Presentation on the topic "communicative barriers of communication". Presentation on the topic of barriers to communication, the work was done by students. Without communication, we lock ourselves in.

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In managing people, most of the manager's time is spent on interpersonal communication. There are a number of factors that reduce the effectiveness of communication, which are called "barriers to interpersonal communication." These include: barriers to perception; semantic barriers; nonverbal barriers; barriers arising from poor listening; barriers arising from low-quality feedback.

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Barrier of perception People do not react to events that actually happen, but to what is perceived as happening. This is due to the fact that there is selectivity of information sources, selective attention, distortion, memorization. There are so-called barriers of perception. These are: first impression (appearance, speech, demeanor, etc.); prejudice against oneself and others (underestimation or overestimation); stereotypes; projection effect. A person is inclined to attribute to the interlocutor those positive or negative traits that he himself has, but which the interlocutor is unlikely to have; order effect. When communicating with strangers, they trust and remember the information that comes first (at the beginning of the conversation) more, when communicating with friends - the information that comes last.

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Semantic barrier The semantic barrier arises in the verbal form of communication (oral and written speech). This language was developed by man during social and social development. Semantics is the science that studies the way words are used and the meanings conveyed by words. Semantic variations often lead to misunderstandings. The meaning of the symbols used in communication is revealed through experience and varies depending on the context. This applies to both individual words (especially of foreign origin or characterizing a person, for example, decency), and phrases ("as soon as possible", "as soon as the opportunity presents itself").

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Non-verbal barriers The non-verbal form of communication is communication using the language provided to man by nature and captured in gestures, intonation, facial expressions, postures, etc. Non-verbal communications in most cases have an unconscious basis and testify to the actual emotions of the participants in communications. It is difficult to manipulate and difficult to hide in any communication. Some sources claim that verbal communications make up 7% of information, sounds and intonation - 38%, gestures, pantomime - 55%. Non-verbal communication barriers include: visual barriers (gait, movement of arms, legs, posture and position change, visual contact, distance); acoustic barriers (intonation, timbre, tempo, volume); tactile sensitivity (handshakes, patting, kissing, etc.). ); olfactory barriers (smells).

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Poor listening (failure to listen) Effective communication is possible when a person is equally accurate in sending and receiving information. Effective listening is an essential quality of a good manager. It is not enough to perceive the facts, you need to listen to the feelings of the subordinate. Rules for effective listening: stop talking, you can't listen while talking; help the speaker to relax; show willingness to listen; eliminate annoying moments; empathize with the speaker; restrain your character, an angry person gives the wrong meaning to words; do not allow dispute or criticism; do not interrupt; ask questions.

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Low-quality feedback Reaction to this or that information. Lack of feedback can be a limiter to the effectiveness of interpersonal communication. Feedback is important because it makes it possible to establish the adequacy (correctness) of the perception of your message. In addition to interpersonal contacts, the manager must use the information circulating in the enterprise and outside it. Organizational communications also have a strong influence on management effectiveness. They are characterized by such barriers as the distortion of messages during the movement of descending and ascending information; the more hierarchical levels, the more distorting "filters", the role of which is played by both managers of different levels and subordinates; information overload, which does not allow managers to respond to incoming information in a timely and adequate manner; lack of links between departments, which are either formally or actually not provided.

Channels of perception of information corresponding to different sense organs Visual. Visuals love the visually presented, concreteness, prefer to rise above the interlocutor, are prone to accusatory statements, do not tolerate walking in front of them during communication. I see what you're saying. Auditory. Audials perceive everything through auditory images, music, speech, sounds in nature. I hear what you're saying. Somatosensory (feeling your body). Kinestatics - through the state of your body, as if everyone is emotionally experiencing. I feel what you say.

