How a prescription is written. Recipe in Latin

The rules for writing a prescription for a particular drug must always be followed. Otherwise, you may incur some liability. As practice shows, doctors are responsible for issuing prescriptions for medicines. Therefore, violation of the established norms is not permissible. What tips and tricks to follow? What can and in what order, and what cannot be prescribed to patients as a drug in this or that case? What features of the process should all healthcare professionals pay attention to?

Medication definitions

The first step is to learn the basic concepts that every medical worker should know and fully understand. Only after studying them, you can take on the design of the recipe. The following concepts are useful:

1. A drug (substance) is a certain chemical compound that has a so-called pharmacological activity.
2. Medicinal product - a medicinal raw material that has undergone special processing. Sources can be different: vegetable, mineral, animal, synthetic, as well as the result of the activity of various microorganisms.
3. Dosage form is the form of release of the medicinal substance, which is best suited for a particular drug.
4. A medicine is a medicinal substance released in a certain form.

Recipe Definition

Prescription rules vary. Each specific case has its own characteristics. Before issuing this document, the doctor must understand what kind of paper he is being issued. So what is a recipe? What document can be called that?

A prescription is a so-called written request from an authorized medical worker to a pharmacist (pharmacy employee), which indicates the need to manufacture and dispense a certain medicine to a patient. This paper gives the patient the right to purchase a particular drug.

When dispensing / selling a medicine, the pharmacist must carefully study the prescription - instructions for taking it for the patient will be written there. This is an extremely important point. We can say that a prescription is a kind of permission for the issuance and purchase of special medicines that are not intended for free access. Without this paper, many powerful drugs are not available to patients.

A similar form is used not only for medicines that are marked "Dispensation only with the permission of a doctor." Prescriptions are issued to control the intake of drugs containing narcotic and psychotropic substances. So it will be possible to find out exactly who and when, as well as which drug and for what specific reasons they purchased in one place or another.

Consequences of incorrect writing

The rules for writing prescriptions (dispensing medicines) are established at the legislative level. And the violation of these rules entails certain consequences. Most often they are dangerous or cause discomfort to the patient. Especially if the medicine is urgently needed in order to save the life of a citizen. So what should you prepare for if the established norms for processing and writing prescriptions are violated? The consequences may be the following:

1. Non-issuance or non-sale of medicine. Pharmacy points have the right to refuse to dispense the goods indicated on the form. This is a kind of reinsurance measure - maybe the buyer decided to purchase a psychotropic substance (or narcotic), having produced it on behalf of a particular doctor.
2. Refusal of the doctor to bear responsibility for the consequences of the use of the drug. A prescription filled with errors is considered invalid. If the patient uses it, all the consequences will lie solely on the one who decided to use and purchase the medicine. It will not be possible to present any claims to the doctor if the medical worker made some mistake during the treatment process.
3. Extra money spent on a drug listed on a higher-priced prescription. Some doctors try to prescribe either "wrong" drugs, or drugs with large price tags.
4. Criminal or administrative punishment of doctors who write prescriptions for narcotic/psychotropic substances without evidence. Not the most common, but the case. The prescription must be issued only upon indication. If a medical worker writes out this document unnecessarily, you will have to answer for the consequences.

It can be concluded that violation of the rules for issuing the release of medicines leads to rather serious consequences. Therefore, medical professionals should pay special attention to this process. Otherwise, you can bring trouble on yourself and on the patient. What are the rules for writing prescriptions? Order number 1175 dated December 20, 2012 indicates the document preparation algorithm. What features should you pay attention to first of all?

Who can write prescriptions

It is not difficult to guess that not all citizens can write out certain prescriptions. These documents are extremely important, their execution imposes, as already mentioned, a certain responsibility on the one who issues them. It should also be remembered that a person who gives a pharmacist a prescription issued by an unauthorized person may be accused of making a fake. It is for this reason that it is necessary to figure out who exactly has the right to issue this documentation.

The thing is that the general rules for writing prescriptions indicate that only a certain circle of people has the right to issue a document to the patient. Of course, we are talking about medical workers. These include:

• paramedics;
• doctors;
• obstetricians.

This is where the list ends. No nurses or assistants are authorized to issue a prescription. Speaking of doctors, it should be noted that we are talking about all such medical personnel. That is, a treating specialist, a narrowly focused health worker, and an ambulance employee can issue a prescription for some kind of medicine. The main thing is that it should be a doctor, and not secondary staff.

This is not all the features that are fraught with the rules for writing a prescription. The thing is that often individual entrepreneurs act in the form of doctors. Some wonder if such employees have the right to issue a prescription for drugs. The question is moot. In general, such a right is reserved for individual entrepreneurs providing medical care as narrow specialists or attending physicians. It's just that such citizens cannot issue prescriptions for certain groups of drugs. For example, all drugs that contain drugs or the 2nd and 3rd list fall under the restriction. Therefore, IP has less opportunities. But ordinary doctors have more rights in the field of prescriptions. They have the right to prescribe almost all drugs.

Structure

Need a specific prescription? Its structure (the rules for writing a prescription have general provisions on the content of the issued form) is clearly defined at the legislative level. Every doctor must comply with the established norms. Otherwise, the prescription will be considered invalid. So the structure of this document is as follows:

• information about the patient (name, age, date of birth);
• information about the doctor (initials are enough, sometimes the position is indicated);
• the name of the medicine;
• indication of the recommended form of leave (optional);
• features of the issuance of the drug;
• date of issue of the document;
• stamp of the medical organization in which the prescription was issued;
• signature of a physician with a personal seal;
• instructions for taking the medicine (usually written for the patient).

It is this information that must be indicated on the issued document. Sometimes doctors even indicate the disease for which the patient is being treated. This is far from the most essential step. But some use it, especially when it comes to drugs containing narcotic / psychotropic components. Order 1175N, issued back in 2012, indicates these rules for prescribing. It contains other features of the design of the document in question. What other points should be paid attention to?

Miscellaneous forms

The thing is that in medical institutions there are various forms for writing prescriptions. This feature plays an important role for both the doctor and the patient. Failure to comply with the choice of form is a serious omission of the physician. What every doctor should know about forms? The general rules for writing prescriptions indicate the existence of only 4 forms of documents:

• N148-1/y-88;
• N148-1/y-04 (l);
• N148-1/y-06 (l);
• N107-1/1.

Each form has its own restrictions. In general, the structure of recipes is no different. You just need to follow a few rules of paperwork. Otherwise, it will be considered invalid.

What are the prescription rules? The prescription forms listed earlier are for certain medications. What drugs and on what forms are prescribed? For example, N148-1/y-88 is used for:

1. Medicinal products containing psychotropic substances included in the 3rd list.
2. Any medicines subject to registration.
3. Drugs with anabolic activity.
4. Medicines that contain narcotic or psychotropic components of the 2nd list in a dose that does not exceed a single higher dose, provided that the drugs themselves are not in the list of the 2nd list of psychotropic or medicinal medicines.

We have dealt with the first type of forms. What's next? The Rules for Prescription Drugs indicate that forms N148-1/y-04(k) and N148-1/y-06(k) are forms that help you get free drugs. The option of selling medicines at a discount is also being considered. We can say that these two forms of issuing a document are intended exclusively for beneficiaries. For all other medicines, form N107-1/1 is used. This is not all that a medical worker should know before he issues a prescription. What rules have not yet been taken into account?

For example, how to correctly write down drugs in certain forms. The thing is that the doctor must first of all write components that are psychotropic or narcotic, provided that they are included in the lists of the 2nd and 3rd lists. In the first place, it is also necessary to record the names of any medicinal substances that are subject to mandatory registration. All other components are recorded after.

There is one more thing - each drug has a maximum allowable rate. It allows you to set the maximum amount of medication per prescription. It is not recommended to exceed the established maximums. For some drugs, the prescription of the drug in excess of the norm is under the strictest ban.

Sometimes it turns out that the prescribed medication contains narcotic / psychotropic substances in its composition, the concentration of which exceeds the maximum dose. In this case, the rules for writing a prescription indicate that the physician must prescribe exact instructions for taking the medicine with a dosage, and after that an exclamation mark is placed. The dose must be written in words. This rule applies to medicines with psychotropic or narcotic components included in the 2nd and 3rd list.

