Anatomy of the abdominal cavity. Ultrasound of the abdominal organs

Abdomen from above it is limited by the diaphragm - a flat muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, located between the lower part of the chest and the lower part of the pelvis. In the lower abdominal cavity there are many organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

The upper part of the abdominal cavity contains mainly the organs of the digestive system. Abdomen can be divided by two horizontal and two vertical lines that form abdominal areas. Thus, nine conditional zones are identified.

A special division of the abdomen into areas (zones) is valid throughout the medical world. The upper row contains the right hypochondrium, epigastric region and left hypochondrium. In these areas we try to palpate the liver, gall bladder, stomach, and spleen. In the middle row are the right lateral, mesogastric, or umbilical, umbilical, and left lateral regions, where manual examination of the small intestine, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, pancreas, and so on is performed. In the bottom row, the right iliac region, hypogastrium and left iliac region are distinguished, in which the cecum and colon, bladder, and uterus are examined with the fingers.

AND abdominal cavity, and the chest located above it are filled with various organs. Let us mention their simple classification. There are organs that to the touch resemble a bath sponge or a loaf of fresh bread, that is, when cut, they are completely filled with some content, represented by functioning elements (usually epithelial cells), connective tissue structures referred to as the stroma of the organ, and vessels of various sizes. This parenchymal organs(Greek enchyma translates as “something poured in”). These include the lungs, liver, almost all large glands (pancreas, salivary, thyroid, and so on).

In contrast to parenchymatous are hollow organs, they are hollow because they are not filled with anything. They have a large (stomach, bladder) or small (ureter, artery) cavity inside, surrounded by relatively thin (intestines) or thick (heart, uterus) walls.

Finally, if the characteristic features of both groups are combined, that is, there is a cavity (usually small) surrounded by parenchyma, we speak of mixed bodies. These primarily include the kidneys, and a number of authors, with some reservations, include the spinal cord and brain here.

Inside the abdominal cavity there are various digestive system organs(stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder with ducts, pancreas), spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands, urinary tract (urethra) and bladder, reproductive organs(different in men and women: in women the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes; in men, the genitals are located outside), numerous blood and lymphatic vessels and ligaments that hold the organs in place.

In the abdominal cavity there is a large serous membrane, consisting mainly of connective tissue, which lines the internal walls of the peritoneum and also covers most of the organs located in it. It is generally accepted that the membrane is continuous and consists of two layers: parietal and visceral peritoneum. These layers are separated by a thin film moistened with serous fluid. The main function of this lubricant is to reduce friction between the layers, as well as between the organs and walls of the peritoneum, while ensuring the movement of the layers.

Doctors often use the term "acute abdomen" to describe a severe case that requires immediate intervention, in many cases surgery. The origin of pain can be different; it occurs not only due to diseases of the digestive system, as is often thought. There are many other causes of acute abdominal pain; it is often accompanied by vomiting, hardness of the abdominal walls and fever. Here we are not talking about a specific disease, but about the initial diagnosis of a very dangerous condition that requires an urgent medical examination to determine its cause and provide appropriate treatment.

LIVER AND BALL TRACT
;traumatic rupture
;abscess
;acute cholecystitis
; biliary colic
SMALL INTESTINE
duodenal ulcer
obstruction, rupture
acute gastroenteritis
Meckel's diverticulum
local enteritis
intestinal tuberculosis
COLON
ulcerative colitis
infectious colitis
volvulus
cancer
intussusception
diverticulitis
gap
appendicitis
STOMACH
;ulcer
;cancer
SPLEEN
;heart attack
;abscess
;break
PERITONEUM
peritonitis
INTERNAL GENITALIA OF A WOMAN
;break
;infection
;convulsions
;rupture of an ovarian cyst
;ectopic pregnancy
;abscesses
;acute salpingitis

Peritoneal hernia occurs when there is a weak point in the abdominal wall, causing part of the intestine to protrude out of the abdominal cavity. An abdominal hernia is an exit or protrusion of the small or large intestine or parts thereof from the cavity in which they are located through a congenital or acquired opening in the peritoneum. An abdominal hernia can occur due to prolonged pressure of internal organs on the walls of the abdominal cavity or weakening of a certain point - for example, as a result of pregnancy, obesity, constant physical activity, etc. Peritoneal hernia comes out when part of the abdominal cavity protrudes and forms a hernial sac, which sometimes contains part of the small or large intestine. The only effective treatment for hernia is surgery.

The organs that are located in the abdominal area are responsible for a large number of functions and processes in the body. The human abdominal cavity includes a whole complex of different organs that are responsible not only for digestion, but also the organs of the reproductive and urinary systems are located here. The abdominal organs are bounded above by the diaphragm, which separates them from the chest, and by the pelvic bones, which are located below.

