What is the difference between different types of blood. Blood types differ not only numerically

"You and I are of the same blood, you and I," said Mowgli. And by the way, in emergency situations, this phrase can not only save health, but also save lives. Today, a person knows four blood groups that arose in the process of evolution: 0 (I) - the first blood group, A (II) - the second, B (III) - the third and AB (IV) - the fourth. The most common is the first, and the smallest is the fourth. Is there a significant difference between them - let's try to figure it out.

The structure of the simplest is the first blood group 0 (I). It was she who flowed through the veins of the Neanderthals, and later other groups began to appear on its basis. The main difference lies in the presence of agglutinins (a and b) and agglutinogens (A and B). Agglutinogens A and B are completely absent in the erythrocytes of the first blood group, but there are agglutinins a and b in the serum. This group is also called 0ab. The second blood group is characterized by the fact that erythrocytes contain agglutinogen A, and plasma contains agglutinin b. Accordingly, this group was named Ab. In the erythrocytes of the third blood group, agglutinogen B is present, and in the plasma agglutinin a. Letter designation the third blood group - Ba. And, finally, the fourth blood group does not contain agglutinins in plasma, and agglutinogens A and B are present in erythrocytes. Its designation is AB0.

Blood transfusion

It used to be thought that any blood type can be transfused, but this is not true. There are certain rules for transfusion, the violation of which can not only lead to health problems, but also ultimately lead to lethal outcome. Therefore, in short, without going into medical explanations and terms, those blood types that can be combined. The recipient is ideally suited for the blood of his own group and Rh factor. The first one (0 (I)) is universal group, which is also suitable for transfusion to people with other blood types. Although today this statement is being questioned, due to the complications that arise in recipients with a different group after transfusion. People with the fourth blood group are considered universal recipients, that is, they can be transfused with blood of any type.

prone to disease

Based on the study of blood groups, there are many scientific and pseudo-scientific trends. One of the most popular is the tendency of people with a certain blood type to get sick. Based on research, people with the first blood group are prone to stomach diseases (ulcers, gastritis, etc.), arthritis, rheumatism and allergies. The second blood group has a predisposition to heart disease, pneumonia, and sciatica. The third group is acute respiratory diseases and urolithiasis. People with the fourth blood group are predisposed to hypertension, heart failure, acute respiratory diseases.
It is impossible not to mention that today the blood type diet is very popular, according to which a person with a certain blood type gains weight by eating certain foods.

TheDifference.ru determined that the difference between blood types is as follows:

Each of the blood groups differs from the others in the presence of agglutinins (a and b) and agglutinogens (A and B).
Some blood types are transfusion compatible. For example, the first blood type in emergency cases can be transfused to recipients with any blood type, and the fourth blood group is suitable for transfusion of any other.
People with different blood types are susceptible various diseases: the first group is prone to stomach diseases, the second to heart diseases, the third to respiratory diseases, the fourth - to hypertension.

Approximately 5 liters of blood circulate continuously in the adult human body. From the heart, it spreads throughout the body quite branched vascular network. The heart needs about a minute, or 70 beats, to pass all the blood that supplies all parts of the body with vital elements.

How does the circulatory system work?

She delivers the received lungs oxygen and produced in the alimentary tract nutrients to where they are needed. The blood also transports hormones to their destination and stimulates the removal of waste products from the body. Enriched with oxygen in the lungs carbon dioxide out of it goes into the air when a person exhales. It carries the products of cell decay to the excretory organs. In addition, the blood ensures that the body always remains evenly warm. If a person has cold feet or hands, it means that they have insufficient blood supply.

Erythrocytes and leukocytes

These are cells with their own special qualities and "tasks". Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are formed in bone marrow and are constantly updated. There are 5 million red blood cells in 1 mm 3 of blood. Their job is to deliver oxygen to different cells of the whole body. White blood cells - leukocytes (6-8 thousand in 1 mm 3). They inhibit pathogens that have entered the body. When the white bodies themselves are affected by the disease, the body loses its protective functions, and a person can die even from a disease such as influenza, with which normal system protection quickly copes. The white blood cells of an AIDS patient are affected by the virus - the body can no longer resist disease on its own. Each cell, leukocyte or erythrocyte is a living system, and all the processes occurring in the body are displayed on its vital activity.