If the patient is receiving palliative care, it is permissible to exceed the established rate of the drug per prescription. But there are also limitations in this area. It is impossible to prescribe the amount of drugs with psychotropic or narcotic components, which will exceed the established norm by more than 2 times. As in previous cases, this algorithm applies to substances that belong to the 2nd or 3rd list, or are subject to mandatory accounting.

The rules for prescribing dosage forms in prescriptions indicate that when compiling a document, you should write an appeal to the pharmacist, and also indicate the components of the medication (along with its name) at the same time, certain abbreviations are allowed. They are approved by special order. Ingredients close in name cannot be reduced at all under any pretext. The ban also includes substances whose incomplete names can cause difficulties in determining them.

For patient and pharmacist

Rules (order) for writing prescriptions exist not only for doctors and pharmacists. Patients must also understand what exactly they are being prescribed. Therefore, there are some recommendations that can help in deciphering the rules of admission, as well as in other instructions regarding the medication that was prescribed by a medical professional.

For example, the method of using the medicine is prescribed with all the nuances. The dosage, frequency and duration of the course of treatment, as well as the time of admission relative to sleep (morning, evening, night, "before bed") are indicated. When it comes to drugs that must interact with food, the time of use relative to the meal is indicated without fail. For example, during meals or after.

Sometimes it turns out that medicines should be issued / sold urgently. Established rules for writing out prescriptions (and other forms of issuing funds) indicate that under such circumstances, the physician makes a certain note on the form on Cito is "urgent" status used to indicate the immediate release of a drug.

If we are talking about prescribing liquid forms of the drug, then the dosages are indicated only in milliliters. For all other (solid or loose) options, this parameter must be written in grams.

Validity periods

This is not all the rules for writing prescriptions. Order No. 1175 provides for an indication of the validity period of these documents. After all, it is impossible to issue a prescription and claim that the patient is able to purchase medicines on it constantly. The form must be updated from time to time. Maybe the course of treatment should be stopped!

How long are the forms valid? It all depends on their shape. Prescriptions written on the form N148-1 / y-88 are valid for only 10 days from the date of issuance by a doctor. If we are talking about receiving medicines by beneficiaries (or at a discount), then you can not rush to purchase. After all, forms N148-1 / y-04 (l) and N148-1 / y-06 (l) allow you to use the issued prescription for one month. But this is not the only rule that must be taken into account. The thing is that the period of validity of "preferential" forms can be extended up to 3 months. These are cases of issuing a document to disabled people of the 1st group, disabled children, as well as pensioners. But the prescription form N107-1 / 1 has a duration of action equal to 2 months. After the expiration of the specified periods, you will either have to refuse the prescribed drugs, or take a new prescription from the doctor. No pharmacist will accept the old document.

Features for beneficiaries

The last thing to consider is the rules for writing subsidized prescriptions. After all, such cases are not very rare. The thing is that all of the above features apply to beneficiaries. Only for recipes in this case, there are some points that will have to be taken into account.

For example, it is impossible for a certain circle of people to write prescriptions for drugs that can be obtained at a discount or free of charge. The ban includes medical workers who carry out their activities in sanatorium-resort organizations. Personnel in day hospitals also do not have any rights to prescribe a prescription to beneficiaries. In all other cases, the document is issued by the attending physician during treatment.

Prescriptions issued on preferential forms are issued in 3 copies. One remains with the medical worker who prescribed the medication, 2 are given to the patient. They need to go to the pharmacy.

Completion

The rules for writing prescriptions (RK and RF) provide for some features of filling out the document. More precisely, the requirements that must be met without fail. It's about not about the recipe itself, but about its design. In what order to list the substances is clear. But that is not all.

The fact is that all forms must be completed manually by the attending physician or other health worker who has the right to issue a prescription. In this case, all entries are made only with a ballpoint pen (black or blue). Lettering must be clear and legible.

The initials of the patient and doctor must be indicated in the spaces provided for this in full. Abbreviations are prohibited. In the case of specifying information about the doctor who writes the prescription, such a step is acceptable, although not welcome. But the patient's data must be contained in full.

The column "Rp" is intended strictly for the names of the medicinal product. Here the name is indicated in Latin, then in Russian. Next, the doctor prescribes recommendations for admission. At the end, the physician's signature, date of issue and seal are put. Now the rules for writing prescriptions are clear. Narcotic and psychotropic substances are not sold without this document!

Brief rules for writing prescriptions - methodological student allowance

medical, pediatric and pharmaceutical faculties

MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PRECISE

The general formulation as a branch of pharmacology combines medical and pharmaceutical formulations. Medical prescription studies the rules for prescribing drugs (more precisely, dosage forms). The pharmaceutical formulation includes the rules for the manufacture of dosage forms and is currently separated into a special branch of pharmaceutical knowledge - the technology of dosage forms.

THE CONCEPT OF MEDICINAL SUBSTANCE, DOSAGE FORM AND DRUG

Medicinal substance (or drug) is a chemical compound with pharmacological activity.

medicinal product - This is a medicinal raw material subjected to special processing. Sources of medicinal raw materials can be of mineral, vegetable, animal, synthetic origin and waste products of microorganisms.

dosage form they call the release form given to the medicinal substance, which best suits the purposes of application and is most convenient to use.

Medicine is a medicinal substance in a certain dosage form.

RECIPE AND ITS STRUCTURE

Recipe - this is a written request from a doctor to a pharmacist about the preparation of a medicine, indicating how the patient should use this medicine. Fulfilling the doctor's prescriptions, the pharmacist (pharmacist) controls the correctness of the prescription (this mainly concerns the dose of the medicine and the compatibility of the prescribed substances). The patient, in turn, must strictly observe the specified method of using the drug.

The prescription of the medicine is carried out in Latin, while the instruction on how to use the medicine to the patient is in Russian (native) language.

Recipe Structure

The recipe consists of the following sections:

Medical institution stamp;

Name and age of the patient;

Name of the doctor;

Medicine prescription;

An indication to the pharmacist to prepare a specific dosage form (optional for official and abbreviated prescriptions)

Instructions to the pharmacist on the peculiarities of dispensing the medicine to the patient

Telling the patient how to take the medicine correctly

The signature of the doctor, his personal seal and the seal of the institution.

The main section of the prescription is the prescription of the medicine. It always begins with an appeal to the pharmacist: Recipe - take it, after which the medicinal substances are listed in a certain sequence. The obligatory part of the prescription is only the main active ingredient or basis (basis), which is placed on the first line. It is on its application that the pharmacological effect of the drug is based. In second place in the prescription are auxiliary substances (adjuvans): they are used to enhance the action of the basis or weaken its undesirable effects. In third place are corrective substances (corrigens), which are introduced into the composition of the drug in order to correct its unpleasant organoleptic (taste, color, smell, etc.) properties. In the last place are substances that give a certain form to the drug - these are formative substances (constituens): water in solutions, petroleum jelly in ointments, sugar in powders, etc. There can be several auxiliary, corrective and formative substances in the receptor prescription.

BASIC DESIGNATIONS ACCEPTED IN THE FORMULA

The number of medicinal substances included in the prescription is indicated on the right side of the form. measure weight in the recipe is a gram (1.0) and its shares: 0.1 - decigrams; 0.001 - milligram; 0.0001 - decimilligram; 0.00001 - centi-milligram; 0.000001 - microgram. The measure of volume in the recipe is milliliter (1 ml). The length is indicated in centimeters (sm).

If two or more medicinal substances are indicated in the same dose, then it is indicated only once after the name of the last substance. The word "ala" (equally) or abbreviated "aa" is used to indicate that the quantity indicated refers to all substances listed.

If a doctor prescribes a drug in a dose exceeding the highest single dose, then he is obliged to write its amount in words and put an exclamation mark (!).

In the event that the recipe does not fit on one side of the form, you can write "verte" (turn over) at the bottom and finish the recipe on the other side.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FORMULA

Reduction	Full name
		no, equally
		distilled floor
		Give out such doses
		extract
		let it be formed
		drop, drops
		liquid ointment, liniment
		liquid
		oil (liquid)
		how much you need (need)
	Repete, Repetalur	Repeat, let it be repeated
		rhizome
		designate
		tablet
		tincture

TYPES OF PRECISIONS

There are three main types of prescriptions for medicines: official, manual and trunk.

