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Modern methods of oil extraction were preceded by primitive methods:

collection of oil from the surface of reservoirs;

processing of sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil;

extraction of oil from pits and wells.

Collecting oil from the surface of open water bodies is apparently one of the oldest methods of its extraction. It was used in Media, Assyro-Babylonia and Syria BC, in Sicily in the 1st century AD, etc. In Russia, oil was extracted by collecting it from the surface of the Ukhta River in 1745. organized by F.S. Pryadunov. In 1868, in the Kokand Khanate, oil was collected in ditches by creating a dam from boards. American Indians, when they discovered oil on the surface of lakes and streams, placed a blanket on the water to absorb the oil, and then squeezed it into a container.

Treatment of oil-impregnated sandstone or limestone, for the purpose of its extraction, were first described by the Italian scientist F. Ariosto in the 15th century: near Modena in Italy, oil-containing soils were crushed and heated in boilers; they were then placed in bags and pressed using a press. In 1819, in France, oil-bearing layers of limestone and sandstone were developed by mining. The mined rock was placed in a vat filled with hot water. When stirred, oil floated to the surface of the water and was collected with a bailer. In 1833-1845. On the shores of the Sea of Azov, sand soaked in oil was mined. Then it was placed in pits with a sloping bottom and watered. Oil washed out of the sand was collected from the surface of the water with tufts of grass.

Oil extraction from pits and wells also known since ancient times. In Kissia - the ancient region between Assyria and Media - in the 5th century. BC. Oil was extracted using leather buckets called waterskins.

In Ukraine, the first mentions of oil production date back to the beginning of the 15th century. To do this, they dug pits 1.5-2 m deep, into which oil seeped along with water. The mixture was then collected into barrels sealed at the bottom with stoppers. When lighter oil floated, the plugs were removed and the settled water was drained. By 1840, the depth of the digging holes reached 6 m, and later oil began to be extracted from wells about 30 m deep.

On the Kerch and Taman peninsulas, oil production since ancient times was carried out using a pole to which felt or a bun made of horse tail hair was tied. They were lowered into the well, and then the oil was squeezed out into the prepared container.

On the Absheron Peninsula, oil production from wells has been known since the 13th century. AD During their construction, a hole was first torn off like an inverted (inverted) cone all the way to the oil reservoir. Then ledges were made on the sides of the pit: with an average depth of immersion of the cone of 9.5 m, at least seven. The average amount of earth removed when digging such a well was about 3100 m 3; then the walls of the wells from the very bottom to the surface were secured with a wooden frame or boards. Holes were made in the lower crowns for the influx of oil. It was drawn from wells using wineskins, which were raised with a hand winch or with the help of a horse.

In his report on a trip to the Absheron Peninsula in 1735, Dr. I. Lerche wrote: “... In Balakhany there were 52 oil deposits with a depth of 20 fathoms (1 fathom - 2.1 m), of which some hit hard, and are delivered annually 500 batmans of oil...” (1 batman 8.5 kg). According to academician S.G. Amelina (1771) the depth of oil wells in Balakhany reached 40-50 m, and the diameter or side of the square section of the well was 0.7-1 m.

In 1803, the Baku merchant Kasymbek built two oil wells in the sea at a distance of 18 and 30 m from the shore of Bibi-Heybat. The wells were protected from water by a box made of tightly knit boards. Oil has been extracted from them for many years. In 1825, during a storm, the wells were broken and flooded by the waters of the Caspian Sea.

With the well method, the technology for extracting oil has not changed for centuries. But already in 1835, an official of the Fallendorf mining department in Taman first used a pump to pump oil through a lowered wooden pipe. A number of technical improvements are associated with the name of mining engineer N.I. Voskoboynikova. To reduce the volume of excavation work, he proposed constructing oil wells in the form of a mine shaft, and in 1836-1837. carried out the reconstruction of the entire oil storage and supply system in Baku and Balakhani. But one of the main affairs of his life was the drilling of the world's first oil well in 1848.

For a long time, oil extraction through well drilling in our country was treated with prejudice. It was believed that since the cross-section of the well is smaller than that of an oil well, then the flow of oil to the wells is significantly less. At the same time, it was not taken into account that the depth of the wells is much greater, and the labor intensity of their construction is less.

When operating wells, oil producers sought to transfer them to flowing mode, because this was the easiest way to get it. The first powerful oil gusher in Balakhany occurred in 1873 at the Khalafi site. In 1887, 42% of the oil in Baku was produced by the flowing method.

The forced extraction of oil from wells led to the rapid depletion of oil-bearing layers adjacent to their trunk, and the rest (most) of it remained in the depths. In addition, due to the lack of a sufficient number of storage facilities, significant oil losses occurred already on the surface of the earth. Thus, in 1887, 1,088 thousand tons of oil were thrown out by fountains, and only 608 thousand tons were collected. Vast oil lakes formed in the areas around the fountains, where the most valuable fractions were lost as a result of evaporation. The weathered oil itself became unsuitable for processing and was burned. Stagnant oil lakes burned for many days in a row.

Oil was extracted from wells in which the pressure was insufficient to flow out, using cylindrical buckets up to 6 m long. A valve was installed in their bottom that opened when the bucket moved down and closed under the weight of the extracted liquid when the bucket pressed upward. The method of extracting oil using bailers was called tartan,V 1913, 95% of all oil was extracted with its help.

However, engineering thought did not stand still. In the 70s of the 19th century. V.G. Shukhov suggested compressor method of oil production by supplying compressed air into the well (air lift). This technology was tested in Baku only in 1897. Another method of oil production - gas lift - was proposed by M.M. Tikhvinsky in 1914

Natural gas outlets from natural sources have been used by man since time immemorial. Later, natural gas obtained from wells and boreholes found application. In 1902, the first well was drilled in Surakhani near Baku, producing industrial gas from a depth of 207 m.

In the development of the oil industry Five main stages can be distinguished:

Stage I (before 1917) – pre-revolutionary period;

Stage II (from 1917 to 1941) the period before the Great Patriotic War;

Stage III (from 1941 to 1945) – the period of the Great Patriotic War;

Stage IV (from 1945 to 1991) – the period before the collapse of the USSR;

Stage V (since 1991) – modern period.

Pre-revolutionary period. Oil has been known in Russia for a long time. Back in the 16th century. Russian merchants traded Baku oil. Under Boris Godunov (16th century), the first oil produced on the Ukhta River was delivered to Moscow. Since the word “oil” entered the Russian language only at the end of the 18th century, it was then called “thick burning water.”

In 1813, the Baku and Derbent khanates with their richest oil resources were annexed to Russia. This event had a great influence on the development of the Russian oil industry over the next 150 years.

Another large oil production area in pre-revolutionary Russia was Turkmenistan. It has been established that black gold was mined in the Nebit-Dag area about 800 years ago. In 1765 on the island. Cheleken had 20 oil wells with a total annual production of about 64 tons per year. According to the Russian explorer of the Caspian Sea N. Muravyov, in 1821 the Turkmens sent about 640 tons of oil to Persia by boat. In 1835 she was taken from the island. Cheleken more than from Baku, although it was the Absheron Peninsula that was the object of increased attention from oil industrialists.

The development of the oil industry in Russia began in 1848.

In 1957, the Russian Federation accounted for more than 70% of the oil produced, and Tatarstan took first place in the country in oil production.

The main event of this period was the discovery and start of development of the richest oil fields in Western Siberia. Back in 1932, Academician I.M. Gubkin expressed the idea of the need to begin systematic searches for oil on the eastern slope of the Urals. First, information was collected on observations of natural oil seeps (the Bolshoi Yugan, Belaya, etc. rivers). In 1935 Geological exploration parties began working here, which confirmed the presence of oil-like substances. However, there was no Big Oil. Exploration work continued until 1943, and then was resumed in 1948. Only in 1960 was the Shaimskoye oil field discovered, followed by the Megionskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Surgutskoye, Samotlorskoye, Varieganskoye, Lyantorskoye, Kholmogorskoye, and others. The beginning of industrial oil production in Western Siberia is considered to be 1965, when about 1 million tons were produced. Already in 1970, oil production here amounted to 28 million tons, and in 1981 - 329.2 million tons. Western Siberia became the main oil-producing region of the country, and the USSR came out on top in the world in oil production.

In 1961, the first oil fountains were produced at the Uzen and Zhetybai fields in Western Kazakhstan (Mangyshlak Peninsula). Their industrial development began in 1965. Only in these two fields, recoverable oil reserves amounted to several hundred million tons. The problem was that Mangyshlak oils were highly paraffinic and had a pour point of +30...33 °C. Nevertheless, in 1970, oil production on the peninsula was increased to several million tons.

The systematic growth of oil production in the country continued until 1984. In 1984-85. There was a drop in oil production. In 1986-87 it grew again, reaching its maximum. However, starting in 1989, oil production began to fall.

Modern period. After the collapse of the USSR, the decline in oil production in Russia continued. In 1992 it amounted to 399 million tons, in 1993 - 354 million tons, in 1994 - 317 million tons, in 1995 - 307 million tons.

The continued decline in oil production is due to the fact that the influence of a number of objective and subjective negative factors has not been eliminated.