Channels of perception of information, on the logical basis Direct - this is what the source says explicitly. Indirect or indirect - this is the information about what is communicated to you in the direct channel, which you yourself obtain by active observation and feeling in all manifestations of the source. If you trust the source, that is, you think that he will not intentionally tell you false, then the indirect channel is not used as a control channel, you receive other, additional information through it. If you do not trust the source, then the indirect channel is a controlling double: you consider its content in the sense of coincidence or non-coincidence with the content of the direct channel (the person smiles, but his eyes are sad; I say calm and drumming my fingers on the table, kind of relaxed and smiling, and the foot rhythmically taps on the floor, etc.). Controlled indirect, when a message, perceived as unintentional, is emitted quite intentionally. Usually the little things help to see the big and, most importantly, to make sure of it. A confident tone in a dubious situation, a direct look when lying, etc. - all this is a deliberate emission of what your addressee considers to be genuine, what he himself found in you. Thus, mimic muscles are controlled simultaneously from the areas of the brain that provide intentional and unintentional movements. So, in principle, there are always supports for judging about uncontrolled radiation, showing the actual state of our partner.

Phases of communication Getting into contact. Attunement, it is important to feel the state, mood of the partner, to get used to it yourself and give the other person the opportunity to navigate. It ends with the establishment of psychological contact. Concentration of attention on something, some problem, the task of the parties and the development of the topic. Motivational sounding. Understanding the motives of the interlocutor and his interests. Maintaining attention. Argumentation and persuasion, if there is a difference of opinion. Fixing the result. End of communication. Preparation. Communication must be planned, the right place and time must be chosen, and attitudes must be determined for oneself on the results of communication.

1. Barrier of perception. People do not react to events that actually happen, but to what is perceived as happening. This is due to the fact that there is selectivity of information sources, selective attention, distortion, memorization. There are so-called barriers of perception. These are: - the first impression (appearance, speech, demeanor, etc.); - prejudice against oneself and others (underestimation or overestimation); - stereotypes; projection effect. A person is inclined to attribute to the interlocutor those positive or negative traits that he himself has, but which the interlocutor is unlikely to have; order effect. When communicating with strangers, they trust and remember the information that comes first (at the beginning of the conversation) more, when communicating with friends - the information that comes last.

2. Semantic barrier. The semantic barrier arises in the verbal form of communication (oral and written speech). This language was developed by man during social and social development. Semantics is the science that studies the way words are used and the meanings conveyed by words. Semantic variations often lead to misunderstandings. The meaning of the symbols used in communication is revealed through experience and varies depending on the context. This applies to both individual words (especially of foreign origin or characterizing a person, for example, decency), and phrases ("as soon as possible", "as soon as the opportunity presents itself").

3. Non-verbal barriers. The nonverbal form of communication is communication with the help of a language provided to a person by nature and captured in gestures, intonation, facial expressions, postures, expression of movements, etc. Nonverbal communications in most cases have an unconscious basis and testify to the actual emotions of the participants in communications. It is difficult to manipulate and difficult to hide in any interpersonal communication. Some sources claim that verbal communications make up 7% of information, sounds and intonation - 38%, gestures, pantomime - 55%. Non-verbal communication barriers include: visual barriers (body features, gait, movement of arms, legs, etc., posture and change of postures, visual contact, skin reactions, psychological distance); acoustic barriers (intonation, timbre, tempo, loudness, pitch, speech pauses, etc.); tactile sensitivity (handshakes, pats, kisses, etc.); olfactory barriers (smells).

4. Poor listening (failure to listen). Effective communication is possible when a person is equally accurate in sending and receiving information. Effective listening is an essential quality of a good manager. It is not enough to perceive the facts, you need to listen to the feelings of the subordinate.

Rules for effective listening: stop talking, you can't listen while talking; help the speaker to relax; show willingness to listen; eliminate annoying moments; empathize with the speaker; restrain your character, an angry person gives the wrong meaning to words; do not allow dispute or criticism; do not interrupt; ask questions.