The prescription, which is legalized by entering into the Pharmacopoeia, and is not subject to change, is called official (from the Latin oficina - pharmacy). Pharmacopoeia is a medical and pharmaceutical code that has legislative significance. The State Pharmacopoeia of Russia is a collection of mandatory national standards and regulations that regulate the quality of medicines.

The official prescription is always abbreviated, that is, it only indicates the basis, its quantity and the name of the dosage form. Only the following dosage forms are officially prescribed; tablets, dragees, extracts, tinctures, syrups, true emulsions, aerosols.

An example of an official prescription: for a patient with chronic hepatitis, prescribe Espa-lipon tablets V dose 0.6.

Rp.: Espa-Liponi 0.6

D.t.d.N30 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 1 time per day on an empty stomach

Example of official prescription 2: indapamide tablets at a dose of 0.0025 are prescribed to a patient with hypertension (with such a low dose of the drug substance, excipients are present in the tablet, but they are not indicated in the official prescription).

Rp.: Indopamidi 0.0025

S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day in the morning

The prescription of complex drugs that are carried out according to the standard prescriptions placed in the Pharmaceutical Manual is called manual (from the Latin manus - leadership). The manual prescription is always detailed, that is, it indicates all the ingredients of the medicine and instructs the pharmacist which dosage form to prepare from them.

An example of a manual prescription: for the treatment of neurosis, prescribe Charcot's mixture:

Rp.: Inf. rad. Valerianae 0.6 - 200ral

Sodium bromide 6.0

Codeini phosphatis 0.2

S.: no 1-2 tablespoon 3 times a day

Prescriptions drawn up by a doctor at his discretion and based on the patient's condition are called main (from Latin magister - teacher). The main line is always expanded.

An example of compiling a main prescription: prescribe a medicine for the treatment of hypertension, prepared in such a way that individual medicinal substances affect the regulation of various parts of vascular tone: ednit, blocking the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme, reduces the formation of angiotensin II; corvitol, blocking beta1-adrenergic receptors of the heart, reduces the importance of the cardiac component in increasing vascular tone; normodipine interferes with the entry of calcium V vascular smooth muscle cells.

Rp.: Ednyti 0.005

Normodipini 0.0025

Prescription prescriptions can also be expanded and abbreviated, simple and complex, subsidized and underdosed.

If one medicinal substance is prescribed in the prescription, then the prescription is called simple .

Example: prescribe a cardioselective beta-blocker with vasodilating activity nebilet for the treatment of hypertension.

Rp.:Nebueti 0.005

D.t.d.N 28 in tab.

S.:no 1 tablet i times a day

When prescribing drugs that include several components, the prescription is called difficult .

Example: prescribe to a patient with arterial hypotension a powder containing dihydroergocristine in a single dose of 0.0005, reserpine - 0.0001 and clonamide-0.005 (the composition of the powder is similar to the drug "Acenosin").

Rp.: Dihydroergotoxini 0.0005

Reserpini 0.0001

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription in which all the ingredients included in the medicine are sequentially written out, and an instruction is given to the pharmacist to prepare the dosage form, is called deployed .

Example: prescribe a powder containing digoxin (single dose 0.00025) and veroshpiron (single dose 0.025) to a patient with chronic heart failure.

Rp.: Digoxini 0.00025

Verospironi 0.025

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription that indicates only the name of the dosage form and the main drug substance with appropriate indications of em concentration and the total amount of the drug dispensed, without a list of its ingredients, is called abbreviated .

Example: prescribe 0.5% solution of seduxen in ampoules of 2 ml for the relief of convulsive syndrome.

Rp.: Sol. Seduxeni 0.5%-2ml

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: administer intravenously

The prescription of a medicine that is dispensed in separate equal doses is called based . In this case, a dose of medicinal substances is written for 1 dose and there is always the phrase "Give such doses by number ..." -D.t.d. N.

Example: for a patient with pain in the spine, prescribe donalgin tablets at a dose of 0.25.

Rp.:Donalgini 0.25

D.t.d. N30 in amp.

S.:no 1 tablet 3 times a day

The prescription, where medicinal substances are prescribed in the total amount for all appointments, is called undosed . The medicine from the pharmacy is not dispensed in separate doses, but is dosed by the patient himself based on the explanations recorded in the signature.

Example: for a patient with muscle pain, prescribe 50 g of Revmogel.

Rp.:Reumogeli 50.0

S.: rub a thin layer on the affected area

2-3 times a day

CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS

Dosage forms are most often classified according to their physical and chemical properties: they distinguish between solid, soft, liquid, aerosol and gaseous.

Aerosol and gaseous dosage forms are prescribed only officially.

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

The main solid dosage forms include: powders, tablets, dragees and granules. Tablets, dragees and granules are prescribed only officially.

POWDERS

Powders - This is a solid dosage form for internal and external use, which has the property of flowability. Powders for external use are called powders, they are undosed. Powders for internal use, as a rule, are dosed. Powders can also be simple or complex.

Powders for internal use

When prescribing dosed powders, there is a rule about 1 decigram, which says: the weight of the powder cannot be less than 0.1. If the weight of the powder is less than 0.1, then a filler is added. Exceptions to the one decigram rule: if the powder weight is less than 0.1, no filler is added if the powder is in capsules and ampoules. The maximum weight of the powder must not exceed 1.0; otherwise it will be inconvenient to take.

The filler for powders must meet the following requirements: not to enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances, not to have its own pharmacological activity and irritant effect. The most commonly used fillers are: sugar (Saccharum), milk sugar (Saccharum lactis), glucose (Glucosum), sodium bicarbonate (Natrii hydrocarbonas).

Complex dosed powder for internal use

Example: for the treatment of ascariasis in a child of three years old, prescribe decaris powder, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.: Decarisi 0.05

S.: but 1 powder at night.

Simple dosed powder for internal use

When prescribing a simple powder, the name of the dosage form is indicated only in the signature.

Example: for a patient with chronic gastritis to relieve heartburn, prescribe gelusil powder, a single dose of 0.5:

Rp: HeJusili 0.5

S.: 1 powder 3 times a day after meals

Undosed powder for internal use

In the form of undosed powders, safe medicinal substances are administered inside, the dosage accuracy for which is not of fundamental importance. They are prescribed in bulk, and the patient himself divides the medicine into separate portions. Depending on the method of application and its duration, the amount of powder ranges from 5 to 200 grams.

Example: for a patient with urolithiasis to dissolve stones, prescribe blemaren powder

Rp.: Blemareni 200.0

S.: 1-2 scoops (3-6 grams) 2-3 times a day. Dissolve in a glass of water before use

CAPSULES

Capsule - this is not a dosage form, but a receptacle (shell) in which dosed powdered, granular pasty or liquid medicinal substances are placed. Typically, capsules contain medicinal substances that have an unpleasant taste and/or irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

There are capsules soluble in the stomach or only in the intestines. In enteric capsules, those substances are placed that are destroyed upon contact with the acidic contents of the stomach. Capsules soluble in the stomach: starch (capsula amylacea) and gelatin (capsula gelatinosa). Capsules soluble in the intestine: glutol (capsula glutoidea) and keratin (capsula keratinosa).

When prescribing powder in capsules, you do not need to add a filler, that is, capsule powder is an exception to the one decigram rule.

Example 1: for the treatment of flatulence (bloating), prescribe zspumizan capsule powder in a single dose of 0.04:

Rp.: Espumisani 0.04

D.t.d. N 100 caps. gel.

S.: 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Example 2: a patient with pneumonia is prescribed hemomycin capsular powder at a dose of 0.25.

Rp.: Hemomycini 0.25

D.t.d. No. 6 in caps. amylaceis

S.: no 2 tablets 1 time per day for 3 days

Example 3: a patient with epilepsy is prescribed carbapine capsule powder in a single dose of 0.2 (carbapine should not come into contact with the contents of the stomach):

Rp.: Carbapini 0.2

D.t.d. N60 caps. keratinosis

S.: no 1 capsule 3 times a day.

ampoule powder

Ampoule powder is an exception to the one decigram rule,

Ampoule powder is an injectable dosage form and is prepared in the factory. It is sterile and after dilution in an appropriate solvent (which is usually attached to the ampoule powder), an injection solution suitable for use is obtained. In the form of ampoule powders, those medicinal substances are released that are unstable (quickly destroyed) in a dissolved state.