Firstly, the raw material base of the industry has deteriorated. The degree of involvement in the development and depletion of deposits by region is very high. In the North Caucasus, 91.0% of proven oil reserves are involved in development, and the depletion of fields is 81.5%. In the Ural-Volga region these figures are 88.0% and 69.1%, respectively, in the Komi Republic - 69.0% and 48.6%, in Western Siberia - 76.8% and 33.6%.

Secondly, the increase in oil reserves due to newly discovered fields has decreased. Due to a sharp decrease in funding, geological exploration organizations have reduced the volume of geophysical work and prospecting drilling. This led to a decrease in the number of newly discovered fields. So, if in 1986-90. oil reserves in newly discovered fields amounted to 10.8 million tons, then in 1991-95. - only 3.8 million tons.

Thirdly, the water cut of the produced oil is high. This means that with the same costs and volumes of formation fluid production, less and less oil itself is produced.

Fourthly, the costs of restructuring affect. As a result of the breakdown of the old economic mechanism, rigid centralized management of the industry was eliminated, and a new one is only just being created. The resulting imbalance in prices for oil, on the one hand, and for equipment and materials, on the other, complicated the technical equipment of the fields. But this is necessary right now, when most of the equipment has expired, and many fields require a transition from the flowing method of production to the pumping method.

Finally, numerous miscalculations made in past years are taking their toll. Thus, in the 70s it was believed that oil reserves in our country were inexhaustible. In accordance with this, the emphasis was placed not on the development of their own types of industrial production, but on the purchase of finished industrial goods abroad using the currency received from the sale of oil. Huge amounts of money were spent on maintaining the appearance of prosperity in Soviet society. The oil industry received minimal funding.

On the Sakhalin shelf back in the 70-80s. Large deposits were discovered, which have not yet been put into operation. Meanwhile, they are guaranteed a huge market in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

What are the future prospects for the development of the domestic oil industry?

There is no unambiguous assessment of oil reserves in Russia. Various experts give figures for the volume of recoverable reserves from 7 to 27 billion tons, which is from 5 to 20% of the world. The distribution of oil reserves across Russia is as follows: Western Siberia - 72.2%; Ural-Volga region - 15.2%; Timan-Pechora province - 7.2%; Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk - about 3.5%.

In 1992, a structural restructuring of the Russian oil industry began: following the example of Western countries, they began to create vertically integrated oil companies that control the production and refining of oil, as well as the distribution of oil products obtained from it.

480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Dissertation - 480 RUR, delivery 10 minutes, around the clock, seven days a week and holidays

Myachina Ksenia Viktorovna. Geoecological consequences of oil and gas production in the Orenburg Urals: dissertation... Candidate of Geographical Sciences: 25.00.36 Orenburg, 2007 168 p. RSL OD, 61:07-11/130

Introduction

Chapter 1. Landscape and ecological conditions of the study area 10

1.1. Geographical location and natural zoning 10

1.2. Geological structure and relief 12

1.2.1. Geology 12

1.2.2. Tectonics and analysis of the distribution of hydrocarbon deposits 15

1.2.3. Geomorphology and main landforms 18

1.3. Climatic conditions 19

1.4. Hydrological conditions 22

1.5. Soil and vegetation cover 27

1.6. Terrain types 30

1.7. Potential ecological sustainability of landscapes in the Orenburg Urals 32

1.7.1. Approaches to determining sustainability 32

1.7.2. Ranking of the study area according to the degree of potential environmental sustainability 36

Chapter 2. Materials and research methods 38

Chapter 3. Characteristics of the oil and gas production complex 43

3.1. History of the development of oil and gas production in the world and Russia 43

3.2. History of the development of oil and gas production in the Orenburg region 47

3.3. Characteristics of hydrocarbon production and transportation facilities 56

Chapter 4. Impact of oil and gas production facilities on the natural environment 70

4.1. Main types and sources of exposure 70

4.2. Impact on the components of the natural environment 73

4.2.1. Impact on ground and surface waters 73

4.2.2. Impact on soil and vegetation cover 79

4.2.3. Impact on the atmosphere 99

Chapter 5. Assessment of the geoecological state of the Orenburg Urals regions 102

5.1. Classification of areas according to the degree of technogenic transformation 102

5.2. Geoecological zoning of the Orenburg Urals in connection with the development of oil and gas production 116

Chapter 6. STRONG Problems of protection and optimization of landscapes under influence

oil and gas production STRONG 122

6.1. Protection of landscapes in the territories of oil and gas fields in Russia and the Orenburg Urals 122

6.2. The problem of interaction of oil field objects with unique natural objects (using the example of the Buzuluksky forest) 127

6.3. Main directions of optimization of landscapes of the Orenburg Urals 130

Conclusion 134

References 136

Photo application 159

Introduction to the work

Relevance of the topic. The Orenburg region is one of the leading oil and gas producing regions of the European part of Russia and ranks among the first in terms of its oil and gas resource potential. At the beginning of 2004, 203 hydrocarbon deposits were identified in the region, of which 157 are in exploration and development, 41 are in conservation and state reserves, 5 deposits are not registered due to small reserves (see Figure 1). Most of the deposits and further prospects for the development of the oil and gas industry in the Orenburg region are associated with its western part; geographically, this is the territory of the Orenburg Urals.

The oil and gas production industry in the Orenburg region is of predominant importance in the regional economy. At the same time, oil and gas production facilities have a diverse and increasing impact on natural systems and are one of the main reasons for the disruption of ecological balance in the regions. In the territories of oil and gas fields, natural landscapes have been transformed into natural-technogenic complexes, where deep, often irreversible changes are found. The causes of these changes are pollution of the natural environment as a result of oil spills and interstratal waters, emissions of hydrogen sulfide-containing gases into the atmosphere, the impact of oil and gas production on the geological environment during well drilling, associated excavation, construction, installation, laying work, and the movement of transport and construction equipment.

A constant factor in the deterioration of the condition of natural complexes with a developed hydrocarbon production network are numerous accidents in pipeline transport of all ranks.

The oil and gas transportation system of the Orenburg region began to be created in the 40s of the 20th century. Most of the pipeline system, both main and field, needs reconstruction due to

5 a high degree of wear and tear and non-compliance with existing environmental and technological requirements, and, as a consequence, a high percentage of emergency outbursts.

Insufficient knowledge and incomplete understanding of changes occurring in landscapes can cause an environmental crisis, and in some cases, environmental disasters. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the pattern and degree of change in landscape complexes in order to identify trends in their further transformation in the process of this type of environmental management. This can contribute to the development of recommendations to prevent further negative consequences and ensure the environmental safety of the region.

Goals and objectives of the study. The purpose of the work is a geo-ecological assessment of the impact of oil and gas production facilities on the natural environment of the Orenburg Urals.

To achieve this goal, it was decided the following tasks:

An analysis of the current state, structure of placement and
trends in further development of the oil and gas production complex
region;

The main factors and geo-ecological consequences have been identified
technogenic changes and disturbances of landscapes in the territory
oil and gas fields;

The territory of the Orenburg Urals was differentiated according to
levels of technogenic transformation of landscapes, based on the system
identification and generalization of the main indicators characterizing the degree
technogenic load;

" - a scheme of geoecological zoning of the study area has been developed based on the differentiation carried out, taking into account the potential ecological stability of natural complexes to anthropogenic impact;

Based on modern national and regional environmental policies and practices of oil and gas producing enterprises, basic directions for optimizing environmental management and environmental activities have been developed.

Object of study are the natural complexes of the Orenburg Urals, which are under the influence of oil and gas production facilities.

Subject of research is the current geo-ecological situation in oil and gas production areas, the degree of technogenic transformation. landscape complexes and their dynamics in connection with the development of this industry.

The following main provisions are submitted for defense:

long-term and large-scale development of oil and gas fields led to various disturbances of the components of the landscapes of the Orenburg Urals and led to the formation of natural-technogenic complexes that changed the natural landscape structure of the territory;

the scoring of diagnostic indicators of technogenic impact on areas and the rating scale of levels of technogenic transformation of landscapes created on its basis allows us to identify 6 groups of regions of the Orenburg Urals, differing in the levels of technogenic transformation of natural complexes;

categories of geoecological tension are an integral indicator of the disturbed balance of environment-forming components in oil and gas production areas and depend not only on the scale and depth of the impact of oil and gas fields, but also on the environmental sustainability of landscapes at the level of regional and typological units. A scheme has been developed for zoning the territory of the Orenburg Urals according to categories of geo-ecological tension.

7
the most important indicator of the depth of impact of oil and gas production
on the landscapes of the region is the current ecological state
key natural areas (natural heritage sites). Development
and preservation of the network of protected areas and the formation of landscape-ecological
framework, with the mandatory implementation of monitoring, is a tool
counteract further negative impacts

oil and gas fields on the natural environment. Scientific novelty

The work provides an analysis of the current geo-ecological situation for the first time.
on the territory of the Orenburg Urals due to intensive exploration and
development of hydrocarbon deposits;

Used for the first time for the territory of the Orenburg Urals
systemic landscape-ecological approach to research
patterns of changes in natural complexes in areas
oil and gas production;

It has been established that oil and gas production areas are the main centers of environmental disaster and areas of reduced productivity of farmland;

Based on existing natural and agroclimatic schemes
districts, a scheme of potential natural sustainability has been proposed
landscapes of the Orenburg Urals;

differentiation of the study area was carried out according to the levels of technogenic transformation of landscapes and categories of geo-ecological tension were introduced, reflecting the geo-ecological state of the selected areas.