5. Poor quality feedback. This is a reaction to this or that information. Lack of feedback can be a limiter to the effectiveness of interpersonal communication. Feedback is important because it makes it possible to establish the adequacy (correctness) of the perception of your message. In addition to interpersonal contacts, the manager must use the information circulating in the enterprise and outside it. Organizational communications also have a strong influence on management effectiveness. They are characterized by such barriers as the distortion of messages during the movement of descending and ascending information; the more hierarchical levels, the more distorting "filters", the role of which is played by both managers of different levels and subordinates (for example, a child's game of a broken phone); information overload, which does not allow managers to respond to incoming information in a timely and adequate manner; lack of links between departments that are either formally or actually not provided for by a specific scheme

Microbarriers At the same time, microbarriers associated with the external environment in which the communication process is carried out turn out to be: information overload (too much information becomes a barrier); variety of media (newspapers, television, conferences, consultant reports, etc.); information overload, which leads to the devaluation of its content; the ability to use information (exclusive data allows you to use them to influence others; access to sources of limited information, i.e., one that is intended for internal use, expands the power of individuals).

Causes of occurrence Microbarriers are specific communication barriers. Various reasons for their occurrence are called: the peculiarities of the intellect of those who communicate; unequal knowledge of the subject of conversation; different lexicon and thesaurus (a set of concepts from a certain field of knowledge); lack of a common understanding of the situation of communication; psychological characteristics of partners (for example, extreme frankness or extreme intelligence of one of them, intuitive perception of the world or assertiveness of the other); social, political, professional, religious differences, etc.

Communication barriers arise at the interpersonal level: in the sender's message, in the exchange of opinions between the sender and the recipient, in the choice of media (e-mail, computer, official speech, etc.). They depend on the individual characteristics of the participants in communication, on the ability of interlocutors to recode thoughts into words, listen and concentrate.

Types of communication barriers In this regard, there are such barriers as: the border of the imagination, the vocabulary of the sender of information, the vocabulary of the recipient, his ability to understand the meaning of words, the amount of memorization. The barriers associated with the communicative characteristics of the participants in the interaction are of a social or psychological nature. They can arise through special socio-psychological relations that have developed between partners (antipathy, distrust, etc.), as well as through a kind of "filter" of trust or distrust. Moreover, the filter operates in such a way that absolutely true information can become unacceptable, and erroneous, on the contrary, acceptable.

Fascination From the point of view of psychology, it is very important to find out under what conditions this or that channel of information can be blocked by this filter. It is also important to identify means that help the acceptance of information and weaken the effect of filters. The combination of these funds is called fascination (from the English. Fascination - charm). They are organized to accompany information in order to reduce its losses during the perception by the recipient, increasing its credibility. The means of fascination play the role of an additional background, an information amplifier, which partly helps to overcome the mistrust filter. The musical accompaniment of the message can serve as an example of fascination.

B. Porshnev distinguishes three forms of communication barriers, which differ in the degree of transparency: avoidance, authority, misunderstanding. We are talking about the fact that, by its psychological nature, the communicative barrier is a mechanism of protection against unwanted information. The psychological barrier that the recipient places in the way of unwanted, tiresome or dangerous information can be of varying degrees of transparency.

Avoidance A virtually opaque barrier is avoidance. It is possible to run away from unwanted information and its influence both physically (avoiding does not involve contact with the carrier of such information), and psychologically (forgetting information or “going deeper” while listening).

Authority The second barrier - authority - operates as follows: information enters consciousness, but on this way it is significantly depreciated through the subjective decrease in the authority of its source, i.e., ultimately, it becomes unreliable and insignificant.

Misunderstanding The third barrier is misunderstanding, the subtlest way to reduce the influence of information by distorting it beyond recognition, giving it a neutral meaning. Since the causes of communicative barriers can be hidden in the content and formal characteristics of the message itself (phonetic, stylistic, semantic), as well as in the logic of its construction, there is a need to consider such barriers in more detail.