The proper functioning of all these organs is in many ways the key to good human health, so it is extremely important to strictly monitor their condition and consult a doctor if pain occurs. To more accurately identify the cause of discomfort, the doctor prescribes an ultrasound examination. This is a completely safe and painless non-invasive diagnostic method, which is based on the characteristics of the reflection of ultrasound waves from a particular type of tissue. This procedure allows you not only to see the structure of the internal parts of the body, but also to determine diseases, pathologies of the development and functioning of organs and various systems in the human body.

Which organs belong to the same system?

The human abdominal cavity contains a large number of vital organs. They are responsible for digestive processes and excretion of waste products, as well as for the formation of immune cells and the functioning of the endocrine and reproductive systems. Abdominal organs of men and women:

stomach;
Pancreas;
Intestines;
Liver;
Kidneys;
Spleen;
Gallbladder and bile ducts;
Bladder.

There are also gender differences in the number of organs in this part of the body and how they are located: women have the uterus and ovaries in this area, while men have mostly external genitals.

Most often, to find out the causes and discomfort in the stomach, the doctor prescribes an ultrasound of all abdominal organs in order to obtain complete information about the state of a person’s health and the structural features of his internal organs.

In addition to the above organs, the abdominal area contains a large number of important blood vessels and lymph nodes. All these parts of the body are very important for human health, so it is very important to consult a doctor at the first signs of pain for timely diagnosis and treatment.

When is an ultrasound examination necessary?

The doctor prescribes an ultrasound examination in cases where it is necessary to know exactly which organs belong to the same disease system and bring pain and discomfort to the patient.

Ultrasound examination of organs located in the abdominal cavity is mandatory in pregnant women if there is any suspicion of disease or disturbances in the functioning of internal organs.

Also, an indication for an ultrasound of all abdominal organs is general malaise, which is complicated by pain in the abdomen, increased gas formation and a feeling of heaviness in the stomach, and an unpleasant bitterness in the mouth. In addition, the human abdominal cavity is examined if there is a suspicion of cancer, pancreatitis, or diabetes mellitus.

Carrying out ultrasound diagnostics of all internal organs of a person allows not only to determine the cause of pain in the abdominal area, but also helps to detect cysts, tumors, polyps, stones or sand inside the bladder, kidneys or gall bladder, and their location. Also diseases such as liver cirrhosis, cholecystitis, hepatitis and other diseases. In addition, such diagnostics can identify injuries to internal organs, ruptures and inflammation of tissues and glands. Most often, diagnosis is carried out when a person is worried about the liver, kidneys, bladder, stomach, pancreas, spleen and other organs that belong to the digestive system.

In addition, ultrasound allows you to analyze the size and structure of organs, determine where they are exactly located, and what deviations they have from the norm, as well as find out what diseases develop inside the glands, digestive system and other internal organs that belong to this part of the human body . A competent analysis of the data obtained during diagnosis allows you to prescribe timely treatment, which allows you not only to relieve symptoms, but also to completely get rid of the disease. What research is carried out first?

Conducting liver diagnostics for pathologies and abnormalities;
Examination of the gallbladder to identify stones and sand inside the organ, as well as inside the ducts through which bile flows;
Kidney Health Study;
Identification of stones and sand inside the kidneys, bladder and ureters;
Diagnosis of pancreatic diseases;
Determining the presence of inflammation in all organs in this area;
Examination of organs after injuries without surgery;
Examination of the appendix and checking for the presence of acute appendicitis if the diagnosis is unclear;
Investigation of possible diseases of the peritoneum;
Carrying out diagnostics of the structure and condition of the aorta and other large blood vessels in this area.

Among other things, ultrasound is also necessary to monitor the patient after the biopsy.

Preparation for diagnosis

To ensure accurate diagnostic results without distortion, the human abdominal cavity must be properly prepared for the procedure. To do this, you need to strictly follow a special food and medication diet. It is also very important to tell the doctor who will perform the ultrasound examination what medications you are taking and what diseases you have already been diagnosed with. All this will allow you to create the most complete and accurate clinical picture and help make the correct diagnosis. Diet before examination:

For two to three days before diagnosis, it is prohibited to eat flour, sweets, fermented milk products and milk, carbonated drinks, fatty meats and fish, alcohol, caffeine, raw vegetables and fruits, juices, legumes, sauerkraut and other foods. , which are on the list of causing increased gas formation;
It is allowed to eat meat and fish, which are low-fat varieties, steamed, baked apples, pearl barley, buckwheat and oatmeal in water, and low-fat hard cheese. At this point, it is not recommended to overeat, but it is better to divide the daily food intake strictly into several small portions;
You need to drink at least one and a half liters of fluid per day. Plain still water or tea without sugar is best;
The last meal should be strictly no earlier than six hours before the diagnosis, since the study should be carried out on an empty stomach and nothing inside the stomach should interfere;
For people with diabetes, it is permissible to eat a light breakfast before the procedure. In this case, it would be best to have tea with a little sugar and part of a portion of porridge;
Pregnant women are allowed to eat late, but for best results it is recommended that it be no later than three hours before diagnosis;
If an ultrasound is being performed on an infant, it is also acceptable to do the last feeding three hours before the procedure to ensure the stomach and intestines are empty.