Practical significance of the work is determined by identifying the significant negative role of oil and gas production as a source of specific influence on the components of the landscapes of the Orenburg Urals. As a result of the research, information was obtained about the state of natural complexes and their basic patterns.

8 changes in oil field areas. Approaches are proposed that are promising for determining the level of technogenic transformation of landscapes influenced by oil and gas production in various regions. The identified features of the state of natural complexes will provide a differentiated approach to the development of measures for their optimization and conservation in the process of further environmental management.

The use of research results is confirmed by acts on
implementation by the Committee for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Orenburg region when planning and organizing events for
environmental activities. Created information base
was also used for scientific research by JSC

"OrenburgNIPIneft"

Personal contribution of the applicant consists of: the direct participation of the author in field landscape and geoecological research; analysis and systematization of literary and stock data; development of an assessment scale for technogenic transformation of natural complexes; substantiation of the scheme of potential natural stability of the landscapes of the study area.

Approbation of work and publication.

The main provisions of the dissertation work were presented by the author at scientific and practical conferences, symposiums and seminar schools at various levels: regional scientific and practical conferences of young scientists and specialists (Orenburg, 2003, 2004, 2005); youth international conference “Ecology-2003” (Arkhangelsk, 2003); Third Republican school-conference “Youth and Russia’s path to sustainable development” (Krasnoyarsk, 2003); The second international scientific conference “Biotechnology - environmental protection” and the third school-conference of young scientists and students “Conservation of biodiversity and rational use of biological resources”

9 (Moscow, 2004); International Conference “Natural Heritage of Russia: Study, Monitoring, Protection” (Tolyatti, 2004); All-Russian Scientific Conference dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Kazan University (Kazan, 2004); All-Russian Conference of Young Scientists and Students “Current Problems of Ecology and Environmental Protection” (Ufa, 2004); Second Siberian International Conference of Young Scientists in Geosciences (Novosibirsk, 2004). Based on the results of the work, the author received a youth grant from the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, the author became a laureate of a competition of scientific works of young scientists and specialists of the Orenburg region for her work “Ecological and geographical zoning of the oil and gas-bearing territory of the Orenburg region.”

15 works have been published on the topic of the dissertation. Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 6 chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and 1 photo apps. Total volume of the dissertation -170 pages, including 12 drawings and 12 tables. The list of references contains 182 source.

Tectonics and analysis of the distribution of hydrocarbon deposits

Favorable geological structures for the accumulation of large masses of oil and gas are domes and anticlines.

Hydrocarbons have a lower specific gravity compared to water and rocks, so they are squeezed out of the parent rocks in which they were formed and move up through cracks and layers of porous rocks, such as sandstones, conglomerates, and limestones. Encountering horizons of dense impermeable rocks, such as clays or shales, on their way, these minerals accumulate underneath them, filling all the pores, cracks, and voids.

Industrial oil and gas fields discovered in the region are usually confined to swells and isometric or linearly elongated structural zones (Tatar arch, Mukhanovo-Erokhovsky trough, Sol-Iletsk arched uplift, coastal zone of the Caspian syneclise, East Orenburg swell-like uplift , Pre-Ural foredeep). Maximum oil reserves are confined to the Mukhanovo-Erokhovsky trough, and gas reserves to the Sol-Iletsk arched uplift (see Figure 2).

According to petrogeological zoning, the western part of the Orenburg region belongs to the Volga-Ural and Caspian oil and gas provinces. On the territory of the region, the Volga-Ural province includes the Tatar, Middle Volga, Ufa-Orenburg and South Pre-Ural oil and gas regions (NTO).

The Tatar NTO is confined to the southern slopes of the Tatar arch. The Middle Volga NTO is subdivided into the Mukhanovo-Erokhovsky and South Buzuluk oil and gas bearing areas; they correspond to the northern part of the Buzuluk depression (the central part of the Mukhanovo-Erokhovsky trough) and its southern log-environment. The Ufa-Orenburg NTO is subdivided into the East Orenburg and Sol-Iletsk oil and gas regions, the South Pre-Ural oil and gas region includes the Sakmaro-Iletsk oil and gas region. The Caspian oil and gas province on the territory of the region is tectonically represented by the side ledge of the Caspian syneclise and its internal border zone. The explored reserves of the southern part of the Tatar arch are associated mainly with the Frasnian-Tournaisian carbonate complex, the rest are contained in productive layers of Devonian terrigenous deposits. In the zone of the northern outer edge of the Mukhanovo-Erokhovsky trough, the main oil reserves are confined to the Devonian terrigenous complex. Some of the resources are associated with Lower Carboniferous deposits. Prospective oil reserves of the inner northern side of the Mukhanovo-Erokhovsky trough are associated with the Devonian terrigenous complex, the Verei terrigenous subcomplex and the Visean terrigenous complex. In the axial zone of the Mukhanovo-Erokhovsky trough, the main oil deposits are associated with Devonian terrigenous formations. The Mogutovskoye, Gremyachevskoye, Tverdilovskoye, Vorontsovskoye and Novokazanskoye oil fields are confined to this zone. The reserves of the southern outer edge zone of the Mukhanovo-Erokhovsky trough are concentrated in the Frasnian-Tournaisian carbonate and Visean terrigenous complexes. Within its boundaries, Bobrovskaya, Dolgovsko-Shulaevskaya, Pokrovsko-Sorochinskaya, Malakhovskaya, Solonovskaya and Tikhonovskaya areas have been identified. Geological exploration work is underway in promising areas of the near-shore zone of the Caspian syneclise, the East Orenburg swell-like uplift, and the Pre-Ural regional trough. In these areas, the northern side of the Sol-Iletsk arched rise has been relatively well studied. Promising gas reserves at the Orenburg field are in the main Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian strata. In the near-shore zone of the Caspian syneclise, large oil deposits are associated with productive Devonian and Carboniferous formations, and gas deposits with Lower Permian and Carboniferous deposits. Within the East Orenburg swell-like uplift, the largest reserves have been identified in comparison with the resources of other geostructural elements of the Orenburg region. They are mainly associated with the Devonian terrigenous, Frasnian-Tournaisian carbonate and Visean terrigenous complexes. The degree of exploration of promising deposits in the region is high, but uneven. This is especially true of the southern regions, which are associated with the main oil and gas prospects. For example, in the near-shore part of the Caspian depression, the density of deep drilling is more than 3 times less than the regional average. A potential region in which the discovery of large deposits should be predicted in the longer term is the Cis-Ural foredeep. This area has large undiscovered resources of free gas and oil, the degree of development of which is only 11 and 2%, respectively. The region has a very favorable geographical and economic position. due to proximity to the Orenburg gas complex. The most realistic prospects for identifying new fields in the near future are in the territory where Orenburgneft OJSC operates in the southern part of the Buzuluk depression and the western part of the East Orenburg uplift. There is a unanimous opinion about the high prospects of the Devonian in the southern part of the region within the Rubezhinsky uncompensated trough. In this region, we can count on the discovery of large and medium-sized deposits associated with step blocks similar to the Zaykinskaya and Rostashinskaya groups of fields.

History of the development of oil and gas production in the world and Russia

Until the mid-19th century, oil was extracted in small quantities (2 - 5 thousand tons per year) from shallow wells near its natural outlets to the surface. Then the industrial revolution predetermined a wide demand for fuels and lubricants. Demand for oil began to increase.

With the introduction of oil drilling in the late 60s of the 19th century, world oil production increased tenfold, from 2 to 20 million tons by the end of the century. In 1900, oil was produced in 10 countries: Russia, the USA, the Dutch East India, Romania, Austria-Hungary, India, Japan, Canada, Germany, Peru. Almost half of the total world oil production came from Russia (9,927 thousand tons) and the USA (8,334 thousand tons).

Throughout the 20th century, world oil consumption continued to increase at a rapid pace. On the eve of the First World War, in 1913, the main oil-producing countries were: the USA, Russia, Mexico, Romania, the Dutch East Indies, Burma and India, Poland.