Logical barriers A logical barrier occurs when partners do not find a common language. That is, each person sees the world, the situation, the problem that is being discussed, from his own point of view, which may not coincide with the position of the partner. In addition, the same words in a given situation can have a completely different meaning, which is always individual and personal: it originates in the mind of the one who speaks, but is not necessarily understandable to the one who listens. Moreover, the very idea is generated by various human needs. That is why behind every thought there is a motive, which is the primary instance in the generation of speech. Therefore, before uttering an opinion, a person first “packs” it into inner speech, and then expresses it in words, verbalizes it. The one who listens deciphers the meanings of the words, thus comprehending the meaning of the verbal message. Difficulties arise due to inadequate understanding of information. The main problem that lies in misunderstanding is related to the peculiarities of the recipient's thinking, because the communication partner understands everything in his own way, and not the way the sender of information said.

Causes of logical barriers Often, a logical barrier occurs in partners with a different kind of thinking. For example, for one it is abstract-logical, and for the other it is visual-figurative. A logical barrier can arise at the level of operational mental activity of people. It is known that such operations of thinking as comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization, abstraction are used by people with varying degrees of depth. Type of thinking That is, while one goes deep into a detailed analysis of the problem, the other, having collected superficial information, already has a ready answer. Depending on what forms of thinking prevail in the intellect of each of the partners, they communicate at the level of understanding or misunderstanding, i.e. and there is a logical barrier here. Of course, a logical barrier can arise every time when partners differ in the peculiarities of mental activity and do not consider it necessary to take into account the specifics of each other. According to experts, there is only one way to overcome the logical barrier: “to go from a partner”, that is, to try to understand how he builds his conclusions and what are the differences.

Psychologically, the reason for misunderstanding lies in the fact that all the attention of the individual, to whom the flow of insulting words is directed, is concentrated not on the meaning of the explanation, but in relation to the one who speaks, to the partner. And as a result, a protective reaction occurs, i.e. there is a shift in attention that blocks the analyzer activity of the brain, and the words addressed to the partner who is listening are not recognized by them. It is quite understandable that in order to avoid such a barrier, it is necessary to speak clearly, not very loudly, avoiding speaking at a speed. Psychologists also advise using personal psychological defense techniques. In particular, one can mentally analyze the characteristics of a partner at the time of the incendiary announcement of information: “how big his eyes became” or “how veins swelled up”. Although it will be more effective to use verbal means and say, for example: "If you speak more slowly, quietly and calmly, then I will understand you better." Such a phrase allows the partner to rebuild.

The semantic barrier arises due to the lack of coincidences in the systems of meanings of communication partners - thesaurus, i.e. linguistic dictionary of the language, with complete semantic information. In other words, it takes place when partners use the same signs (and words too) to mean completely different things. The semantic barrier is, firstly, a problem in jargon and slang; secondly, it is caused by a limited vocabulary in one of the interlocutors; thirdly, its causes may be social, cultural, psychological, national, religious, professional, group and other features of communication. T. Dridze uses the name "semantic scissors effect" to designate a semantic barrier and considers the communicative situations in which this effect occurs: a clear discrepancy between the linguistic means used by the communicator and the recipient's linguistic resources; the discrepancy arises even earlier - at the stage of translating thoughts into words; Mutual understanding is hindered by certain individual characteristics of the recipient, primarily the ability to operate with language as a means of thinking. At the same time, from the fact that each person has a unique experience, education, his own social circle, and, consequently, a unique thesaurus, it is not at all necessary to conclude that mutual understanding is impossible.

Overcoming the semantic barrier To overcome the semantic barrier, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of another person and use vocabulary that is understandable to him in a conversation with him. At the same time, words that have different meanings should be explained: in what sense do you accept this or that word. It must also be remembered that the language norms, the specifics of your language should change depending on who the message is directed to.

A stylistic barrier arises when the communicator's speech style and the communication situation or speech style and the current psychological state of the recipient do not match. For example, a partner may not perceive a critical remark of the interlocutor, because it was said in a friendly manner. Those. the style may be inappropriate, too difficult, inconsistent with the communicative situation and the intentions of the partner. If the communicator uses speech turns: “You need”, “You must”, “You must” and the like, the recipient has an overt or covert resistance. This style, which is coercive, is opposed by another philosophy of relations, which is called the paradigm of the possible: "It is possible", "It is desirable that you", "it is possible", etc.