Medicines:

To ensure that the examination of the intestines and stomach is as accurate as possible, it is allowed to take medications before the procedure to reduce bloating;
It is also permissible to take, in the absence of contraindications, any of the enterosorbents, which promote the binding of harmful substances inside the stomach and intestines;
If you take medications on an ongoing basis, for example, for the cardiovascular system, you should consult your doctor about its effect and notify your sonologist;
If you have noticed problems with your stomach or colon, it is recommended that you take a laxative to cleanse your colon twelve hours before the test;
It is highly not recommended to take aspirin and no-shpu before the examination.

It should be strictly taken into account that before using medications, a preliminary consultation with a doctor is necessary, who will help you choose the right drug and prescribe the right dosage. It is highly not recommended to choose medications on your own. Also, immediately before the diagnosis itself, it is necessary to warn the doctor who will do the ultrasound about what medications you took.

A couple of hours before the examination of the kidneys and urinary system, it is advisable to drink a liter or one and a half of water so that the bladder is full. This is necessary so that parts of the body, and in particular the bladder itself, are easier to examine, since the fluid that is in it straightens it and makes it more visible in the image.

It should not be forgotten that for the most complete picture reflecting your condition, you need to inform the doctor who performs the diagnosis about what examination procedures you underwent shortly before. This applies to colonoscopy, gastrography, FGDS, and irrigoscopy, which use contrast during the procedure.

Carrying out an ultrasound

The ultrasound procedure is a painless examination method, since it is performed by ultrasound, which is not perceived by our body. During the examination, the patient lies on his back, and the sonologist uses a special sensor to examine the internal organs. In order for the human abdominal cavity to be located in the most convenient position for examining a particular part of the body, the doctor may ask the patient to take a deep breath and hold his breath or, conversely, change the position slightly and turn slightly onto the right or left side.

After diagnosis, the doctor deciphers all the results obtained by the ultrasound machine and issues a research protocol with a conclusion, on the basis of which it will be possible to make a diagnosis and prescribe the necessary course of treatment. Also, based on the data obtained, the doctor can strictly refer the patient for additional examinations if there are deviations from normal values, as well as if neoplasms, cysts or fluid accumulations have been detected around the gallbladder, stomach, glands and in another area of this part of the body.

The human abdominal cavity has a special structure that significantly distinguishes us from other mammals. What is the abdominal cavity? This term refers to the part of space in the human body that is separated from the chest by the diaphragm at the top and contains the internal organs of the peritoneum. Most of these are organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

Abdominal organs in the diagram

The topography of the abdominal cavity is as follows:

The abdominal muscles (three broad and rectus) act as its front wall.
The side walls are formed by some of the vastus abdominis muscles.
At the back, the space is limited by the lumbar spine with the adjacent muscle fibers.
The lower part of this anatomical structure borders the pelvic region.
The upper floor of the abdominal cavity is “covered” by the muscles of the diaphragm.

What is the structure of the abdominal cavity

The peritoneum is a thin structure consisting of connective tissue, a large number of strong fibers and an epithelial layer - mesothelium. It lines the inner wall of the structure.

The mesothelium performs an important function - its cells synthesize a serous secretion, which serves as a lubricant for the outer walls of all internal organs located in the abdomen. Since the organs and glands are quite close to each other, the mesothelial secretion reduces the area of their friction. This unique structure of the abdominal cavity in humans normally contributes to the absence of discomfort with minor changes in the abdominal area.

But if a focus of inflammation occurs in this area when an infectious agent gets inside, the person feels a sharp pain syndrome. At the first signs of inflammation, numerous adhesions form in the peritoneal space, which prevent the infectious process from spreading to the entire abdominal area.

The peritoneal space is usually divided into the peritoneum itself and the retroperitoneal zone.

The organs of the abdominal cavity develop in the space between its wall and the peritoneum. As they grow, they move away from the posterior wall, merging with the peritoneum and stretching it. This leads to the formation of a new structural unit - the serous fold, which consists of 2 leaves. Such abdominal folds, originating from the inner walls of the abdomen, reach the intestines or other organs of the human abdominal cavity. The former are called mesenteries, the latter ligaments.

