Presentation on the topic of the philosophy of rebirth. Presentation, report main features of the philosophy of renaissance
General characteristics. Humanism
- The revival is completely occupied by two centuries - XV and XVI.
- The era of the Renaissance (Renaissance) is usually divided into two periods: Southern (Italy, 14-15 centuries) and Northern (France, England - 15-16 centuries).
- "Renaissance" is a term that came into use in the 19th century, largely due to Jacob Burckhardt's The Culture of the Renaissance in Italy (published in Basel in 1860).
- In the work of Burckhardt, the Renaissance appeared as a specifically Italian phenomenon, which is characterized by individualism, cult secular life with emphasized sensuality, secular spirit with pagan tendencies, liberation from authority, special attention to history, philosophical naturalism and extraordinary taste for the arts.
- The term "Renaissance" cannot be considered an invention of the historians of the 19th century for the simple reason that humanists clearly used (persistently and quite consciously) such expressions as: resurrect, restore shine to antiquities, renew, give new life, revive the ancient world, etc. e. They contrasted the new era of light in which they lived with the Middle Ages as a period of darkness and ignorance.
- Philosophical thinking of this period can be characterized as anthropocentric.
- In the Renaissance, the individual acquires much greater independence, he is increasingly is not this or that union, but himself. From here grows a new self-consciousness of a person and his new social position: pride and self-affirmation, consciousness of his own strength and talent. The Renaissance individual tends to attribute all his credit to himself. Man becomes the creator of himself. Man realizes himself as the creator of his own life and destiny.
- The term "humanism" has several meanings.
- 1. He is close to the concept of "artist" (artist), pointing to teachers and teachers of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy. In addition, already in the XIV century, in order to designate these disciplines, they said “humanitarian disciplines”. The term Humanitas for Latin authors meant approximately what the Greeks expressed by the term paideia, that is, the upbringing and education of a person.
- 2. Love for a person. In the Renaissance, it is love for creativity in man.
- It is in creativity that man is like God.
- The Southern Renaissance emphasized the mind.
- The new worldview of the Renaissance is also manifested in the relationship of man to nature. Although the philosophy of nature is still associated with medieval philosophy, and the interpretation of the question of the relationship between God and the world remains central, a characteristic feature of this period is its anti-scholastic orientation. Since medieval philosophy was based on the philosophy of Aristotle, the natural philosophy of the Renaissance refers to the ideas of Platonism and Neoplatonism.
- One of the most profound thinkers and representative of Renaissance neoplatonism was Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464). His most significant work is On Scientific Ignorance.
- Kuzansky brings God closer to nature, attributes divine attributes to nature, and above all, infinity in space. As you know, the central concept of Neoplatonism is the concept of "One". Plato and the Neo-Platonists characterize the One through the opposite of the “other”, the many, the non-single. Kuzansky rejects ancient dualism and concludes that nothing is opposite to the One, the One is everything.
- Pantheism - God is everything. By studying nature, one can know God.
- The idea of an infinite world was developed by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), who made a revolutionary revolution in astronomy and laid the foundation for the heliocentric system. His main idea is the rejection of the idea of the Earth as the center of the Universe, reducing it to the category of other planets. At the same time, anthropocentrism began to gradually disappear in astronomy in the views on the essence of the world, which is now revealed to us in all its rich diversity, a world governed by objective laws, independent of human consciousness and not subject to human goals.
- The pantheistic philosophy of Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) was the apogee of the development of the philosophical thought of the Renaissance. It embodied humanism, spontaneous dialectics and the greatness of nature. For J. Bruno "God is the infinite in the finite, he is in everything and everywhere, not outside of us, but as the most present." The One - the central category of his philosophy - is both the cause of being and the very being of things, it identifies essence and existence.
- Galileo Galilei (Italian Galileo Galilei; February 15, 1564, Pisa - January 8, 1642, Arcetri) was an Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician who had a significant impact on the science of his time. He was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies and made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries. Galileo is the founder of experimental physics. With his experiments, he convincingly refuted the speculative metaphysics of Aristotle and laid the foundation for classical mechanics.
- During his lifetime, he was known as an active supporter of the heliocentric system of the world, which led Galileo to a serious conflict with the Catholic Church.
- Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (lat. Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, Niderl. Gerrit Gerritszoon; October 28, 1469, Gouda, a suburb of Rotterdam, the Burgundian Netherlands - July 12, 1536, Basel, Swiss Union) - the largest scientist of the Northern Renaissance, nicknamed the "prince of the humanists."
- Compositions:
- "The Weapon of the Christian Warrior" (1504) and "Proverbs" (1508),
- "Praise of Folly" (1509, ed. 1511),
- treatise "On Free Will" (1524).
- Pedagogical essays:
- "On the Primary Education of Children", "On the Well-Being of Children", "Conversations", "Teaching Method", "Way to Write Letters".
- Philosophy for Erasmus is knowledge, as it was for Socrates and other ancient authors. It is a wise understanding of life, and especially the practical prudence of the Christian life. Christian wisdom does not need to be complicated by syllogisms, and it can be gleaned from the Gospels and Epistles of the Apostle Paul.
- Martin Luther (German Martin Luther November 10, 1483, Eisleben, Saxony - February 18, 1546, ibid.) - Christian theologian, initiator of the Reformation, translator of the Bible into German.