Techniques for overcoming stylistic barriers Psychologists advise adhering to two basic techniques for structuring information (we are talking primarily about the business sphere): frame rules and chain rules. The essence of the frame rule is that the beginning and end (goals, intentions, prospects, results and conclusions) of any conversation should be clearly outlined, because they are remembered better in the information series. The chain rule determines the "internal" structuring of the communicative process. The point is that the information necessary for the analysis of the problem should form a chain in which messages are combined according to certain characteristics. The sequence of presentation of all information as a whole is also very important. So the stylistic barrier between partners in such conditions is generated by the wrong organization of the message.

Composition of an effective message It is believed that the message is perceived better if it is constructed in such a way: - from attention to interest; - from interest in the main provisions; – from the main provisions to objections and questions; - answers, conclusions, summarizing. A stylistic barrier can also arise if the form of communication and its content do not correspond to each other. For example, they were invited to a conversation, and instead of a dialogue there was a one-sided monologue that caused the interlocutor not only dissatisfaction, but also a misunderstanding of the information itself, since negative emotions that do not allow you to listen effectively prevent you from concentrating and perceiving what you hear. A stylistic barrier also arises when information is transmitted in a scientific-clerical style, understandable during reading and difficulty in auditory perception.

The principles of "non-violent communication" by M. Rosenberg Marshal Rosenberg - three main forms of communication that impede compassion, while provoking misunderstanding and forced defense: Words perceived as a demand. For each of us, autonomy is dear - the ability to choose our own goals and act in accordance with the choice. Demand threatens this opportunity. When we hear a demand, we often see two paths before us: submission or struggle. When we are asked, we feel free and willingly respond to the request, if the actions expected of us do not contradict our values. If the actions are not consonant with our goals and values, we simply talk about the impossibility of responding to the request. Words that are perceived as a diagnosis, condemnation. When we tell people that we think they are rude, selfish, or inconsiderate of others, they tend to start thinking badly either about themselves or about us. If they changed the behavior we condemned, they did so out of shame, fear, or guilt rather than out of a desire to act in harmony with us. Words that leave no choice. The ability to make our own choices gives us strength. It is especially necessary for a person to be able to choose his goal, his path to his dream.

Sources and literature 1. Yampolskaya, D., M. Zonis, M. Communication barriers //D. Yampolskaya, M. Zonis. Management [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: / / 2.Communication barriers [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: obchenie.html?id=14http://psyznaiyka.net/socio-obchenie.html?id=14 3.Metkin, M.V. "Barriers" of communication // Metkin, M.V. Theoretical and practical aspects of conflict resolution [Electronic resource]. - Access mode:

Prepared by a student of 11 - A class Korotkikh Anastasia

• Communication

• Contact

• In general, communication is...

• We communicate constantly

• barriers

• Let's list these barriers

• Communication technique

• School

• Psychology

• Family

• The first mention of cats

• Zodiac signs

• The first mention of the rose

• Communication is everything

• We communicate constantly

• Without communication, we lock ourselves in

• And with communication we become better

• The bottom line is

Communication

We are all constantly in situations of communication - at home, at work, on the street, in transport; with loved ones and total strangers.

And, of course, a huge number of contacts that a person enters into every day requires him to fulfill a number of conditions and rules that allow him to communicate while maintaining personal dignity and distance in relation to other people.

Communication as interaction assumes that people establish contact with each other, exchange certain information in order to build joint activities, cooperation.

Communication is characteristic of all higher living beings, but at the human level it acquires the most perfect forms, becomes conscious and mediated by speech. There is not even the shortest period in a person's life when he would be out of communication, out of interaction with other subjects.

In general, communication is...

Communication is a multifaceted and complex process that requires certain skills. In communication, there is an exchange of information and its interpretation, mutual perception, mutual understanding, mutual assessment, empathy, the formation of likes or dislikes, the nature of relationships, beliefs, views, psychological impact, conflict resolution, joint activities. Thus, each of us in our lives, interacting with other people, acquires practical skills and abilities in the field of communication.