Topographic anatomy

The upper floor of the abdominal section contains elements of the digestive tract. Conventionally, we can divide the abdominal zone of the body into a pair of vertical and a pair of horizontal lines that will delimit the sections of the peritoneum. The topographic anatomy of the abdominal cavity is conventionally divided into 9 zones.

The location of the abdominal organs in its upper part (another name is the omental foramen) is as follows: in the right hypochondrium there is a liver with a gallbladder, in the epigastric (middle) zone there is a stomach, in the left hypochondrium there is a spleen.

The middle row is conventionally divided into 4 regions of the abdominal cavity: right lateral, mesogastric (umbilical), umbilical and left lateral. The following internal organs are located in these zones: small intestine, ascending and descending colons, kidneys, pancreas and some others.

In the bottom row, the right and left iliac regions are distinguished, between which the hypogastric zone is located. They contain part of the colon and cecum, the bladder, and in women, the uterus and ovaries.

Depending on the degree of peritoneal coverage, the organs that enter the abdominal cavity can be located intraperitoneally, mesoperitoneally or extraperitoneally. The intraperitoneal position indicates that this internal organ is surrounded by the peritoneum on all sides. An example of such an arrangement is the small intestine. In the mesoperitoneal position, the organ is surrounded by peritoneum on only 3 sides, as is the case with the liver. The extraperitoneal position of the organ implies that it is covered by the peritoneum only on the anterior side. The kidneys have this arrangement.

Anatomical differences between the male and female peritoneum

The structure of the abdominal cavity is identical in all people. The exceptions are congenital developmental anomalies, transposition (mirror arrangement) of internal organs. But this case is very rare.

Due to the biological ability to bear and give birth to children in the female body, the structure of the abdominal organs is arranged somewhat differently than in the male. The abdominal space in men is closed in the lower part, while in women the fallopian tubes communicate with the uterine region. Through the vagina, the peritoneum in women is indirectly connected with the environment. In a man, the reproductive system is located outside, therefore there is no connection with the peritoneal area.

Serous fluid in the abdomen in men immediately covers 2 walls of the rectum - the anterior and posterior. The peritoneal membrane also envelops the upper part of the bladder and the anterior wall of the cavity. As a result of these anatomical features, a man's body has a small depression between the bladder and the rectum.

In the female body, the serous layer of the peritoneum partially covers the rectum, and then the outer surface of the uterus and part of the vagina. This forms a depression between the rectum and the uterus, which is limited by folds on both sides.

There are also certain age-related differences in the structure of the peritoneum and the location of human internal organs in it. For example, in young children the thickness of the abdominal layer is much less than in adults. The reason for this is the poor development of the layer of subperitoneal fatty tissue, which is typical for infants. In newborn children, the omentum is short and thin, with pits and folds almost invisible. With age, these formations increase and deepen.

Perhaps the world would seem more attractive to us if we were able to see what remains hidden from us. Man is the most interesting and complex organism on the planet. It is capable of performing several functions simultaneously. Each organ within us has its own responsibilities and works harmoniously with each other. For example: pumps blood, the brain develops a process that allows you to think. In order to understand our body well, we need to know what the location of the abdominal organs is.

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The structure of the internal organs of the abdomen

The anatomy of the abdomen is conventionally divided into 2 parts: external and internal.

To the outside applies:

head,
breast,
torso,
upper and lower limbs.

To the second:

brain,
lungs,
components of the gastrointestinal tract,

Structure of the abdominal cavity pretty hard e - these are the organs of the abdominal cavity, which are located below the diaphragm and make up the following parts:

anterior wall of the peritoneum,
muscle parts,
broad abdominal muscles,
lumbar part.

To the number abdominal organs people include:

stomach,
spleen,
gallbladder,
human intestines.

Attention! When a person is born, after the umbilical cord is removed, a scar remains in the center of the abdomen. It's called the navel.

So, let's consider in detail what is the location of the human internal organs in the abdominal cavity, what is their appearance and functionality.

Earlier we recalled that the stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen and intestinal tract are all constituent organs abdominal cavity. What is each of them?

The stomach is the so-called muscle, which is located on the left under the diaphragm (a diagram of the stomach is shown in the pictures below). This component of the human gastrointestinal tract tends to stretch, in its normal state size is 15 cm. When it is filled with food, it can put pressure on the pancreas.

One of the main functions is the digestion of food, for which gastric juice is used. Most people have stomach problems; one of the main diseases is gastritis, in which the following symptoms are observed:

bad breath,
heartburn,
bloating in the abdominal area,
frequent belching.