- Luther's works:
- "Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans" (1515-1516),
- "95 theses on indulgences" (1517),
- “28 Theses for a Debate in Heidelberg” (1518), essays of 1520: “To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation”, “On the Reform of Christian Education”, “On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church”, “On the Freedom of a Christian”, “On the Slavery of the Will” (against Erasmus, 1525).
- Luther's teaching contains three components:
- 1) the doctrine of the radical justification of man by faith;
- 2) the doctrine of the inerrancy of Scripture as the only source of truth;
- 3) the doctrine of universal worship and the resulting freedom of independent interpretation of Scripture.
- Niccolo Machiavelli (Machiavelli, Italian. Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli; May 3, 1469, Florence - June 21, 1527, ibid) - Italian thinker, philosopher, writer, politician (he held the post of Secretary of State in Florence), author of military-theoretical works . He was a supporter of strong state power, for the strengthening of which he allowed the use of any means, which he expressed in the famous work "The Sovereign".
- Machiavelli is one of the few Renaissance figures who, in his works, raised the issue of the role of the personality of the ruler. Based on the realities of contemporary Italy, which suffered from feudal fragmentation, he believed that it was better to have a strong, albeit devoid of remorse, sovereign at the head of a single country than rival appanage rulers. Thus, Machiavelli raised in philosophy and history the question of the relationship between moral norms and political expediency.
- Thomas More (English Sir Thomas More, better known as Saint Thomas More; February 7, 1478, London - July 6, 1535, London) was an English thinker, writer, humanist, canonized saint of the Catholic Church.
- Thomas More called his main work "A golden little book, as useful as it is funny about the best organization of the state and about the new island of Utopia."
- First of all, in Utopia, private property is abolished, all exploitation is abolished. Instead, socialized production is established. All religions in Utopia are tolerant, and only atheism is prohibited, for adherence to which they were deprived of the right to citizenship.
- Tommaso Campanella (Italian Tommaso Campanella, at baptism received the name Giovanni Domenico Italian Giovanni Domenico; September 5, 1568 - May 21, 1639, Paris) - Italian philosopher and writer, one of the first representatives of utopian socialism.
- The population of the "City of the Sun" leads a "philosophical life in communism", that is, they have everything in common, not excluding wives. With the destruction of property, many vices are destroyed in the city of the Sun, all pride disappears and love for the community develops.
- The people are ruled by the supreme high priest, who is called the Metaphysician and is chosen from among the wisest and most learned citizens. To help him, a triumvirate of Power, Wisdom and Love was established - a council of three leaders of the entire political and social life of the country subordinate to Metaphysics.
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Topic: Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times LKSAIOT Lecturer Goryainova Natalia Viktorovna
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PLAN: The main features and directions of the philosophy of the Renaissance The philosophy of Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464) The philosophy of Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536) The philosophy of Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) The political philosophy of the Renaissance
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1. The main features and directions of the philosophy of the Renaissance The Renaissance (Renaissance) begins in the XIV century. in Italy and in the 15th century. in other European countries and continues until the beginning of the XVII century.
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The main features of the philosophy of the Renaissance are as follows: Humanism is the substantiation of the intrinsic value of man, his rights and freedoms. Humanism (from Latin humanus - humane) emphasizes that the ultimate goal of philosophy should be man as the crown of creation Aestheticism is the leading role of art. Denotes the high role of creativity in the Renaissance. sonnets by F. Petrarch, short stories by J. Boccaccio, the dramaturgy of W. Shakespeare, the novels of M. Cervantes, the sculptures of Michelangelo, the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci - all these are classic examples of an unprecedented rise in art. Freethinking - liberation from dogmatic medieval thinking. Freethinking implies the freedom of human thought. God gave man free will to solve practical and theoretical problems on his own, without relying on higher powers Anthropocentrism - a person is at the center of the worldview. Anthropocentrism (from the Greek anthropos - man) of rebirth means that the place of God in the center of the universe is occupied by man. he becomes an independent creative principle, almost equal to God;
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The main directions of the philosophy of the Renaissance refer to the Greek and Roman samples. Bruno Skepticism Pyrrho M. Montaigne, Erasmus of Rotterdam Political Philosophy Plato, Aristotle T. More, N. Machiavelli The very name "Renaissance" emphasizes that the philosophers of that time tried to find justification for their search in the free and democratic spirit of antiquity, reviving classical antiquity. The main directions of the philosophy of the Renaissance refer to Greek and Roman models.
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Naturphilosophy returns to the ideas of nature and the Cosmos. The forerunner of Italian natural philosophy, Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464) puts forward the idea of pantheism - identifies nature and God. Since the Universe, like God, is infinite, it cannot be known with the help of limited logic - absolute truth can be infinitely approached, but it cannot be mastered. Instead of logic, "scientific ignorance" is put - symbolic thinking, where opposites merge.
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Example: A B a A straight line a is, by definition, infinite. Segment AB is finite. However, AB can be divided into a different number of parts (from two to infinity). Therefore, AB is also infinite within itself. Since oo = co, the line a is equal to the segment AB. If we symbolically imagine that a straight line is a god, and a segment is a person, then a person becomes equal to God and the Cosmos.
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The human soul is inexhaustible and infinite, therefore it can be represented as the whole Universe (microcosm), equal to the physical Universe (macrocosm). The pantheism of Nicholas of Cusa influenced the further development of science - the study of the Universe received its justification: it is possible to study God not only through revelation, but also through the study of nature.
