A list of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics: what diseases are treated with them. Tableted broad-spectrum antibiotic preparations: application features

Antimicrobials are mostly antibiotics, the appearance of which opened a new era in practical medicine and led to a number of specific consequences both in the existence of microorganisms and in the course of a variety of diseases. The main problem in the use of these drugs is the formation of adaptive mechanisms in bacteria. This is mainly enzymatic activity against antibiotics and resistance to these agents. Insensitivity can be isolated and cross, when one type of microbe is immune to several groups of antibacterial agents. The problem of allergy to antibiotics and their intolerance has also become relevant. The extreme degree of this phenomenon is polyallergy, when it is generally impossible to treat a patient with drugs of this class.
An alternative approach has been to use bacteriophages. This extracellular life form is akin to viruses. Each type of bacteriophage devours its own type of bacteria, causing microbes to become addictive to a lesser extent. Phages exist both in isolation and in mixed solutions supplied with a preservative.
The practice of self-treatment with antibiotics should be considered completely vicious, which has somewhat slowed down in recent years due to the transfer of these drugs to the prescription class. Any antibiotic should be prescribed according to indications, taking into account not only the sensitivity of infectious agents, but also taking into account the characteristics of the patient. The doctor also takes into account the frequency of use of certain drugs in a given country or locality, which leads to the peculiarities of the immunity of the same microbes in different regions.

Antimicrobial medicines

I. Betalactam antibiotics.
Drugs with a bacteriostatic effect and a wide spectrum of activity. Block the exchange of proteins of cell membranes of microbes. Block the transport of substances, weaken the protection of bacteria.
1. Natural (sodium and potassium salts of benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin). Used parenterally.
2. Semi-synthetic (flemoxin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, ticarcillin, carbenicillin). Tablets and injection forms.
3. Combined penicillins. Ampiox.
4. Inhibitor-protected (amoxicillin clavulanate: flemoklav, panklav, amoxiclav, augmentin; ampicillin sulbactam: unazine, sultamicillin, ampixid).
To protect against bacterial enzymes, they contain clavulanic acid.
Bactericidal beta-lactam agents. These antibiotics act similarly to penicillins, disrupting the structure of the microbial cell wall. Currently, they are inferior to the macrolide group, while maintaining positions in the treatment of the urinary and upper respiratory tract.
First generation: cefazolin, cephalexin.
Second generation: cefuroxime, cefaclor.
Third generation: cefoperazone, ceftibuten, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefotaxime, cefazidime.
Fourth generation: cefepime.
Resistant to beta-lactamases. Biapenem, imipenem, faropenem, ertapenem, doripenem, meropenem.
II. Tetracyclines. Bacteriostatics, the mechanism of action of which is based on the inhibition of protein synthesis. Tetracycline hydrochloride (tablets, ointment), doxycycline (capsules), oletethrin (tablets)
III. Macrolides. By binding to fats in the composition of the membranes, they violate the integrity of the latter. Clarithromycin, josamycin, azithromycin (azithromycin, azitral, hemomycin, sumamed).
IV. Aminoglycosides. As a result, violations of protein synthesis in ribosomes have a bactericidal effect.
First generation: streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin.
Second generation: sisomycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, netilmicin.
Third generation: amikacin.
V. Fluoroquinolones. The bactericidal action is carried out on the basis of a block of bacterial enzymes. They also disrupt the synthesis of microbial DNA. Ciprofloxacin (zindoline, quintor, ificipro), ofloxacin (kyroll, glaufos, zanotsin), lomefloxacin (lomefloxacin, lomeflox, xenaquin), norfloxacin (loxon, negaflox, quinolox), levofloxacin, lefloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, sparfloxacin (sparflo).
Preparations to which microorganisms of different groups are less resistant. Ideally, along with anti-tuberculosis drugs, they should be treated as reserve antibiotics. However, the commercial interests of pharmaceutical firms have brought them into the wider arena.
VI. Lincosamides. bacteriostatic agents. Lincomycin, clindamycin. They act by binding to a component of the ribosomal membrane.
VII. Chloramphenicol (levomycetin). Due to the high toxicity to blood and bone marrow, it is mainly applied topically (Levomekol ointment).
VIII. Polymyxinv. bactericidal selectively against gram-negative flora. Polymyxin M, Polymyxin B.
IX. Antituberculous antibiotics. They are used against Pmycobacterium tuberculosis, although they are effective against a wide range of bacteria. Reserve drugs, that is, they try not to treat anything other than tuberculosis. Rifampicin, isoniazid.
X. Sulfonamides. Derivatives of amine sulfamidic acid. Today they are practically not used due to side effects.
XI. Nitrofurans. They have bacteriostatic, and in high concentrations and bactericidal action. They affect gram-negative and gram-positive flora. The main areas of application are intestinal infections (furazolidone, enterofuril, nifuroxazide) and urinary tract infections (furomak, furomax, furadonin).
in the form of solutions are used for local (rinses, washes, lotions) and systemic oral administration. Means of choice for allergic reactions to antibiotics and dysbacteriosis. Klebsiella, staphylococcal, intestinal, pyobacteriophage, salmonella.
in solutions and sprays are widely used for disinfection of the oral cavity, skin, treatment of wounds.
Self-medication with antimicrobial drugs is harmful by the development of multiple allergies, the cultivation of populations of microbes in one's own body that are insensitive to many antibacterial agents, and the risk of dysbacteriosis. Surviving after inadequate therapy, bacteria can turn any acute inflammation into a long-term chronic infection and cause immune diseases.

