Short form of participles. Full and short participles
1. Real participles of the present and past tenses do not have short forms. Passive participles have, in addition to the full and short forms. The most common is the short form of the passive participles of the past tense; heard, heard, heard, heard (heard); tied, tied, tied, tied (tied); fanned, fanned, fanned, fanned (faned); sown, sown, sown, sown (sown); bought, bought, bought, bought (bought); The gardens were empty, the huts were abandoned, the water meadows were not mowed (Es.); Where there was a poster, ohano yes akhano, the Stalingrad tractor was deeply plowed (Pr.). Short forms of passive participles of the present tense are used very rarely, as a rule, in a book style: love, love, love, love (beloved). [Bashilov was respected by everyone, but not loved by anyone (Paust.).]
2. Short forms of participles should be distinguished from short forms of adjectives formed from verbs. Short forms of participles are written with one n, and short forms of adjectives retain as many n as they are in full forms. For example: The girl is spoiled by her mother - a short form of the passive past participle of the perfect form, controls the noun in the instrumental form; The girl is spoiled and stubborn ■- short form of the adjective, denotes a property of character (‘capricious, wayward’), answers the question “what kind of girl?” and does not govern a noun in the instrumental form. Wed also:
The girl was modest and educated.
Her performance was thrilling.
The dishes were exquisite.
His answers were precise and thoughtful.
The guest was extremely stubborn and limited.
Natasha was distracted and inattentive.
All his actions were dexterous and concentrated.
Love for the book was brought up in him from childhood.
The congregation was moved by what happened yesterday.
Funds for the purchase of books were found.
Every detail of the operation was thought through.
The topic of the report was limited to one problem.
Through the efforts of friends, distrust of him was dispelled.
Troops were concentrated on the border.
3. Short forms of the neuter singular participle should be distinguished from adverbs in -o. The short participle always has one n in the suffix, and the adverb retains as many n as there are in the participle or adjective from which it is formed. For example: The matter is thought out from all sides - the short form of the participle acts as a predicate, therefore, it is written with one n; He answered deliberately - the adverb is in the function of the circumstance, therefore, two n are written in it, that is, as many as there are in the word deliberate, from which the adverb is formed. Wed also:
He scolded him undeservedly.
Petrograd lived tensely during these January nights (A.T.).
He peered warily into the darkness.
From the first days of the occupation, the population was wary of the appearance of a large number of orders.
They don't deserve this kind of treatment.
The body of the athlete was tense to the extreme: he was ready to overcome the last obstacle.
Since the participle is a special form of the verb that contains the features of both the verb and the adjective, one of its features is the ability to form a short form. In the lesson, you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.
Theme: Communion
Lesson: Short Participles
Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in bookish speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.
Homework
Exercise number 87, 88.Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise. Read the text of a comic letter that was written by one fairy-tale hero. Write out short passive participles from the text, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.
We live very well. The house is always tidied up, the linen is washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is covered with a carpet, the curtains are starched and sheathed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. Flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are stacked on shelves. Toys are scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.
Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are all dressed up and dressed up. The boys are dressed and shod.
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Brief Communions.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling of participles. Exercises.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. In the school course of the Russian language, children are introduced to the participle precisely as a special verb form, however, many linguists argue that it is an independent part of speech, which has its own grammatical features.
Communion in Russian
The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: a participle is a special form of words denoting an action with pronounced signs of an adjective that answers questions which? doing what? and what did he do? In fact, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time determine its features in a certain period of time. It is this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also a common mistake in denoting the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, students confuse the participle with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in a sentence. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of real, passive participles and verbal adjectives.
Similarities of participles with verb and adjective
The participle includes grammatical signs of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfective and imperfective, or, in other words, it can mean a completed or incomplete action. It can take the form of reflexivity and can be active or passive. Like adjectives, there is a full and short participle. In addition, this form of the verb changes in gender, cases and numbers, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that the participle can only have the present and past tenses. It has no future tense. For example: jumping - imperfect view in the present tense and jumping - perfect view in the past tense.
Participle Features
All participles, depending on what sign they show, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the sign of the object to which the action is directed) and real (indicating the sign of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guiding, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looked; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from the verb of the imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From this we can also conclude that the formation of the participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the sacrament is that, together with the words dependent on it, it quite often forms a turnover, which is separated by commas in writing.
Valid participles
To form real participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as the basis and the suffix is added to the first conjugation -usch-, -yusch-, and to the second -ash-, -ash-. For example: jump - galloping, treat - treating. To form a real participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -ti- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: go - riding, carry - carried.
Passive participles
Passive participles are also formed as a result of the replacement of suffixes. To form the present tense for the first conjugation of verbs, suffixes are used -eat-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, store - stored. In order to get the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles use the suffix -enn-. For example: dye - dyed, whiten - bleached. If the end of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to get the participle use the suffix -t-. For example: inflate - inflated, smack - ripped.