What does blood group mean?

The composition of the blood differs in people, just as the appearance, color of hair and skin. How many blood groups are there? There are four of them: O (I), A (II), B (III) and AB (IV). The proteins contained in erythrocytes and plasma influence which group this or that blood belongs to.

Antigen proteins in erythrocytes are called agglutinogens. Plasma proteins are called there are two types: A and B, agglutinins are also subdivided - a and c.

That's what's happening. Let's take 4 people, for example, Andrey, Alla, Alexei and Olga. Andrei has blood type A with A agglutinogens in cells and agglutinins in plasma. Alla has group B: agglutinogens B and agglutinins a. Aleksey has group AB: the peculiarities of the 4th blood group are that it contains agglutinogens A and B, but there are no agglutinins at all. Olga has group O - she does not have agglutinogens at all, but there are agglutinins a and b in the plasma. Each organism behaves with other agglutinogens as with a foreign aggressor.

Compatibility

If Andrei with group A is transfused with blood of group B, its agglutinins will not accept the foreign substance. These cells will not be able to move freely throughout the body. This means that they will not be able to deliver oxygen to organs such as the brain, and this is life-threatening. The same thing happens if you connect A and B groups. Substances B will repel substances A, and for the O (I) group, both A and B are not suitable. To prevent errors, patients are pre-tested for a blood group before transfusion. People with type I blood are considered the best donors - it will suit anyone. How many blood groups there are - they all positively perceive the blood of group O, it does not contain agglutinogens in erythrocytes that others might not "like". Such people (as in our case, Olga) are Group AB contains both A- and B-proteins, it can combine with the rest. Therefore, a patient with blood group 4 (AB), with the necessary transfusion, can safely receive any other. That's why people like Aleksey are called "universal consumers".

Nowadays, when transfusing a patient, they try to use exactly the blood type that the patient has, and only in emergency cases can you use the universal first. In any case, it is first necessary to check them for compatibility so as not to harm the patient.

What is the Rh factor?

Some people's red bodies contain a protein called the Rh factor, so they are Rh positive. Those who do not have such a protein are said to have rhesus negative-factor, and they are only allowed to transfuse exactly the same blood. Otherwise, they the immune system will reject it after the first transfusion.

It is very important to determine the Rh factor during pregnancy. If the mother has a second negative group, and the father has a positive one, the child can inherit the father's Rh factor. In this case, antibodies accumulate in the mother's blood, which can lead to the destruction of red blood cells. The second positive group of the fetus creates a Rh conflict that is dangerous to the life and health of the child.

Group genetic transmission

Just like the shade of hair, the blood of a person will inherit from his parents. But this does not mean at all that the child will have the same composition as both or any of the parents. Sometimes this question unknowingly becomes the cause of family quarrels. In fact, the inheritance of blood is subject to certain laws of genetics. To figure out which and how many blood groups exist during the formation of a new life, the table below will help.

For example, if the mother has type 4 blood and the father has type 1, the child will not have the same blood as the mother. According to the table, he can have both the second and the third group.

Inheritance of a child's blood type:

Mother's blood group	Father's blood group
Mother's blood group




	Possible genetic variants in a child

The Rh factor is also inherited. If, for example, both or one of the parents has a second positive group, then the baby can be born with both positive and negative Rh. If each of the parents has a negative Rh, then the laws of heredity work. The child may have the first or second negative group.

Dependence on the origin of a person

How many blood groups are there, what is their ratio in different peoples depends on their place of origin. There are so many people in the world who take a blood type test that it has provided researchers with an opportunity to see how the frequency of one or the other varies depending on geographical location. In the US, 41% of Caucasians have type A blood, compared to 27% of African Americans. Almost all Indians in Peru have group I, and in Central Asia the most common is III group. Why these differences exist is not well understood.

Susceptibility to certain diseases

But scientists have noticed some interesting relationships between blood cells and certain diseases. People with type I blood, for example, are more at risk of developing ulcers. And people who have the second group are at risk of developing stomach cancer. It is very strange, but the proteins that determine the composition of the blood are very similar to the proteins that are on the surface of individual pathogenic bacteria and viruses. If a person becomes infected with a virus with surface proteins similar to their own, the immune system can accept them as their own and allow them to multiply unhindered.