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He put forward the idea of "scientific ignorance" ("knowledge about ignorance"). With the help of feelings, reason and intellect we can know things, but our knowledge of finite things always goes beyond its limits, meeting with the unknown. Cognition is based on the opposition between finite knowledge and knowledge of the absolute, unconditional, i.e. ignorance of this unconditional (divine). A person can acquire unconditional knowledge only symbolically, including through mathematical symbols. Man is not a part of the whole, he is a new whole, individuality.
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An important merit in the study of nature was also the heliocentric model of the solar system (the Earth revolves around the Sun), which replaced the geocentric one (the Sun revolves around the Earth). The names of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who are at the origins of European experimental science, are known here.
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Skepticism is a reaction to religious dogma and a form of manifestation of creative freethinking. The Dutch philosopher Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536) in his famous book “Praise of Stupidity” ridicules the false morality and scholarship of the scholastics, preferring the stupidity of “living life” to it: “In human society, everything is full of stupidity, everything is done by fools and among fools. If anyone wants to rise up alone against the whole universe, I will advise him to flee to the desert and there, in solitude, enjoy his wisdom.
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He called on a person to such an image of spiritual life, which would combine freedom, clarity, peacefulness, the ability not to go to extremes. He considered coarse fanaticism, ignorance, readiness for violence and hypocrisy to be unacceptable features of the spiritual appearance of a person. He called for a return to the origins of Christianity, to revive the early Christian ideals. For all phenomena of social life, all things are characterized by duality, the presence of opposite properties in them. In the socio-political field, he was a supporter of a strong monarchy, as he hoped that monarchs would always show enlightenment and humanism
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The motto of the French thinker Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) was the words "It is known for sure that nothing is known for sure." Montaigne expressed his skepticism in the work "Experiments". “I believe that almost every question should be answered: I don’t know.” “Amazement lies at the beginning of all philosophy, its development is research, its end is ignorance” “Let the conscience and virtues of the student be reflected in his speech and know no other guide than reason”
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When Montaigne calls to focus all our thoughts and intentions on ourselves and our own good, by this he expresses one of the main ideas of the Renaissance, according to which a person with his feelings and thoughts becomes the center of the universe. Montaigne needs to address a person in order to express doubt in the creed.
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The political philosophy of the Renaissance Plato's dreams of an ideal state are continued in the tradition of utopianism. Its origins are Thomas More (1478-1535), author of the book "Utopia" (the word "utopia" means "non-existent place"). Here he describes a non-existent state, where everything is based on the principles of equality and justice - property is common, everyone works the same way and everyone owns an equal amount of goods.
Renaissance Philosophy
Question 1. Prerequisites for the emergence and features of humanistic philosophy
Preconditions for the formation of humanistic philosophy :
- improvement of labor tools and production relations;
- the development of crafts and trade (the authority of the Italian city-republics);
- strengthening cities, turning them into trade, craft, military, cultural and political centers, independent of the feudal lords and the Church;
- strengthening, centralization of European states, strengthening of secular power;
- the appearance of the first parliaments;
- lagging behind life, the crisis of the Church and scholastic (church) philosophy;
- raising the level of education in Europe as a whole and the formation of a system of secular education;
- great geographical discoveries (Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Magellan);
- scientific and technical discoveries (invention of gunpowder, firearms, machine tools, blast furnaces, microscope, telescope, book printing, discoveries in the field of medicine and astronomy, other scientific and technical achievements).
Characteristic features of the philosophy of the Renaissance :
- anthropocentrism and humanism - the predominance of interest in man, faith in his limitless possibilities and dignity;
- secularization of public consciousness, opposition to the Church and church ideology (that is, the denial of not religion itself, God, but an organization that has made itself an intermediary between God and believers);
- moving the main interest from the form of the idea to its content;
- pantheism, and a fundamentally new, scientific and materialistic understanding of the surrounding world (sphericity, and not the plane of the Earth, the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, and not vice versa, the infinity of the Universe, new anatomical knowledge, etc.);
- great interest in social problems, society and the state;
- the triumph of individualism;
- the widespread dissemination of the idea of social equality.
Question 2 The main directions of the philosophy of the Renaissance.
Main directions
direction
Humanism
Peculiarities:
- Humanism as a philosophical trend became widespread in Europe in the 14th - mid-15th centuries. Italy was its center.
- In its genre, humanistic philosophy merged with literature, was expounded allegorically and in artistic form.
- The most famous humanist philosophers were also writers. They were primarily Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Lorenzo Valla;
- the desire to reduce the omnipotence of God and prove the self-worth of man;
- anthropocentrism - special attention to a person, chanting of his strength, greatness, opportunities.
Dante Alighieri(1265 - 1321) - "Divine Comedy", "New Life"
In his writings, Dante:
- sings of Christianity, but at the same time between the lines ridicules the contradictions and inexplicable dogmas of Christian teaching;
- praises the person
- departs from the interpretation of man solely as a divine creature;
- recognizes for a person the presence of both the divine and the natural principles, which are in harmony with each other;
- believes in the happy future of man, his initially good nature.
Francesco Petrarca(1304 - 1374) - "Book of Songs", "On Contempt for the World".
- human life is given once and is unique;
- man must live not for God, but for himself;
- the human person must be free - both physically and spiritually;
- man has the freedom of choice and the right to express himself in accordance with this;
- a person can achieve happiness, relying only on himself and his strength, has sufficient potential for this;
- the afterlife, most likely, does not exist and immortality can be achieved only in the memory of people;
- a person should not sacrifice himself to God, but should enjoy life and love;
- the outer appearance and inner world of man are beautiful.
