Cervical cancer is an early stromal invasion. Invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of tumor cells - cancer

Cervical cancer (CC) is a malignant tumor that occupies one of the leading positions among all oncopathologies in women. The disease is referred to as tumors of "visual localization", however, in 40% of cases, the neoplasm is diagnosed on late stages.
In Russia, more than 12,000 new cases of cervical cancer are detected annually, with the peak incidence occurring in patients aged 40-55 years. In 7% of cases, the tumor occurs in women under 30 years old, after 70 years, the incidence rate reaches 16%. Most often, a neoplasm is diagnosed at the stage of invasive carcinoma, which directly correlates with low treatment efficiency, quality of life, and a less favorable prognosis than with a non-invasive form of the disease.

Forms of the disease

Consider the main differences between invasive and non-invasive cervical cancer. The assessment of the degree of invasion (germination) is estimated based on instrumental methods examinations.

On early stages the tumor grows rather slowly, without affecting the surrounding tissues, without provoking the development of metastases. Therefore, when malignant cells are localized exclusively in the outer layers of the epithelium, the tumor is designated as non-invasive cervical cancer. By TNM classification rubric T (tumor) is labeled as T0.

With further growth into the deeper tissues, the index is set for the tumor - "cancer in situ", which indicates the invasion of the tumor into the underlying tissues. In this case, the tumor is considered preinvasive.

With all the above options, it is possible to perform organ-sparing treatment. Women who have not given birth even retain their fertile function.

Subsequently, when the tumor grows to a depth of the organ by more than 5 mm, one speaks of invasive cervical cancer. The next stage is the spread of the tumor to the body of the uterus, pelvic walls, vagina, bladder, rectum.

Thus, tumors with a T1b index or more are classified as invasive cervical cancer. The process of degeneration of one form of cervical cancer into another can last for several years.

Clinical picture

Symptoms of cervical cancer are usually divided into general and specific signs. General symptoms are associated with a violation of the patient's well-being; women note:

General weakness and decreased performance;
Slight (subfebrile) fever;
Dizziness;
Lack of appetite;
Sudden weight loss.

Specific symptoms are directly related to cervical lesions. In the early stages, the disease is asymptomatic. The first symptoms of the disease often develop at stages 3-4 of oncopathology.

The signs of CC are:

Colorless or whitish discharge (leucorrhoea), sometimes with an admixture of blood;
Bloody discharge after intercourse or gynecological examination, between periods in fertile women, after the onset of menopause;
Appearance bad smell from the vagina;
Lengthening the period of menstrual bleeding;
Swelling of the legs in the presence of damage to the inguinal lymph nodes;
Pain in the pelvic area;
Violation of defecation;
Difficult and painful urination;

The appearance of urine or feces in the vagina, which indicates the occurrence of fistulas.

The listed symptoms usually develop at stages 3 and 4 of cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly gynecological examination in order to promptly identify and begin treatment of cervical cancer.

Diagnostics

CC is confirmed on the basis of a histological examination of the tissues of the cervix, which are obtained as part of diagnostic curettage, biopsy or conization.

Optimal examination scope:

Colposcopy.
Histological examination.
MRI of the small pelvis (MRI is more informative than CT in assessing the depth of invasion and transition of the tumor to the parameters and adjacent organs; the accuracy of determining the depth of invasion using MRI is 71-97%);
CT scan of the pelvis abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space (when metastases are detected in the lymph nodes, the information content of CT and MRI is the same).
Positron emission tomography (PET) or PT-CT.

Treatment

Treatment tactics are formed at the consultation of an oncologist, radiologist, chemotherapist and others. narrow specialists if there is evidence.

Algorithm therapeutic effect in cervical cancer is formed based on the stage pathological process, the health status of the patient, her age, the size of the tumor and the extent of metastases. Chemotherapy and radiation exposure are used before surgery to reduce the size of the neoplasm, or after excision of the tumor to destroy the remaining cancer cells.