For example, the surface proteins of the microorganisms that cause bubonic plague are very similar to the proteins of the I blood group. Scientific researchers suspect that such people may be particularly susceptible to this infection. Scientists believe that the disease originated in South-East Asia and spread to the west. When it reached Europe, it destroyed a fourth of its population in the 14th century: then the disease was called the "black death". The smallest number of people with I blood group lives in Central Asia. Therefore, it was this group that was "flawed" in areas where the plague was particularly rampant, and people with other groups were more likely to survive. Scientists believe that there is a dependence of diseases on the composition of the blood. The study of this version will help in the future to decipher the genesis of ailments and reveal the secrets of the survival of mankind.

Thanks to this discovery, it became clear why so many people died from blood transfusions.

How do blood groups differ from each other? Is it possible to calculate the group of future children, knowing the indicators of the parents? What calculator should be used for this?

Some opening details

Initially, scientists decided that there were only three blood groups. They saw that blood, which at first glance looks no different, actually has a different density of red blood cells contained in it. In addition, the properties of red cells in each category of blood were somewhat different. Only later was the fourth category discovered and established.

What are the blood types? So, there are four of them:

Often a different classification is used, where each category is assigned a number. Accordingly, group O is the first group, and AB is the fourth.

Discovery of the Rh factor

The discovery of blood groups continued with the fact that during the study of materials from monkeys, immunologists discovered erythrocyte antigens. These components must perform protective function. However, much in this area remains unexplored and scientists still cannot understand what Rhesus depends on and what exactly it affects.

However, this discovery contributed to the fact that doctors understood why hemolytic disease in newborns. In most cases this problem was caused by rhesus conflict. If the baby's mother has a negative Rh factor, and the child has it, then the baby's blood cells begin to disintegrate, which sometimes leads to fatal consequences.

Biological differences between groups

Depending on the structure of the blood and antigens, it depends on whether a person can be a donor. In addition to the fact that blood transfusions often transmit various infections, so also the difference in blood groups can lead to death.

Group 00 (first)

As the table classifying the various categories of blood says, the first group is characterized by complete absence antigens. The blood composition in people with the first group is also distinguished by the absence of alpha and beta agglutinins.

Among proponents of blood transfusions, people with this type are considered ideal donors, since no matter who it is poured into, rejection will not occur.

Long-term observations of people with the first circulatory type showed that such individuals are characterized by primacy and leadership. Some historians believe that such blood was the first among all those formed.

Group AA or A0 (second)

A distinctive feature of this category is the presence of agglutinin beta (β) in the composition. This means that the blood of such a person contains antibodies to agglutinogen B. Therefore, during blood transfusions, rejection will not occur only on the condition that such blood that does not contain antigen B is combined. In addition, the gene formula also contains antigen A.

The maximum number of people with such a blood fluid formula live in Europe. As for character, these individuals tend to have their own opinions, but get along better with people and find a compromise than those who have the first category.

Group BB or B0 (third)

Most often, such blood comes across in people who inhabit the relatively cold regions of our globe. Most representatives of the Mongoloid race are distinguished by this composition of the blood fluid.

The nature of people representing this group is usually calm, tolerant and reliable. You can rely on these people, as for the most part they are extremely executive.

Group AB (fourth)

As the table shows, the composition of this type is as follows:

the presence of category A and B antigens;
complete absence of agglutinins.

Hence, given blood won't fit any other type. It is compatible only with the fourth group. At the same time, people belonging to this category are ideal recipients, that is, no other group in their body will cause rejection.

This blood type is considered the newest, since, according to some estimates, it originated in last turn. This type is the rarest of all existing ones.

Is it possible to predict the blood type and Rh factor of the unborn child?

For future parents, the period of bearing a baby is special time. Surely, every parent asks such questions: who will our child look like? What will be the habits? What color will the eyes and hair be? Sometimes experts even make mistakes in their predictions about what gender will be future child. However, with certain probability you can predict what blood type your son or daughter will have, as well as what the Rh factor will be.

The Rh factor can determine how successful the pregnancy will be and how the baby will be born. It is important for Rh-negative women to inform their doctor in advance.

The blood types of future children are calculated on the condition that the parents know their data. A special calculator helps in the calculation. How to find out what blood type the future baby will be?