- These are substances that have a detrimental effect on bacteria. Their origin can be biological or semi-synthetic. Antibiotics have saved many lives, so their discovery is of great importance for all mankind.

History of antibiotics

Many infectious diseases such as pneumonia, typhoid fever, dysentery were considered incurable. Also, patients often died after surgical interventions, as the wounds festered, gangrene and further blood poisoning began. Until there were antibiotics.

Antibiotics were discovered in 1929 by Professor Alexander Fleming. He noticed that green mold, or rather the substance that it produces, has a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect. The mold produces a substance Fleming called penicillin.

Penicillin has a detrimental effect on and on some types of protozoa, but absolutely no effect on the white blood cells that fight the disease.

And only in the 40s of the twentieth century began the mass production of penicillin. Around the same time, sulfamides were discovered. Scientist Gause in 1942 received gramicidin, Selman Waxman derived streptomycin in 1945.

Later, such antibiotics as bacitracin, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline were discovered. By the end of the 20th century, all natural antibiotics had synthetic counterparts.

Classification of antibiotics

There are many antibiotics available today.

First of all, they differ in the mechanism of action:

• Bactericidal action - antibiotics of the penicillin series, streptomycin, gentamicin, cephalexin, polymyxin
• Bacteriostatic action - tetracycline series, macrolides, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin,
• Pathogenic microorganisms either die completely (bactericidal mechanism), or their growth is suppressed (bacteriostatic mechanism), and the body itself fights the disease. Antibiotics with bactericidal action help faster.

Then, they differ in the spectrum of their action:

• Broad spectrum antibiotics
• Narrow spectrum antibiotics

Preparations with a wide spectrum of action are very effective in many infectious diseases. They are also prescribed in the case when the disease is not exactly established. Destructive for almost all pathogenic microorganisms. But they also have a negative impact on healthy microflora.

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics affect certain types of bacteria. Let's consider them in more detail:

• Antibacterial effect on gram-positive pathogens or cocci (streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci, listeria)
• Effects on Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Legionella, Proteus)
• Antibiotics that affect Gram-positive bacteria include penicillin, lincomycin, vancomycin, and others. The drugs that affect gram-negative pathogens include aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, polymyxin.

In addition, there are several more narrowly targeted antibiotics:

• Anti-tuberculosis drugs
• drugs
• Drugs that affect protozoa
• Anticancer drugs

Antibacterial agents vary by generation. There are now 6th generation drugs. Antibiotics of the latest generation have a wide spectrum of action, are safe for the body, easy to use, and most effective.

For example, consider penicillin preparations by generation:

• 1st generation - natural penicillins (penicillins and bicillins) - this is the first antibiotic that has not lost its effectiveness. It's cheap, it's available. Refers to drugs with a narrow spectrum of action (acts detrimental to gram-positive microbes).
• 2nd generation - semi-synthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins (oxacillin, cloxacillin, fluclosacillin) - are less effective, unlike natural penicillin, against all bacteria except staphylococci.
• 3rd generation - penicillins with a wide spectrum of action (ampicillin, amoxicillin). Starting from the 3rd generation, antibiotics have a negative effect on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
• 4th generation - carboxypenicillins (carbenicillin, ticarcillin) - in addition to all types of bacteria, 4th generation antibiotics are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their spectrum of action is even wider than that of the previous generation.
• 5th generation - ureidopenicillins (azlocillin, mezlocillin) - are more effective against gra-negative pathogens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• 6th generation - combined penicillins - include beta-lactamase inhibitors. These inhibitors include clavulanic acid and sulbactam. Strengthen the action, increasing its effectiveness.

