§23. Short form participles
To master the topic "Communion", you need to understand many nuances. For example, you need to know that some of these words can exist in two forms. Let us consider this issue in more detail and find out how short and full participles differ.
Some information
All words of the named category, depending on the direction of the expressed action, are divided into two categories. These are real participles, showing that the object is doing something on its own, and passive, denoting the focus of activity on the object. The words of the first group are always complete: walking, lying, washing. And only passive participles can also be short: fed - fed, watered - watered.
Comparison
First of all, each case raises its own questions. “What has been done with the object?”, “what?” set to short participles. Meanwhile, the words used in the full form correspond to the questions “what?” and the like.
Some grammatical features of the participles of both types are the same. Both of them change in numbers ( suggested, suggested- the only thing; glued, glued- plural) and childbirth ( nailed, nailed, nailed– nailed, nailed, nailed). But the difference between short and full participles is that only the latter have a case ( shrouded- nominative shrouded- parental shrouded- dative, etc.).
Another discrepancy between these groups of words lies in their syntactic meaning. The function of short participles is not diverse. They are assigned the role of a predicate: House erected (what is done?) builders. Full participles most often become a definition: Raised (what?) The builders looked great. They can also represent the nominal part of the predicate: The dress turned out torn.
Consider the difference between short and full participles in terms of spelling. Here we note that if the suffix of the word contains "n", then in short forms it is single, and in full it is double ( sown – sown, embellished - embellished). You should also touch on the spelling of words with a particle NOT. It can be combined or separate when using full participles. For short forms, only the second of these options is correct.
Consider the features of short participles and their examples, learn how to distinguish them from adjectives. These parts of speech are one of the most common causes of spelling errors. They are easy to confuse with adjectives, especially short ones, because they are pronounced almost the same. How to distinguish a short adjective from a short participle.
First, let's define what a short is. These are certain formations from words formed from the full participles of both pledges: active, passive. Any time, except for the future - the present and the past. Word formation occurs through the reduction of that part of the word that changes - inflection (sometimes it is called the ending). Sometimes the base is truncated along with it.
Note! Brief incl. is always used only in the passive voice, because some action is performed on it by another person.
Short participles: examples
How short forms are formed from full ones
Present tense:
Short participles: examples
Past tense:
A short participle answers such questions: what (a) (o)? — what are?
For example: the book is painted (what?), the exercise is solved (what?), the castle is robbed (what?).
Short participles: examples
Use in speech
In sentences and phrases, must be consistent with the other members of the proposal. In particular, with nouns and pronouns that act as defined words. Most often, their syntactic function is a predicate. More precisely - a compound nominal predicate.
Examples of a predicate, expressed briefly. par.: Newspapers were bought by old people. The bed was covered with a blanket. The article was not read by the student.
Take note! Sometimes it plays the role of a separate definition, referring exclusively to the subject.
Participles in brief form change both by gender and by numbers. The masculine gender is characterized by negative inflection - zero ending (shorn, watered (flower), extinguished (bonfire))
To agree with feminine nouns:
- singular - ending "a". For example, sheared, watered, extinguished (candle)
- plural - ending "s". For example, washed, watered, repaid.
For the neuter gender, the plural endings coincide with the feminine gender. For the singular, the ending "o" is typical: cut, watered, extinguished.
Useful video: short participles
Suffixes
Also short. participle can be separated from a similar adjective by suffixes.
| Past tense suffixes | Examples |
| -en- | Brought, groomed |
| -n- | Given away, fanned |
| -T- | Sung, broken |
Short participles: examples
Participle VS Adjective
Now let's turn to the burning problem of differences briefly. participle and adjective.
Let's take two phrases: "the girl is brought up", "the girl is brought up by her mother". The most obvious difference is that in the second case, the person who performed the action is represented. This is the mother who raised the girl.
Do not forget that the participle is, first of all, the form of the verb. It follows from this that if the sentence contains an object that has performed some action on the subject (for example, “a pear is grown by a gardener”), we have a brief view of it. Also, one of the striking features of this part of speech is that a short participle in a phrase can be replaced by a full one. For example, “a girl raised by her mother”, “a pear grown by a gardener”.
The main function of the adjective is characterizing. This part of speech emphasizes signs, focuses attention on them.