We communicate constantly

At work

barriers

Psychological barriers in communication arise imperceptibly and subjectively, often they are not felt by the person himself, but are immediately perceived by others. A person ceases to feel the infidelity of his behavior and is sure that he communicates normally. If it detects inconsistencies, complexes begin to develop.

Here are the barriers:

The first impression is considered one of the barriers, which can contribute to the erroneous perception of a communication partner. Why? The first impression, in fact, is not always the first, since both visual and auditory memory influence the formation of the image. Therefore, it may be relatively adequate, correspond to character traits, or it may be erroneous.

Here are the barriers:

Barrier of bias and unreasonable negative attitude. It is expressed as follows: outwardly for no reason, a person begins to have a negative attitude towards this or that person as a result of the first impression or for some hidden reasons. Possible motives for the emergence of such an attitude should be identified and overcome.

Here are the barriers:

Negative installation barrier introduced into a person's experience by some other person. You have been given negative information about someone, and a negative attitude is formed in relation to a person about whom you know little, there is no experience of personal interaction with him. Such negative attitudes, brought in from outside, prior to your personal experience of communicating with a particular person, should be avoided. New people with whom you have to communicate should be approached with an optimistic hypothesis. Do not focus on the final assessment of a person only on the opinion of others. person only on the opinions of others.

Here are the barriers:

Barrier of "fear" of human contact. It happens that you need to make direct contact with a person, but somehow awkward. What to do? Try to analyze calmly, without emotions, what is holding you back in communication, and you will see that these emotional layers are either subjective or too secondary. After the conversation, be sure to analyze the success of the conversation and fix your own attention on the fact that nothing terrible happened. Typically, such a barrier is typical for people who experience difficulties in communication, having a generally low level of sociability.

Here are the barriers:

The barrier of "expectation of misunderstanding". You must enter into direct interaction with a person in business or personal communication, but you are concerned about the question: will your partner understand you correctly? And here they often proceed from the fact that the partner must necessarily misunderstand. They begin to predict the consequences of this misunderstanding, to anticipate unpleasant sensations. It is necessary to calmly and thoroughly analyze the content of the conversation you are planning and, if possible, eliminate from it those points or emotional aspects that may cause an inadequate interpretation of your intentions. After that feel free to get in touch.

Here are the barriers:

The "age" barrier- typical in the system of everyday communication. It occurs in a wide variety of areas of human interaction: between adults and children (an adult does not understand how a child lives, which is the cause of many conflicts), between people of different generations. Older people often condemn the behavior of the young, as if forgetting themselves at this age. Young people get annoyed and laugh. There are complications in interpersonal relationships. The age barrier in communication is dangerous both in family relationships and in the system of service interaction. (4) Therefore, it was the barrier of “age” that became the topic of my research.

Communication technique

Communication technique- these are ways of pre-tuning a person to communicate with people, his behavior in the process of communication, and techniques are the preferred means of communication, including verbal and non-verbal.

The word "school"

The word "school" originally originated in ancient Greece, but its meaning was completely different - "leisure, recreation." However, this leisure was not idle - it meant philosophical conversations in their free time from work. Gradually, the philosophers had permanent students, and this concept began to denote the educational process. And when the need arose for special rooms for teaching children, they were also called schools in tribute to this tradition.

What is psychology?

Early ancient authors often paid attention in their work to the problems of human nature, his soul and mind. In 1590, Rudolf Goclenius first used the term "psychology" to refer to the science of the soul. His contemporary Otto Kasman is considered the first to use the term "psychology" in the modern scientific sense. Representatives of the new time (for example, Descartes) believed that the body and soul have a different nature - this was a new look at the problem of psychology. “The soul and the body live and act according to different laws and have a different nature” Descartes. The nineteenth century became for psychology the century of its gradual emergence as a scientific discipline, the allocation of relevant areas from philosophy, medicine, and the exact sciences. However, the main name in the history of the formation of psychology as a science is Wilhelm Wundt. 1950s-1960s

These decades are the era of the heyday of psychological science, active growth in many directions. In modern textbooks, most of the material is devoted to experiments and research conducted during this period.