Treatment Methods

Surgical intervention. If with non-invasive CC it is possible to perform non-mutilating operations with good result(conization of the neck in combination with curettage cervical canal), then in the presence of invasive carcinoma, such volumetric surgical interventions as extirpation of the uterus are performed ( complete removal uterus with cervix) with lymph node dissection (removal of lymph nodes). If a tumor invasion into the rectum or bladder is diagnosed, then exenteration (evisceration) of the pelvic organs is performed (removal of the uterus, cervix, Bladder, rectum). However, with invasive cancer, they are rarely limited to only surgical treatment, but are carried out in combination with chemoradiotherapy.
Chemotherapy. The method is based on the reception medicines that inhibit the activity of malignant cells. Chemotherapy is used as monotherapy or in addition to radiotherapy, surgical treatment. The use of pharmaceuticals can increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy, reduce the risk of metastases, and control the recurrence of the disease. For this purpose, appoint: Hydroxyurea, Bleomycin, Cisplatin, Etoposide.
Radiotherapy. The technique is widely used in combination with surgery in the early stages of the disease. With common forms of cervical cancer - the only way reduce the size of the tumor mass. For treatment, internal (brachytherapy) and remote irradiation are used. After a course of therapy, complications often occur in the form of post-radiation damage to the skin and internal organs.

In cases where the tumor of the cervix cannot be removed (significant local spread, the presence of distant metastases), chemoradiotherapy is used as an independent method.

Forecast

With the development of a non-invasive form of cervical cancer in 90% of cases, it is possible to achieve full recovery female patients. However, with the growth of the tumor and the spread of malignant cells into the surrounding tissues, the prognosis worsens significantly. Provided timely and adequate therapy to full life it is possible to return about 60% of patients with the second stage of cancer.

With the development of stage 3 cervical cancer, it is possible to stop tumor growth in 30% of cases. The fourth stage is considered terminal, but the use modern techniques allows to achieve stabilization of the process in 10% of patients, subject to strict adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen.

Cervical cancer is a disease that leads to malignant transformation of the surface epithelium. In the early stages, oncopathology is characterized by an asymptomatic course. However, over time, a woman develops minor signs of the disease: unusual discharge, pain in the lower abdomen, impaired defecation and urination. Only timely diagnosis And adequate therapy allow you to fully recover from the disease.

Invasive cervical cancer is dangerous cancer, because in most cases proceeds with mild symptoms. A similar pathology is diagnosed when a cancerous tumor affects the tissues located under the epithelial membrane of the cervix.

The invasive form of the tumor is less likely than non-invasive cancer to be detected in the early stages of development. oncological process which worsens the prognosis of survival. More often than not, this pathological condition women suffer childbearing age. With late detection and initiation of treatment of such malignant neoplasms high probability of death.

Causes of the disease

A common cause of the development of this pathological condition is the human papillomavirus. In women, it leads to dysplasia epithelial cells and creates conditions for further malignant degeneration. Often the cause of non-invasive, invasive, and pre-invasive cervical cancer, HPV is most commonly transmitted sexually. Higher risk of similar pathology in women who frequently change sexual partners. To others possible reasons development of this oncological disease include:

hormonal disruptions;
frequent infections genitourinary system;
earlier onset of sexual activity;
irrational use of hormonal contraceptives;
smoking;
decreased immunity of any etiology.

Provoke the development of pathology can be surgical interventions that were performed to eliminate the pathologies of female reproductive organs. IN special group risk includes women who have had frequent abortions.

Characteristic symptoms

The clinical manifestations of this pathological condition largely depend on the degree of tumor development:

Due to organ involvement urinary system often there is a violation of the outflow of urine varying degrees expressiveness. There are signs that indicate damage to other organs. Often develops kidney failure. Severe edema appears lower extremities. For last stage The development of the oncological process is characterized by the presence of symptoms indicating severe intoxication of the body. Patients complain about:

prostration;
apathy
frequent headaches;
nausea;
vomiting;
loss of appetite, etc.

On initial stages pathological process, the formation of a tumor looks like a small ulcerated area on the mucous membrane. Often, the pathology is complemented by cyanotic seals on the cervix and papillary defects. At the later stages of the pathological process, the appearance of extensive growths is observed, on the surface of which deep ulcers and foci of necrosis are visible.

Diagnostic methods

When the slightest sign development of the oncological process, a woman needs to contact a gynecologist as soon as possible. First of all, the doctor collects an anamnesis and conducts a physical examination of the patient using mirrors. In the future, for staging accurate diagnosis conducting research such as:

A biopsy is mandatory for the purpose of further histological examination of the obtained samples. X-rays and bone scans may be required to detect metastases.

For exact definition the degree of neglect of the oncological process, a CT scan or MRI is prescribed.