Basic theories of inheritance

As already mentioned, all blood groups differ from each other in the presence or absence of certain antigens. The Rh factor also plays a role. Half of the population has this factor, while others simply do not have it. However, this does not affect the state of health.

If a person has the first group: 00

Looking into genetics, we understand that he could receive such a set of genes only from parents who had the same group. One 0 in the gene was received from the mother, and the other from the father. It is quite logical that, having no agglutigogens in his own blood, he cannot pass them on to offspring. This means that the children will have the same blood group.

If a person has group AA or A0

Consequently, the blood of a person of this category contains antibodies to agglutinogen B. It turns out that a blood formula can be passed on to your child, which will either contain these antigens or not. This means that such parents will have a child with group A or 0.

If a person has a group of BB or B0

The situation is similar. Antigens to agglutinogen A are either passed on from parents or not. As a result, the baby receives either B or 0.

If a person has group AB

Such a blood formula differs in the content of both types of agglutinogens. Therefore, a child can be born with one or the other kind of genes. Blood types in children can be either A (second) or B (third).

How is the Rh factor transmitted?

As a rule, whether children will have the Rh factor or not, first of all depends on the parents. Usually these antigens are present in the gene formula as dominant trait. As a result, even if one parent has this factor, the child will receive it.

Surprisingly, families in which both parents have the Rh factor may have children who do not have these antigens. On average, this occurs in 25% of families. This can only happen if the genes of both parents contain factors responsible for the presence of Rhesus. In medical circles, parents with such genes are called heterozygous.

Although the group calculation calculator gives some idea of how the baby will be born, it is impossible to establish this exactly. No calculator will tell you as accurately as a laboratory analysis of an already born child.

How are blood types determined?

Modern medicine makes it possible, with the help of several laboratory tests find out which group you are. How do they do it?

Doctors do not use a calculator or spreadsheets. They take a blood sample and test it with monoclonal antibodies or isotonic saline. Then they look at how the process of agglutenation (gluing and destruction of erythrocyte cells) proceeds in the mixture. Three minutes are allotted for the entire reaction to proceed, and only then the results are read.

If only anti-A colliclones reacted, then this is the blood of group A, that is, the second.

If the breakdown of red blood cells began from exposure to B-factors, therefore, we are dealing with the third blood group (or category B).

If agglutination (destruction of red cells) does not occur after the specified time, then the blood being sought does not have antigens and belongs to the first category.

If both A and B anti-colliclones enter into the decay process, then we are talking about the rarest, fourth group.

At what age is it better to take tests?

Already at the time of the birth of the embryo, you can find out what blood types the unborn child can have. However, any calculator can give a very vague guess.

It is known that over time and as they grow older, the blood formula changes somewhat. So when is the best time to analyze to get reliable data?

The formation of antigens, and, therefore, the definition of a group, begins at 2-3 months of embryo development. However, at that moment, the analysis is not only unsafe for the child and mother, but also not advisable. By the time of birth circulatory system the baby will be sufficiently formed to get an idea of the category of the blood formula. However, an accurate and error-free analysis of the blood group is possible at 7-9 years of age. This best period to take material for genetic analysis.

Surprisingly, it depends on which category a person belongs to, to which diseases he will be most susceptible. This is confirmed by many years of research.

The blood formula can directly affect how the human body perceives and metabolizes certain foods. That is why many experts recommend getting tested and eating accordingly. By avoiding foods that are not suitable for your group, you will help the body feel better and get rid of toxins more quickly.

Surprisingly, the blood formula is partly able to affect the type of human activity. So, it is believed that the first group characterizes its owner as strong, strong-willed and powerful. Such a person has all the qualities of a leader and is able to lead the masses.

People with the second category of the blood formula are more loyal. They are less aggressive and more adaptable to social life. It is easier to get along with such a person and he is able to yield. This person is an intellectual who loves to think and analyze events.

Individuals with the third group, as a rule, are very patient and hardy. They reach good results where you need to be able to concentrate and hold it. They are less emotional, and in critical situations, they are almost unperturbed.

The fourth category is the youngest of all groups. We can say that the emergence of such a formula is a consequence modern life. On the entire globe, only 6% of people fall into this category. These people have received in their genes a high resistance to various diseases including autoimmune problems. At the same time, according to some experts, the owners of the AB group are more prone to oncological diseases, than others.