In 1938, 280 million tons of oil were already produced in the world. After the Second World War, the geography of production expanded significantly. In 1945, over 350 million tons of oil were produced by 45 countries. In 1950, world oil production (549 million tons) almost doubled the pre-war level and doubled every 10 years in subsequent years: 1,105 million tons in 1960, 2,337.6 million tons in 1970. In 1973 - 1974 As a result of the long-term struggle of 13 developing oil-producing countries united in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and their victory over the International Oil Cartel, world oil prices increased almost fourfold. This caused a deep energy crisis, from which the world emerged in the late 70s - early 80s. Established excessively high oil prices forced developed countries to actively introduce oil-saving technologies. The maximum world oil production - 3,109 million tons (3,280 million tons with condensate) occurred in 1979. But by 1983, production dropped to 2,637 million tons, and then began to increase again. In 1994, 3,066 million tons of oil were produced in the world. The total world oil production accumulated since the beginning of the development of oil fields amounted to about 98.5 billion tons by 1995. Natural gas was first used in 1821 in the USA for lighting. A century later, in the 20s of the 20th century, the United States was significantly ahead of other countries in the use of gas. The total world production of natural gas increased by 3-4 times or more every 20 years: 1901-1920. - 0.3 trillion. m3; 1921-1940 - 1.0 trillion. m3; 1941-1960TG. - 4.8 trillion. m3; 1960-1980 - 21.0 trillion. m3. In 1986, 1,704 billion m of natural gas were produced worldwide. In 1993, the total production of natural gas in the world amounted to 2663.4 billion m. Oil and gas production in the USSR and Russia In pre-revolutionary Russia, the highest oil production occurred in 1901 - 11.9 million tons. This amounted to more than half of all world oil production. On the eve of the First World War (1913), 10.3 million tons of oil were produced in Russia, and at the end of the war (1917) - 8.8 million tons. The oil industry was almost completely destroyed during the years of the world and civil war. began to revive in 1920. Before the Second World War, the main oil regions of the USSR were located in Azerbaijan and the Ciscaucasia. In 1940, oil production in the USSR reached 31.1 million tons (of which 22.2 million tons in Azerbaijan; 7.0 million tons in the RSFSR). But during the war years, production decreased significantly and amounted to 19.4 million tons in 1945 (11.5 million tons in Azerbaijan; 5.7 million tons in the RSFSR). Coal took over the share of oil in industry at this time. In the war and post-war years, new oil fields were consistently brought into development. In September 1943, a powerful oil gusher was obtained in Bashkiria from an exploration well near the village of Kinzebulatovo. This made it possible to sharply increase oil production here at the height of the Great Patriotic War. A year later, the first oil was obtained from Devonian deposits at the Tuymazinskoye field. In 1946, the first oil field (Bavlinskoye) was discovered in Tatarstan. During the same period, the Romashkinskoye oil field, famous for its reserves, appeared here. In 1950, oil production in the USSR (37.9 million tons) exceeded the pre-war level. The main oil-producing region of the country became a vast territory located between the Volga and the Urals, including the rich oil fields of Bashkiria and Tataria and called the “Second Baku”. By 1960, oil production increased almost 4 times compared to 1950. Devonian deposits became the most powerful oil-bearing complex in the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. Since 1964, industrial exploitation of West Siberian oil fields began. This made it possible to more than double oil production in the country in 1970 compared to 1960 (353.0 million tons) and increase annual increases in oil production to 25-30 million tons. In 1974, the USSR took first place in the world in oil production. The West Siberian oil and gas province, which became the main base for oil and gas production in the mid-70s, provided more than half of all oil produced in the country. In the first half of the 80s, 603 - 616 million tons of oil (with condensate) were produced in the USSR. But in 1985, production fell sharply to 595 million tons, although according to the “Main Directions of Economic and Social Development of the National Economy of the USSR”, in 1985 it was planned to produce 628 million tons of oil. The maximum oil production in the country - 624.3 million tons - was reached in 1988. Then a decline began - 305.6 million tons in 1997, after which production began to increase again (see Fig. 5). In most of the old oil-producing regions of the North Caucasus and in the Ural-Volga region, a decrease in oil production occurred long before 1988. But it was compensated by an increase in production in the Tyumen region. Therefore, a sharp drop in oil production in the Tyumen region after 1988 (on average 7.17% per year) caused an equally significant drop in the USSR as a whole (7.38% per year) and in Russia.

Main types and sources of exposure

All technological facilities of the oil and gas production complex are powerful sources of negative impact on various components of natural systems. The impact can be divided into several types: chemical, mechanical, radiation, biological, thermal, noise. The main types of impact that cause the most significant damage to the natural environment in the process of the type of environmental management under consideration are chemical and mechanical impacts.

Chemical impacts include pollution by oil and petroleum products of soils (the most common impact factor), surface and groundwater; contamination of landscape components with highly mineralized formation waters, drilling fluids, corrosion inhibitors and other chemicals; air pollution by emissions of harmful substances. Potential sources of chemical impact on the natural environment are all objects of the oil field and pipeline systems: drilling rigs, wells for various purposes, tank farms and other objects as part of oil field structures, in-field and main pipelines.

When drilling, the main source of chemical pollution is drilling fluids, buffer fluids, components injected into productive strata to enhance oil recovery, corrosion and scale inhibitors, hydrogen sulfide. At drilling sites there are barns designed for storing drill cuttings, formation water and other liquid waste (see photo appendix, photo 1). Damage to the walls of barns and their overfilling leads to leakage of contents and contamination of surrounding areas. Of particular danger is an open emergency blowout from a well, as a result of which tens of tons of oil can enter the environment. Pollution of the natural environment with oil and petroleum products is one of the most pressing environmental problems in Russia and is annually noted as a priority in the State Report “On the State of the Natural Environment of the Russian Federation”.

Contamination with hydrocarbons is also possible as a result of emergency situations and violation of the tightness of equipment at oil field structures, during filtration from pits and sludge reservoirs.

No less acute environmental problems arise during the transportation of oil and petroleum products. Oil transportation through pipelines is the most economical - the cost of pumping oil is 2-3 times lower than the cost of transportation by rail. The average distance for pumping oil in our country is up to 1500 km. Oil is transported through pipelines with a diameter of 300-1200 mm, which are subject to corrosion, resin and paraffin deposits inside the pipes. Therefore, technical control, timely repairs and reconstruction are necessary along the entire length of pipelines. In the region under study, 50% of accidents on oil pipelines and 66% of accidents on gas pipelines occur due to aging and wear and tear of equipment. The oil and gas transportation network of the Orenburg region began to be created in the 40s of the 20th century. Most of the pipeline system, both main and field, needs reconstruction due to a high degree of deterioration and non-compliance with existing environmental requirements, and, as a consequence, a high percentage of emergency leaks.

Natural causes of accidents are caused by the influences to which the oil pipeline is exposed from the environment. The pipeline line exists in a specific environment, the role of which is played by the host rocks. The pipeline material experiences chemical influences from the environment (various types of corrosion). Corrosion is the main cause of emergencies on oil field pipelines. An accident is also possible under the influence of exogenous geological processes, which is expressed in a mechanical effect on a line in a rock mass. The magnitude of stresses arising from the mechanical action of soil on pipes is determined by the steepness of the slope and the orientation of the oil pipeline line on the slope. Thus, the number of pipeline accidents is related to the geomorphological conditions of the territory. The largest number of accidents occurs when a pipeline crosses the slope fall line at an angle of 0-15, that is, laid parallel to the slope fall line. These pipelines belong to the highest and first classes of danger of emergency situations. In the Orenburg region, approximately 550 km of main oil product pipelines belong to hazard class IV, more than 2090 km to hazard class III and about 290 km to hazard class II.

Separately, it should be noted the problems associated with “orphan” wells drilled by geological exploration enterprises and not on the balance sheet of any of the organizations conducting economic activities. Many of these wells are under pressure and show other signs of oil and gas. Work on their elimination and conservation is practically not carried out due to lack of funding. The most dangerous from an environmental point of view are wells located in swampy areas and near water bodies, as well as those located in zones of plastic clay movement and seasonal flooding.

In the oil field areas of the region under study, there are more than 2,900 wells, of which about 1,950 are active. Consequently, a significant number of wells are in long-term mothballing, which is not provided for by the instructions on the procedure for abandonment and mothballing of wells. Accordingly, these wells are potential sources of emergency oil and gas shows.

Mechanical impacts include disturbance of soil and vegetation cover or its complete destruction, changes in the landscape (as a result of excavation, construction, installation, laying work, movement of transport and construction equipment, seizure of land for the construction of oil production facilities, deforestation, etc.), violation of the integrity of the subsoil during drilling (see photo appendix, photo 3).

Classification of areas according to the degree of technogenic transformation

For a detailed analysis of the current geo-ecological situation that has developed in the region under the influence of oil and gas production, the study area was first differentiated according to the degree of technogenic transformation. Differentiation is based on an analysis of the location of hydrocarbon deposits and the identification of a system of main diagnostic indicators that determine the degree of technogenic transformation of landscapes. Based on the research results, an assessment scale for the levels of landscape transformation has been developed.

The administrative regions of the Orenburg Urals act as units of differentiation.

In the Orenburg region, the territory with a developed oil and gas production network covers 25 administrative districts, including the Orenburg region. On its territory, in addition to several medium-sized gas fields, there is Europe's largest Orenburg oil and gas condensate field (ONGKM), its area is approximately 48 times larger than the area of an average hydrocarbon field (length - 100 km, width - 18 km). The reserves and production volumes of raw materials from this field can be called incommensurable (more than 849.56 billion m of natural gas, more than 39.5 million tons of condensate, as well as oil, helium and other valuable components in the raw material). As of January 1, 1995, the stock of production wells alone on the territory of the ONGCF amounted to 142 units. On the territory of the Orenburg region there are Europe's largest gas and condensate processing centers - the Orenburg gas processing plant and the Orenburg helium plant, which are the main sources of negative impact on all components of the natural environment in the region.

Taking into account the above-mentioned features of the Orenburg region, its natural complexes can objectively be classified as among the most technogenically transformed, subject to maximum load from oil and gas production facilities. On this basis, no further scoring of the transformation of natural complexes of the Orenburg region was carried out.

The assessment of the state of the landscapes of the remaining areas was carried out by analyzing 12 diagnostic indicators of technogenic change (Table 9), the choice of each indicator is justified.