Natural philosophy
The main features of natural philosophy:
- substantiation of the materialistic view of the world;
- the desire to separate philosophy from theology;
- the formation of a scientific worldview, free from theology;
- putting forward a new picture of the world (in which God, Nature and Cosmos are one, and the Earth is not the center of the Universe);
- The most prominent representatives of the natural philosophy of the Renaissance were Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolaus Copernicus, Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galilei.
Nicholas Copernicus(1473 - 1543), based on astronomical research, put forward a fundamentally different picture of life:
- The earth is not the center of the universe (geocentrism was rejected);
- The Sun is the center in relation to the Earth (geocentrism was replaced by heliocentrism);
- all cosmic bodies move along their own trajectory;
- space is infinite;
- the processes taking place in space are explainable from the point of view of nature and are devoid of "sacred" meaning.
Giordano Bruno(1548 - 1600) developed and deepened the philosophical ideas of Copernicus:
- The Sun is the center only in relation to the Earth, but not the center of the Universe;
- The universe has no center and is infinite;
- The universe is made up of galaxies (clusters of stars);
- stars - celestial bodies similar to the Sun and having their own planetary systems;
- the number of worlds in the universe is infinite;
- all celestial bodies - planets, stars, as well as everything that is on them, have the property of motion;
- there is no God separate from the Universe, the Universe and God are one.
Galileo Galilei(1564 - 1642) in practice confirmed the correctness of the ideas of Nicolaus Copernicus and Giordano Bruno:
- invented the telescope and with its help explored celestial bodies;
- proved that celestial bodies move not only along a trajectory, but also simultaneously around their axis;
- discovered spots on the Sun and a diverse landscape (mountains and deserts - "seas") on the Moon;
- discovered satellites around other planets;
- studied the dynamics of falling bodies;
- proved the plurality of worlds in the universe.
Utopian philosophy
Peculiarities:
- the main attention is focused on the development of projects of an ideal state, where social contradictions would be destroyed and social justice would triumph;
- these projects were far removed from reality and practically unrealizable;
- the ideas of the utopian socialists reflected the desire to change the world, both in the Renaissance and in the future.
- The greatest contribution to the development of the theory of utopian socialism was made by Thomas More and Tommaso Campanella.
Thomas More(1478 - 1535) "Utopia" (Greek - a place that is nowhere to be found) - a fictional island on which an ideal state is located.
- does not exist private property ;
- all citizens participate in productive labor;
- labor is carried out on the basis of universal labor service;
- all produced products (results of labor) become the property of society (public warehouses) and then are evenly distributed among all the inhabitants of Utopia:
- due to the fact that everyone is busy with work, a short working day of six hours is enough to ensure Utopia;
- people who have shown special abilities for the sciences are exempted from labor activity;
- the dirtiest work is done by slaves - prisoners of war and convicted criminals;
- the primary cell of society is not a consanguineous family, but a "working family" (in fact, a work collective);
- all officials are elected - directly or indirectly;
- men and women have equal rights (as well as equal responsibilities);
- residents believe in God, there is complete religious tolerance.
Tommaso Campanella(1568 - 1639) "City of the Sun".
- absent private property ;
- all citizens participate in productive work;
- the results of labor become the property of the whole society, and then evenly distributed between its members;
- work combined with simultaneous learning;
- solarium life regulated down to the smallest detail, from getting up to going to bed;
- solariums do everything together: go from work to work, work, eat, rest, sing songs;
- great attention is paid education- from birth, the child is taken away from his parents and brought up in special schools, where he learns the sciences and learns to collective life, other rules of behavior of the City of the Sun;
- at the head of the City of the Sun is a lifelong ruler (elected by solariums) - a Metaphysician, who owns all the knowledge of his era and all professions.
Political philosophy
Political philosophy explored the problems of managing a real-life state, methods of influencing people, and methods of political struggle.
A prominent representative of political philosophy was Niccolo Machiavelli(1469 - 1527) - Italian politician, philosopher and writer.
The philosophy of Machiavelli is based on the following main provisions:
- man has an inherently evil nature;
- the driving motives of human actions are selfishness and the desire for personal gain;
- the coexistence of people is impossible if everyone pursues only their own selfish interests;
- to curb the base nature of man, his egoism, a special organization is created - the state;
- the ruler must lead the state, not forgetting the base nature of his subjects;
- the ruler should look generous and noble, but not be so in reality, because when in contact with reality, these qualities will lead to the opposite result (the ruler will be overthrown by far from noble associates or opponents, and the treasury will be squandered);
- in no case should the leader encroach on the property and privacy of people;
- in the struggle for the liberation of the motherland from foreign domination for its independence, all means are permissible, including insidious and immoral.
- The philosophy of Machiavelli became a guide to action for many politicians of both the medieval and subsequent eras. It was called Machiavellianism.
The Doctrine of Fortune
- the uncertainty of a person's life path;
- fortune - "external force" determines only half of a person's actions;
- the other half is determined by him through the manifestation of free will, therefore the person himself is "the blacksmith of his own happiness."
Conclusions:
- man began to be regarded as the creator of himself and master of the surrounding nature;
- the active activity of a person began to be highly valued as his way of existing in the world (especially creative activity);
- the formation of a cult of the bodily and spiritual beauty of man.