Copying and using materials without an active backlink is prohibited.

Blood groups, Rh factor

What is the difference between the blood groups that a person has? What blood types are transfusion compatible? People with what blood type are considered universal donors and recipients?

Blood groups are distinguished by antigens (agglutinogens) located on the surface of red blood cells, and antibodies (agglutinins) dissolved in blood plasma:

there are no agglutinogens in group I (0), agglutinins α and β
in group II (A) agglutinogen A, agglutinin β
in group III (B) agglutinogen B, agglutinin α
in IV (AB) group agglutinogens A and B, no agglutinins.

The first I (0) group can be transfused to everyone (universal donor).

The second II (A) group can be poured into II and IV.

The third III (B) group can be poured into III and IV.

The fourth IV (AB) group can only be transfused into IV.

Only I can be transferred to the first I (0) group.

II and I can be poured into the second II (A) group.

III and I can be poured into the third III (B) group.

Any groups can be transfused into the fourth IV (AB) group (universal recipient).

What is the danger of fetal development from the marriage of an Rh-negative woman and an Rh-positive man?

An Rh-negative mother and an Rh-positive father can have an Rh-positive child. During childbirth, a small portion of his blood will enter the mother's blood and the mother will form antibodies against Rh. With the development of the next Rh-positive fetus, antibodies from the mother's blood can enter the blood of the fetus and cause the fetal red blood cells to stick together and break down.

What is the difference between blood types and Rh factors

human blood is a unique biomaterial, and the blood type remains the same throughout a person's life, just as eye color or fingerprints cannot change. Blood group - a sign that allows you to identify the personality of a person that is inherited by a child from his parents. The blood type is more ancient than the race, since the difference between the people of the planet is not at all in ethnicity, but in the composition of the blood. Knowing your own blood type is important because this information can save both your own life and the life of another person.

There are four blood types. As the blood group began to be determined everywhere, scientists found that in the United States, 73% of the inhabitants of the 2nd blood group, and the Indians found the 1st group. The inhabitants of the center of Asia are mainly the owners of the 3rd blood group.

Differences between groups and Rh factors

The difference between blood groups lies in the presence on the membrane of erythrocytes of a special antigen - agglutinogen, the function of which is to connect erythrocytes. Moreover, two types of antigens are distinguished and designated as A and B. According to the AB0 system, blood groups are designated depending on the presence of one or another antigen:

the first group is designated as 0, since agglutinogens are absent in it;
the blood of the second group contains type A antigens, which is why it is designated as A;
the third group contains type B agglutinogens, it is also labeled - B;
the fourth blood group has two types of antigens at once and is designated as AB.

Blood groups are distinguished by the presence in its composition of a special protein agglutinin. It also comes in two types - a and b:

the first group contains both types of agglutinin (a and b);
the second contains only agglutinin b;
the third contains agglutinin a;
in the fourth group, both types of agglutinin are absent.

In 1940, scientists Landsteiner and Wiener found that human blood can contain a protein (antigen), which was called the Rh factor. The Rh factor can be positive or negative. If the protein is present in the erythrocytes, then the blood will be considered Rh positive and will be designated Rh+. If the protein is absent, then the blood will be called Rh negative and marked as Rh-. Rh positive people are in the vast majority. Carriers of positive Rh are 85% of people on the planet, the remaining 15% are Rh negative.

All these group differences play a significant role in blood transfusion. The ideal solution would be to transfuse the receiving person with blood of the same group and Rh factor. But even in this case, the possibility of incompatibility and complications is not excluded. It is forbidden to transfuse blood of different Rh factors, since a Rh conflict will arise. Concerning emergencies, it is allowed to transfuse the first group with a negative Rh factor to people with other groups.

Features of people with different groups and rhesus

Scientists have noticed that there is some relationship between blood type and exposure specific diseases. So, people with the first blood group more often than others suffer from the following pathologies:

hypertension;
kidney stone formation;
damage to the skin;
frequent colds, flu;
allergies;
bronchial asthma.

The second blood group affects the possibility of occurrence and development of the following diseases:

gastritis;
ischemic disease;
myocardial infarction;
rheumatism;
stomach cancer;
thyroid pathology.