Important! The inner lining of the stomach wall is renewed every 3-4 days. The mucous coating of the stomach wall quickly dissolves under the influence of gastric juice, which is a strong acid.

Pancreas located below the stomach, participates in the production of enzymes, ensures protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. The gland also releases insulin into the blood. If the production of this hormone is disrupted, a person develops a disease - diabetes. The main symptoms of this pathology may be:

constant feeling of thirst,
frequent urination,
sweat takes on a sweet taste.

If the pancreas malfunctions, the entire human gastrointestinal tract suffers. The size of the gland is average about 22 cm. Its head is the largest part, measuring 5 cm and thickness up to 3 cm.

Symptoms of disruption of the proper functioning of the human pancreas and gastrointestinal tract may include:

rumbling in the stomach,
feeling of nausea,
flatulence (release of gases),
pain in the abdominal area near the hypochondrium,
decreased appetite.

Throughout the day, the pancreas produces 2 liters of pancreatic juice(this is 10 times more than is required for normal digestion of food).

The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ that is located in a person in the right hypochondrium (lower edge of the costal arch on the right). It is located below the liver.

It is in the gallbladder that bile accumulates, which in appearance resembles a viscous green liquid. By the bubble thin wall.

Despite the fact that the size of the bladder is very small, it plays a very important role in the body. When its functioning is disrupted, a person experiences a feeling of nausea, vomiting and pain on the right side. These symptoms may also indicate the progression of a disease such as an ulcer.

Also located in the peritoneum area are the kidneys, a paired organ. In humans, they are located in the lower posterior part of the peritoneum. The left kidney is slightly larger in size and is located above the right, which is considered normal.

So what does the organ look like? The buds look like beans. On average, they have parameters of 12 cm, weight approximately 160 g. For the body, they play a very significant role - help the recusal urine. A healthy person can pass one to two liters of urine per day.

When a person notices changes in the color of urine, this may be a signal that there is a problem with this organ. Pain in the lower back also appears, body temperature rises, and swelling appears. There are so-called “bags under the eyes”.

If the above symptoms are detected, you should immediately contact a specialist to avoid salt accumulation and the formation of kidney stones, as well as other complications in the form of inflammatory processes. Kidneys require a lot of attention!

In humans, the adrenal glands, like the kidneys, are located on both sides of the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. How the organs are located, the name speaks for itself - above the kidneys. Their functionality is to produce most hormones, including adrenaline. They regulate metabolism and help the body feel comfortable in stressful situations.

Disruption of the adrenal glands can result from excessive or insufficient secretion of hormones. At the same time, blood pressure increases and potassium levels decrease, which can result in acute renal failure. If you have such symptoms, you should visit an endocrinologist.

The spleen is shaped like a bean. Its location is behind the stomach in the left upper lobe. Its parameters: length - 16 cm, width - 6 cm, weight - approximately 200 g.

The main function is to protect against infections, control metabolism, and filter damaged platelets and red blood cells. Due to the anatomical structure of the human abdomen, a diseased spleen does not always make itself felt. It often happens that when running a person experiences pain on the left side, under the rib. This means that blood has entered the general bloodstream. This problem is not terrible.

Important! If the pain moves to the chest area, this indicates that an abscess is developing. At the same time, the organ enlarges, which only a doctor can determine.

An aching and pulling pain that radiates to the lumbar region makes it clear that the person may have had a heart attack.

The arrangement of the organs in the peritoneum is such that when the spleen reaches a very large size, it palpable on the right in the area of the womb upon palpation. Such signs may accompany tuberculosis. The pain becomes impossible to bear. Dull pain can warn of the appearance of a tumor.

Gastrointestinal tract

Probably everyone asked themselves the question: “What does the gastrointestinal tract consist of?” In order for us to feel good, we need energy. This is why the gastrointestinal tract exists, which includes many organs. Incorrect operation of one of them can harm your health.

The gastrointestinal tract includes:

throat,
esophagus,
stomach,
intestines.

Initially, food is sent to the mouth, where it is chewed and mixed with saliva. Chewed food acquires a porridge-like consistency and is swallowed using the tongue. The food then goes down the throat.

Pharynx externally looks like a funnel, has a mouth-nose connection. From it, food components are sent to the esophagus.

The esophagus is the muscular tube. Its location is between the pharynx and stomach. The esophagus is covered with a shell of mucus, which contains many glands that saturate with moisture and soften food, due to which it easily penetrates into the stomach.

Processed food moves from the stomach to the intestines. We will tell you further where the human intestine is located and what functions are assigned to it.