Treatment

In most cases, complex therapy is prescribed, involving surgical intervention, radiation and chemotherapy. If the disease was detected at an early stage, a resection of part of the cervix can be performed. In more advanced cases, not only the cervix, but the entire uterus is removed. At surgical stage treatment, regional lymph nodes can also be removed.

In the treatment of this oncological disease, irradiation of the areas affected by the cancer is often performed. This method It is used when surgery cannot be performed due to existing contraindications.

Chemotherapy is an additional treatment. It can be appointed as before surgical intervention to stop the growth of the tumor, and after removal of the tumor, to eliminate metastases. The choice of therapy largely depends on general condition, age and severity of the patient's medical history.

Possible Complications

A complicated course is often observed in the later stages of the development of pathology. TO possible consequences invasive cancers include:

kidney failure;
massive bleeding;
cachexia ( sudden loss weight, change mental state patient);
respiratory failure;
violations of the outflow of urine;
disorders of the cardiovascular system.

The appearance of complications worsens the prognosis, treatment is delayed.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of developing this pathological condition, women are advised to start having sex no earlier than at the age of 18-20. You must always use barrier contraception and avoid frequent shift sexual partners. Hormonal contraceptives can only be used on the advice of a doctor.

To reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer, it is necessary to monitor the hygiene of the genital organs and promptly undergo treatment for any inflammatory diseases urinary system. Many experts recommend that women at risk be vaccinated against the human papillomavirus. This helps reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer in the future. All women over the age of 20 need to have regular check-ups with a doctor at least once a year. This will identify the pathology in the early stages and cure the disease.

It can be said that cancer cells to a certain extent do not respond to the mechanisms that control growth and development normal tissue. During the proliferation of normal tissue, direct contact of the cell with its neighbors usually serves as a signal to stop reproduction. This contact inhibition is absent in tumor tissues.

When injected subcutaneously cancer cells immunodeficient mice experience tumor growth and development, which never happens when healthy cells are injected. Cancer cells differ from healthy cells in the composition of membrane glycoproteins, in micropotentials per cell membrane, and are also characterized high content sialic acid. The locomotor cellular apparatus (microtubules and microfilaments) of cancer cells degrades, the cell loses its inherent forms, migration of the cytoplasm of the cancer cell into the contact zone with healthy cells.

Simultaneously cancer cells become locally invasive, although the biochemical basis of this property has not yet been clearly identified. Tumor cells often show reduced adhesiveness compared to normal cells. An important point mechanism of invasion is the secretion of certain enzymes. Some enzymes play a key role in the proteolysis of the intracellular matrix, which always accompanies the invasion of cancer cells. These enzymes include the family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which includes collagenases, gelatinases, and stromolysins.

These enzymes excreted in an inactive form. The subsequent rupture of the sulfhydryl group and the addition of a metal atom (most often zinc) lead to a change in the conformation of the enzyme and transfer it to the active state. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) stop the action of these enzymes. Some types of tissues initially have increased resistance to invasion. This is, for example, a compact bone, fabrics large vessels And cartilage tissue. Presumably, the ability to invade tumor cells appears as a result of transformation normal processes reconstruction and restoration of healthy tissues. However, it is currently unknown what specific changes in the genetic structure of cancer cells are responsible for invasive growth.

As tumor growth it releases angiogenic factors into the blood, which stimulate the germination of the tumor by blood vessels and the formation of a network of capillaries. The vascular system of the tumor blood supply can become a target for various kinds anti-cancer therapy. The tumor stimulates endothelial cell proliferation by releasing angiogenic cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor (EGF), TGF, and fibroblast growth factors. Endothelial cells, in turn, can stimulate the growth of tumor cells. in one gram tumor tissue there may be up to 10-20 million endothelial cells that are not neoplastic.

Antigens of normal endothelial cells, including blood coagulation profactors, can be deregulated in endothelial tissue actively proliferating under the influence of a tumor. In addition to the action of cytokines, hypoxia developing in the tumor blood supply network can stimulate the release of EGFR and other factors. During angiogenesis, endothelial cells are introduced into the stroma of the tumor, actively dividing there with the formation of the rudiments of new capillaries, which then develop into vascular system tumors. As in the case of tumor cell invasion, this process proceeds with the participation of MMPs produced by the endothelium and their natural inhibitors.