The phrase “the girl is well-bred” does not indicate the person who committed the action, but draws attention to the characteristic “what is this girl like?” - "educated". Here we are dealing with a short adjective. You can replace it with a complete one, we get "a well-bred girl." It does not matter how the result is achieved, the main thing is its presence.
To complete the test with absolute certainty, try replacing the phrase with synonyms. The adjective is easily replaced by a full synonym: "the girl is well-mannered - the girl is cultured." As mentioned above, the participle is a form of the verb, so the synonymous substitution occurs due to this part of speech: “the girl was raised by her mother” - “the mother raised the girl”.
Orthographic features
One of the main differences between these two language units is located in the field of spelling.
Short participles: examples
Spelling of short adjectives and participles
- we write the adjective with two "n" - "nn";
- we write the participle with one "n".
How do we write the particle "NOT"
An additional complication arises when choosing the number of letters in the suffix, if the particle "not" is present. This problem is relevant for both considered parts of speech. Remember the following simple scheme:
NOT with short passive participles is always written separately. They are also characterized by the use of dependent words in the phrase, as already mentioned. This function is, as it were, replaced by the adverb "very" in examples with short adjectives. For example: the world is very beautiful, the student is very smart.
Useful video: short passive participles
Conclusion
When writing, you need to be extremely careful, monitor the meaning of words, the presence of dependent words, the use of the “not” particle, the possibility of replacing with synonyms. In case of difficulties or questions, be sure to refer to the spelling dictionary or corpus of the Russian literary language, which can be found on the Internet.
Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)
IN short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by cases).
Short form participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.
In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by the copper-red sunset(G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning, Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)
Historical reference: Communion on -schey (powerful, lying) penetrated into the literary language from the Old Church Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language, these participles corresponded to participles in -whose (powerful, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, that is, they lost the meaning of the time of action. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing - standing, flowing - fluid, stabbing - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Slavonic origin, the second is Russian.
24. Adverb and category of state. The predicate is a special part of speech. Semantic and grammatical properties of the state category. The main semantic categories of predicatives (modal predicates, state predicates, evaluations). Forms of the comparative degree of the predicative.
Adverbs include invariable words denoting a sign of an action, state, quality of an object or another sign. For example: He wanted to hug and kiss Streltsov, but a hot spasm suddenly squeezed his throat, and he, ashamed of his tears, turned away, hastily took out a pouch (Shol.). - Adverbs suddenly and hastily denote signs of actions called by the verbs squeezed and pulled out. But it’s so insulting to think about one thing (Fad.). - The adverb so denotes a sign of a state called by the word insulting. In the blue, dazzling blue sky - the July sun blazing with fire and rare clouds scattered by the wind of implausible whiteness (Shol.). - The adverb dazzlingly denotes a sign of the quality called by the adjective blue. The dandy colonel was visibly glad that he had dealt with the monument so soon (Schip.). - The adverb so denotes the sign of the sign, called the adverb soon. Two days later ... Gvozdev in a blue blouse, girded with a belt, in loose trousers, in brightly polished shoes, in a white cap ... and with a gnarled stick in his hand, walked sedately along the "Gora" (M. G.). - The adverb at the outlet denotes a sign of an object called the noun trousers.
The adverb, referring to the verb, adjective, adverb and noun, forms its connection with them by adjoining. Morphological features of adverbs:
1. Immutability (lack of forms of change in cases and numbers). Degrees of comparison are available only for adverbs in -o, -e, formed from quality adjectives (quickly - faster, colloquially faster, bolder - bolder, colloquially bolder). The comparative degree of adverbs is homonymous with the comparative degree of the adjective. They differ syntactically: the comparative degree of the adjective refers to the noun, for example: Now the forest is fragrant, the night shadow is more magnificent (Fet); and the comparative degree of the adverb is to the verb, for example: A shadow falls longer from the mountain (Tyutch.). Rarely, for special stylistic purposes, superlatives are used in -aisha, -eishe, for example: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals for a shot (Gr.).