Naturally, the mechanical disturbance of the landscape complexes of the region is directly dependent on the total density of hydrocarbon deposits (active, mothballed, depleted and not registered), on the density of drilled wells for various purposes (geological exploration, parametric, production, injection, etc.), from the presence on the territory of key oil field facilities for any purpose (booster pumping stations, oil treatment installations, preliminary water discharge installations, oil loading and unloading points, etc.) (see Table 10). However, this dependence is complicated by the size of the deposits, the duration and technologies of their exploitation, as well as other factors. Number of major accidents at fields in 2000-2004. The study area is under the environmental control of the Environmental Protection Inspectorate of the Orenburg Region and its division (Buzuluk Specialized Inspectorate for State Environmental Control and Analysis). Based on the inspection data, a comparative analysis of accident rates during the production and transportation of hydrocarbon raw materials was carried out in the regions (oil spills due to rupture of main and field pipelines and drop-off lines of wells, uncontrolled oil shows, including open oil flow) (see Table 10). Only the largest accidents were taken into account, as a result of which oil pollution occurred (with a subsequent high excess of the background value of oil products in the soil) of a large area of land or snow cover (at least 1 hectare), and (or) significant oil pollution occurred (with a high excess of the maximum permissible concentration) of a reservoir . It can be concluded that the Grachevsky, Krasnogvardeisky and Kurmanaevsky districts are in the lead in terms of the total number of accidents. According to our further conclusions, it is these areas that are included in the zone of ecological crisis, the main reason for which is the production and transportation of hydrocarbons. Terms of field development, technical condition of objects The time factor here plays a dual role: on the one hand, during the time elapsed from the moment of impact, under the influence of the self-healing functions of the OS, the negative impact can be smoothed out, and on the other hand, the technical condition of the field equipment deteriorates over time and can lead to to new pollution. The duration of field development serves, as a rule, as an indicator of its equipment system and technical condition of objects, and also expresses the degree of accumulated technogenic load on natural components. In addition, when oil fields enter a late stage of development, the volumes of produced mineralized, chemically aggressive water are constantly increasing. The average water cut of produced products can exceed 84%, and the water/oil ratio is constantly increasing. In the Buguruslansky, Severny, Abdulinsky, Asekeyevsky, Matveevsky districts, the oldest deposits are located, the development of which began before 1952, which aggravates the negative. impact on landscapes. According to the materials of OJSC OrenburgNIPIneft, the technical condition of the field facilities is unsatisfactory, most have not been reconstructed since the year of construction; You can find unsealed systems for collecting reservoir products (Baituganskoye field).

Modern methods of oil extraction were preceded by primitive methods:

Collection of oil from the surface of reservoirs;

Treatment of sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil;

Extracting oil from pits and wells.

Collection of oil from the surface of open water bodies - this is apparently one of the oldest methods of extracting it. It was used in Media, Assyro-Babylonia and Syria BC, in Sicily in the 1st century AD, etc. In Russia, oil production by collecting it from the surface of the Ukhta River was organized in 1745 by F.S. Pryadunov. In 1858 on the island. Cheleken and in 1868 in the Kokand Khanate, oil was collected in ditches by constructing a dam from boards. American Indians, when they discovered oil on the surface of lakes and streams, placed a blanket on the water to absorb the oil, and then squeezed it into a container.

Processing of sandstone or limestone impregnated with oil, for the purpose of its extraction, they were first described by the Italian scientist F. Ariosto in the 15th century: near Modena in Italy, oil-containing soils were crushed and heated in boilers; they were then placed in bags and pressed using a press. In 1819, in France, oil-bearing layers of limestone and sandstone were developed by mining. The mined rock was placed in a vat filled with hot water. When stirred, oil floated to the surface of the water and was collected with a bailer. In 1833...1845 On the shores of the Sea of Azov, sand soaked in oil was mined. Then it was placed in pits with a sloping bottom and watered. Oil washed out of the sand was collected from the surface of the water with tufts of grass.

In Ukraine, the first mentions of oil production date back to the beginning of the 17th century. To do this, they dug pits 1.5...2 m deep, into which oil leaked along with water. The mixture was then collected into barrels sealed at the bottom with stoppers. When lighter oil floated, the plugs were removed and the settled water was drained. By 1840, the depth of the digging holes reached 6 m, and later oil began to be extracted from wells about 30 m deep.

On the Absheron Peninsula, oil production from wells has been known since the 8th century. AD During their construction, a hole was first torn off like an inverted (inverted) cone all the way to the oil reservoir. Then ledges were made on the sides of the pit: with an average depth of immersion of the cone of 9.5 m - at least seven. The average amount of earth removed when digging such a well was about 3100 m3. Next, the walls of the wells from the very bottom to the surface were secured with a wooden frame or boards. Holes were made in the lower crowns for the flow of oil. It was drawn from wells using wineskins, which were raised with a hand winch or with the help of a horse.

In his report on a trip to the Absheron Peninsula in 1735, Dr. I. Lerche wrote: “... in Balakhany there were 52 oil deposits with a depth of 20 fathoms (1 fathom = 2.1 m), of which some well hit, and every year deliver 500 batmans of oil..." (1 batman = 8.5 kg). According to academician S.G. Amelina (1771) the depth of oil wells in Balakhany reached 40...50 m, and the diameter or side of the square section of the well was 0.7...! m.

By the time of the signing of the Gulistan Peace Treaty between Russia and Persia (December 1813), when the Baku and Derbent khanates joined our country, on the Absheron Peninsula there were 116 wells with black oil and one with “white” oil, annually yielding about 2,400 tons of this valuable product. In 1825, 4,126 tons of oil were already extracted from wells in the Baku region.

With the well method, the technology for extracting oil has not changed for centuries. But already in 1835, an official of the Fallendorf mining department in Taman first used a pump to pump oil through a lowered wooden pipe. A number of technical improvements are associated with the name of mining engineer N.I. Voskoboynikova. To reduce the volume of excavation work, he proposed constructing oil wells in the form of a mine shaft, and in 1836...1837. carried out the reconstruction of the entire oil storage and distribution system in Baku and Balakhani. But one of the main affairs of his life was the drilling of the world's first oil well in 1848.

The statement of academician G.V., who visited Baku in 1864, played a negative role. Abiha that oil drilling here does not live up to expectations, and that “... both theory and experience equally confirm the opinion about the need to increase the number of wells...”

A similar opinion existed regarding drilling in the United States for some time. Thus, in the area where E. Drake drilled his first oil well, it was believed that “oil is a liquid flowing in drops from the coal lying in the nearby hills, that it is useless to drill the earth to extract it, and that the only way to collect it is to dig trenches.” , where it would accumulate.”

However, the practical results of well drilling gradually changed this opinion. In addition, statistical data on the influence of well depth on oil production indicated the need to develop drilling: in 1872, the average daily oil production from one well with a depth of 10...11 m was 816 kg, in 14...16 m - 3081 kg, and with a depth of over 20 m - already 11,200 kg.

When operating wells, oil producers sought to transfer them to flowing mode, because this was the easiest way to get it. The first powerful oil gusher in Balakhany occurred in 1873 at the Khalafi site. In 1878, a large oil gusher was produced by a well drilled in the Z.A. Tagiyev in Bibi-Heybat. In 1887, 42% of the oil in Baku was produced by the flowing method.

First experiments on application of deep-well pumps for oil production were carried out in the USA in 1865. In Russia, this method began to be used in 1876. However, the pumps quickly became clogged with sand and oil industrialists continued to give preference to the bailer. Of all the known methods of oil extraction, tartar remained the main one: in 1913, 95% of all oil was extracted with its help.

Nevertheless, engineering thought did not stand still. In the 70s of the XIX century. V.G. Shukhov suggested compressor method of oil production by supplying compressed air into the well (air lift). This technology was tested in Baku only in 1897. Another method of oil production - gas lift - was proposed by M.M. Tikhvinsky in 1914

Natural gas outlets from natural sources have been used by man since time immemorial. Later, natural gas obtained from wells and boreholes found application. In 1902, the first well was drilled in Sura-Khany near Baku, producing industrial gas from a depth of 207 m.

- 95.50 Kb

______________________________ ________________________

Department of Higher Mathematics and Applied Informatics

“History of the development of machinery and equipment for oil and gas production”

Is done by a student

Checked:

Samara 2011

Introduction...................... ........................... ... ....

History of the development of mining from ancient times to the present...... .................................. .... .......

Introduction

Oil is a natural flammable oily liquid that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons of a wide variety of structures. Their molecules are short chains of carbon atoms, long, normal, branched, closed in rings, and multi-ringed. In addition to hydrocarbons, oil contains small amounts of oxygen and sulfur compounds and very little nitrogen compounds. Oil and flammable gas are found in the bowels of the earth both together and separately. Natural flammable gas consists of gaseous hydrocarbons - methane, ethane, propane.

Oil and flammable gas accumulate in porous rocks called reservoirs. A good reservoir is a sandstone formation embedded in impermeable rocks, such as clays or shales, that prevent oil and gas from escaping from natural reservoirs. The most favorable conditions for the formation of oil and gas deposits occur when the sandstone layer is bent into a fold with the arch facing upward. In this case, the upper part of such a dome is filled with gas, below is oil, and even lower is water.

Scientists argue a lot about how oil and combustible gas deposits were formed. Some geologists - supporters of the hypothesis of inorganic origin - argue that oil and gas fields were formed as a result of the seepage of carbon and hydrogen from the depths of the Earth, their combination in the form of hydrocarbons and accumulation in reservoir rocks.

