and the irreversible stop of cell division.

Podophyllotoxins act on cell division by inhibiting topoisomerase II, an enzyme responsible for the reshaping (“unwinding” and “twisting”) of the DNA helix required in the replication process. The consequence of this inhibition is the blocking of the cell cycle in the G2 phase, i.e. inhibition of their entry into mitosis.

Antitumor antibiotics. They directly affect DNA by intercalation (the formation of inserts between base pairs), trigger the mechanism of free radical oxidation with damage to cell membranes and intracellular structures, as well as DNA. Violation of the DNA structure leads to disruption of the processes of replication and transcription.

The mechanisms of antitumor action of cytostatics not included in these 4 groups are very different. Platinum preparations have much in common with alkylating cytostatics (a number of authors refer them to this group), camptothecin derivatives (topoisomerase I inhibitors) in a number of classifications belong to the group of plant alkaloids, etc.

Over the past 20-25 years, cytostatics have become an important part of the treatment a large number autoimmune diseases. Due to their action, such medications have found their application not only in the treatment of cancer, but also in dermatology, dentistry, dermatovenereology and other areas. Cytostatics - what are they, and what is their effect? You can learn about this from this article.

About cytostatics

Cytostatic drugs or cytostatics are a group of drugs that are capable of disrupting the growth, development and division of cells, including malignant types, when they enter the human body. Therapy of neoplasms with drugs of this kind is prescribed only by a qualified doctor. The drugs can be produced in the form of tablets, capsules, or administered intravenously to patients using a dropper or injections.

Literally all cytostatic drugs are chemicals with high biological activity. Similar drugs also have the option to:

• inhibit cell proliferation;
• attack cells that have a high miotic index.

Where are they applied?

Cytostatics have been widely used in the treatment oncological diseases different complexity and different parts body. The drugs are prescribed for the treatment of malignant tumors in cancer, leukemia, monoclonal gammopathy, etc. In addition, cytostatics prevent rapid cell division:

• bone marrow;
• skin;
• mucous membranes;
• epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract;
• hair;
• lymphoid and myeloid genesis.

In addition to the above, cytostatics are actively used in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system, such as cancer of the stomach, esophagus, liver, pancreas, rectum. Medications are used where chemotherapy does not produce the desired positive results.

Having considered detailed instructions before taking the drug, it becomes clear how cytostatics work, what they are, and in what cases they should be used. This type of drug is most commonly prescribed autoimmune therapy. Cytostatics have a direct effect on the cells of the bone marrow, while reducing the activity of the immune system, which results in a stable remission.

Types of cytostatics

A competent classification of cytostatics allows you to determine which drugs are needed in a particular case. Assign drug therapy can only be done by a qualified doctor after receiving the results of the tests. Drugs of the cytostatic group are divided into such types as:

1. Alkylating drugs that have the ability to damage the DNA of rapidly dividing cells. Despite the effectiveness, drugs are difficult to tolerate by patients, and the negative consequences of therapy are pathologies of the liver and kidneys.
2. Alkaloids-cytostatics of plant type ("Etoposide", "Rozevin", "Kolhamin", "Vincristine").
3. Cytostatic antimetabolites are drugs that lead to tumor tissue necrosis and remission of cancer.
4. Cytostatic antibiotics - antitumor agents with antimicrobial properties.
5. Cytostatic hormones - drugs that inhibit the production of certain hormones. They can reduce the growth of malignant tumors.
6. Monoclonal antibodies are artificially created antibodies that are identical to real immune cells.

Mechanism of action

Cytostatics, the mechanism of action of which is aimed at inhibition of cell proliferation and death tumor cells, pursue one of the main goals - this is the impact on different targets in the cell, namely:

• on DNA;
• for enzymes.

Damaged cells, that is, mutated DNA, disrupt metabolic processes in the body and the synthesis of hormones. Of course, the mechanism for achieving inhibition of the growth of tumor tissues in different cytostatics may differ. This is because they have different chemical structure and may affect metabolism in different ways. Depending on the group of cytostatic drugs, cells can be affected:

• thymidylate synthetase activity;
• thymidylate synthetase;
• topoisomerase I activity;
• mitotic spindle formation, etc.