Example: for the treatment of peptic ulcer, prescribe Kvamatel ampoule powder in a single dose of 0.02:

Rp.: Quamateli 0.02

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: dilute the contents of the ampoule with a solvent and inject intramuscularly.

POWDERS

Powders for external use are called powders. For the preparation of powders, the medicinal substance is used in the form of the smallest powder (in this may be omitted from the recipe). Their prescription is not dosed and expanded. They are issued in the amount of 5-100 g.

Powders can be simple or complex. In complex powders, talc is most often used as a filler. ( Talcum ), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum) and white tire (Bolus alba). To prescribe them, it is necessary to know the concentration of the drug substance and the total amount of the drug.

An example of a simple powder : prescribe 20.0 powders of norsulfazole.

Rp.: Norsulfasoli 50.0

An example of a complex powder: write out 50 grams of 10% streptocide powder:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

PILLS

Tablets are a dosed solid dosage form prepared by pressing or forming medicinal substances. The weight of the tablets ranges from 0.1 to 2.0. Most often, tablets are intended for oral use, however, tablets are also made for sublingual administration and for the preparation of solutions.

Tablets are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, usually includes several auxiliary ones, only the basis, its dose and the number of tablets are indicated in the prescription.

Tablets are divided into simple (one medicinal substance) and complex (several medicinal substances).

"Classic" way

Example 1: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe diroton tablets, a single dose of 0.01:

Rp.: Dirotoni 0.01

D.t.d. N 28 in tab.

S.: no i tablet 1 time per day.

Example: for the treatment of prostate adenoma, prescribe prostaplant tablets in a single dose of 0.32:

Rp.: Prostaplanii 0.32

D.t.d. N60 tab.

Example: for the treatment of giardiasis, a 12-year-old child is prescribed Macmiror tablets, a single dose of 0.2:

Rp.: Macmirori 0.2

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Some modified ways

For better assimilation of the material on the modified method of prescribing tablets, the prescription of the basis in the first prescription is given without abbreviations, and in the second prescription an abbreviated version is given.

Example 1a: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe ednit tablets, a single dose of 0.0025:

Rp.: Tabulettarum Ednyti 0.0025 N28

S.: no 1 tablet i times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe Altiazem PP tablets, a single dose of 0.18 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablets" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Tab. Altiazemi RR 0.18 N20

S.:no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Example 2a: for the treatment of angina pectoris, prescribe corvitol tablets, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.:Tabulettae Corvitoli 0.05

S.: nol tablet 2 times a day.

Example 2b: for the treatment of a fungal infection, prescribe Mycosyst tablets, a single dose of 0.05 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablet" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Tab. Mycosysti 0.05

D.t.d. N7 S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Complex pills

Example 1a: for the purpose of long-term contraception, prescribe regulon tablets:

Rp.: Tabulettarum "Regulonum" N21

S.: no I tablet 1 time per day.

Example 16: for the treatment of pyelonephritis, prescribe antibiotic tablets (inhibitor-protected penicillin) panklava (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "tablets" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Tab. Panclavum N15

D.S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day

Soluble tablets

They are prescribed according to the rules of simple or complex tablets, and the fact that they are soluble (effervescent) is indicated only in the signature.

Example: for a patient with urolithiasis to dissolve stones, prescribe complex blemaren tablets:

Rp.: Tab."Blemarenum" N20

S.: 1-2 tablets 3 times a day. Before use, dissolve the tablets in a glass of water.

DRAGEE

Dragee is a solid dosage form for internal use, obtained by repeated layering of medicinal and excipients on sugar granules. The weight of the dragee ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 g.

Dragees are issued only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, includes auxiliary ones, the prescription prescription indicates only the basis, its dose and the number of pills. Prescription dragee begins with the name of the dosage form.

Example 1a: for the treatment of sore throat, prescribe Falimint dragee, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp.: Dragee Faliminti 0.025

S.: Dissolve 1 tablet in the mouth 3-5 times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of insomnia, prescribe radedorm dragee, a single dose of 0.005 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "drug" is abbreviated):

Rep.: Dr. Radedormi 0005

S.: 1 tablet 20 minutes before bedtime.

GRANULES

Granules - a solid non-dose dosage form for internal use in the form of round, cylindrical or irregular grains containing a mixture of medicinal and excipients.

Granules are issued only officially. Their prescription begins with the name of the dosage form

Example: for the treatment of tuberculosis, prescribe granules of sodium paraaminosalicylate.

Rp.: Granulorum Natrii para-aminosalicylatis 100.0

S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day one hour after meals.

FEATURES OF PRESCRIBING SOLID DOSAGE FORMS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIAL

Anatomical parts of plants can be directly used for the manufacture of solid dosage forms. In this case, the word "pulvis" is indicated before the name of the anatomical part of the plant. The word "pulvis" only indicates that all anatomical parts of plants (bark, root, leaf, etc.) must be ground into powder before making the medicine.

Powders from anatomical parts of plants are a partial exception to the one decigram rule, as the filler is added to them only when the weight of the powder is less than 0.05.

Example 1: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe powder from digitalis leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.: Pul. fol. Digitalis 0.05

S.: no 1 powder at night.

Example 2: for pain in the abdomen, write out the powder from belladonna leaves, a single dose of 0.01:

S.: no 1 powder 3 times a day.

Example 3: for pain in the abdomen, write out pills from belladonna leaves, a single dose of 0.01:

Rp.: Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

D.t.d. Nl0 in tab.

S.: no 1 powder 3 times a day.

SOFT DOSAGE FORMS

Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, patches, suppositories. In the classroom and in the control work, soft dosage forms should be written out only in detail. With the exception of suppositories, these are not dosage forms.

All soft dosage forms in one group are united by the fact that their composition as a formative substance includes fats and fat-like substances, which are called "ointment base". The main properties of ointment bases are:

1. high smearing ability;
2. indifference (do not enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances and do not irritate the skin and mucous membranes);
3. mix well with medicinal substances;
4. do not change properties under the influence of light and air;
5. melting temperature close to body temperature.

Classifications the main characteristic of ointment bases

Ointment bases are classified according to their origin. Allocate the basis of animal, vegetable, mineral and synthetic origin.

Ointment bases of animal origin

Ointment bases of animal origin are relatively well absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for deep action.

Purified pork fat (Adeps suillus depuratus). Its source is the interior fat of pigs. It is closest in structure to human fat, is well absorbed from the skin, and melts at body temperature. Burns quickly (within 2 weeks) in the light.

Lanolin (Lanoline). It is extracted from the wash water obtained during the processing of sheep's wool. It has a very viscous consistency, as a result of which it is not used independently, but added to other ointment bases. Hydrophilic (100 g of anhydrous lanolin absorbs 150 g of water without loss of ointment consistency), which allows it to be used in wetting processes. Melts at body temperature.

Yellow wax (Cera flava). Obtained by melting bee honeycombs. It melts at a temperature of 63-65 ° C, therefore it is added to ordinary ointment bases to increase their melting point (which is important in a hot climate). When stored in the sun, it becomes white and brittle.

Spermaceti (Spermacetum). Obtained from the cavities of the sperm whale located above the skull and along the spine. It melts at a temperature of 45-54°C. It is added to other ointment bases as a sealant, as well as to make them hygroscopic and elastic. It has its own pharmacological activity: it enhances the processes of regeneration and local immunity.

Fish oil (Oleum jecoris Aselli). It has a liquid consistency, as a result of which it is used for the preparation of liniments. It has its own pharmacological activity: it contains a large amount of vitamins A and D.

Ointment bases of plant origin

Ointment bases of plant origin are liquid oils (an exception is cocoa butter, which has a solid consistency) and are used in the manufacture of liniments or added to ointments to make them more soft. They do not penetrate well into the skin.

The main vegetable oils used in pharmaceuticals are sunflower oil (Oleum Helianthi), linseed oil (Oleum Lini), olive oil (Oleum Olivarum), almond oil (Oleum Amygdalarum), peach oil (Oleum Persicorim), sesame oil ( Oleum Sesami), bleached oil (Oleum Hyoscyami), cottonseed oil (Oleum Gossypii). castor oil (Oleum Ricini), cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao).

Ointment bases of mineral origin

Mineral ointment bases are oil processing products and are mixtures of solid and liquid saturated hydrocarbons. They have high chemical resistance. They are practically not absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for superficial action.