Other geologists, the majority of them, believe that oil, like coal, arose from organic matter buried deep under marine sediments, where flammable liquids and gases were released from it. This is an organic hypothesis for the origin of oil and flammable gas. Both of these hypotheses explain part of the facts, but leave another part unanswered.

The complete development of the theory of the formation of oil and flammable gas still awaits future researchers.

Groups of oil and gas deposits, like deposits of fossil coal, form gas and oil basins. They are, as a rule, confined to troughs of the earth's crust in which sedimentary rocks occur; they contain layers of good reservoirs.

Our country has long known about the Caspian oil basin, the development of which began in the Baku region. In the 20s, the Volga-Ural basin was discovered, which was called the Second Baku.

In the 50s, the world's largest West Siberian oil and gas basin was discovered. Large pools, in addition, are known in other areas of the country - from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the deserts of Central Asia. They are common both on continents and under the seabed. Oil, for example, is extracted from the bottom of the Caspian Sea.

Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of oil and gas reserves. The great advantage of these minerals is the relative ease of their transportation. Through pipelines, oil and gas are transported thousands of kilometers to factories, factories and power plants, where they are used as fuel, as raw materials for the production of gasoline, kerosene, oils and for the chemical industry.

In the formation and development of the oil and gas industry, several stages can be traced, each of which reflects a constant change in the ratio, on the one hand, of the scale of oil and gas consumption, and on the other, the degree of complexity of their production.

At the first stage of the emergence of the oil industry, due to the limited need for oil, it was extracted from a small number of fields, the development of which was not difficult. The main method of extracting oil from rising to the surface was the simplest - flowing. Accordingly, the equipment used for oil production was also primitive.

At the second stage, the demand for oil increased, and the conditions for oil production became more complex; the need arose to extract oil from reservoirs at great depths from fields with more complex geological conditions. Many problems have arisen related to oil production and well operation. For this purpose, technologies for lifting liquids using gas lift and pump methods were developed. Equipment for the operation of wells using the flowing method, equipment for gas-lift operation of wells with powerful compressor stations, installations for operating wells with rod and rodless pumps, equipment for collecting, pumping, and separating well products were created and implemented. Petroleum engineering gradually began to take shape. At the same time, a rapidly growing demand for gas arose, which led to the formation of a gas production industry, mainly based on gas and gas condensate fields. At this stage, industrialized countries began to develop the fuel and energy industries and chemistry through the predominant development of the oil and gas industry.

History of mining development from ancient times to the present

The Russian Federation is one of the leading energy powers.

Currently, Russia accounts for more than 80% of the total oil and gas production and 50% of the coal production of the former USSR, which is almost a seventh of the total production of primary energy resources in the world.

Russia contains 12.9% of the world's proven oil reserves and 15.4% of its production.

It accounts for 36.4% of world gas reserves and 30.9% of its production.

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) of Russia is the core of the national economy, ensuring the vital activity of all sectors of the national economy, the consolidation of regions, the formation of a significant part of budget revenues and the main share of the country's foreign exchange earnings.

The fuel and energy complex accumulates 2/3 of the profits created in the sectors of material production.

Insufficient replenishment of the raw material base is beginning to limit the possibilities for increasing oil and gas production.

An increase in per capita energy consumption by 2010, under extreme conditions of economic development, is possible through a set of measures for intensive energy saving, optimally sufficient export of energy resources with a slow increase in their production and a restrained investment policy focused on the most effective projects.

In this matter, the use of modern equipment that provides energy-saving technologies in oil production plays a significant role.

Mine and well methods of oil production are known.

Stages of development of the mining method: digging holes (digs) up to 2 m deep; construction of wells (pits) up to 35-45 m deep, and construction of mine complexes of vertical, horizontal and inclined workings (rarely used in the production of viscous oils).

Until the beginning of the 19th century, oil was mainly extracted from diggings, which were lined with wattle fence.

As oil accumulated, it was scooped out in bags and transported to consumers.

The wells were secured with a wooden frame, the final diameter of the cased well was usually from 0.6 to 0.9 m with some increase downwards to improve the flow of oil to its bottom hole.

Oil was lifted from the well using a hand winch (later horse-drawn) and a rope to which a wineskin (a leather bucket) was tied.

By the 70s of the XIX century. The main production in Russia and in the world comes from oil wells. Thus, in 1878 there were 301 of them in Baku, the flow rate of which was many times higher than the flow rate of wells. Oil was extracted from wells using a bailer - a metal vessel (pipe) up to 6 m high, in the bottom of which a check valve is mounted, which opens when the bailer is immersed in the liquid and closes when it moves upward. The lifting of the bailer (tartan) was carried out manually, then by horse traction (early 70s of the 19th century) and with the help of a steam engine (80s).

The first deep-well pumps were used in Baku in 1876, and the first deep-rod pump in Grozny in 1895. However, the tartar method remained the main one for a long time. For example, in 1913 in Russia, 95% of oil was produced by gelling.

Displacing oil from a well with compressed air or gas was proposed at the end of the 18th century, but the imperfection of compressor technology delayed the development of this method, which was much less labor-intensive compared to the tartar method, for more than a century.

By the beginning of our century, the fountain method of extraction had not been developed. From the numerous Fountains of the Baku region, oil spilled into ravines, rivers, created entire lakes, burned, was irretrievably lost, polluted the soil, aquifers, and the sea.

Currently, the main method of oil production is pumping using electric centrifugal pump (ESP) and sucker rod pumps (SSP).

Mining of oil and gas. Fountain and gas lift methods of oil and gas production. oil gas production pump

Oil is located underground under such pressure that when a path is laid to it in the form of a well, it rushes to the surface. In productive formations, oil mainly occurs together with the water supporting it. Located at different depths, the layers experience a certain pressure corresponding to approximately one atmosphere per 10 m depth. Wells with a depth of 1000-1500-2000 m have reservoir pressures of the order of 100-150-200 atm. Due to this pressure, oil moves through the formation to the well. As a rule, wells flow only at the beginning of their life cycle, i.e. immediately after drilling. After some time, the pressure in the formation decreases and the fountain dries up. Of course, if the operation of the well ceased at this point, more than 80% of the oil would remain underground. During the development of a well, a string of pump and compressor pipes (tubing) is lowered into it. When operating a well using the flowing method, special equipment is installed on the surface—mass flow fittings.

We will not go into all the details of this equipment.

We only note that this equipment is necessary to control the well.

With the help of Xmas valves, you can regulate oil production - reduce it or stop it completely.

After the pressure in the well decreases and the well begins to produce very little oil, as experts believe, it will be transferred to another method of operation. When extracting gas, the flowing method is the main one.

After the cessation of flowing due to a lack of reservoir energy, they switch to a mechanized method of operating wells, in which additional energy is introduced from the outside (from the surface). One such method, in which energy is introduced in the form of compressed gas, is gas lift. Gas lift (air lift) is a system consisting of a production (casing) pipe string and tubing lowered into it, in which the liquid is lifted using compressed gas (air). This system is sometimes called a gas (air) lift. The method of operating wells is called gas lift.

According to the supply scheme, depending on the type of source of the working agent - gas (air), a distinction is made between compressor and non-compressor gas lift, and according to the operating scheme - continuous and periodic gas lift.

High-pressure gas is injected into the annulus, as a result of which the liquid level in it will decrease and in the tubing will increase. When the liquid level drops to the lower end of the tubing, compressed gas will begin to flow into the tubing and mix with the liquid. As a result, the density of such a gas-liquid mixture becomes lower than the density of the liquid coming from the formation, and the level in the tubing will increase.

The more gas is introduced, the lower the density of the mixture will be and the higher the height it will rise. With the continuous supply of gas into the well, the liquid (mixture) rises to the mouth and pours out to the surface, and a new portion of liquid constantly enters the well from the formation.

The flow rate of a gas lift well depends on the amount and pressure of the injected gas, the depth of immersion of the tubing into the liquid, their diameter, the viscosity of the liquid, etc.

The designs of gas lifts are determined depending on the number of rows of tubing pipes lowered into the well and the direction of movement of the compressed gas.

Based on the number of rows of pipes being lowered, the lifts are single- and double-row, and based on the direction of gas injection - circular and central. With a single-row lift, one row of tubing is lowered into the well.

Compressed gas is injected into the annular space between the casing and the tubing, and the gas-liquid mixture rises through the tubing, or gas is injected through the tubing, and the gas-liquid mixture rises through the annular space. In the first case we have a single-row lift of the ring system, and in the second - a single-row lift of the central system. With a double-row lift, two rows of concentrically located pipes are lowered into the well. If the compressed gas is directed into the annular space between two tubing strings, and the gas-liquid mixture rises through internal lifting pipes, then such a lift is called a double-row ring system.

Oil extraction using pumps

According to statistics, only a little more than 13% of all wells in Russia are operated by flowing and gas-lift methods (although these wells produce more than 30% of all Russian oil). In general, statistics on methods of operation look like this:

Operation of wells with sucker rod pumps

When talking about the oil industry, the average person has an image of two machines - a drilling rig and a pumping machine.

Short description

Content

Introduction........................................................ .......
History of mining development from ancient times to the present.................................................... ..........
Mining of oil and gas. Fountain and gas-lift methods of oil and gas production..................about
Oil extraction using pumps............
Classification and composition of machinery and equipment for oil and gas production.................................

Khalimov E.M., Khalimov K.E., Geology of oil and gas, 2-2007

Russia is the world's largest producer and exporter of oil and gas on the world market. In 2006, revenues from supplies of oil, petroleum products and gas abroad exceeded $160 billion, or more than 70% of all export revenues.