Historical types of philosophy
Historical types of philosophy
Characteristic features
1) Philosophy of the ancient East
2) Ancient philosophy
3) Medieval philosophy
4) Renaissance philosophy
5) Philosophy of the new time
6) Philosophy of Enlightenment
8) Russian philosophy
9) Modern Philosophy
Historical types of philosophy and their representatives
Historical types of philosophy
Representatives
1) Philosophy of the ancient East
2) Ancient philosophy
3) Medieval philosophy
4) Renaissance philosophy
5) Philosophy of the new time
6) Philosophy of Enlightenment
7) Classical German philosophy
8) Russian philosophy
9) Modern Philosophy
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Topic 5. Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times. Humanism and natural philosophy of the Renaissance. Socio-political views of the Renaissance. Empiricism and rationalism in the philosophy of modern times. Socio-political concepts of modern times.slide 2
Literature: Bruno J. About the cause, the beginning and the one. Bruno J. About infinity, universe and worlds. More T. Utopia. Bacon F. Idols of the human mind. Descartes R. Rules for the guidance of the mind. Descartes R. Philosophical understanding of nature. Spinoza B. The doctrine of substance. Leibniz. Monadology. Hobbes T. Leviathan. Locke J. Theory of knowledge. Hume D. About human nature. Berkeley J. On the principles of human knowledge. Huizinga J. Autumn of the Middle Ages. M., 1988. Film: On the way to the golden ratio: "Philosophy and Art".
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The term "Renaissance" was first used by the Italian artist and architect Giorgio Vasari in his book Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects in 1550. Periodization of the Renaissance: Proto-Renaissance: XIII century - ducento - "two hundredth", 1200s. Early Renaissance: XIV century - trecento - "three hundredth", 1300s. High Renaissance: XV century - quatrocento - "four hundred", 1400s. Late Renaissance: 16th century - cinquicento - "five hundredth", 1500s.
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The Renaissance is a set of philosophical trends that made a revolution in the system of values, in the assessment of everything that exists and the attitude towards it. The main cultural paradigm is ANTHROPOCENTRISM, which considers man to be the center and meaning of the universe. Characteristic features: individualism and subjectivism became the foundations of the culture of the Renaissance; humanism as a new worldview, ethics, social ideal and scientific method; anti-church and anti-scholastic orientation, secularization of public life; life-affirming character and optimism; history loses its sacred meaning and becomes the practical work of real people; revival of the ancient cultural heritage; creation of a new pantheistic picture of the world; titanism creates not only great heroes, but also anti-heroes.
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The main directions of the philosophy of the Renaissance: humanistic; neoplatonic; natural philosophical; reformatory; political; socialist utopian.
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Humanism (from Latin humanitas - humanity) is understood as the upbringing and education of a person, contributing to his exaltation. The main role was assigned to a complex of disciplines, consisting of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and ethics. Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) “On the ignorance of one’s own and many others”, “The Book of Songs”, “On Contempt for the World” is considered the founder of humanism; rejects scholastic learning; offers a new approach to assessing the ancient heritage: to strive not only to rise to the heights of ancient culture, but also to surpass it; true philosophy must become the science of man; laid the foundations of the personal identity of the Renaissance.
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The most famous philosophers are the humanists Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) "Divine Comedy", "New Life"; Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) "Speech on the Dignity of Man"; Lorenzo Valla (1507-1557) "On pleasure as a true good"; Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) "Praise of stupidity"; Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) "Experiments".
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The main features of natural philosophy: substantiation of the materialistic view of the world; the desire to separate philosophy from theology; formation of scientific outlook; promotion of a new picture of the world; the assertion that the world is knowable; practical science, which is an attempt to change the world, is gaining importance.
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Bertrand Russell, philosopher, mathematician, winner of the "Nobel Prize" in literature in his work "History of Western Philosophy" distinguished the authority of science from the authority of church dogma: the authority of science is intellectual in nature, not governmental; no punishment falls on the heads of those who reject the authority of science; no considerations of benefit affect those who take it; science gains authority exclusively by appealing to reason; the authority of science is, as it were, woven from particles and pieces, and not from an integral system - like church dogma; if the ecclesiastical authority proclaims its judgments as absolutely true and unchanged forever and ever, then the judgments of science are experimental, made on the basis of a probabilistic approach and are recognized as relative.
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Representatives of natural philosophy of the Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) "The Book of Painting", "On True and False Science"; Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464) "On learned ignorance", "On assumptions", etc.; Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) "On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres"; Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) "On Nature, the Beginning and the One", "On the Infinity of the Universe and the Worlds", etc.; Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) "Star Messenger", "Dialogue on the two main systems of the world", etc.
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Nicolaus Copernicus made a revolution in natural science, having developed the heliocentric system of the world. In spirit, his work is Pythagorean; the sun is the center of the universe, which refuted the geocentric system of the world of Ptolemy; the earth has a double motion: daily rotation and annual circular rotation around the Sun; the cosmos is infinite and all cosmic bodies move along their own trajectory; processes in space are explainable from the point of view of nature and are devoid of "sacred" meaning.
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Giordano Bruno is an Italian philosopher and poet, a pantheist materialist. In 1592, he was arrested by the Inquisition and accused of heresy and freethinking, and on February 17, 1600, he was burned at the stake. The sun is the center of the universe in relation to the earth, but not the center of the universe; The universe has no center and is infinite; the stars are like the sun and have their own planetary systems; all celestial bodies have the property of motion; put forward a hypothesis that we are not alone in the Universe and there may be intelligent beings; there is no God separate from the Universe, the Universe and God are one.