For people with the third blood group, the occurrence of such diseases is characteristic:

diseases nervous system(Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease);
psychosis, neuroses and depressive states;
colon tumor;
acute leukemia;
urinary infection.

In owners of the 4th blood group, doctors often diagnose the following conditions:

The fact that the blood type is interconnected both with health and with the character of a person has been proven.

Carriers of the 1st oldest blood group are confident leaders. They prefer active image life, have great will and great ambitions.

A person who has a second blood group is prone to a calm lifestyle. For him, measuredness and certainty in life are important.

People with the 3rd blood group are demanding of themselves and of other people. They easily adapt to new conditions, captivate with their delicacy and calmness. There are many creative personalities among the representatives of this group.

The fourth, the rarest blood type, is found in brilliant people. Such people are prone to introspection and constant reflection.

What are the differences between blood groups in people, the concept of blood group and Rh factor

The human body contains 5-6 liters of blood. This is a fluid that circulates throughout the body and performs transport, homeostatic, respiratory, protective, thermoregulatory and excretory function. Human blood differs in terms of the group and the Rh factor.

The question of how blood groups differ in people is of interest to many, and for good reason, because this information is important before planning a pregnancy, transfusion and organ transplantation.

What is a blood group

The first classification appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, it was invented by K. Landsteiner. This scientist in his research noticed that when mixing the biomaterial collected from different people erythrocytes sometimes stick together. Based on his observations, he identified three groups, and designated each of them in capital Latin letters: A, B and C (later it was replaced by the number 0).

Blood is made up of two components:

Plasma, which accounts for 55% of all blood. It is 90% water and 10% dry residue;
Formed elements: platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes.

Before talking about what is the difference between blood types, it is worth knowing in what parameters they differ.

Groups are classified according to the presence or absence of antigens (agglutinogens) on red cells. The task of this antigen is to store information about its own body in order to identify foreign characteristics and interact with antibodies.

In nature, there are two types of antigens - A and B, according to the presence or absence of which cells are assigned to one of the groups.

Depending on the agglutinogen present, the following categories are distinguished:

The first is marked as 0, since it does not carry agglutinogens. Sometimes it is called "zero";
The second contains agglutinogens A and is designated by the same letter;
The third group is called the letter B because it contains this type of agglutinogens;
The fourth group differs in that it contains both agglutinogens and is signed as AB.

However, the difference is based not only on this. Human plasma contains agglutinins (antibodies) to those antigens that are not present in erythrocytes. They are signed in small letters of the Latin alphabet: a and b:

Group I carries two agglutinins: a and b;
II carries agglutinin b;
III contains agglutinin a;
Group IV does not contain agglutinins.

IN general view Blood characteristics are usually recorded by both agglutinogens and agglutinins. Their combination allows you to answer the question of how one blood type differs from another.

The concept of the Rh factor

In their experiments, Landsteiner and another researcher, Wiener, established another interesting difference, which today allows you to say with accuracy what is the difference between a positive and a negative blood type.

According to his research, all blood groups are characterized by the presence or absence of another antigen, which is located on surface layer erythrocytes and is now called the Rh factor.

If the test showed that there is an antigen in the blood, the Rh factor is positive, if not, it is negative.

To determine your Rh, you need to analyze the biomaterial. To do this, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

Take biomaterial in the morning;
Do not eat before analysis;
The day before the study, refuse to take medication. If this is not possible, tell your doctor what you are taking, at what dosage and for how long;
A couple of days before the analysis, give up alcohol and cigarettes;
Limit a week before the fence physical exercise on the body.

The results of the analysis are ready in 2-3 days.

Most people (85 percent) are Rh positive, while only 15% are Rh negative.

Compatibility

Knowing how blood groups differ from each other in people, it is important to understand how they are combined. This information is required for transfusion, as the result of blood incompatibility is rejection and even death.

Table of blood compatibility by groups:

Donor - a person who gives blood;

The recipient is the person receiving the blood.

According to the table, representatives of the first blood group are considered universal donors, that is, this blood is suitable for transfusion to everyone. At the same time, the fourth is a universal recipient - it accepts all groups.

But in addition to groups, there is also a difference in blood according to the Rh factor. Many are interested: what is the difference between positive and negative group blood transfusion, should it be taken into account?