Of course, the higher the generation of antibacterial drugs, the wider the spectrum of action they have, respectively, and their effectiveness is higher.

Application methods

Antibiotic treatment can be carried out in several ways:

• oral
• Parenterally
• Rectally

The first way is to take the antibiotic orally or by mouth. For this method, tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions are suitable. This drug is the most popular, but it has some disadvantages. Some types of antibiotics may be destroyed or poorly absorbed (penicillin, aminoglycoside). They also have an irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract.

The second way to use antibacterial drugs is parenterally or intravenously, intramuscularly, into the spinal cord. The effect is achieved faster than the oral route of administration.

Some types of antibiotics can be given rectally or directly into the rectum (medicated enema).

In especially severe forms of diseases, the parenteral method is most often used.

Different groups of antibiotics have different localization in certain organs and systems of the human body. According to this principle, doctors often select one or another antibacterial drug. For example, with pneumonia, azithromycin accumulates in, and in the kidneys with pyelonephritis.

Antibiotics, depending on the type, are excreted in a modified and unchanged form from the body along with urine, sometimes with bile.

Rules for taking antibacterial drugs

When taking antibiotics, certain rules must be observed. Since drugs often cause allergic reactions, they must be taken with great care. If the patient knows in advance that he has an allergy, he should immediately inform the attending physician about this.

In addition to allergies, there may be other side effects when taking antibiotics. If they were observed in the past, this should also be reported to the doctor.

In cases where there is a need to take another drug along with an antibiotic, the doctor should know about it. Often there are cases of incompatibility of medicines with each other, or the medicine reduced the effect of the antibiotic, as a result of which the treatment was ineffective.

During pregnancy and breastfeeding, many antibiotics are prohibited. But there are drugs that can be taken during these periods. But the doctor must be made aware of the fact and feeding the baby with breast milk.

Before taking, you must read the instructions. The dosage prescribed by the doctor should be strictly observed, otherwise poisoning may occur if the drug is taken too high, and bacterial resistance to the antibiotic may develop if the drug is too low.

You can not interrupt the course of taking the drug ahead of time. Symptoms of the disease may return again, but in this case, this antibiotic will no longer help. You will need to change it to something else. Recovery may not occur for a long time. This rule is especially true for antibiotics with a bacteriostatic effect.

It is important to observe not only the dosage, but also the time of taking the drug. If the instructions indicate that you need to drink the medicine with meals, then this is how the drug is better absorbed by the body.

Along with antibiotics, doctors often prescribe prebiotics and probiotics. This is done in order to restore the normal intestinal microflora, which is adversely affected by antibacterial drugs. Probiotics and prebiotics treat intestinal dysbiosis.

It is also important to remember that at the first signs of an allergic reaction, such as skin itching, urticaria, swelling of the larynx and face, shortness of breath, you should immediately consult a doctor.

If the antibiotic does not help within 3-4 days, this is also a reason to contact the doctors. Perhaps the drug is not suitable for the treatment of this disease.

List of new generation antibiotics

There are a lot of antibiotics on the market today. It is easy to get confused in such a variety. The new generation of drugs include the following:

• Sumamed
• Amoxiclav
• Avelox
• Cefixime
• Rulid
• Ciprofloxacin
• Lincomycin
• Fusidin
• Klacid
• Hemomycin
• Roxilor
• Cefpir
• Moxifloxacin
• Meropenem

These antibiotics belong to different families or groups of antibacterial drugs. These groups are:

• Macrolides - Sumamed, Hemomycin, Rulid
• Amoxicillin group - Amoxiclav
• Cephalosporins - Cefpirome
• Fluoroquinol group - Moxifloxacin
• Carbapenems – Meropenem

All new generation antibiotics are broad-spectrum drugs. They are highly effective and have minimal side effects.

The treatment period averages 5-10 days, but in severe cases it can be extended up to one month.

Side effects

When taking antibacterial drugs, side effects may occur. If they are pronounced, you should immediately stop taking the drug and consult a doctor.