2. The presence of special derivational suffixes (some of them form adverbs together with the prefix po-): -o, -e (fun, sincerely), -i (hostile, friendly), -i (wolf-like, human-like), -omy, -him (in a good way, in a new way); suffixes of comparative and superlative degree (for adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives): -her (more successful, more profitable), -e, -she (brighter, further), -ishe, -eishe (lowest, humblest), as well as suffixes of subjective assessment - -onk (o), -enk (o), -ohonk (o), -onechk (o) (quietly, well, lightly, quietly), -ovat (o), -evat (o) (bad, dapper) . Suffixes of subjective evaluation are possible for qualitative adverbs.
3. Lexical and word-building correlation with other parts of speech. In form, meaning and origin, adverbs correlate with various case forms of nouns (day, summer, gallop; interspersed, sideways), with adjectives (hard-boiled, at random; to the left; student), with pronouns (in your opinion), with verbs ( silently, lying, clover); the most ancient adverbs by education, by origin associated with pronouns in modern Russian, act as non-derivatives (where where, here, there).
The main role of adverbs in a sentence is the designation of various circumstances. As a circumstantial word, the adverb most often adjoins the predicate-verb: On the slope of the height, the wind licked the road, completely swept away and carried away the dust (Shol.), Although it can also refer to the definition and circumstance: Majordomo opened the door, in the old way low and narrow ( A.N. T.); He noticed a rider riding rather carelessly (Vs. Iv.).
In addition to circumstances, the adverb can be an inconsistent definition: He unbuttoned his frock coat with quick bony fingers, opening his shirt loose (L.T.) - and the predicate: After all, I am somewhat akin to her (Gr.); ... Scarlet lips, bulging eyes (S.-Sch.).
In the role of subject and object, the adverb acts only in case of substantiation. Such cases are extremely rare. For example: I'm tired of your "tomorrows".
Impersonal predicative words, or the category of state, are significant unchangeable nominal and adverbial words that denote a state and are used in the function of a predicate impersonal sentence (they are also called predicative adverbs, thereby emphasizing the function of the predicate).
In the sentence Leonid will arrive, we will have a lot of fun (Letters) the word fun denotes the mental state of a person, is the predicate of an impersonal sentence, is combined with a bunch of will, forming an analytical form of the future tense. The impersonal predicative word is cheerfully homonymous with the short form of the adjective and adverb; Compare: The expression on her face is cheerful (fun is a short adjective). - He smiled cheerfully (fun - adverb). But it differs from the adjective in the absence of gender forms (cheerful, cheerful, cheerful) and the inability to determine the name; from the adverb - the inability to determine the verb and the adjective. In addition, the impersonal-predicative word is alien to the meaning of the feature (the feature of an object is an adjective; the feature of an action is an adverb).
Impersonally predicative words are characterized by a single meaning - an expression of a state or its assessment. This can be a state of living beings, mental or physical, a state of nature and the environment, a state with a modal color, an assessment of the state in terms of moral and ethical, in terms of extension in time, space, etc. The state expressed by this category of words is conceived only impersonally: The child is in pain (cf. the expression of the state with an adjective and a verb: The child is sick and the Child is sick).
Morphological features of impersonal predicative words are as follows:
1. Absence of declension and conjugation, i.e. immutability.
2. The presence of the suffix -o in words formed from adjectives and adverbs (cold, visible, offensive, necessary).
3. The ability to express the meaning of time, transmitted by a bunch with which impersonal predicative words are combined (sad, it was sad, it will be sad; it became sad, it will become sad). The absence of a link serves as an indicator of the present tense.
4. Preservation of forms of comparison with words in -o, formed from short names of adjectives and adverbs. For example: It was warm - it will become warmer. It was easy, it will get easier.
5. Correlation with those parts of speech from which this category of words originated: sadly correlates with the word sad, warm - with warm, hard - with heavy, frosty - with frosty. However, this feature is not characteristic of all impersonal predicative words: for example, ashamed in modern Russian does not correlate with “conscientious”, it is possible that it does not correlate with “possible”.
The most clear and definite syntactic signs of impersonal predicative words.
1. An essential feature of these words is the syntactic function of the predicate in an impersonal sentence (in combination with or without an infinitive). For example: She then suddenly thought and somehow thought gloomily, so it was hard and sad to see her in this position (Letters.); We had to descend another five versts over icy rocks and slushy snow in order to reach Kobi (L.) station.