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Galileo Galilei is one of the founders of modern experimental science. For the first time he showed how important tools are for the development of science. introduced the method of observation, hypotheses and their experimental verification in practice; discovered the value of acceleration in dynamics established the law of falling bodies; studying the flight of shells, he established the principle of a parallelogram; defended the heliocentric system of the world; invented the telescope and discovered a number of important phenomena: spots on the Sun, mountains on the Moon, the Milky Way consists of many individual stars, observed the phases of Venus, discovered the satellites of Jupiter.
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The socio-political concepts of the Renaissance include the reformation, the political philosophy of N. Machiavelli, the socialist-utopian direction. The Reformation served as an ideological justification for the political and armed struggle for the reform of the Church and Catholicism. The political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli explored the problems of managing a real-life state, methods of influencing people, and methods of political struggle. The socialist-utopian direction focused on the development of projects for an ideal state, where social justice based on public property triumphed.
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The founder of the Reformation was Martin Luther, who on October 31, 1517 nailed 95 theses against indulgences, communication between God and believers should take place directly, without the participation of the Catholic Church; the church must become democratic, and the rites understandable to people; demanded a reduction in the influence of the Pope on the politics of other states; the authority of state institutions and secular power must be restored; free culture and education from the dominance of Catholic dogmas; indulgences must be abolished.
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The main ideas of the political philosophy of Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527): man initially has an evil nature; selfishness and the desire for personal gain become the driving motives of actions; to curb the base nature of man, a special organization is created - the state; on the basis of the experience of history and contemporary events reveals how power is won, how it is retained and lost; the ruler must be "sly as foxes, ferocious as a lion"; in no case should the ruler encroach on the property and privacy of people; also central to his teaching is the idea of "fortune" (destiny), which favors the young and the wealthy; in the struggle for political power, and in particular for the liberation of the homeland from the encroachments of foreign domination, all means are permissible, including insidious and immoral.
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The socialist-utopian direction is represented by the works of Thomas More and Tomaso Campanella: T. More "Utopia": There is no private property; General 6-hour labor mobilization; The principle is: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his work”; The primary unit of society is the “working family.” Men and women have equal rights; T. Campanella "City of the Sun": There is no private property; everyone participates in the labor process; work is combined with simultaneous training; the life of solariums is regulated to the smallest detail; children live separately from their parents and are brought up in special schools; at the head of the City of the Sun is a lifelong ruler - Metaphysician.
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Modern times - the XVII century - became a turning point in European history. The most important factor is the development of SCIENCE. General characteristics of the era of modern times: this is the century of development of experimental mathematical natural science; the creation of classical mechanics was completed, which was based on the results achieved by I. Newton, E. Torricelli, I. Kepler, N. Copernicus and others. Two directions took shape in philosophy - empiricism and rationalism; states are more replacing the Church as the governing body that controls culture; the era of early bourgeois-democratic revolutions; philosophy stands for the practical significance of its concepts, for their vital application, for a real impact on human destinies.
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The main problems of the philosophy of modern times: the development of a new method of cognition (F. Bacon and R. Descartes); substantiation of the ontological status of being (R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz); attempts to solve the problems of social life (T. Hobbes, J. Locke).
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Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - a member of the British Parliament, later Lord Chancellor, the founder of English materialism, proposed a method of experimental study of nature. Major works: "New Organon", "On the Dignity and Multiplication of Sciences", "New Atlantis", etc. Famous sayings: "Knowledge is power", "nature is not a temple, but a workshop", "we can do as much as we know." Main ideas: to give a person the means of scientific discoveries and inventions to master the forces of nature; first carried out the classification of sciences; developed the method of induction; pointed out specific ways of knowledge; outlined the delusions of the "idols" of the mind. slide 22 
Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632-1677) is a prominent representative of rationalism. Main works: "Theological and political treatise", "Political treatise", "Ethics". Based on the theory of substance, Descartes developed his own system of a single substance; developed the doctrine of three kinds of knowledge; gave an explanation of the problems of determinism, the relationship between freedom and necessity, creativity as an active principle.
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Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) was a German mathematician and lawyer, a forerunner of German classical philosophy. Leibniz's doctrine of monads: The whole world consists of a huge number of substances that have a single nature; fundamentally, one should distinguish between the intelligible world (the world of truly existing) and the phenomenal world (the sensually perceived physical world); the world is based on indivisible primary elements - monads (from the Greek "one") - "spiritual atoms"; they are all united by the principle of pre-established harmony; the monad has four qualities: aspiration, attraction, perception, representation; monads are closed and independent of each other; there are four classes of monads: "naked monads", "animal monads", "human monads", "God".
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher and political thinker. Major works: "About the Citizen", "Leviathan", "About the Body", "About Man". He continued the philosophical traditions of F. Bacon; was a convinced materialist; knowledge occurs through sensory perception; signals from the surrounding world are peculiar signs; carried out the classification of signals; considered the issues of society and the state to be the most important problem; was the first to put forward the idea that the social contract lay at the basis of the emergence of the state;
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John Locke (1632-1704) formulated the foundations of empiricism in sensationalist theory and became one of the founders of the doctrine of liberalism. The main works: "An Experience on Human Understanding", "Two Treatises on Government", etc. Knowledge can only be based on experience: "there is nothing in the mind that would not be in the senses." Consciousness is an empty room, a tabula rasa, which is filled with experience in the course of life; identifies two main sources of ideas: sensations and reflection; as well as three types of knowledge: intuitive, demonstrative, sensitive; in socio-political teaching proceeds from the natural state of society; singled out the basic inalienable natural human rights: life, liberty, property; to substantiate his assertion that the ruler's power cannot be absolute, he first put forward the idea of separation of powers: legislative, executive and federal.