The most common side effects from antibiotics include:

• Nausea
• vomit
• Stomach ache
• dizziness
• Headache
• Urticaria or rash on the body
• Skin itching
• Toxic effects on the liver of certain groups of antibiotics
• Toxic effect on the gastrointestinal tract
• Endotoxin shock
• Intestinal dysbiosis, in which there is diarrhea or constipation
• Decreased immunity and weakening of the body (fragility of nails, hair)

Since antibiotics have a large number of possible side effects, they must be taken with great care. It is unacceptable to self-medicate, this can result in serious consequences.

Especially precautions should be taken when treating children and the elderly with antibiotics. In the presence of allergies, antihistamines should be taken along with antibacterial drugs.

Treatment with any antibiotics, even a new generation, always seriously affects health. Of course, they relieve the main infectious disease, but overall immunity is also significantly reduced. After all, not only pathogenic microorganisms die, but also normal microflora.

It will take some time to restore the protective forces. If side effects are pronounced, especially those associated with the gastrointestinal tract, then a sparing diet will be required.

It is obligatory to take prebiotics and probiotics (Linex, Bifidumbacterin, Acipol, Bifiform and others). The start of the reception should be simultaneous with the start of taking the antibacterial drug. But after a course of antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics should be taken for about two more weeks to populate the intestines with beneficial bacteria.

If antibiotics have a toxic effect on the liver, hepatoprotectors may be advised. These drugs will repair damaged liver cells and protect healthy ones.

Since the immune system is lowered, the body is especially prone to colds. Therefore, it is worth taking care not to overcool. Take immunomodulators, but it is better if they are of plant origin (Echinacea purpurea).

If the disease is of viral etiology, then antibiotics are powerless here, even with a wide spectrum of action and the latest generation. They can only serve as a prophylaxis in the addition of a bacterial infection to a viral one. Antiviral drugs are used to treat viruses.

While watching the video you will learn about antibiotics.

It is important to lead a healthy lifestyle in order to be less likely to get sick and less likely to resort to antibiotic treatment. The main thing is not to overdo it with the use of antibacterial drugs in order to prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance to them. Otherwise, it will be impossible to cure any.

Often, as soon as we notice a cough or a slight increase in temperature, we begin to study all possible pills and potions. Undoubtedly, knowledge of good medicines will always come in handy. Therefore, searching for information about them on the Internet is a very useful pastime. However, any disease should be treated carefully, having thoroughly studied everything and, of course, consulting a doctor. Especially when it comes to antibiotics.

Antibiotics are a powerful and effective remedy for many diseases. These antibacterial substances of synthetic, semi-synthetic or natural origin can quickly stop the growth of harmful microorganisms or completely destroy them.

Especially often they are used in the treatment of such common diseases as:

• angina;
• bronchitis;
• sinusitis;
• intestinal infections;
• otitis;
• pneumonia.

Also, antibiotics are used in a number of other cases, due to which they are one of the most popular types of medicines. However, not all and not always treated with these substances. For example, most antibiotics are usually useless in the treatment of viral diseases. Against viruses, only tetracyclines and some other groups are mainly used.

In addition, despite their widespread use, antibiotics are by no means harmless. Some of them, with prolonged use, can cause dysbacteriosis and skin rashes. Also, antibacterial drugs often have side effects, and if taken incorrectly, they can greatly weaken the body and make harmful bacteria resistant to treatment.

Therefore, for review, we have compiled a rating of the best antibiotics against specific diseases, in particular, sore throats, coughs and some others. When choosing funds, we were guided by the recommendations of specialists, patient reviews and a description of the pharmacological action of drugs. However, antibiotics should be taken strictly according to the doctor's prescription!

There are contraindications. Check with your doctor.

The best antibiotics for sore throat, bronchitis and cough

Most antibiotics are designed to fight several different types of microbes at once and have a fairly wide spectrum of action. However, only a few of them are really effective for coughs and respiratory tract infections.

3 Azithromycin

Best price
Country Russia
Average price: 160 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.0

The rating of the best antibiotics against colds is opened by a budget domestic broad-spectrum drug. Despite the low price, it copes well with various respiratory infections, including bronchitis, laryngitis and pneumonia. Therefore, it is one of the most prescribed antibiotics.

However, he was prevented from getting a higher place in the ranking by a large number of side effects and contraindications, alas, characteristic of most of these drugs. In addition, it is not recommended for children under 16 years of age, as well as for adults who have arrhythmias, kidney or liver failure.

2 Macrofoam

The best antibiotic tablets
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 262 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.4

Coated Slovenian tablets are a good remedy for pathogenic intracellular microorganisms. This antibiotic is used mainly for bronchitis, stomatitis, pneumonia and other infections caused by certain pathogens. Also, the drug can be taken for the treatment and prevention of whooping cough and diphtheria.