Definitely worth it. When Rh+ blood is transfused into an Rh-person, it becomes sensitized. that is, antibodies to antigen D are produced. And with repeated transfusion positive blood such a person will develop incompatibility.

Therefore, if during a transfusion there is no blood that would be suitable for Rh and group, the role donated blood transfusion of blood substitutes or plasma. These methods cannot completely compensate for blood loss, but they can support life in a person.

When inappropriate blood is injected, it is rejected, which manifests itself as:

Feeling dizzy and nauseous;
A sharp increase in body temperature;
A sharp drop in pressure.

The question of how blood groups differ from each other is especially relevant before operations and in preparation for pregnancy.

The influence of the Rh factor on the course of pregnancy

Groups, the Rh factor, the color of the eyes and hair of the parents determine the features of the appearance and structure of the body of the unborn child.

Before starting pregnancy planning, each couple is recommended to know exactly their blood type and Rh factor. This is because incompatibility can develop in an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ child who has inherited a positive factor from the father.

Why is the Rh conflict between mother and baby dangerous?

Rhesus mismatch can lead to the development of pregnancy pathologies on early stages up to spontaneous abortion. This is due to the fact that the body of a Rh-woman perceives a child with the opposite Rh as an infection. Therefore, the immune system actively affects the fetus, rejecting it.

So that the difference in Rhesus values does not affect the condition of the child before conception or in the early stages of pregnancy, it is recommended to consult a doctor. To prevent the risk of fetal rejection, a number of procedures are performed. Due to the fact that the level of development of medicine is growing, with timely attention to the problem of conflict, in 97% of cases it is possible to save the life of a child.

In order to determine the likelihood of a conflict developing in time, it is recommended:

Register with a doctor as soon as possible;
Do not ignore the planned delivery of tests;
Systematically visit a gynecologist.

And if earlier the problem of Rh incompatibility was quite frequent, today, at the birth of the first child, the mother is injected with antibodies that ensure the safety of the child. At birth, the mother's blood and the baby's blood mix and pre-introduced antibodies ensure the destruction of the mother's blood cells that negatively affect the baby.

The influence of blood groups on a person

The first group is considered the most ancient and numerous in terms of the number of representatives. The rarest, smallest and youngest is the fourth.

Features of the first group

In the literature, people with this group are conventionally referred to as "Hunters". By nature, these are strong-willed, active and self-confident people who more often than others occupy leadership positions. They are confident in themselves and their abilities, bold and optimistic, it is quite difficult for them to be in submission.

In addition to character traits, each of the groups is subject to a number of their diseases. The first is characterized by:

Bronchial asthma;
skin diseases;
Allergic diseases;
Hypertension;
Acute respiratory diseases;
The formation of kidney stones.

Features of the second group

A person with this group has calm disposition. Farmers are patient and hardworking. Thanks to their analytical mindset, they easily adapt to any conditions. You can rely on them anyway.

These practical and persistent people are characterized by such diseases:

Rheumatism;
Pathological lesions of the thyroid gland;
Cardiac ischemia;
Oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Features of the third group

These people are called "Nomads". They are characterized by excessive curiosity, the desire to learn something new, to see new places. Most main enemy these people are bored, they constantly strive for diversity, they are in dire need of new ones, vivid impressions. They just don't know what it's like to live without constant change.

However, these people should be wary of such diseases:

Failures in the functioning of the nervous system;
neuroses;
Parkinson's disease;
psychosis;
Systematic depression;
Infections of the reproductive system;
Acute form of leukemia;
Colon cancer.

Features of the fourth group

The rarest group that appeared last, its carriers were given a rather amusing name - "La Boheme". The nature of these people is dominated by emotionality. These are people with a rich mental organization and a well-developed imagination. These people know how to feel deeply, compassion and a heightened sense of justice are not alien to them. Perfectly developed intuition and taste.

Representatives of this group also have a list of the most common diseases:

Obesity;
An increase in cholesterol levels;
Increased blood clotting;
High probability of blood clots;
Atherosclerosis.

Of course, such characteristics cannot be absolutely accurate, but the other side of the issue becomes a direct prerequisite for paying attention to your health. The predisposition to certain diseases has been noted for many years and is not based on an empty place.