At local invasion tumor cells can enter the vascular system and give rise to metastases. The sequence of events during metastasis is shown in the figure. The spread of cancer cells lymphatic system, which is especially characteristic of carcinomas, occurs when tumor cells enter the lymphatic ducts, followed by their settling at the branching of the ducts and in the nearest lymph nodes. This is usually followed by infiltration of tumor cells and distant lymph nodes. Spread through bloodstream occurs when cancer cells invade blood vessels near the site of primary tumor localization or through thoracic ducts. Caught in the bloodstream, cancer cells are then captured by nearby capillary networks, most often by networks of the liver and lungs, and settle in them. When assessing the direction of metastasis, it is very important to take into account the primary localization of the tumor.

For example, tumors digestive tract usually metastasize through portal vein into the liver. Tumors can also metastasize directly through adjacent tissues. Thus, neoplasms arising in the abdominal cavity can very quickly disperse throughout the intraperitoneal space, and the cells lung cancer can migrate through the pleura. Some tumors metastasize to certain bodies and fabrics, others - haphazardly. Sarcomas, for example, almost always metastasize to the lungs, and breast cancer also affects the tissues of the axial skeleton. Nevertheless biological mechanisms, explaining such selectivity, has not yet been found.

Regional lymph nodes can perform a barrier function, preventing the spread of metastases beyond the area of primary tumor localization. Until now, it has not been clearly clarified how and due to what specific immune mechanisms The lymph nodes create a barrier to tumor spread.

Entering the bloodstream in the area of the primary tumor, cancer cells can then reach other organs and tissues. In order to give rise to new tumor foci, these cells in a new place must, firstly, penetrate the tissues through the capillary endothelium, and secondly, survive attacks from local immune systems defenses such as phagocytic cells and so-called natural killer (NK) cells.

Ability to invade and settle in distant organs and tissues in various types of tumors varies greatly. This ability, apparently, is determined by the degree of expression of that part of the genome, which determines the malignant growth of cells. Indeed, over time, almost all cancerous tumors accumulate more and more genetic changes in their cells and acquire the ability to invade and metastasize. But even with the clinical detection of a tumor, metastases and invasion can appear only after a few years. A typical example is low-grade carcinoma. It should be noted that even cancers of the same type with the same degree of differentiation of tumor cells metastasize differently in different patients.

All this points to the need search for molecular markers, which could predict the outcome of the course of cancer more accurately than diagnosis by the histological type of tumor (although last method currently the most accurate of all possible). In addition, even a particular tumor may be in to a large extent heterogeneous and consist of cells that differ in their metastatic potential, which was shown on cloned subpopulations isolated from the same tumor. The biological reasons for this variability are currently unknown.

It is clear that in order to be successful treatment of cancer patients it is necessary to conduct large-scale studies in the field of finding the mechanisms of tissue invasion, metastatic growth and search biological causes tumor heterogeneity. The lack of homogeneity in tumors, the similarity of tumor cells with healthy cells of the tissue that gave rise to it, and the absence of a clear single criterion by which it would be possible to distinguish a cancer cell from a healthy one - all this together means that our reasoning about antitumor immunity or about the mechanisms of action of cytostatic drugs drugs should be taken with a fair amount of skepticism, especially if they are based on experiments with homogeneous tumor cultures.

Infiltrative (invasive) breast cancer refers to tumors that grow outside the duct or lobule in which they formed. Accordingly, invasive breast cancer can be either ductal or lobular.

Features of ductal infiltrative breast cancer

This type malignant tumors mammary gland is the most common. It is diagnosed in 80% of cases. When examining the biopsy material obtained from the tissues of such a tumor under a microscope, specialists most often do not reveal any specific features cancer cells. In this case, we speak of invasive breast cancer without signs of specificity (NST - No Special Type). In the description of such neoplasms, one can also find the abbreviation NOS (not otherwise specified, unspecified).

Initially, the cancerous focus was located in epithelial tissue lining one of the ducts through which, during lactation, female milk enters the nipple. As long as the carcinoma does not grow into other tissues, i.e. does not infiltrate, is not an invasive cancer, and is classified as in citu (“in situ”). Unfortunately, in most cases, such "fixed" tumors transform into invasive ones in 5-10 years.

Ductal infiltrative cancer grows rapidly, metastasizes early, and is prone to recurrence. At the same time, competent complex treatment allows to bring to stable remission the vast majority of women with this diagnosis.