The advantages of this antibiotic include efficiency, few contraindications and minimal side effects. Plus, it's pretty easy to take. Usually it is prescribed 3 times a day, one tablet before meals.

The standard form of release of the antibiotic is 16 tablets. However, the drug is also found in the form of a suspension, which is given even to the smallest children.

1 Fluimucil-antibiotic IT

Best result
Country: Italy
Average price: 750 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.8

Fluimucil is one of the few truly effective antibiotics suitable for both injection and inhalation. This antibiotic is used mainly for inhalation with a wet cough, bronchitis, tonsillitis, tracheitis and a number of other respiratory diseases.

Also, this solution can be called one of the best means for washing or instillation for sinusitis, including sinusitis, and otitis media. Due to the successful combination of antibiotic and mucolytic, Fluimucil not only eliminates pathogenic microflora, but also helps to cleanse the problem area. For example, with bronchitis, the drug accelerates the process of sputum excretion.

Fluimucil-antibiotic IT is released in the form of a solution of 500 mg for inhalation and injection. It should not be confused with the effervescent tablets and granules of the same name for the preparation of a solution that is taken orally.

The best antibiotics for sinusitis

2 Polydex with phenylephrine

Antibacterial and vasoconstrictive action
Country: France
Average price: 320 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.7

Polydex spray is a complex remedy that is prescribed for a protracted cold with purulent discharge from the nose. Thanks to the combination of two antibiotics and the vasoconstrictor phenylephrine, this antibiotic has a wide spectrum of action and is effective in the fight against sinusitis and other sinusitis, rhinitis and a number of different bacteria. These drops can be called the best drug that has an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect and improves breathing. The effect of their application, as a rule, is noticeable after 3-5 days. The full course of treatment takes no more than 10 days.

It is important to remember that this is not only a nasal spray, but also a strong antibiotic that has a number of contraindications. In addition to pregnant women and children under 2.5 years old, Polydex is not suitable for adults suffering from glaucoma, kidney failure and kidney disease. Therefore, it is often replaced with a more gentle analogue.

1 Isofra

Best topical antibiotic
Country: France
Average price: 300 rubles.
Rating (2018): 5.0

The first place among the best remedies for sinusitis goes to a fairly powerful local antibiotic in the form of a nasal spray. Although this French drug is quite inexpensive and does not have the widest spectrum of action, it is literally indispensable in the treatment of a protracted cold with rhinitis, sinusitis or nasopharyngitis. In addition, this antibiotic is used to treat both adults and children.

The drug is considered one of the most harmless antibiotics, goes well with other drugs, has virtually no contraindications. Possible side effects include only an allergy to individual components and some deterioration in the microflora of the nasopharynx with prolonged use.

However, it is important to remember that this is still an antibiotic that must be used as prescribed by a doctor. In addition, it is categorically not recommended for use in allergic rhinitis or as a remedy for allergies.

Best Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Although in most cases the use of narrowly targeted antibiotics is preferable, as they have fewer side effects, often recovery is not possible without a broad-spectrum antibiotic. For example, some diseases can be caused by several types of bacteria at once. In addition, not all pathogenic microflora can be eliminated by taking a specialized antibiotic.

3 Tetracycline

The widest range of action
Country Russia
Average price: 76 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.2

Probably almost every adult knows this frequently prescribed drug. Produced in various forms, the antibiotic is almost universal.

In most cases, tetracycline is taken in the form of tablets, including bronchitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, prostatitis, eczema, and various infections of the gastrointestinal tract and soft tissues. Acting in a complex way, this antibiotic quickly copes with most infectious causes of cough, fever and other ailments. Also, the antibiotic is available in the form of an ointment for external use and eye ointment, which helps to eliminate some problems locally.

However, the antibiotic has many contraindications and is not suitable for children under 8 years of age, as well as for women during pregnancy or lactation. Also, like many strong drugs, it can cause serious side effects.

2 Avelox

Better efficacy in acute and chronic diseases
Country: Germany
Average price: 773 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.5

Avelox tablets from the well-known German company Bayer are one of the most serious antibiotics used primarily to combat acute and chronic diseases that cannot be treated by most other means. Therefore, since 2012, it has been included by the Government of the Russian Federation in the List of Essential Medicines.

It is also one of the best drugs for adults due to its high efficiency and the fact that it is convenient and easy to take, so it does not depend on meals and does not require any additional actions. In addition, the antibiotic is well studied and, according to numerous studies, rarely causes side effects.