The oil and gas complex of Russia, which is the basic sector of the country's economy, provides more than 2/3 of the total consumption of primary energy resources, 4/5 of their production and serves as the main source of tax and foreign exchange revenues for the state.

Already from the above figures one can imagine how closely the well-being of the country, which has been developing as a raw materials power for many years, depends on the state of the oil and gas complex. The relevance of timely adoption of comprehensive measures for the further sustainable development of an industry characterized by high capital intensity and inertia is also obvious.

The successes and prospects for the development of the country's oil and gas complex at all stages were determined by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the raw material base.

The first oil gusher, which marked the beginning of the industrial stage in the history of the Russian oil industry, was obtained in 1866 in Kuban. The Russian oil industry began to take on a modern look in the 30s and 40s. XX century in connection with the discovery and commissioning of large fields in the Ural-Volga region. At this time, the raw material base for oil production was extensively expanded due to an increase in the volume of geological exploration work (exploration drilling, geophysical methods of prospecting and exploration).

In our country, 30-70s. XX century were a period of creation of a powerful raw material base and development of oil and gas production. The discovery and development of the largest oil and gas provinces in the Ural-Volga region and Western Siberia allowed the USSR to take 1st place in the world in terms of the volume of explored reserves and the level of annual oil production.

The dynamics of development of domestic oil and gas production during this period are clearly characterized by the following indicators:
the volume of proven oil reserves in the country for the period from 1922 (the year of nationalization of the oil industry) to 1988 (the year the maximum of current proven oil reserves was reached) increased 3,500 times;
the volume of production and prospecting drilling increased 112 times (1928 - 362 thousand m, 1987 - 40,600 thousand m);
oil production increased 54 times (1928 - 11.5 million tons, 1987 - the year of maximum production - 624.3 million tons).
Over 72 years, 2027 oil fields were discovered (1928 - 322, 2000 - 2349).

The gas industry began to develop in Russia in the early 1930s. XX century However, the more than half-century lag behind the oil industry was overcome by its rapid development. Already in 1960, 22.5 billion m3 of gas were produced in the RSFSR, and by the beginning of 1965, 110 fields were being developed in the RSFSR with a total production of 61.3 billion m3. The country's gas production industry began to develop especially quickly in 1970-1980. after the discovery and commissioning of giant gas fields in the north of the Tyumen region.

The quantitative successes of the long period of growth in domestic oil and gas production are a huge achievement of the socialist state, which ensured the successful development of the country’s oil and gas complex from the middle to the end of the twentieth century, until the beginning of the new century.

By the beginning of 2005, 2901 deposits of hydrocarbon raw materials were discovered on the territory of the Russian Federation, including 2864 onshore and 37 on the shelf, of which 2032 are in the distributed fund, including 2014 onshore and 18 on the shelf.

In Russia, oil is produced by 177 organizations, including 33 joint-stock companies that are part of 13 vertically integrated companies, 75 organizations and joint-stock companies with Russian capital, 43 closed joint-stock companies, LLCs, open joint-stock companies with foreign capital, 6 subsidiaries of Gazprom OJSC, 9 joint-stock companies and Rostopprom organizations, 11 organizations of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation.

The Transneft trunk pipeline system provides transportation for 94% of the oil produced in Russia. The company's pipelines pass through the territory of 53 republics, territories, regions and autonomous districts of the Russian Federation. 48.6 thousand km of main oil pipelines, 336 oil pumping stations, 855 oil tanks with a total capacity of 12 million m3 and many related structures are in operation.

Natural gas production in the amount of 85% of the all-Russian one is carried out by OJSC Gazprom at 78 fields in various regions of the Russian Federation. Gazprom owns 98% of the country's gas transportation network. The main pipelines are united into the Unified Gas Supply System (UGSS) with a length of 153 thousand km and a throughput capacity of more than 600 billion m3. The UGSS includes 263 compressor stations. 179 gas distribution organizations service 428 thousand km of gas distribution pipelines in the country and ensure gas supplies to 80 thousand cities and rural settlements of the Russian Federation.

In addition to OJSC Gazprom, gas production in the Russian Federation is carried out by independent gas producers, oil and regional gas companies (JSC Norilskgazprom, JSC Kamchatgazprom, JSC Yakutgazprom, JSC Sakhalinneftegaz, LLC Itera Holding and others, providing gas supply to territories not connected with the UGSS).

State of the raw material base
Since the beginning of the 70s. until the political crisis of the late 80s. In the USSR, the volume of exploration work for oil and gas was constantly increasing. In 1988, the volume of drilling geological exploration work reached a maximum of 6.05 million m3, which allowed this year to discover 97 oil and 11 gas fields with oil reserves of 1186 million tons and gas reserves of 2000 billion m3.

Since the mid-70s. a natural decline in the efficiency of geological exploration began, associated both with a decrease in the size of reserves of newly discovered fields and with access to hard-to-reach areas of the Far North. Exploration costs have increased sharply. Despite the fact that the further development of the country's national economy required maintaining high increases in reserves and maintaining the already achieved high levels of oil production, the possibilities of increasing government allocations for these purposes during this period had already been exhausted.

The current state of the mineral resource base of hydrocarbon raw materials is characterized by a decrease in current proven reserves of oil and gas and low rates of their reproduction.

Since 1994, the increase in oil and gas reserves has been significantly less than the production of these minerals. The volume of geological exploration work does not ensure the reproduction of the mineral resource base of the oil and gas industry. Oil consumption (excess of production over reserve growth) in the period 1994-2005. amounted to more than 1.1 billion tons, gas - over 2.4 trillion m3.

Of the 2,232 discovered oil, oil and gas and oil and gas condensate fields, 1,235 are being developed. Oil and gas resources are confined to the territories of 37 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, but they are mainly concentrated in Western Siberia, the Ural-Volga region and the European North. The highest degree of development of proven reserves is in the Ural (85%), Volga (92%), North Caucasus (89%) regions and the Sakhalin region (95%).

The structure of residual oil reserves in the country as a whole is characterized by the fact that current oil production (77%) is ensured by the selection of so-called active reserves from large fields, the supply of which is 8-10 years. At the same time, the share of hard-to-recover reserves in Russia as a whole is constantly increasing and for the main oil producing companies it ranges from 30 to 65%.

All large and largest oil fields (179), which account for 3/4 of the current oil production in the country, are characterized by significant depletion of reserves and high water cut of the produced products.

786 natural gas fields have been discovered in Russia, of which 338 are being developed with proven reserves of 20.8 trillion m3, or 44.1% of all Russian reserves.

The West Siberian province contains 78% of all proven gas reserves in Russia (37.1 trillion m3), including 75% contained in 21 large fields. The largest free gas fields are the Urengoyskoye and Yamburgskoye oil and gas condensate fields with initial gas reserves of 10.2 and 6.1 trillion m3, respectively, as well as Bovanenkovskoye (4.4 trillion m3), Shtokmanovskoye (3.7 trillion m3), Zapolyarnoye (3.5 trillion m3), Medvezhye (2.3 trillion m3), etc.

Oil production
In 1974, Russia, as part of the USSR, took first place in the world in terms of oil and condensate production. Production continued to grow for another 13 years and in 1987 reached a maximum of 569.5 million tons. During the crisis of the 90s. oil production was reduced to the level of 298.3 million tons (1996) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. OIL PRODUCTION WITH GAS CONDENSATE IN THE USSR AND RF AND FORECAST until 2020

1 – USSR (actual); 2 – Russian Federation (actual); 3 – expected; 4 – on the “Energy Strategy...” “The main provisions of the Energy Strategy...” were approved by the Government of the Russian Federation (Minutes No. 39 of November 23, 2000).

With Russia's return to the path of a market economy, the development of the oil and gas complex began to obey the laws of the market. Favorable world market conditions and rising oil prices at the end of 1990 – beginning of 2000 were fully used by Russian oil companies to intensify production from the existing well stock. In the period 1999-2006. annual oil production increased 1.6 times (by 180 million tons), which far exceeded the most optimistic scenario of the state “Energy Strategy...”. Oil production volumes at most fields exceeded design targets optimized for a long period.

The negative consequences of intensive selection and the subsequent rapid decline in production associated with them were not slow to take their toll. Annual increases in oil production, after reaching a maximum in 2003 (41 million tons - a rate of 9.8%), began to decline. In 2006, the rate of production growth decreased by 4 times (2.2%) (see Fig. 1).

An analysis of the state of the raw material base for oil production, the current situation with the reproduction of oil reserves, and the structure of reserves of developed fields allows us to conclude that oil production in Russia has naturally entered a critical phase of dynamics, when growing/stable oil production is replaced by a falling trajectory. Such a change comes inevitably after the intensive exploitation of non-renewable reserves. A drop in oil production should be expected despite the possible continuation of rising oil prices, since it is due to objective reasons for the depletion of non-renewable active reserves, which are being developed at an unabated pace.