Intestines

The intestines are a special organ that forms 2/3 of the immune system, processes received food into energy and simultaneously produces more than twenty of its own hormones. Located in the abdominal cavity, general length is 4 meters. Its shape and structure changes depending on age. Anatomically, this organ is divided into the small and large intestines.

The diameter of the small intestine is 6 cm, gradually decreasing to 3 cm. On average, the size of the large intestine reaches 8 cm.

Anatomically, the small intestine is divided into three departments:

duodenum,
skinny,
ileum.

The duodenum originates from the stomach and ends in the jejunum. Bile comes from the gallbladder, and juice from the pancreas. It produces a large number of glands that help process food and protect it from damage and irritation. acidic substance.

Lean - makes up about 2/5 of the entire length of the intestine. Its size is about 1.5 meters. For the fair sex it is shorter than for the stronger half. When a person dies, it stretches and is about 2.5 meters.

Ileum - located in the lower part of the small intestine, she's much thicker and has a more developed vascular system.

Painful symptoms of the small intestine include:

weight loss;
feeling of heaviness in the stomach;
flatulence;
upset (loose stools);
soreness in the navel area.

As for the large intestine, it includes: the cecum, colon, sigmoid and rectum. This part of the body has a grayish tint, length - 2 meters, width -7 cm. Its main functions are: fluid absorption, regular excretion of feces.

The cecum is the widest part of the intestine, called the appendix. It contains organisms that help the functioning of the intestines. The bag-shaped area reaches 8 cm in length.

The colon is divided into: descending, transverse and ascending. Its diameter is 5 cm, length is 1.5 meters.

Sigmoid - originates at the beginning of the small pelvis and directed transversely- to the right. In a fully formed person, it reaches about 55 cm.

The direct line is the final link in the process of processing food by the body. It has this name because it does not bend. Its functionality is the accumulation and removal of food waste. The rectum reaches 15 cm in length.

Accumulate in the rectum defecation products which are expelled through the anus.

If you experience painful sensations during bowel movements, there are blood impurities in the stool, frequent diarrhea is replaced by constipation, or weight loss is observed - this is a reason to consult a specialist.

Where is which organ located in a person?

Anatomy of the abdominal organs

In our body, organs specialize in performing specific functional duties. Thus, they ensure the coordinated functioning of the whole organism. You will learn about the location of the organs from the pictures and descriptions in this article.

Digestive system

Good digestion: what is it? Why is it important? How to get it?
Our digestive system is probably one of the most important. It plays a crucial role in our health and we really need to take care of it.

What is good digestion?

Food processing begins in the mouth. Our saliva contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of certain carbohydrates and act as a moisturizer to make food easier to swallow.

In the stomach, food is digested by enzymes and stomach acid. The acid activates pepsin, which breaks down protein and kills most bacteria.
The small intestine is where nutrients and enzymes are absorbed, but food is not yet digested.
The large intestine contains high levels of various digestive bacteria, which help digest leftover food. Fatty acids are some byproducts of digestion that provide energy to our intestinal cells.
Trillions of bacteria live in our guts. They are crucial for proper digestion.
So why is good digestion so important?
We now know what Hippocrates meant so many years ago that “disease begins in the intestines.” Research into our microbiome shows that having too few bacteria (in number and variety) can not only affect digestion, but can also cause cancer, diabetes, heart disease, autism, depression and obesity.

Many years ago these diseases were rare, but now they are becoming more common.

Typical food now consists of highly processed foods: refined flour, white sugar, and animal protein from milk and meat loaded with antibiotics. These foods are not only low in nutrients, but also low in fiber.

These foods cause the intestines to lack microbes necessary for proper digestion and disease prevention. Even in situations where you feel like you're eating plenty of nutrients, unbalanced gut flora can mean you're not absorbing all the nutrients your body needs.

Other lifestyle factors that can interfere with proper digestion are the use of oral antibiotics, chronic stress, lack of sleep, nutritional deficiencies (well-nourished but undernourished), certain medications, food allergies and infections.

3 Things You Can Implement Today to Start Your Path to Optimal Digestive Health

1 Eat a variety of fiber (40-60 grams per day). Different microbes like to feed on different fibers.

2 Include prebiotic foods in your diet every day. Prebiotics are slow-digesting fibers that are fermented in the colon (where most bacteria live). They act as food for microbes, and all life on Earth needs food to survive, including microbes. Dr. Michael Plann suggests for their nutrition: “resistant starch (found in bananas, oats, legumes); (in onions and other root vegetables, nuts); and insoluble fiber (in whole grains, especially bran and avocado).”

3 Avoid unnecessary antibiotics. Talk to your doctor to find out how to take the antibiotic for your situation. Eat fermented foods. Raw sauerkraut, kefir, kombucha, miso, tempeh, and beets all contain high levels of probiotic bacteria. So the next time you sit down to eat, think about how your lifestyle affects your digestion.