2. Impersonally predicative words do not agree and are not controlled, they can be combined with a bunch of abstract or semi-abstract (be, become, become, become), expressing time and inclination. For example: I felt sad when I listened to her from the next room (L.); I felt uncomfortable and embarrassed (Letters).
3. Impersonal-predicative words are able to spread by forms of nouns and pronouns in the dative case without a preposition and in the genitive and prepositional with prepositions, i.e. manage these forms. For example: ... You may be bored with me, but I am spiritually glad (Letters.); It was dark outside, even gouge out your eye (L.). The accusative case is also possible: I became sad and annoyed at Lisa (Letters).
In addition, with impersonal predicative words, the dependent infinitive is often used. For example: The snow at parting with the earth shimmered with such diamonds that it was painful to look (Ch.); ... But these three birches cannot be given to anyone during their lifetime (Sim.).
4. Unlike adverbs and adjectives, impersonal predicative words do not define any words. Compare, for example: She looked sad (an adverb defines a verb) - Her face was sad (a short adjective defines a noun) - She was sad (an impersonal predicative word).
Thus, impersonal-predicative words are distinguished into a special lexico-grammatical group on the basis of semantic, morphological and syntactic features, the main of which are the following: the meaning of the “ineffective” state, the function of the impersonal predicate, immutability and morphological correlation with adjectives, adverbs and nouns.
The following groups of impersonal predicative words are distinguished by meaning:
1. Impersonal-predicative words denoting the mental and physical state of living beings, the state of nature, the environment and the situation:
a) the mental state of a person: annoying, ashamed, fearful, cheerful, sad, pitiful, funny, insulting, scary, boring. For example: And you were not ashamed to believe this woman? (Letters); His face did not express anything special, and I became annoyed (L.);
b) volitional state: laziness, hunting, reluctance, captivity. For example: Since the commander is reluctant to talk, everyone is uncomfortable (Lavr.); But our ladies, apparently, are too lazy to get off the porch and flash cold beauty over the Neva (P.); I just want to live, I haven’t lived yet (Tward.);
c) the physical state of living beings: painful, nauseating, stuffy, disgusting. For example: There is where to unfold cold wings, but here you are stuffy and cramped, like an eagle that screams against the bars of its iron cage (L.);
d) the state of nature, the environment and the situation: dark, light, quiet, cold, frosty, rainy, sunny, windy, comfortable, clean, dirty, damp, spacious, cramped, free. For example: At the beginning of the street it was still windy, and the road was swept up, but in the middle of the village it became quiet, warm and cheerful (L.T.); The living room was noisy and disorderly, as always happens before a general departure (Cupr.); It was warm in the house, but Olya was seized by chills even more than on the street (Kochet.).
2. Impersonally predicative words denoting a state with modal coloring, i.e. containing the meaning of necessity, possibility, obligation: it is possible, it is necessary, it is possible, it must, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible. For example: It must be said that when the conversation touched on love and feelings in general, she spoke up (Letters); Nothing can flatter my vanity, as recognizing my skill in riding in the Caucasian way (L.).
3. Impersonally predicative words denoting an assessment of a state or position. The assessment can be relative to the extent in time and space: late, early, time, time, far, near, low, high; from a psychological, moral and ethical point of view: convenient, bad, good, difficult, easy, sin, horror, shame, disgrace; from the side of visual or auditory perception: seen, heard. For example: Now it's too late, yesterday they gave him the floor, Lisa agreed (Letters); And it is quiet and light - far from dusk (Fet); It is difficult to describe the delight of the whole honest company (L.); It’s good for you to rejoice, but I’m really, really sad, as I remember (L.); No yards or trees were visible near the houses (Ch.).
Since the participle is a special form of the verb that contains the features of both the verb and the adjective, one of its features is the ability to form a short form. In the lesson, you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.
Theme: Communion
Lesson: Short Participles
Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in bookish speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.
Homework
Exercise number 87, 88.Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise. Read the text of a comic letter that was written by one fairy-tale hero. Write out short passive participles from the text, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.
We live very well. The house is always tidied up, the linen is washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is covered with a carpet, the curtains are starched and sheathed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. Flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are stacked on shelves. Toys are scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.
Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are all dressed up and dressed up. The boys are dressed and shod.
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Brief Communions.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling of participles. Exercises.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