An important condition that reduces the risks of negative consequences from a rapid decline in production and ensures the sustainable development of any mining industry is the timely replenishment and expansion of production capacity. The well-being and sustainable development of the oil industry depend mainly on the state of the operating well stock and the dynamics of the development of reserves by existing wells. By the beginning of 2006, the operational stock of producing wells in the oil industry amounted to 152,612, which is 3,079 wells less than a year ago. The reduction in the operating fund and a significant share of the non-operating fund in it (20%) cannot be considered satisfactory indicators. Unfortunately, the industry over the last 10 years has been characterized by generally unsatisfactory work on commissioning new production capacities (commissioning new fields and new reserves, production wells) and maintaining the stock in working order. At the end of 1993, the operating stock was 147,049 wells, and the number of operating wells was 127,050. Thus, over 12 years, the production capacity of the industry’s well stock not only did not increase, but even decreased.

Over the past 6 years, oil companies have increased annual oil production by 180 million tons mainly by intensifying production from the existing well stock. Among the methods of intensification, hydraulic fracturing has become widespread. Russian companies have surpassed the United States in the scale of application of this method. An average of 0.05 operations are performed per active well in Russia compared to 0.03 in the USA.
“The main provisions of the Energy Strategy...” were approved by the Government of the Russian Federation (Minutes No. 39 of November 23, 2000).

In conditions of active “eating up” of non-renewable oil reserves, an inadequate increase in the number of production wells and aggressive exploitation of the existing stock, the tendency for a further decrease in oil production is increasingly evident. At the end of 2006, 5 out of 11 vertically integrated companies experienced a decrease in annual oil production, including TNK-BP, Gazprom Neft, and Bashneft. It is expected that in the next 2 years (2007-2008) the existing downward trend in oil production in Russia as a whole will continue. Only in 2009, due to the commissioning of the Vankorskoye, Talakanovskoye and Verkhnechonskoye fields in Eastern Siberia, will it be possible to increase oil production.

Gas production
The gas industry began to develop in Russia in the early 1930s. XX century In 1930, 520 million m3 were produced. During the most difficult period of the war (1942), the Elshanskoye field in the Saratov region was put into operation.

In 1950-1960 In the Stavropol and Krasnodar territories, a large number of gas fields were discovered (North-Stavropol, Kanevskoye, Leningradskoye, etc.), the development of which ensured further growth in natural gas production (Fig. 2). The discovery of the Vuktylskoye gas condensate field in 1964 and the Orenburg gas condensate field in 1966 was of great practical importance for the development of the gas industry. The production and raw material base of the European part of the country received further development with the discovery of the Astrakhan oil and gas condensate field in 1976 and its development.

Rice. 2. GAS PRODUCTION IN THE USSR AND RF AND FORECAST UNTIL 2020

1 – USSR (actual); 2 – Russian Federation (actual); 3 – on “Energy Strategy...”

By the beginning of 1960, a unique gas-bearing province in the world with giant fields was discovered in the north of the Tyumen region: Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye, etc. The commissioning of gas from these and other fields made it possible to sharply increase production to 450-500 billion m3 in 1975- 1985

After reaching a peak of 815 billion m3 in 1990 (in the USSR, including the RSFSR - 740 billion m3), the volume of gas production in Russia decreased to 570 billion m3. Over the past 6 years, production has been maintained within the range of 567-600 billion m3, which is below the level provided for in the minimum version of the “Energy Strategy...”. The lag is due to OAO Gazprom’s failure to implement the program for the development of new gas fields on the Yamal Peninsula.

In contrast to the previous period of rapid growth in production for 1991-2005. characteristically, the growth of annual gas production produced by OAO Gazprom is suspended. This is due to the specific nature of the retirement of production capacities at highly productive fields intensively developed in natural conditions in conditions of a sparse network of production wells. The retirement of production capacity, due to gas extraction and a drop in reservoir pressure, occurs continuously over time. At the same time, new production wells are connected to gathering networks only after the completion of the construction of new integrated gas treatment units (CGTUs), compressor stations (CS), and booster compressor stations (BCS), which are single capital structures that are difficult to construct. In 2000-2005 the number of these facilities commissioned on average per year was: UKPG-3, BCS-4, KS-5.

In 2006, 86% of the all-Russian gas volume was produced by OJSC Gazprom, in which the main production is provided by the three largest fields in the north of Western Siberia (Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye). These fields were intensively developed for 15-25 years in a natural mode without maintaining reservoir pressure, providing up to 80% of all-Russian gas production. As a result of intensive exploitation, the reservoir pressure in them decreased, and the production (depletion of reserves) of the Cenomanian dry gas deposits reached 66% in Urengoy, 55% in Yamburg, and 77% in Medvezhye. The annual decline in gas production at these three fields is now occurring at a rate of 8-10% per year (25-20 billion m3).

To compensate for the decline in gas production, the largest oil and gas condensate field, Zapolyarnoye, was put into operation in 2001. Already in 2006, 100 billion m3 of gas was produced from this field. However, production from this field is not enough to compensate for the decline in oil production from the underlying depleted fields.

Since the beginning of 2006, OAO Gazprom began to show signs of a current decline in natural gas production volumes. Daily gas production from February to July 2006 fell from 1649.9 to 1361.7 million m3/day. This led to a decrease in daily gas production in Russia as a whole from 1966.8 to 1609.6 million m3.

The final stage of development of the Cenomanian deposits of the basic fields of Western Siberia is characterized by low reservoir pressure and falling production. The operating conditions of the deposits are becoming significantly more complicated. Further development is possible with:
effective operation of wells in conditions of their watering and destruction of the bottomhole zone;
extraction of gas trapped by intruding formation water;
extending production and increasing production volumes of low-pressure gas;
field processing of hydrocarbons at low inlet pressures (< 1 МПа).

In addition, the creation of highly efficient equipment for compressing low-pressure gas is required, as well as the development of technology and equipment for processing low-pressure gas directly in the field.

Solving the problem of using low-pressure gas will ensure effective additional development of the world's largest gas fields located in high northern latitudes and at a considerable distance from the centers of natural gas consumption.

The most important condition ensuring the guaranteed sustainable development of the gas industry during the period considered by the state “Energy Strategy...” is the accelerated commissioning of new fields and natural gas reserves.

The plans of OJSC Gazprom include increasing the level of gas production by 2010 to 550-560 billion m3, in 2020 - to 580-590 billion m3 (see Fig. 2), by 2030 - to 610-630 billion m3. The planned level of gas production until 2010 is expected to be achieved through existing and new fields in the Nadym-Pur-Taz region: Yuzhno-Russkoye, Lower Cretaceous deposits of Zapolyarny and Pestsovoy, Achimov deposits of Urengoyskoye. The reality and economic feasibility are determined by the proximity to the existing gas transportation infrastructure.

After 2010, it is planned to begin developing fields on the Yamal Peninsula, the shelf of the Arctic seas, in the waters of the Ob and Taz Bays, in Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

OJSC Gazprom in December 2006 decided to put into development the Bovanenkovskoye (2011), Shtokmanovskoye (2013) and Kharasaveyskoye (2014) gas condensate fields.

Conclusion
Oil and gas production at the current stage is developing according to scenarios that differ from the government’s “Energy Strategy...”. Annual oil production levels significantly exceed the maximum scenario, and gas production has practically not increased for 10 years. The observed deviations from the “strategy” are associated both with the fallacy of the idea that focuses on closed economic borders and self-sufficiency of the country, and with the underestimation of the dependence of the national economy on global processes, for example, changes in oil prices. However, the prevailing reason for the failure to implement the strategic program is the weakening role of the state in regulating and managing the energy sector of the economy.

In light of the events and changes that have occurred in the last 10 years in the structure and quantitative characteristics of the raw material base of oil and gas production, the state of production capacities, the current conditions for oil production in developed fields, operating and under construction oil and gas trunk pipelines, adjustments to the “Energy Strategy...” is urgently needed in the medium and long term. The development of such a strategy will make it possible to assess the real possibilities of oil and gas production based on the technical and economic targeted characteristics of explored recoverable reserves and the emerging new realities in the country and the world.

A fundamentally important circumstance that determines the further successful development of oil and gas production in Russia is the need to develop large-scale, complex and expensive new oil and gas projects characterized by inaccessible extreme mining-geological and natural-geographical conditions (fields on the Yamal Peninsula, the shelf of the Arctic seas, water areas of the Ob and Taz bays, in Eastern Siberia and the Far East). Global oil and gas projects require huge costs for their development, large-scale cooperation and consolidation of forces and resources, fundamentally new technologies at all levels of production, and new models of machinery and equipment.

In terms of the complexity of solving technical, organizational, financial problems, and the labor intensity of the work, these projects are comparable to space programs. This is evidenced by the experience of the first attempts to develop unique oil and gas facilities (on the Yamal Peninsula, Sakhalin, Eastern Siberia, etc.). Their development required enormous material and financial resources and new non-traditional forms of organizing work, concentration of efforts, production and intellectual potential of not only domestic, but also the world's leading transnational corporations. The development of the work started is hampered by existing rules and regulations that differ from modern world practice.

The possibility of implementing large-scale unique oil and gas projects, even more than for traditional objects, depends on the stimulating legislative and regulatory framework for subsoil use (the Law “On Subsoil”), the size of differentiated rent payments and taxes on mineral extraction.

Overcoming legal obstacles to the further development of oil and gas production is an important condition for the implementation of the ambitious plans declared by the state, guaranteeing its own and regional energy security.

Literature
1. Federal directory. Fuel and energy complex of Russia. – M.: Rodina-Pro, 2003.
2. Khalimov E.M. Development of oil fields in market conditions. – St. Petersburg: Nedra, 2005.