Also, the antibiotic is found in the form of an injection solution, which is often used for exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. In some cases, the course of injections of Avelox precedes the course of the same antibiotic in tablets.

1 Amoxicillin

The most harmless universal antibiotic
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 44 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.9

The time-tested popular drug becomes the leader in the ranking of the best broad-spectrum antibiotics. It is taken for many diseases that occur both with and without temperature, in particular:

• infections of the respiratory tract and ENT organs (including sinusitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, otitis media);
• gastrointestinal infections;
• skin and soft tissue infections;
• infections of the genitourinary system;
• Lyme disease;
• dysentery;
• meningitis;
• salmonellosis;
• sepsis.

Amoxicillin is perhaps one of the most popular antibiotics for adults and children. The presence of different forms of release, including tablets and suspensions, as well as a relatively small list of possible side effects, allow even pregnant women and babies aged 1 month to take the medicine.

Best antibiotics for kids

The illness of a child in itself is not an easy test. However, the situation is often complicated by the fact that children do not want to take an antibiotic, or it has many side effects that are extremely harmful to the child's body. Therefore, we have selected some of the most harmless and palatable effective drugs for sore throats, bronchitis and other common diseases.

2 Augmentin

The best complex antibiotic
Country: UK
Average price: 150 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.4

Augmentin is one of the few antibiotics safe enough to be given to young children, even infants. Despite the relatively small number of side effects, the drug, unlike some analogues, can still have a negative effect on the kidneys and intestines. Therefore, it should be taken with caution, especially at an early age.

In general, the antibiotic is effective and has a good composition. Especially often this antibacterial agent is prescribed in the treatment of bronchitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, as well as various respiratory tract infections. In addition, due to the extended complex action, this antibiotic is also effective in the fight against various mixed infections.

In addition to the suspension, Augmentin is also available in the form of tablets that school-age children and adults can take.

1 Amoxiclav

Maximum benefit - minimum contraindications
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 220 rubles.
Rating (2018): 5.0

The leader among the best children's antibiotics can be confidently called a universal broad-spectrum drug, suitable for both adults and children. The most popular form of Amoxiclav is tablets, but in pharmacies you can easily find a suspension, which is usually given to young children and even newborns with severe colds, coughs and fever caused by various infections.

In addition to the convenient form of release and versatility, the advantages of the drug include:

• minimum contraindications and side effects;
• pleasant taste;
• speed;
• does not contain dyes;
• affordable price.

Despite the mild effect of the drug, you can take it, like other antibiotics, only as directed by a doctor. In addition, Amoxiclav cannot be combined with certain other medicines.

Antibiotics are a large group of drugs for medicinal purposes, the action of which is aimed at eliminating infectious diseases. Recently, you can see new drugs with a wide spectrum of action. What drug is the most effective, what is better to take with bronchitis, fever and colds? All of this in more detail.

How antibiotics work

The popularity of antibiotics in tablets has increased dramatically due to the fact that the vital processes occurring in the cells of the human body are different from this kind of processes in a bacterial cell. Such strong antibiotics are capable of exerting selective actions, affecting only the cells of a pathogenic microorganism, without touching healthy ones. The classification is based on the way in which the impact on the vital activity of such microorganisms occurs.

When choosing which antibiotic to take, you need to know that some of them inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell membrane, which is absent in the human body. These are broad-spectrum drugs such as penicillins and cephalosporins. Other broad-spectrum drugs are able to almost completely suppress protein synthesis in bacterial cells. These include tetracycline antibiotics and macrolides. The list of broad-spectrum agents can be divided according to the principle of antifungal activity. It is very important to read the instructions for the scope of the drugs.

Broad-spectrum drugs are very effective against a number of bacteria, while others may be narrowly focused, designed for a specific group of bacteria. Why does it happen? The reason is that bacteria and viruses are characterized by different functioning and structure, so what can kill bacteria is not effective against viruses. Broad spectrum agents are used when:

• The causative agents of the disease are resistant to the effects of drugs of a certain group.
• It was possible to detect a superinfection caused by several types of bacteria.
• Prevention of the formation of infections after the surgical intervention is carried out.
• The appointment of treatment occurs on the basis of clinical symptoms, in other words, empirically. In this case, there is no definition of a specific pathogen. This is appropriate for fast-moving dangerous diseases, common infections.

Features of drugs

New generation broad-spectrum drugs are very effective for bronchitis, fever, and the presence of a cold. They cope very well with otitis media, inflammation of the lymph nodes and other diseases.