Intestines

The ancient physician Galen described the intestines as a tube, the length of which varies depending on the age of the patient. In the Middle Ages, the intestine was considered the “residence” of digestion. But there was no information about the digestion process. According to Leonardo da Vinci, the intestines were associated with the process of respiration. The English scientist William Harvey described the intestine as a tube that consists of fibers, blood vessels, mesentery, mucus and fats, which had an impact on the digestive process.

The intestine through the prism

The layers of the walls of the small and large intestines are the same: the mucous membrane is formed from the inside of the intestine, the middle layer forms the muscles, and the surface of the intestine is covered with connective tissue.

The main difference is observed in the structure of the mucous membrane. The mucous membrane of the small intestine consists of a huge number of small villi, and its cells produce gastric juice. After the small intestine processes the food gruel created by gastric juices, all useful substances and elements are absorbed by the lymphatic and blood capillaries.

Comparative anatomy

The length of the intestines depends on the composition of the food. Therefore, ruminants, which have to process complex plant foods, have much larger intestines than carnivores. For example, a bull's intestines are about 20 times longer than its body, while a dog's intestines are only 5 times longer.

Anatomy

The intestines fill the entire abdominal cavity. The small intestine starts from the stomach and connects to the large intestine. At the junction with the large intestine, the small intestine has a bauhinea valve.

The upper part of the intestine starts from the stomach, then the loop goes around the two main organs, the liver and the bile duct. On the right side of the peritoneum, the intestine goes down, surrounding the liver and kidney. At the site of the lumbar vertebra, the jejunum begins, which is located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity. On the lower right, the jejunum adjoins the ileum, the loops of which descend into the small pelvis, adjacent to the bladder, uterus and rectum.

Functions

The intestines produce a certain amount of hormones and endocrine cells that affect transport, motor and digestive activity.

When the intestines don't work...

The most common disease is inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Intestinal inflammation or necrosis can cause serious inflammation and requires immediate medical attention. In this case, small ulcers on the membrane may occur, as well as diarrhea, bowel dysfunction - fecal retention and gas formation. With prolonged discomfort, improper processing and absorption of food, consequences arise in the form of hair loss, weight loss, dry skin, and swelling of the limbs.

If blood flow in the intestine is disrupted, blockage of blood vessels can occur, which will lead to a small intestinal infarction. Intestinal tumors are often benign in nature, but may not appear immediately. If a tumor is present, bleeding appears along with feces, alternating with diarrhea. Treatment of tumor formations occurs only through surgery, and ignoring such symptoms can lead to life-threatening inflammation.

Pancreas

It produces enzymes that break down all nutrients: trypsin affects the breakdown of proteins into amino acids.

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is small in size, approximately the size of a chicken egg, and externally has a sac-like shape. It is located in the cavity between the lobes of the liver.

Based on the name, it is not difficult to guess what is inside the bubble. It is filled with bile, which is produced by the liver and is needed for better absorption of food.

Since it is not always required during digestion, the body has a special reservoir that releases a sufficient amount only when necessary. To enter the stomach, ducts with peculiar valves go from the bladder.
Bile is secreted from liver cells. The main functions of secretion are:

improving the process of food absorption;
increased enzyme activity;
improving the breakdown and absorption of fats;
cessation of the action of digestive juice.

Bile also has bactericidal properties. In 24 hours, the body produces from a liter of bile to two.

Gallbladder diseases can result in serious complications. Excessive consumption of foods that promote bile secretion can lead to the appearance of stones in the bladder.

Because of this, fat metabolism is disrupted and body weight increases. But in some cases the effect may be different. Eating foods that do not contribute to the secretion of bile leads to a lack of acids, vitamins and fats, and pathology of the lower intestines is also possible. To avoid such health problems, you must periodically follow a diet that your doctor may prescribe.

Foods that strongly stimulate bile secretion

Dairy products, meat, fats of both vegetable and animal origin, meat, and egg yolks.
If you have liver problems, then the consumption of this number of products should be reduced to a minimum.
If everything is in order with your health, then it will never be superfluous to arrange fasting days for yourself. And also during unloading of the body, you should give up berries, fruits, pickled vegetables and cold drinks.
Products that weakly stimulate bile secretion.
Vegetarian food has a positive effect on the functioning of the bladder. If there is no desire or opportunity to comply with it, then you can eat meat. It is allowed to eat only boiled chicken or beef. It is allowed to eat lean, cooked fish. At the same time, drink a lot of water, at least three liters per day, and you can also drink weak tea.