Basic admission rules

Cytostatics are recommended to be taken during or after meals. During drug treatment cytotoxic drugs are forbidden to use alcoholic drinks. Doctors do not advise taking such drugs during pregnancy or lactation.

Side effects

Cytostatics - what it is, and what contraindications for use exist, the attending physician can explain in each case. The frequency of occurrence of side effects directly depends on such nuances as:

• the type of medication you are taking;
• dosage;
• scheme and mode of administration;
• therapeutic effect that preceded the drug;
• general condition of the human body.

In most cases, side effects are due to the properties of cytostatic drugs. Therefore, the mechanism of tissue damage is similar to the mechanism of action on the tumor. The most characteristic and inherent in most cytostatic side effects are:

• stomatitis;
• inhibition of hematopoiesis;
• nausea, vomiting, diarrhea;
• alopecia of different types;
• allergy ( skin rashes or itching)
• heart failure, anemia;
• nephrotoxicity or damage to the renal tubules;
• reaction from the veins (phlebosclerosis, phlebitis, etc.);
• headaches and weakness that is felt throughout the body;
• chills or fever;
• loss of appetite;
• asthenia.

Overdose may cause nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, or liver dysfunction. Negative influence drug treatment with cytostatic drugs has on Bone marrow, healthy cells which accept incorrect elements and cannot be updated at the same speed. In this case, a person may experience a lack of blood cells, which leads to disruption of oxygen transport, and the level of hemoglobin decreases. This can be seen by the pallor of the skin.

Another side effect of taking cytostatics is the appearance of cracks, inflammatory reactions and ulcers on mucous membranes. During therapy, such areas in the body are sensitive to the ingress of microbes and fungi.

Reduce Side Effects

Due modern medicines and vitamins can be reduced negative impact cytostatics on the body, while not reducing therapeutic action. Taking special preparations, it is quite possible to get rid of the gag reflex and maintain working capacity and good health all day.

It is recommended to take such drugs in the morning, after which during the day you should not forget about water balance. Drink 1.5 to 2 liters pure water per day. This can be explained by the fact that literally the entire list of cytostatic drugs is characterized by excretion with the help of the kidneys, that is, the elements of drugs are deposited in bladder and irritate tissues. Thanks to the water drunk during the day, the body is cleansed, and the Negative consequences cytostatic therapy. Also frequent use liquids in small portions can minimize the risk of increasing allowable rate bacteria in the mouth.

In order to cleanse the body and improve the composition of the blood, doctors recommend doing a blood transfusion, as well as enriching it with hemoglobin artificially.

Contraindications

• hypersensitivity to the drug or its components;
• oppression of bone marrow functions;
• diagnosed chicken pox, shingles or other infectious diseases;
• violation normal functioning kidneys and liver;
• gout;
• kidney disease.

Commonly prescribed cytotoxic drugs

The question of cytostatics, what they are and their role in the treatment of malignant tumors, has always been relevant. Commonly prescribed drugs are:

1. "Azathioprine" is an immunosuppressant that has a partial cytostatic effect. Prescribed by doctors when backlash in transplantation of tissues and organs, in various systemic diseases.
2. "Dipin" is a cytostatic drug that suppresses the growth of tissues, including malignant ones.
3. "Myelosan" is a drug that can inhibit the growth of blood elements in the body.
4. "Busulfan" - inorganic medicine, which has pronounced bactericidal, mutagenic and cytotoxic properties.
5. "Cisplatin" contains heavy metals and can inhibit DNA synthesis.
6. "Prospidin" is an excellent antitumor drug, which is most often taken for malignant neoplasms that have arisen in the larynx and pharynx.

Cytostatic drugs, the list of which is presented above, are prescribed only by prescription. 'Cause that's enough strong means. Before taking medications, it is worthwhile to study what cytostatics are, what applies to them and what are their side effects. The attending physician will be able to select the most effective cytostatic drugs, depending on the patient's condition and his diagnosis.