Whichever of the pathogens caused the cold, a broad-spectrum remedy will cope with it. Each drug invented in the future is distinguished by an improved, more perfect effect on various pathogenic microorganisms. It is generally accepted that new broad-spectrum drugs for bronchitis and temperature cause minimal harm to the body.

New generation of antibiotics

The list of new generation broad-acting drugs available today includes a lot of medicines, both cheap and with a higher price. The most popular of them for use are: cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, penicillins. They are available in the form of tablets and injections. The drugs belonging to the new generation can be characterized by a better pharmacological action, in comparison with the drugs of the older generation. Their list is:

• Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin.
• Tetracycline category: "Tetracycline".
• Penicillins: Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Biomycin.
• Amphenicols: "Chloramphenicol".
• Carbapenems: Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem.
• Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin.

Strong narrowly targeted means

Newer generation narrowly targeted drugs can be used in situations where it was possible to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection, for example, during a cold and at a temperature. Each of the available drugs is able to have a direct effect on a certain category of pathogenic microorganisms.

Unlike broad-spectrum drugs, which can also be used during a cold, they do not suppress the immune system and do not disturb the normal intestinal microflora. Due to the presence of a deeper degree of purification of the active components of the drug, they have less toxicity.

Bronchitis and colds

In most cases, bronchitis and the presence of a cold are prescribed drugs that have a wide spectrum of action of the new generation, but you need to know that the choice of medication should be based on these results of sputum examination in the laboratory.

During colds and bronchitis, the best medicines are those that can have a detrimental effect on bacteria that can cause illness. This approach is explained by the fact that the study can take from 3 to 5 days, and treatment for bronchitis should be immediate so that there are no complications. With bronchitis and the presence of a cold, the following drugs are often prescribed:

• Macrolides - are used in the presence of individual intolerance to penicillin. Erythromycin and Clarithromycin are very effective.
• Penicillin has long been used for bronchitis and other diseases, as a result of which some microorganisms were able to develop high resistance to the active substance. The drug was enhanced by a number of additives that can block the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms in order to reduce the activity of penicillin. The most effective for the treatment of colds are Augmentin, Panklav, Amoxiclav.
• Fluoroquinolones - are used in chronic bronchitis during an exacerbation. Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin are highly effective.
• Cephalosporins - prescribed for an obstructive form of the disease. Effective drugs are considered "Ceftriaxone", "Cefuroxime".

Sinusitis

In the presence of sinusitis, it is recommended to use new-generation drugs such as macrolides and cephalosporins. They are considered the most effective means in the treatment of sinusitis, which can be used when no positive dynamics of treatment is observed after taking penicillin. Modern antibiotics include Cefexime, Cefuroxime, Cefaclor, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime. They resemble penicillin drugs in their structure, but can inhibit development and completely destroy bacteria. Macrolides such as Azithromycin and Macropen were able to show high efficiency in serious stages of the disease.

Cystitis

Until recently, drugs such as 5-Nock, Biseptol and Furadonin were traditionally used to treat cystitis. But today they have been replaced by antibiotics belonging to a new generation, more effective and stronger. Modern drugs make it possible to get relief from the condition on the first day of treatment and quickly get rid of the disease:

• Unidox Solutab. A remedy that quickly copes with cystitis has a prolonged action. It is taken once a day.
• Monural. A long-acting drug that accumulates in the urine and can quickly deal with bacteria. Due to the ability to maintain therapeutic concentration for a long time allows for a short course of treatment.
• Norbaktin. It is prescribed less than the previous two drugs, since it is recommended to take it twice a day and drink a large amount of liquid, which is far from always comfortable for patients.

If you told your doctor about your health problems and he prescribed the use of antibiotics, you need to follow a number of rules. First of all, it is forbidden to independently change the dosage and timing of the drug. You should definitely visit a doctor if you feel any changes in your health and if you feel discomfort, as this can be fraught with serious health problems.

Antibiotics are considered a very important group of drugs. The effect that they have on microorganisms has made it possible to radically change the treatment regimens for infectious diseases and significantly reduce the likelihood of death and serious consequences from the action of harmful microflora.

In recent decades, the development of medicines of more and more new generations has been actively going on. In particular, the emphasis is on obtaining more highly specialized antibiotics that deal a more concentrated blow to the source of infection. In addition, researchers are trying to minimize the harm from the use of antibacterial drugs and minimize the required course of their intake.