Short and full communion
Passive participles have two forms: short and full. The short participle has the same grammatical features as the short adjective. They are formed from the full form of the participle and can vary in numbers and gender, but do not decline in cases. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate. For example: I am not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as hell. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both an adjective and a verb, and in a sentence they are always a definition.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words to themselves, while forming turns, which have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal attributes and has become an adjective, which depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, tense strings, high spirits. Given this possibility of the participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.
Scheme of morphological parsing of the sacrament
Although the participle is not distinguished into a separate independent part of speech, but only they say that it is a special verb form with elements of an adjective, nevertheless, morphological analysis is carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First of all, the name is determined, in this case it is a participle. Further, its morphological features are described: the initial form is determined. That is, they put the word in the nominative case in the masculine and singular; describe permanent signs, which include the following indicators: real participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in the sentence and the type of participle; the next paragraph is a description of non-permanent signs: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, the syntactic function of the participle in the sentence is described (whether it is a definition or acts as a nominal part of the predicate).
The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function
Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the features of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by a poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); nice started glorious deed ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog by a bright window.)
Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle
Verb Features | Adjective signs |
1. View (imperfect and perfect): burning(non-sov.v.) forest(from burn)- burnt(sov.v.) forest(from burn out). | 1. General meaning (like an adjective, participle calls object sign and answer the question which?). |
2. Transitivity / intransitivity: singing(who?/what?) song- running. | 2. Gender, number, case (like an adjective, the participle changes by gender, number and case, and the gender, number and case of the participle depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the participle is associated, i.e. participle consistent with a noun): ripened ear, ripened berry, ripened apple, ripened fruits. |
3.Returnability / non-returnability: lifter- rising smoke. | 3. Declension (participles are declined in the same way as adjectives), cf .: evening- burning, evening- burning, evening- burning etc. |
4. Real and passive meaning (collateral): attacking battalion- battalion attacked by the enemy. | 4. Syntactic function (both participles and adjectives in a sentence are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate). |
5. Time (present and past): reading(present tense) - reading(past tense). | 5. Short forms (a participle, like an adjective, can have short forms): built- built, closed- closed. |
Note . The real/passive meaning and time are expressed in participles with the help of special suffixes.
Participle ranks
Communions divided into real and passive.
Valid communion indicate the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy does.
Passive communion designate a sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e., a sign of an object on which an action has been or is being performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action smash, which commits boy.
And valid, and passive participles can be present and past tense (the participles have no future tense).
Participle formation
1. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (perfective verbs do not have participles present tense).
2. Passive communion are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).
3. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the basis of the present tense.
4. Communions the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.
5. Passionate communion The past tense is predominantly formed from perfective verbs.
Valid communion present time -usch-/-yusch-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pi-sh-ut - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shouting - screaming, talking - talking(from verbs of II conjugation).
Valid communion past tense formed with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouting, carrying - carrying.
Passive communion present time formed with suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (chitae] my), ved-ut- driven, love - beloved.
Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.
Passive communion past tense formed with suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.
Suffix -enn- joins stems into a consonant (P rines ti- brought) or on -and (note - noticed).
Participle Verbs | Valid | Passive |
||
Present tense | past tense | Present tense | past tense |
|
-usch (-yusch) from verbs of I conjugation; ash (box) from verbs II conjugation | -vsh ■sh | -om, -em from verbs of I conjugation; -them from verbs II conjugation | -nn, -enn, -t |
|
Transitional imperfective form | reading | + reading | Readable | + read |
Transitional perfect type | Reader | read |
||
Intransitive imperfective form | Sitting | sat | - | |
Intransitive perfective | blossomed | |||
Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form participles past tense.
Short form participles
Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)
AT short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by cases).
Short form participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, a- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.
In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)
Participles and verbal adjectives
Communions differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote constant attributes of objects, and communion- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, older.
Communions may lose the meaning and signs of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already permanent sign of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... everyone's favorite(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) and When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).
Most easily pass into passive adjectives communion: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.
Communions are used mainly in the styles of book speech and are almost never found in colloquial everyday speech.
Morphological analysis of the sacrament includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-permanent (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted scheme of analysis, but can be noted.
Scheme of the morphological analysis of the participle. I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 2. Permanent signs: 1) real or passive; 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) full or short form (for passive participles); 4) case (for participles in full form). Sh. Syntactic function. The secluded monastery, illuminated by the rays of the sun, seemed to float in the air, carried by clouds. (A. Pushkin) | An example of the morphological analysis of the participle. I. illumined(monastery) - participle, a special form of the verb, denotes a sign of an object by action, formed from a verb illuminate. II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form - illuminated - 2. Permanent signs: 1) passive participle; 2) past tense; 3) perfect look. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) full form; 2) singular; 3) masculine; 4) nominative case. III. syntax function. In the sentence, it is an agreed definition (or: is part of a separate agreed definition, expressed by participial turnover). |