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Presentation on the topic: Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times
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Literature: Bruno J. On the cause, beginning and unity. Bruno J. On infinity, the universe and worlds. More T. Utopia. Bacon F. Idols of the human mind. Descartes R. Rules for the guidance of the mind. Descartes R. Philosophical understanding of nature. Spinoza B. The doctrine of substance. Leibniz. Monadology. Hobbes T. Leviathan. Locke J. Theory of knowledge. Hume D. On human nature. Berkeley J. On the principles of human knowledge. Huizinga J. Autumn of the Middle Ages. M., 1988. Film: On the way to the golden section: "Philosophy and Art".
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The term "Renaissance" was first used by the Italian artist and architect Giorgio Vasari in his book Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects in 1550. Periodization of the Renaissance: Proto-Renaissance: XIII century - ducento - "two hundredths", 1200s. Early Renaissance: XIV century - trecento - "three hundredths", 1300s. High Renaissance: XV century - quatrocento - "four hundredths", 1400 -s. Late Renaissance: 16th century - cinquicento - "five hundredth", 1500s.
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The Renaissance is a set of philosophical trends that made a revolution in the system of values, in the assessment of everything that exists and the attitude towards it. The main cultural paradigm is ANTHROPOCENTRISM, which considers man to be the center and meaning of the universe. Characteristic features: individualism and subjectivism became the foundations of the culture of the Renaissance; humanism as a new worldview, ethics, social ideal and scientific method; anti-church and anti-scholastic orientation, secularization of public life; life-affirming character and optimism; history loses its sacred meaning and becomes a practical matter of real people; the revival of the ancient cultural heritage; the creation of a new pantheistic picture of the world; titanism creates not only great heroes, but also anti-heroes.
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Humanism (from Latin humanitas - humanity) is understood as the upbringing and education of a person, contributing to his exaltation. The main role was assigned to a complex of disciplines, consisting of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and ethics. Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) is considered to be the founder of humanism “On the ignorance of one’s own and many others”, “The Book of Songs”, “On Contempt for the World”; rejects scholastic scholarship; offers a new approach to assessing the ancient heritage: strive not only to rise to the heights of the ancient culture, but also to surpass it; genuine philosophy should become the science of man; laid the foundations of the personal self-consciousness of the Renaissance.
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The most famous philosophers - humanists Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) "Divine Comedy", "New Life"; Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) "Speech on the dignity of man"; Lorenzo Valla (1507-1557) "On pleasure as true good "; Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) "Praise of stupidity"; Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) "Experiments".
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The main features of natural philosophy: the rationale for a materialistic view of the world; the desire to separate philosophy from theology; the formation of a scientific worldview; the promotion of a new picture of the world; the assertion that the world is knowable; practical science, which is an attempt to change the world, is becoming important.
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Bertrand Russell, philosopher, mathematician, Nobel Prize winner in literature, in his work "The History of Western Philosophy" distinguished the authority of science from the authority of church dogma: the authority of science is intellectual in nature, not governmental; no punishments fall on the heads of those who reject the authority of science; no considerations of benefit affect those who accept it; science gains authority solely by calling to reason; the authority of science is as if woven from particles and pieces, and not a whole system - like church dogma; if church authority proclaims its judgments as absolutely true and unchanged forever and ever, then the judgments of science are experimental, made on the basis of a probabilistic approach and are recognized as relative.
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Representatives of natural philosophy of the Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) "The Book of Painting", "On True and False Science"; Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464) "On Scientific Ignorance", "On Assumptions", etc.; Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) "On the circulation of the celestial spheres"; Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) "On nature, the beginning and the one", "On the infinity of the Universe and the worlds", etc.; Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) "Star messenger" , "Dialogue on the two main systems of the world", etc.
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Nicolaus Copernicus made a revolution in natural science by developing the heliocentric system of the world. In spirit, his work is Pythagorean; the sun is the center of the universe, which refuted the geocentric system of the world of Ptolemy; the earth has a dual motion: daily rotation and annual circular rotation around the Sun; space is infinite and all cosmic bodies move along its own trajectory; the processes in space are explainable from the point of view of nature and are devoid of a "sacred" meaning.
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Giordano Bruno is an Italian philosopher and poet, a pantheist materialist. In 1592, he was arrested by the Inquisition and accused of heresy and freethinking, and on February 17, 1600, he was burned at the stake. The sun is the center of the universe in relation to the earth, but not the center of the universe; the universe has no center and is infinite; the stars are like the sun and have their own planetary systems; all celestial bodies have the property of motion; put forward the hypothesis that we are not alone in the universe and can be rational beings; there is no God separate from the Universe, the Universe and God are one.
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Galileo Galilei is one of the founders of modern experimental science. For the first time he showed how important tools are for the development of science. introduced the method of observation, hypotheses and their experimental verification in practice; discovered the value of acceleration in dynamics; established the law of falling bodies; studying the flight of projectiles, established the parallelogram principle; defended the heliocentric system of the world; invented the telescope and discovered a number of important phenomena: spots on the Sun, mountains on the Moon , The Milky Way is made up of many individual stars, observed the phases of Venus, discovered Jupiter's moons.