Extraction system

All unnecessary and waste substances leave the body through various organs, such as the respiratory and digestive organs. Also, so-called waste substances can leave the body through pores on the surface of the skin. These organs are the aforementioned excretory system.

As you know, our body must get rid of everything unnecessary, and the kidneys help it with this.

The weight of each kidney is one hundred and fifty grams. On the outside, this organ is securely wrapped in connective tissue.

The shape of the bud somewhat resembles a bean. With its inner concave side it faces the spine. On the underside of each kidney there is a notch called the renal hilum, which connects transport means such as arteries and nerves to the kidneys.

A longitudinal section of the kidney reveals the surface covering and the brighter inner medulla. The deeper layer is a cluster of renal pyramids. The bases of the pyramids are connected to the surface covering, and the upper parts grow in the direction of the so-called renal pelvis.

The renal pelvis is nothing more than a transit point for urine before its final entry into the ureter.

Heart

The heart pumps blood, the kidneys cleanse it of unnecessary substances, the liver takes part in digestion and metabolic processes. Each organ has its own job.

It must be remembered that significant changes in the heart are not always accompanied by pain.

Remember the risk factors! Resolutely prohibit yourself from smoking, even occasionally at parties with old friends, and it is also very important to check your cholesterol levels. Be very attentive to yourself and listen to your heart! Go to see a cardiologist without hesitation if something worries you. This is not suspiciousness, but reasonable caution and attention to one’s health.

The heart contracts as a single unit with a clear sequence: first the atria, and then the ventricles.

In the atria, blood collects from the veins. The heart has four valves: two leaflet valves and two crescent valves. The valves are located between the atria and ventricles.

The movement of blood through the vessels is a necessary condition for maintaining the vital functions of the body. The heart and blood vessels form the circulatory system. The heart is a hollow muscular organ whose main function is to pump blood through the vessels. The heart muscle is able to excite, conduct excitation and contract. The heart contracts under the influence of impulses that arise in the heart itself. This property is called automaticity of the heart.

Taking care of the heart

Sometimes it is better to be considered suspicious than to show frivolity. Especially when it comes to the heart. Not only can love unexpectedly appear - illness does not always loudly announce its appearance.

The feeling of anxiety came suddenly. Tatyana, a beautiful nurse of Balzac's age, was still at work after a hectic day's duty. I sat down on a chair in the staff room to rest a little and drink a cup of hot tea, and suddenly froze from a sharp and piercing pain in the heart area. There was a feeling that it was becoming difficult to breathe. A friend advised me to drink 25 drops of Valocordin. Tatyana drank the drops and after a few minutes the pain went away, but the disappointing feeling of discomfort and heaviness in the chest remained. “This is probably what patients call: the heart aches,” Tatyana suggested and decided to consult a cardiologist.

The cardiologist said that absolutely all first-time pain in the heart area, especially accompanied by a feeling of lack of air when breathing, is a serious alarm signal, and recommended that the woman undergo a comprehensive examination of the body.

The doctor explained that pain in the left half of the chest is not always associated with pathological changes in the heart and blood vessels. For example, a short-term acute stabbing sensation (which can appear when changing body position) is quite possibly a symptom of intercostal neuralgia. The feeling of lack of air, especially with excitement or fear, in young women, in most cases, is caused by the appearance of vascular dystonia and the effect of stress on the human body. The problem is that people themselves cannot correctly assess their well-being. Only a highly qualified doctor can determine the true cause of such “pain” in the heart. And only he has the right to determine medication recommendations in each individual case. The beloved drops and tablets of our grandmothers, such as validol, corvalol, valocordin, from the point of view of current medicine, are not at all a medicine for the treatment of cardiac pathology.

Be carefull

Pain that appears or worsens during physical activity requires increased attention. Incompetent recommendations and actions in such a situation can lead to the loss of invaluable time, which is very necessary to prevent the development of severe complications (including myocardial infarction).

Having decided to take your health seriously and begin sports training, be sure to undergo a stress test under the strictest medical supervision in advance. Its results will enable the doctor to correctly assess the health potential of your cardiovascular system and establish the individually correct amount of physical activity for you. This is very important at the initial stage, and later this technique will be useful to monitor how the body copes with training sessions.

It is important to remember that significant changes in the heart are rarely accompanied by severe pain.

If, during ordinary physical activity, shortness of breath begins to occur or worsens, loss of strength is also a serious signal and a reason to immediately consult a doctor.

Remember the risk factors! Resolutely prohibit yourself from smoking, even occasionally at parties with old friends, and it is also very important to check your cholesterol levels. Be very attentive to yourself and listen to your heart! Go to see a cardiologist without hesitation if something worries you. This is not suspiciousness, but reasonable caution and attention to one’s health.