Types of new generation antibiotics

There are several families of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

macrolides

At the same time, macrolides exhibit mainly bacteriostatic action. An additional advantage of this group of antibiotics is rapid absorption, good tolerance by the body and the absence of a tangible effect of any food on the absorption and effectiveness of the antibiotic.

The most effective drug bases include clarithromycin, which inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria, and azithromycin, which inhibits the development of a bacterial infection that has developed under the influence of gram-positive cocci.

Trade names of macrolides: Summamed, Azitral, Hemomycin (active ingredient - azithromycin), Clabel and Klamed (a.i. clarithromycin).

Macrolides are actively used in the treatment of acute tonsillitis, as well as tonsillitis. An effective antibiotic of a new generation is Roxitomycin, which combines the action of macro- and azalides. The trade names of the drug are Roxilor and Rulid.

Antibiotics of the amoxicillin group

The active ingredients in this group of drugs are directly amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Both chemical compounds belong to the group of penicillins, which in combination have a very wide spectrum of action.

The principle of action of amoxicillin antibiotics in inhibiting the formation of a bacterial wall.

Trade names of drugs: amoxiclav and lesser known augmentin. Preparations of this group are used for infections of the digestive tract, diseases of the respiratory tract and nasopharynx.

New generation cephalosporins

Antibiotics of the cephalosporin group are used in severe infectious diseases. Most often used in a hospital and exclusively parenterally.

Fourth generation cephalosporins are very potent drugs and have an intense negative effect on the patient's liver and kidneys.

The principle of action of cephalosporins is to damage the membrane of multiplying bacteria by suppressing the synthesis of the protein-glycan layer. The release of enzymes leads to the destruction of bacteria. Due to this principle of action, cephalosporins exhibit not bacteriostatic, but highly effective bactericidal action and are used in severe infections, in which stopping the development of bacteria is not enough, and the actions are aimed at destroying infectious agents.

Trade names: cefpirom, cefepime.

Fourth generation cephalosporins are considered to be much more effective than classic ceftriaxone (third generation drugs), and as a result have a less cumulative toxic effect on other organs of the patient.

The advantages of 4th generation cephalosporins are a very wide spectrum of action (including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria), good tissue penetration (including bone) and a very prolonged action by maintaining a high concentration of the drug in the body.

Antibiotics of the fluoroquinol group

Antibiotics of the fluoroquinol group are included in the list of vital drugs. They have a very strong bactericidal effect, but are quite toxic to the kidneys and dangerous to the musculoskeletal system.

The principle of action of fluoroquinols is to suppress the production of enzymes important for the synthesis of bacteria, which leads to its death. In addition, fluoroquinols have a negative effect on the RNA of bacterial cells and the stability of membranes, as well as on vital processes in them.

Due to toxicity, antibiotics of the fluoroquinol group are categorically contraindicated in children and adolescents under 18 years of age, as well as pregnant and lactating women.

A common antibiotic of this group is Moxifloxacin, which effectively reduces the quality of the synthesis of the genetic material of bacteria, but has a strong effect on the human musculoskeletal system.

Carbapenems

Antibiotics of this group do not show allergy to beta-lactamases. Bacteria against which carbapenems are used cannot develop high resistance (antibiotic resistance) for a number of reasons, which makes the drugs highly effective.

Meropenem and Imipenem, which belong to this group, have a very broad spectrum of activity and are active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as against anaerobes.

Carbapenems are primarily used for infections that threaten the life of the patient, as one of the most effective drugs. They can even be used as a single drug, without support in the form of other antibiotics.

Antibiotic Precautions

1. Do not use strong antibiotics without a doctor's prescription! The drugs of this group are very nephro- and hepatotoxic: the results of self-treatment can be dangerous for the health and life of the patient. In addition, bacteria can quickly develop resistance to most antibiotics, which makes further treatment with drugs of a particular group absolutely useless.
2. In parallel with taking antibiotics, it is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol (it reduces the effectiveness of drugs), but it is recommended to drink drugs to restore beneficial intestinal microflora.
3. Do not increase the dose of drugs on your own, even if the relief effect is not noticeable. Be sure to consult with your doctor. It may be necessary to change the treatment regimen in such conditions.
4. Do not reduce or increase the period of taking medications by reducing or increasing the dosage accordingly: such a dose will not be equivalent due to the fact that a certain concentration of the antibiotic must be maintained in the blood.
5. Inform your doctor about individual reactions to drugs that have occurred in the past, as well as about all drugs that you take constantly.