Features of lobular invasive breast cancer

Lobular carcinomas in citu grow and develop more slowly than ductal carcinomas, some of them may never become infiltrative.

Therefore, when such a neoplasm is detected, in some situations, oncologists adhere to the so-called “active surveillance tactics”. However, its presence is a prognostically unfavorable sign, so the patient can independently make a choice in favor of the removal of the mammary gland.

If at histological examination in the cells of a “fixed” lobular tumor, receptors for sex hormones or special proteins are found, the patient may be prescribed courses of anastrozole, tamoxifen and other drugs, the action of which leads to disruption of the life processes of cancer cells or to inhibition of their growth, reproduction and migration to surrounding tissues. In some cases, this treatment is sufficient to long time stabilize the woman.

Invasive lobular carcinoma is rare and accounts for 3 to 10% of all reported cases. Such a lesion is not always defined in the form of a solid node: sometimes there is an increase in a part of the mammary gland without local seals.

Lobular infiltrative cancer has other differences from ductal cancer. So, for example, neoplasms often appear simultaneously not in one, but in several lobules, and in about 20% of women, tumors are found in both mammary glands.

Treatment

Treatment for infiltrative breast cancer is always complex. Depending on the histological type of the tumor and the stage of the process, it may include:

Partial or complete removal of an organ, with bilateral damage - both glands. As a rule, axillary lymph nodes on the side of the lesion are removed along with the mammary gland.
Chemotherapy - neoadjuvant (before surgery) and / or adjuvant (after surgery). In the first case, chemotherapy is aimed at reducing the size of the focus and inhibiting the vital activity of tumor cells, which facilitates the tasks of the surgeon and improves the prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy is used to prevent metastasis and consolidate the results of surgical intervention.
Radiation treatment, which is usually prescribed in postoperative period. Modern radiotherapy systems allow radiologists to achieve maximum effect at minimal risk complications. After the total removal of the mammary gland, the chest wall is usually irradiated, as well as the locations of the groups of lymph nodes - the axillary, supra- and subclavian, parasternal regions. The duration and intensity of radiotherapy is determined on an individual basis.
Hormone therapy - if the analysis of the biopsy material revealed the hormone-dependent nature of the neoplasms.
Target therapy. This method may be highly effective in the treatment of HER2-positive invasive cancer.

Reconstructive surgery after total organ removal in invasive breast cancer

One of the serious psychological problems that women experience after breast removal is the feeling of losing their physical attractiveness. This problem can be solved with breast reconstruction using:

tissues of the abdomen or back of the patient;
implants;
combination of implants and body tissues.

Whichever method is chosen, after restoration, the breast has a smooth shape. That's why plastic surgeon also reconstructs the nipple. Usage modern implants makes it possible to form a model of an organ that does not require replacement for a long time, does not lose its shape and elasticity.

Not related to age, social class, or gender. Pathology can appear in every person. However, in percentage the proportion of men among the sick is negligible. Exist different forms breast cancer. In this article, we will dwell on the invasive variant of the pathology in more detail.

The structure of the female breast

To better understand the pathogenesis of the disease, it is necessary to understand the anatomy of the breast. Its structure is divided into the following parts:

connective tissue;
mammary gland;
ducts;
lobules of the mammary glands.

Another important part of the chest are lymphadenitis. They catch cancerous elements and harmful microorganisms performing a protective function.

Pregnancy promotes increased milk production in the glands. Then it flows out of the nipples through the ducts. Certain types of malignant neoplasms of the gland begin their development, affecting several. These include invasive cancer.

Description of the disease

Invasive breast cancer is a serious one. It is characterized by the spread of the tumor into the fatty or connective tissues. Invasion is understood as the ability of malignant elements to separate from the primary focus and quickly affect the surrounding organs. This is one of the conditions for tumor metastasis. The tactics of treatment depends on the invasiveness or non-invasiveness of the neoplasm.

In this disease, cancer cells rapidly infect nearby lymph nodes. At advanced stages, their activity extends to spinal cord, liver and kidneys. If malignant elements are found outside the mammary glands, this type of pathology is called metastatic breast cancer.

Main reasons

Invasive breast cancer progresses slowly. Its occurrence may be preceded by precancerous diseases, such as mastopathy. Let us consider in more detail the main causes of pathology.