The most important mineral bases are vaseline (Vaselimim), vaseline oil (Oleum Vaselini) or liquid paraffin and hard paraffin (Paraffmum soHdum). Vaseline and hard paraffin are used to prepare ointments, vaseline oil - liniments.

Recently, ointment bases of synthetic origin, which are essentially artificial polymeric materials, have become increasingly important.

OINTMENTS

Ointment - dosage form, which is a homogeneous mass of soft consistency and intended for external use. Ointments are obtained by mixing the basis with formative substances, which are called ointment bases. If the composition of the ointment, in addition to the ointment base, includes one active principle, then this is a simple ointment; if two or more - this is a complex ointment. The amount of prescribed ointment usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple ointment: for the treatment of muscle pain, write out 50 grams of 5% butadiene ointment:

Rp.:Butadioni 2,5

Vaseline ad 50.0

M., f.unq. D .

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of a complex ointment: for the treatment of candidal colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by yeast-like fungi - candida) write out 30 grams of an ointment containing 100 mg of Macmiror and 40,000 units of nystatin per 1 g (corresponds to the composition of the vaginal cream "Macmiror complex 500 "):

Rp.: Macmirori 3.0

Nistatini 120000ED

Vaselli ad 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

For a number of ointments, there is an official prescription (in this case, the ointment is produced in the factory and contains a well-defined number of active principles and ointment bases).

An example of an official prescription for ointment N1a: for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the joints, prescribe Fastum ointment (contain 1 gmazi25 mg of ketoprofen):

Rp.: Unguentum "Fastum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N16 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word "ointment" is abbreviated): for the treatment of purulent-necrotic skin lesions, prescribe Iruksol ointment (contains an antimicrobial agent and a proteolytic enzyme):

Rp.: Ung. "Iruxohun" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription of ointment N2: for the treatment of skin manifestations of psoriasis, prescribe ointment "Psoriaten" (contains several ingredients of plant origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Psoriatenum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of the official prescription of ointment N3: for the treatment of pain syndrome in traumatic, inflammatory and neurological diseases, sour Apizartron ointment (contains several ingredients of animal and synthetic origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Apisarthromum" 20.0

Eye ointment

There are three main differences between an ophthalmic ointment and a regular one (i.e. applied to the skin and mucous membranes): 1) its total weight is not more than 10.0; 2) for its manufacture, lanolin is necessarily used in a ratio of 1:10 in relation to the main ointment base; 3) it is sterile.

Example: for the treatment of eye herpes, prescribe 5 grams of 3% acyclovir ointment:

Rp.: Acicloviri 0.15

M., f.imq. Sterilis!

D.S.: apply under the eyelids of the affected eye

PASTES

Paste is a soft dosage form with a content of free-flowing substances of at least 25%, but not more than 65%. If powdered substances are less than 25%, then indifferent substances are added: talc (Talcum), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum), white clay (Bolus alba) and some others.

The presence of a large amount of powdered substances gives the pastes a denser consistency, as a result of which they do not melt at body temperature, but soften. Therefore, they last longer than ointments on the skin and last longer.

Example 1: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 30% streptocid paste:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Vaseline ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

Example 2: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocid paste:

Rp.: Sireptocidi 5.0

Vaseline ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

LINIMENTS

Liniment is a soft dosage form where liquid oil is used as an ointment base.

Example: for the treatment of a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocide liniment:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

Ol. Vaseline ad 50.0

M.,f. linimentum.

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

CANDLES

Suppositories are solid at room temperature and melt at body temperature in a dosage form. By shape and weight, rectal (1.1-4.0) and vaginal (1.5-6.0) suppositories are distinguished. If the weight of suppositories is not specifically indicated, then rectal suppositories are prescribed with a weight of 3.0, vaginal - 4.0. Prescribing candles in the classroom and in the control work is main, deployed and dosed.

For the preparation of candles, cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao) is considered the best ointment base, which is hard and brittle at a temperature of 15-20 ° C, and turns into a transparent liquid at a temperature of 30-34 ° C.

An example of rectal suppositories: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, prescribe rectal suppositories with indomethacin, a single dose of 0.05

Rp.rujdomeracini 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M., f.supp.rectale. D.t.d. N10.

S.: inject 3 times a day.

An example of vaginal suppositories: for the treatment of trichomonas colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by protozoa - Trichomonas), prescribe vaginal suppositories with klion, a single dose of 0.1

Ol. Cacao ad 4.0

M.,f.supp.vaginale

S.: enter 1 time per day.

For the manufacture of candles, the anatomical parts of plants can be directly used. In this case (see "Solid dosage forms"), the word "pulvis" is pricked before the name of the anatomical part of the plant.

Example: for the treatment of hemorrhoids, prescribe rectal suppositories with belladonna leaf, single date 0.01:

Rp.: Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale

S.: inject 3 times a day.

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Liquid dosage forms include solutions and medicinal extracts from plants: decoctions, infusions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, emulsions.

SOLUTIONS

Solutions are a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances in a solvent, in which the solutes are in a molecularly dispersed state and are distributed in the form of individual molecules and ions.

There are solutions for external use, internal use and injection.

Important in the preparation of solutions is the solvent, which ideally should be neutral and not alien to the body. Basic properties of solvents:

1) must dissolve the medicinal substance, without chemical interaction with it;

2) should not have an irritating effect, its own pharmacological activity and toxicity.

Water (Aqua destillata, and for injections - Aqua bidestillata) satisfies the requirements most fully, however, not all substances are soluble in it, therefore, oils, ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus), ether (Aether aethylicus), chloroform can be used as solvents. (CMorofonnum), glycerin (Glicerinum) - the last three are only for the preparation of solutions for external use.

Solutions for external use

They are prescribed in small doses and abbreviated, for their prescription it is necessary to know the concentration and volume of the solution; concentration is expressed only in % or as a ratio.

Example: to wash the wound, write out 500 ml of 0.02% (J: 5000) solution of furacilin:

Rp.: Sol. Furacilim 0.02%-500ml(1:5000-500ml)

Eye drops

Eye drops are solutions for external use. There are three main differences between them and conventional solutions:

1) their total volume usually does not exceed 10 ml;

2) small volume of dosing;

3) sterility.

Example: for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, prescribe 10 ml of a 0.5% solution of allergodil:

Rp.: Sol. Allergodili 0.5%-10ml

D.S.: no 2-3 drops in each eye

Solutions for internal use

Prescription solutions for internal use undosed, expanded or abbreviated (optional) ). To prescribe them, you need to know a single dose, the amount of intake (spoons, drops) and the total number of doses (10-12 when taken with spoons and 20-60 drops). The patient doses the solutions himself, based on the instructions of the doctor, recorded in the signature.

The volume of a tablespoon is 15 ml, dessert - 10 ml and a teaspoon - 5 ml; in 1 ml of water - 20 drops, alcohol and ether (conditionally) - 50 and 80 drops, respectively.

Example: for the treatment of allergies, prescribe a Zyrtec solution for internal use, a single dose of 10 mg, dose with tablespoons, desserts, teaspoons and 10 caps. at the reception (we write out for 10 receptions with a spoon and 20 with drops):

expanded abbreviated

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.07%-150ml

Aq.destill. ad 150.0 D.

M.S.: l tablespoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.1%-100ml

Aq.destill. ad 100.0 D.

M.S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sot. Zyrteci 0.2%-50ml

Aq.destill. ad 50.0 D.

M.S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.2 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 2%-10mI

Aq.destill. ad 10.0 D.

M.S.: no 10 drops 3 times a day

D.S.: 10 drops 3 times a day

For a number of solutions (both for external and for internal use) there are official prescriptions (in this case, the solution is produced in a factory way and contains a clearly defined amount of active principles and a solvent).

An example of an official solution for internal use: write out a solution of cordiamine 20 drops per dose (the number of drops of a single dose corresponds to the total volume in ml):

Rp.: Cordiamini 20ml

S.: 20 drops 3 rals per day

An example of an official multicomponent solution for internal use: for a patient with bronchitis, prescribe a solution of "eucabal" 20 drops per dose:

Rp.: Eucabali 20m!