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The socio-political concepts of the Renaissance include the reformation, the political philosophy of N. Machiavelli, the socialist-utopian direction. The Reformation served as the ideological justification for the political and armed struggle for the reform of the Church and Catholicism. The political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli explored the problems of managing a real-life state, methods of influencing people, methods of political struggle. The socialist-utopian direction focused on the development of projects for an ideal state, where the social justice based on public property.
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The founder of the Reformation was Martin Luther, who on October 31, 1517 nailed 95 theses against indulgences, communication between God and believers should take place directly, without the participation of the Catholic Church; the church should become democratic, and the rites understandable to people; Pope of Rome; the authority of state institutions and secular power must be restored; culture and education must be freed from the dominance of Catholic dogmas; indulgences must be abolished.
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The main ideas of the political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527): a person initially has an evil nature; selfishness and the desire for personal gain become the driving motives for actions; a special organization is created to curb the base nature of a person - the state; based on the experience of history and contemporary events, he reveals how power is won, how it is retained and lost; the ruler must be “cunning like foxes, ferocious like a lion”; in no case should the ruler encroach on the property and privacy of people; the idea of \u200b\u200b“fortune” (fate ), which favors the young and the rich; in the struggle for political power, and in particular for the liberation of the homeland from the encroachments of foreign domination, all means are permissible, including insidious and immoral.
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The socialist-utopian direction is represented by the works of Thomas More and Tomaso Campanella: T. More "Utopia": There is no private property; General 6-hour labor mobilization; The principle applies: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his work"; The primary unit of society is " labor family "Men and women have equal rights; T. Campanella "City of the Sun": There is no private property; everyone participates in the labor process; work is combined with simultaneous training; the life of solariums is regulated to the smallest detail; children live separately from their parents and are brought up in special schools; at the head of the City of the Sun is a lifelong ruler - Metaphysician.
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Modern times - the XVII century - became a turning point in European history. The most important factor is the development of SCIENCE. General characteristics of the modern era: this is the century of development of experimental mathematical natural science; the creation of classical mechanics was completed, which was based on the results achieved by I. Newton, E. Torricelli, I. Kepler, N. Copernicus and others. Two directions took shape in philosophy - empiricism and rationalism; states are more replacing the Church as a governing body that controls culture; the era of early bourgeois-democratic revolutions; philosophy stands for the practical significance of its concepts, for their life application, for a real impact on human destinies.
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Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - a member of the British Parliament, later Lord Chancellor, the founder of English materialism, proposed a method of experimental study of nature. Main works: "New Organon", "On the Dignity and Multiplication of Sciences", "New Atlantis", etc. Famous sayings: "Knowledge is power", "nature is not a temple, but a workshop", "we can do as much as we know." Main ideas: to give a person the means of scientific discoveries and inventions to master the forces of nature; for the first time carried out a classification of sciences; developed a method of induction; indicated specific ways of cognition; outlined the delusions of the "idols" of the mind.
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René Descartes (1596-1650) French philosopher and mathematician, representative of classical rationalism. Main works: “Discourses on the Method”, “Reflections on the First Philosophy”, “Principles of Philosophy”, “Rules for the Guidance of the Mind”, etc. The main philosophical credo: “I think, therefore I exist.” He substantiated the leading role of the mind in cognition; became the author of the theory of dualism; put forward the doctrine of substance, attributes and modes; developed the method of deduction and basic methods of research in scientific knowledge; proposed the doctrine of "innate ideas".
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Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632-1677) is a prominent representative of rationalism. Main works: “Theological and Political Treatise”, “Political Treatise”, “Ethics”. Based on the theory of substance, Descartes developed his own system of a single substance; developed the doctrine of three kinds of knowledge; gave an explanation of the problems of determinism, the relationship between freedom and necessity, creativity as active start.
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Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) was a German mathematician and lawyer, a forerunner of German classical philosophy. Leibniz's doctrine of monads: The whole world consists of a huge number of substances that have a single nature; in principle, one should distinguish between the intelligible world (the world of truly existing) and the phenomenal world (sensually perceived physical world); the world is based on indivisible primary elements - monads (from the Greek. " one") - "spiritual atoms"; they are all united by the principle of pre-established harmony; the monad has four qualities: aspiration, attraction, perception, representation; monads are closed and independent of each other; there are four classes of monads: "naked monads", "monads of animals ”, “monads of man”, “God”.
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher and political thinker. Main works: “On the Citizen”, “Leviathan”, “On the Body”, “On Man”. Continued the philosophical traditions of F. Bacon; was a convinced materialist; knowledge occurs through sensory perception; signals from the surrounding world are peculiar signs; carried out a classification of signals ;considered issues of society and the state to be the most important problem; was the first to put forward the idea that the social contract lay at the basis of the emergence of the state;
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John Locke (1632-1704) formulated the foundations of empiricism in sensationalist theory and became one of the founders of the doctrine of liberalism. Main works: “An Experience on Human Understanding”, “Two Treatises on Government”, etc. Knowledge can only be based on experience: “there is nothing in the mind that would not be in the senses.” Consciousness is an empty room, tabula rasa, which is filled with experience during life; highlights two main sources of ideas: sensations and reflection; as well as three types of knowledge: intuitive, demonstrative, sensitive; in socio-political teaching proceeds from the natural state of society; singled out the basic inalienable natural rights of a person: life, freedom , property; to substantiate his assertion that the ruler's power cannot be absolute, he first put forward the idea of separation of powers: legislative, executive and federal.