Understanding how people's blood types and Rh factors differ is important. In case of urgent need, an emergency analysis is carried out to determine the group and Rhesus, but this also takes precious time.

It is important to take into account the differences and the planning period for the baby, because if the father has Rh positive, and the mother is negative, there is a risk of Rh-conflict.

The first blood group is distinguished by the absence of agglutinogens in its structure, which is why it is denoted by the sign 0.

When type A agglutinogen is found in human erythrocytes, it is assigned a second blood group, or A (II).

The presence of agglutinogen B in the blood makes it possible to conclude that the patient belongs to the third group, or B (III).

The blood of the fourth group is characterized by the presence of both types of agglutinogen in the erythrocytes and is designated by the code AB (IV).

Not everyone knows that there are more blood types than the generally accepted four. This is due to the fact that there are various subspecies of agglutinogens that differ in antigenic activity (A1, A2, A3, B1, and so on).

Besides, hallmark a separate blood group is the presence in its composition of such antibodies as agglutinins a and b. So, for example, both types of agglutinins are included in the first blood group, and in the fourth they are absent altogether. Blood group A (II) is characterized by the presence of agglutinin b, while in the third, only agglutinin of the a type is found.

Interestingly, agglutinins are not found in the blood of newly born babies. The acquisition of these antibodies ends between the ages of 10 and 14, when the immune system is fully formed.

The differences between blood groups do not end only with the presence of agglutinin and agglutinogen in it.

In the 40th year of the 20th century, scientists discovered a specific protein, later called the Rh factor. It is the presence of this protein that distinguishes the blood group positive from the negative group. If the Rh factor is found in erythrocytes, the blood type is denoted by the letters Rh with a + sign, otherwise the Rh factor is marked with a combination of Rh -.

It is very important to determine the Rh factor during pregnancy. This is due to the concept of Rh conflict, that is, the incompatibility of the mother and the unborn child, due to which the body of a pregnant woman produces antibodies aimed at rejecting the fetus. Timely testing of parents' blood for the Rh factor allows you to reduce possible complications to a minimum.

All sorts of studies of blood groups and their impact on human life and health are still being carried out by scientists in various fields. So, for example, some researchers link blood type and susceptibility to certain diseases.

In addition, the use of knowledge about the blood type in dietetics is quite popular. There are even special diets, in which suitable products are selected based on belonging to a particular blood type.

Parallels are also drawn between the blood group and character traits.

One can treat this kind of research and its results in different ways. However, one thing is certain: the clarification of the blood group is a necessary and very important study.

Ancient people, according to scientists, had one - the first. Gradually evolution of man to changing conditions environment and his own way of life led to the emergence of other variants of blood. Today there are four that differ from each other.

Blood contains a liquid called plasma. It mainly consists of water, but it contains a number of dissolved substances that play an important role in the functioning of human organs - these are antigens, which are called agglutinogens. Plasma contains special cells - erythrocytes or red cells that do not have a nucleus: agglutinogens are on their surface. Interior chemical composition These cells differ from person to person: certain antibodies or agglutinins may be present in them. The content of all these substances both in plasma and in erythrocytes and blood groups differ.

So, in the first group, plasma does not contain agglutinogens, and erythrocytes contain agglutinins α and β. The second group is characterized by the presence of agglutinogen A in plasma, and agglutinin β in red cells. A person with a third blood group has a B antigen and α antibodies. The fourth blood group contains agglutinogens A and B, and there are no agglutinins in erythrocytes.

Thus, first of all, blood groups differ in composition, but such groups cause more major changes. Depending on the blood group, a tendency to develop is developed: for example, the first group speaks of a predisposition to stomach diseases, and the second to heart diseases. A person's blood type is determined by inheritance: for example, a person with the fourth group cannot be with the first.

Blood transfusion

Differences in the composition of the blood made it impossible to freely transfuse the blood of one person to another, since a mismatch between their groups can cause. So, a person with the first blood type is considered universal - his blood suits all people. The second group is suitable only for the second and fourth, the third - for the third and fourth. And the blood of the fourth group can be transfused only to owners of the same type. But such people universal recipients, they accept blood with any composition. The least lucky are the owners of the first group - they can only be transfused with the same blood. And for people with the second and third groups, either the same type as theirs, or the first one, is suitable.