D.S: 20 drops 3 times a day

Examples of official solutions for external use:

1. For the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vagina and cervix, prescribe a solution of "Tantum Rose":

Rp.: Tantirosae 120ml

D.S.: douche 1-2 times a day

2. For the treatment of acute rhinitis, prescribe a Nafazol solution:

Rp.: Nafesoli 10ml

S.: instill 2 drops in each nostril 2-4 times a day

Injection solutions

Injectable solutions are a finished dosage form for parenteral use. When preparing injection solutions, 3 rules must be observed: they must be sterile, pyrogen-free and isotonic (the latter is important for large volumes of administration).

There are ampoule solutions (prepared in the factory) and in pharmacy packaging (prepared in a pharmacy).

Ampoule solutions

Ampoule solutions are a dosage form. Oli are written out in abbreviated form, the concentration of the solution is expressed in%.

Example 1: for the treatment of allergy complications, prescribe an ampoule solution of prednisolone (single dose of 30 mg) in 1 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Prednisoloni 3% ml

D.t.d. N3 in amp.

S.: inject intramuscularly 1 time per day

Example 2: for the treatment of osteoporosis, prescribe an oil solution of retabolil (single dose of 50 mg) in 2 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Retabolili oleosae 5%-I ml

D.t.d. N1 in amp.

S.: inject deep intramuscularly 1 time in 4 weeks

Solutions in pharmacy packaging

Solutions in a pharmacy package are a non-dosed dosage form, they are prescribed in large quantities. A detailed prescription allows us to show that not distilled, but bidistilled (pyrogenic) water is used to prepare this solution. For prescribing, it is necessary to know the single dose of the substance, the single volume of the solvent and the total number of injections.

Example: write out a solution of diphenhydramine (single dose i 0 mg) in a pharmacy package for 50 injections of 1 ml:

Rp.: Oimedroli 0.5

Aq. bidestill. ad 50.0

MEDICINAL EXTRACTS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS.

For the preparation of dosage forms from plant materials, the part of the plant with the highest content of active principles is usually taken.

Anatomical parts of plants

Russian name	Latin name
rhizome

ACTIVE MEDICINAL PLANT PRINCIPLES

The active principles determine the therapeutic effect of preparations from medicinal plants. The main groups of active principles include alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, essential oils, tannins.

Along with them, vegetable raw materials contain many different substances that do not have medicinal activity (fiber, proteins, starch, sugars, and others) and are called "ballast substances".

alkaloids (alcali - alkali, cidos - similarity) - a group of nitrogenous organic compounds of races of crucible and animal origin, which has a pronounced pharmacological effect. Most plant hells belong to the group of alkaloids. In its pure form, alkaloids are crystalline substances or liquids, usually poorly soluble or insoluble in water. In medical practice, their water-soluble salts are used (atropine sulfate, papaverine hydrochloride, etc.).

Glycosides - these are complex two-component organic compounds, consisting of a sugary part (glycone) and a non-sugar part (aglycone or genin), interconnected by an oxygen or nitrogen bridge. Genins have the most diverse chemical structure, being arbitrary phenols, anthracenes, steroids, flavones, etc. Glycones can be represented by both sugars familiar to the body (glucose, mannose, lactose, etc.), and foreign (digitoxose of cardiac glycosides). They can be six-membered (then the corresponding glycosides will be called pyranosides) and five-membered (furanosides). Glycones determine the pharmacokinetic properties of glycosides, and pharmacodynamics are determined by genins. Glycosides in most cases are crystalline substances, easily soluble in water and alcohol.

Saponins (sapo- soap) are structurally similar to glycosides, but have surface-active properties; form foaming soapy solutions with water. The genins of saponins are called sapogenins. Saponins have a bitter taste and irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes. When taken orally in large doses, they cause nausea and vomiting, in small doses they have an expectorant effect. When released into the blood, they can cause hemolysis of red blood cells.

Essential oils - These are organic compounds of plant nature and are oily liquids with a strong characteristic odor, burning taste and high volatility. They are insoluble in water, but when shaken, they impart their taste and smell to it, which is the basis for the preparation of aromatic waters and their use as agents that improve the organoleptic (taste, smell, etc.) properties of the drug. Essential oils are also used as medicinal substances: many of them have neurotropic, irritant, choleretic, expectorant, antimicrobial and other types of action.

Tannins are nitrogen-free organic compounds of complex structure that have an astringent and tanning effect on the skin and mucous membranes. The main tannin of plants (oak bark, alder seedlings, etc.) is tannin. Tannin also forms insoluble compounds with salts of heavy metals and alkaloids, which makes it possible to use it as an antidote for poisoning with these compounds.

Mucus, resins, organic acids, vitamins, phytoncides and plant antibiotics can also be attributed to the active principles of plants.

INfusions and Decoctions

Infusions and decoctions are aqueous extracts of active principles from medicinal raw materials of plant origin. Infusions are prepared from soft (flowers, leaves, grass), and decoctions from hard (bark, roots, rhizome) anatomical parts of plants. There are exceptions to this rule. So, due to the volatility or easy destructibility of the active principles, infusions are prepared from the roots and rhizomes (valerian, ipecac), and infusions from dense leathery leaves (bearberry).

The infusions are heated in a water bath (infunder apparatus) for 15 minutes, decoctions for 30 minutes. After the specified time, they are filtered: decoctions are still hot after 10 minutes, and infusions after complete cooling (after about 45 minutes). Before preparing infusions and decoctions from alkaloid-containing raw materials, it is moistened with a solution of citric acid, which dramatically increases the extraction of alkaloids into the aqueous phase.

The main disadvantage of infusions and decoctions is the short shelf life: 3-4 days in the refrigerator.

Infusions and decoctions are non-dose dosage forms and are always prescribed in short form. The prescription prescription begins with the name of the dosage form, then the anatomical part of the plant, the name of the plant, its total dose and the total amount of the finished dosage form are indicated. They are dosed with spoons and drops. As a rule, decoctions and infusions are prescribed for 10-12 doses.

An example of an infusion: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe an infusion of foxglove leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.: Inf. fol. Digitales 0,5-150 ml

D.S.: no 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

An example of a decoction: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a decoction of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 0.5:

Rp.: Dec. cort. Frangulae 5.0-150mI

D.S.: 2 tablespoons at night.

HERALENIC PREPARATIONS

Galenic preparations include tinctures, extracts, cnpoifbi and mucus. They are extracts obtained by complex mechanical and physico-chemical processing of medicinal raw materials. This allows you to increase the content of active principles in the preparation, and reduce the amount of ballast substances. Water, ethyl alcohol and ether are most often used as extractors.

All herbal preparations are prescribed officially, the anatomical parts of plants are not indicated in the recipe.

Tinctures

Tinctures are liquid, transparent alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extracts of active principles from medicinal raw materials. They are prepared by methods of maceration, percolation and dissolution of extracts. Most tinctures are intended for internal use, less often they are used externally (rinsing, rubbing).

Tinctures are prescribed in an undosed amount. When prescribing them, the name of the dosage form is first indicated, why the plant from which it is prepared, and the total amount of tincture. There is a rule: the total volume of the tincture is equal to the number of drops per reception.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, he prescribed a tincture of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp.: Tinct Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: no 25 drops per reception.

extracts

Extracts are condensed (compared to tinctures) extracts from medicinal raw materials. The technological process of their manufacture is similar to the production of tinctures. Currently, there are two types of extracts: liquid and dry.

The rules for prescribing liquid extracts are the same as for tinctures. Since, by her total number of decrees repents in volume units (ml), then the word "liquid (fluidum)" after the name of the plant is optional.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a liquid extract of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp: Extr.Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: 25 drops per reception.

Dry extracts are prescribed in the form of tablets, powders, dragees, suppositories. They are dosed by weight units; the word "dry (siccum)" after the name of the plant is optional.

Example: for the treatment of constipation, prescribe a dry extract of buckthorn bark in powders, tablets and suppositories, a single dose of 0.05:

Rep.: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

S.: no 1 powder Zraza per day.

Rep.: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

D.t.d. N10 in tab.

S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rep.: Extr. Frangulae 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M., f.supp.rectale.

S.: enter W times a day.

In the event that firms - manufacturers of pharmaceutical products assign trade names to preparations from plant materials, then their prescription is carried out according to the rules for prescribing chemicals.

Example: in case of violation of cerebral blood flow, prescribe memoplant (reference preparation of dry extract from ginkgo leaves) at a dose of 0.04:

Rp.; Memoplanti 0.04

D.t.d. N120 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 3 times a day.