Mastopathy. The disease develops against the background of an imbalance of hormones in the body. Most often diagnosed in women under 40 years of age. Mastopathy is characterized severe pain, discharge from the nipples. Tumor-like nodules form in the breast, which leads to changes in the tissues of the organ and cancer.
Fibroadenomas. This pathology predominantly develops in young girls. Nodular formations of a benign nature appear in the chest. As a result of injury, lack of treatment or hormonal failure, they begin to increase in size, affecting healthy tissues.
abortion. Surgical manipulations not only terminate pregnancy, but can provoke reverse development glandular tissues. As a result, seals are formed from which cancer develops.
Lactation. Rejection breastfeeding is another cause of invasive cancer.
Absence intimacy. Irregular sex life violates hormonal balance in the body, which negatively affects the condition of the mammary glands.

Clinical manifestations of the disease

No one is immune from breast cancer. According to statistics, every ninth of the fair sex suffers from manifestations of this disease. According to doctors, there may be several times more patients. More than a million women are unaware of the presence of a tumor. In the early stages, the pathology is almost asymptomatic, and it can be diagnosed only with the help of comprehensive examination. Unfortunately, the appearance of the first signs often means that the disease has passed to new stage development. What are the symptoms of invasive breast cancer?

Change in skin color of the nipple.
The appearance of a small lump or lump in the chest area.
Change in the size and shape of the breast.
Bloody burning and discomfort.

If similar symptoms are present, you should immediately consult a doctor to identify the causes.

Forms of the disease

IN medical literature describes several variants of pathologies, which are invasive breast cancer. Such diseases include:

Pre-invasive cancer. The neoplasm does not spread to neighboring organs, but remains in the milk ducts.
Lobular cancer. The disease is diagnosed extremely rarely (in 15% of cases). The neoplasm develops in the lobules and ducts of the glands, can metastasize to neighboring tissues. Main symptom pathology - chest pain on palpation.
Invasive ductal carcinoma. The neoplasm is formed in the milk ducts. Malignant cells gradually multiply in adipose tissue, but quickly metastasize to other organs. Ductal cancer is considered the most common form of invasive breast disease (about 80% of cases among all oncological diseases).

Diagnostic methods

Diagnosis of the disease usually begins with a self-examination. Structure female breast allows you to identify seals on palpation. Changes in the skin, shape of the nipple, and other symptoms that indicate the severity of the pathology can also be detected independently. If you suspect a disease, you should consult a doctor. The specialist should conduct a physical examination and prescribe additional examination. Usually, mammography and MRI are used for diagnosis. If a tumor is found, a biopsy is performed. The resulting samples are then sent to the laboratory for analysis. The results of the study allow us to determine the hormonal status of the tumor, its features.

Separately, you should talk about when and why to donate blood for tumor markers. This analysis is used to diagnose the disease, and then to monitor ongoing treatment. Tumor markers are macromolecules that are synthesized in a woman's body in response to the activity of cancerous elements. When their level exceeds the norm, we can talk about the presence of a pathological process, but not always. In some cases, an increase in the number of macromolecules in the blood indicates an allergy, benign education or inflammation. If invasive cancer is suspected, the concentration of the following 27-29, HER2 should be checked. For getting reliable results On the eve of the test, you should rest, do not take alcohol. Blood for tumor markers is taken from a vein. The results are interpreted by a doctor in the laboratory.

Therapy Options

There are several methods of dealing with invasive cancer: surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, biological, hormone therapy. Commonly used complex treatment. First, the doctor removes the neoplasm. The patient is then given radiation therapy. It allows you to increase the effectiveness of the treatment by 70%. Irradiation is necessarily indicated for patients whose tumor size exceeds 5 cm. biological therapy used as system methods fight cancer. If progesterone or estrogen receptors are detected in the tissues of the gland, apply hormonal treatment. In the absence of these elements, chemotherapy is prescribed.

Recovery prognosis

The prognosis for this disease depends on the results of the therapy. Invasive lesions of the mammary glands are characterized by a high percentage deaths. Therefore, many states are beginning to introduce screening programs that allow to detect oncology at an early stage. There are four of them in total. Invasive breast cancer of the 2nd degree or 1st, diagnosed in a timely manner, in 90% of cases ends in recovery. Positive dynamics is possible only with proper treatment. The survival rate for oncology of the 3rd degree is 47%, and for the 4th - about 16%. In the later stages, invasive breast cancer is difficult to treat. The prognosis worsens significantly with the appearance of metastases.