What is family?

The scientific study of the forms of family life began in the 19th century and is associated with the works of I. Bachofen, L. Morgan, M. M. Kovalevsky.

Before the Second World War, the patriarchal family prevailed in Russia, which is characterized by the predominance of a man in the house and the subordination of all other family members to him. In the post-war years, from the late 40s to the 80s, the child-centric family became dominant, in which great importance is attached to the well-being of children and the preservation of marriage in the interests of children. More recently, in recent decades, a married family has emerged [source not specified 385 days], in which equal relations dominate, the stability of marriage depends on the desires and quality of relations between spouses.

The first mention of cats

And, of course, the story of cats in human life should begin with Egypt. It is in ancient Egypt that we find the first mention of a cat and its first images. And it was there that the cat became a sacred being, “the good genius of the dwelling”, the keeper of the hearth and was taken under the protection of the law. Due to the mystery, nocturnal lifestyle, eyes glowing in the darkness, rare fertility and femininity, this graceful animal was dedicated to the goddess of the Moon, fertility and childbirth Bast, or Bastet, depicted with a cat's head. For the murder of a cat, the death penalty was due, sometimes a finger or hand was cut off. At the natural death of a cat, mourning was declared in the house, all its inhabitants cut off their hair and plucked their eyebrows, and the cat itself was often embalmed and buried with honors in a special cemetery. A large number of cat mummies have been found in the tombs of pharaohs.

In China, cats and their images were considered to bring happiness. The Chinese cat, being a nocturnal animal, refers to the principle of yin (feminine, darkness, moon, etc.). He can communicate with evil forces and has the ability to transform. According to an ancient Persian legend, cats were born from the sneeze of a lion. In Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of the Persians, killing a cat is as serious a crime as killing a human. And later, in the Muslim tradition, the cat was also revered in the Middle East. And the Russian sailors had a custom - the cat should be the first to pass through the built ship. All these customs were associated with the cat's ability to exorcise evil spirits, which had already managed to settle in secluded corners.

Zodiac signs

The allocation of the zodiac as a belt of the celestial sphere, along which the visible path of the first moon, and then the sun and planets, passes, occurred in Babylon. The first mention of the allocation of the zodiac belt in the written sources of Babylon is contained in a series of cuneiform tablets “Mul Apin. these texts list 18 constellations on the "path of the Moon" and indicate that the Sun and five planets move along the same path, and also highlight a group of equatorial (and, accordingly, close to the ecliptic) stars. The Babylonian zodiac system also served as a system of celestial coordinates:

The first mention of the rose

Rose is the name of the cultivated forms of plants belonging to the genus Rosehip (lat. Rósa) of the Pink family, accepted in decorative floriculture. In the classical image, the rose has 32 petals, hence the name wind rose. The ancient Romans symbolized the rose a mystery. There was an expression that became a proverb - "Sub rosa dictum" ("It is said under the rose"), that is, it must be kept secret. The symbolism of a rose depends on its color (scarlet rose - passion, yellow rose - separation or betrayal in love, white rose - tenderness, etc.). During excavations of an Egyptian tomb of the 2nd century AD. e. in Hawara, a wreath of dried roses was found, which were identified as Rosa × richardii. There is a poetic riddle about the rose, composed over 1000 years ago. nature, roses lack the gene that produces the blue pigment.

Communication is everything

We keep in touch.)

Without communication, we withdraw into ourselves (

And with communication we become better

The bottom line is this:

Summarizing the work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Communication is a very important part of human social life. Often in this complex process there are difficulties - the so-called "communicative barriers of communication".

For effective communication, one must have a certain system of skills, knowledge and skills, which is usually denoted by the concept of socio-psychological or communicative competence. The composition of socio-psychological competence includes the ability to understand the personality and emotional states of communication partners, to know the rules

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