EMULSIONS

Emulsions are liquid dosage forms that are formed by mixing water with liquids insoluble in it. Emulsions consist of three components: medium, suspended matter and emulsifying agent. In appearance, they resemble milk.

Emulsions are used to mask the unpleasant taste of liquid oils, soften the irritating effect of drugs on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, and also to evenly distribute drugs in fats. Emulsions are prescribed internally and externally. For parenteral use, it is obtained by ultra-emulsification by means of ultrasonic vibrations.

According to the method of preparation, emulsions are divided into oil (false) and seed (true). For the preparation of oil emulsions, a variety of liquid oils are used (see the topic "Ointment bases"). In the case when the weight of the oil is not indicated, it is written out 1/10 of the weight of the emulsion. In order for the emulsion to be stable, an emulsifier is added, which envelops the oil particles and prevents them from merging. By their nature, emulsifiers are carbohydrates (gum arabic - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - Gummi Armeniacae; tragacanth - Tragacanthum; dextrin - Dcxtrinum) or proteins (gelatose - Gelatosa; egg yolk. Vitellum ovi). The emulsifier is usually taken in half the amount of oil. Exceptions: for 10.0 oil, apricot gum is taken - 3.0, tragacanth - 0.5 and one egg yolk for 15.0 oil.

Oil emulsions

The recipe for oil emulsions is expanded and underdosed. An emulsion, where there are only three mandatory components (oil, emulsifier, water) is called simple, if one or more medicinal substances are additionally prescribed, then this is a complex or medicinal emulsion. In a medicinal emulsion, the main medicinal substance (basis) is put in the first place.

Emulsions for internal consumption are dosed with spoons and prescribed for 10-12 doses; the total amount of emulsion for external use usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple emulsion for internal use: for the treatment of simple dyspepsia in a child, write out an emulsion of castor oil, one dessert spoon per reception:

Rp.: Ol. Ricini 10.0

Aq. destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: nol dessert spoon per reception.

An example of a medicinal emulsion for external use: for the treatment of a superficial wound, write out 100 ml of a 15% streptocide emulsion:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Aq.destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: apply to the affected area

An example of a medicinal emulsion for internal use: for the treatment of increased anxiety, prescribe a Rudotel emulsion in a single dose of 0.01, dosed with teaspoons:

Rp.:Rudoteli 0.1

Ol.Persicori 10.0

Aq.destill. ad 50.0

D.S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

SLIME

Mucus is a thick viscous liquid and is obtained by treating with water plant materials that contain mucous substances (flax seed - semen Lini, orchid tuber - tuber Salep, marshmallow root - radix Althaeae, seaweed - Laminaria), or they themselves are pure mucus (gum arabic - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - GummiArmeniacae). Slime is also obtained by brewing starch (Amylum) with hot water in a ratio of 1:50.

Mucus softens the irritating properties of medicinal substances, slows down their absorption in the digestive tract, and corrects an unpleasant taste and smell. They are discharged officially and always with an equal amount of water.

Example: for the treatment of stomach ulcers, write out the mucus of flax seeds:

Rp.: Mucilagtnis Lini

Aq.destill. ana 75.0

D.S.: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

MEDICINAL enemas

When prescribing medicinal enemas, two rules must be observed: 1) their volume should not exceed 50 ml; 2) they always contain mucus. The recipe for medicinal enemas is expanded.

Example: to relieve psychomotor agitation, prescribe a medicinal enema with atarax, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp.: Ataraxi 0.025

Mucilaginis Amyli

Aq.destill. ana 20.0

D.S.: for insertion into the rectum.

NEW HALENIC DRUGS

Novogalenic preparations are extracts from medicinal raw materials obtained by special treatment with alcohol, ether or (and) water. Due to the high degree of purification, they contain a minimum amount of ballast substances, which allows them to be used parenterally (unlike galenical preparations).

Novogalenic preparations are an official dosage form: when writing a prescription, only their name and total quantity are indicated.

An example of a novogalenic preparation for internal use: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe lantoside 10 drops per dose:

Rp.:Lantosidi 10.0

D.S.: no 10 drops 2 times a day.

An example of a novogalenic drug for parenteral use: for the treatment of acute heart failure, prescribe corglicon in 1 ml ampoules, a single dose of 0.0006:

Rp.: Sol. Corglyconi 0.06%-l ml

D.t.d. N10 in amp.

S.: inject intravenously 1 time per day

AEROSOLS

Aerosols are aerodispersion systems in which the dispersion medium is various gases, and the dispersion phase is particles of solid or liquid substances ranging in size from 1 to several tens of microns.

Aerosol preparations are used for both internal and external use. Aerosols for internal use are often equipped with a special dosing device.

Aerosols are prescribed officially, the prescription is underdosed. Example: to relieve asthma attacks, prescribe an aerosol of salbutamol:

Rp.: Aerosolum SaIbutamoli 50ml

D.S.: no l inhalations 3 times a day

HOMEOPATIC MEDICINES

Recently, homeopathic preparations have become widespread, which are produced in a variety of dosage forms, the main of which are solutions, tablets, granules and ointments. The prescription of homeopathic preparations is official.

Example 1: for the prevention of SARS, prescribe Influcid 10 drops per dose:

Rp.: influcidi 30,0

D.S.: but 10 drops once a day

Example 2: for the treatment of a pathologically occurring menopause, prescribe climactoplan tablets:

Rep.: tab. "Klimaktoplan" N60

S.: no 10 drops 1 pat a day

Example 3: for the treatment of eczema, write out the ointment "Irikar":

Rp.: Ung. "Iricar" 50.0

S.: apply to affected areas 3 times a day.

THE CONCEPT OF DURANTING PREPARATIONS

Durant (retard, prolonged) drugs are drugs with a slow release of the active substance from the dosage form, which leads to a prolongation of its action. The main dosage forms with prolonged action include tablets, spansules (capsules containing many microgranules), patches, and some injection forms.

The mechanisms for slowing down the release of the active substance in different dosage forms are different. For example, in a number of injectable dosage forms (powders, suspensions), the basis binds to an indifferent substance, which gradually releases it from the muscle depot. Tablets may consist of several shells, which gradually dissolve as the drug passes through the digestive tract. Tablets can also be compressed from microgranules with different disintegration times.

Example: for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, prescribe a retard form of diclofenac in a single dose of 0.1:

Rp.: Diclofenaci-retardi 0.1

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet per day.

Recipe in Latin issued in accordance with international rules. There is a certain sequence of elements, words and punctuation marks that must not be violated. Before you learn how to write a prescription in Latin, you need to know the following points:

• All elements of the recipe must be written legibly;
• When writing a prescription in Latin, both the commercial and the international name of the drug can be used;
• The amount of the drug should correspond to the duration of treatment. By prescribing more than necessary, the doctor increases the likelihood of overdoses or drug abuse. It is recommended to start treatment with small doses;
• It is necessary to write instructions for the use of the drug as simply and clearly as possible;
• The duration of treatment is not indicated in the prescription.

A recipe in Latin can be written out on any sheet of paper, but only if all its components are correctly drawn up there. It is common to use a special form.

Ingredients and Forms of the Prescription

Any prescription in Latin that a doctor writes must contain:

1. Information about the medical institution in which a prescription is issued in Latin, namely: name, address, telephone number (usually everything is reflected in the stamp of the institution);
2. The date of issue of the prescription and its validity period, the pharmacist has the full legal right to refuse to sell the drug if the prescription has expired. Typically, prescriptions are written for 30 days.
3. Series and number of the prescription;
4. Name and age of the patient;
5. Full name of the doctor;
6. Contacting a doctor to a pharmacist (read about this in the discharge rules section);
7. Signature and personal seal of the doctor.

View prescription forms used in Russia:

There are two types of prescriptions - extended and abbreviated.

• In expanded form, complex compound preparations are prescribed, which are most often prepared directly in a pharmacy.
• Finished preparations are prescribed in abbreviated form.

Recipe in Latin: step by step instructions

After you fill in all the components described above, you can proceed to the next step. Any a recipe in Latin begins with the word Recipe, which in translation into Russian means - take it. It is usually abbreviated - Rp. for comfort. It is always followed by a colon.

Rp.: (take)

Then indicate the dosage form of the drug with a capital letter, in the accusative case, singular and in Latin (in cases, for example, with tablets, capsules and suppositories, it can be indicated a little later, after the amount of the drug, but it is not necessary to indicate it there). For example, "tablets" - in Latin Tabulettas, can be abbreviated - Tab. to save time:

Rp.: Tabulettas (take the pills)

Then you need to specify drug name with a capital letter, in Latin, in the genitive case and in the singular. Or list its constituent parts and their dosage forms, each on a new line - if this is a detailed type of prescription.

Rp.: Tabulettas Acetylcysteini
(take acetylcysteine ​​tablets)

If we write out a commercial name (for example “aspirin” - a commercial name), then we take it in quotation marks, we also write it with a capital letter, but in the nominative case. Rep.: Tab. Aspirin.

Then you need to write the dosage of the drug. If the medicinal product is available in only one dosage, it can be omitted. If this is a detailed type of prescription - dosages of all components.

(take 0.2 acetylcysteine ​​tablets = 200 mg)

Then you have to let the pharmacist know how many pieces to dispense. To do this, we write from a new line the Latin expression “Da tales doses numero” - in Russian “give out the quantity”. Usually abbreviated for convenience like this “D.t.d. N". Specify how many pieces to issue.

Rp.: Tabulettas Acetylcysteini 0.2
D.t.d. N 30
(take 0.2 acetylcysteine ​​tablets. Give out 30 pieces)

Then on the same line indicate how to dispense the drug(ampoules, vials) and, for example, when prescribing tablets or capsules, you can specify the dosage form here (in tabulettis - in tab., in capsulae - in caps). That is, our recipe in Latin could look different:

Rp.: Acetylcysteini 0.2
D.t.d. No. 30 in tab.
(take 0.2 acetylcysteine. Give out 30 tablets)

If the dosage form, for example, is a solution, then it is no longer possible to “dispense in solution”, they can only be dispensed in some container, in ampoules or in vials. And “solution” - “Solutionis”, we indicate at the beginning of the recipe after Rp. (see above).

From a new line at the end of the recipe is written in Latin Signa- abbreviated S. - in Russian “designate”. In this column, you must specify how much and how to apply the drug to the patient. Our recipe in the end looks like this, both versions of the extract are correct:

Rp.: Tabulettas Acetylcysteini 0.2
D.t.d. N 30

Take 0.2 acetylcysteine ​​tablets. Give out 30 pieces. Indicate to take orally 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Rp.: Acetylcysteini 0.2
D.t.d. No. 30 in tab.
S. Inside 1 tablet 2 times a day

Take acetylcysteine ​​at a dosage of 0.2. Give out 30 tablets. Indicate to take orally 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Table of examples with description

Look for even more examples in our large table -.

Recipe in Latin	Read more on our website, just click on the link:
Rp. Caps. Ampicillini 500mg D.t.d. No. 20 S. Inside, one capsule 2 times a day.
Rp.: Aer. Salbutamoli 120 doses (and 1 dosae - 0.0001) D.t.d. N 1 S. Inhale during an asthma attack.
Rp.: Supp. "Bethiolum" N 10 D.S. In the rectum 1 suppository 3 times a day
Rp.: Dec. cort. Quercus 350ml D.S. Rinse your mouth 5 times a day
Rep.: Extr. Frangulae fluidi 40 ml D.S. Inside 30 drops 4 times a day
Rp.: Pulv. Ceftriaxoni 2.0 D.S. Intramuscularly 2 times a day	And
Rp.: Sir. Ambroxoli 5% -100ml D.S. Take orally 1 teaspoon 3 times a day
Rp.: Codeini phosphatis 0.18 Solutionis Kalii bromidi 6.0 – 180 ml M.D.S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

In veterinary medicine, as in medicine, there are rules for issuing prescriptions.

a) documentary rules:

1. The prescription is an official legal document.

2. The prescription is written in ink or pen. Recipe modifications are not allowed.

3. Forms of 105 * 148 mm, special in size, are accepted, other sizes are allowed, but with the obligatory indication of the stamp and seal of the institution issuing the prescription.

4. Only generally accepted Latin abbreviations are used.

5. You can write on one form - only 1 prescription with a poisonous substance; 1 with potent and 1 complex or 2 simple. Recipes are separated by a # sign.

6. Validity of prescriptions: poisonous - 5 days; potent, hormonal, neuroleptics - 8 - 10 days; others - 2 months.

7. At the end of the prescription, the doctor's name must be certified with a seal.

b) rules - design:

8. Medicinal substances in the prescription are written in Latin with a capital letter in the majority in the genitive case, each substance from a separate line. If the name does not fit, then the word is not broken (it cannot be transferred), but they continue to write from the new column, retreating two letters:

Rp.: ...Benzylpenicillini

natrii......................... 250000 ED

Aethazoli................... 10.0

9. When writing a prescription for an official drug, the drug is written in quotation marks in the nominative case ("Ung. Wyshnevskiy")- Vishnevsky ointment.

10. Doses of drugs are written under each other. Doses, concentrations of each drug are written on the same line with the substance, if the figure does not fit, then it is transferred to another period, where they first put a dash.

11. Doses of substances - denoted by Arabic numerals.

• Solid, free-flowing - in grams and units. (the word grams is not written).
• Liquid - in milliliters, drops, grams, OD. (5 ml, 0.4 ml).
• If liquids are in small quantities, then they write in Roman, for example, drops (if 1 or 2 drops, then gtt. I or gtt. II, if more than 2, then gtts. X.
• The concentration is indicated in% or in ratios to the solvent (5% or 1: 500).

12. In the prescription - medicinal substances that are provided in mg (milligrams) must be converted into grams: example, write out Amidopyrine tablets, release form - in 1 tablet - 500 mg

1 g ---- 1000 mg

X ------ 500 mg, X = 0.5 g (the word "g" is not written in the recipes!!!)

Rep.: Tab. Amidopirini 0,5 , not 0.5 g, or 500 mg

13. If drugs are in the same dose, put a reduction aa (equally) after the name of the last substance:

Rp.: ...Iodoformii

Talci.... aa... 10.0

c) designation in recipes:

14. If the prescription is long and the form is over, then in the lower right corner they write Verte!(turn over), and on the back of the form continue the recipe.

15. When extracting a potent substance or poisonous in a dose exceeding the maximum, then put the sign "! ":

Rp. : Phenobarbitali 1.0 !

......D.S. Internally.

16. When designating a recipe in the right corner: Cito! - Fast. Citissime! - Very urgent. Status! - Straightaway. Antidotum! - An antidote. Then the veterinary pharmacist must immediately prepare the drug according to this prescription.

17. Sometimes medicines require special storage conditions, then they denote:

• In vitro nigro - in dark glass;
• In vitro flava - in yellow glass;
• In charta cerata - in waxed paper;
• In charta paraffinata - in paraffin paper.

18. Sometimes it is necessary to repeat the prescription of the drug, then on the same prescription form they indicate on top: Repetatur! (repeat), put a new date and signature.

For poisonous drugs - only a new prescription!

Recipe Ingredients

I. Inscriptio(title) - written in the national language.

The composition includes:

1. A stamp of a medical institution with a phone number and address. (must be stamped or data printed).
2. Datum: 01/06/2003.
3. Nomen aegroti: name or inventory number, species, age, weight (if applicable), farm or owner address.
4. Nomen medici: full surname, first name, - patronymic of the doctor, indicate the paramedic or vet. doctor.

II. Praepositio(doctor's address) - consists of one Latin word: Rp .: (Recipe - take).

III. designatio materiarum (list of materials). Write only in Latin! Its content depends on the form of the recipe: simple or complex. In this part, substances are listed in the genitive case.

3.1. First write the main drug substance, its concentration and dose.

Rp.: ..Sol. Mentoli Oleosae 1% - 50 ml

3.2. If there are more medicinal substances, then they are written one under the other. Also with indication of dose, concentration.

Rp.: ..Iodoformii ...................10.0

Naphthalini .................15.0

Talci .....................ad .100.0

M.f. pulvis.

3. 3. When prescribing 2 or more substances in equal doses, the amount is indicated after the name of the last substance:

Rp.: ..Iodoformii

Naphthalini

Talci ....................aa 10.0

M.f. pulvis.

3.4. In complex recipes, there is a sequence of writing prescriptions:

• A). Remedium cardinale s. basis- the substance, which is the main and most active, has the active substance of the prescription.
• b) Remedium cardinale s. adjuvans- an auxiliary substance, used to enhance the therapeutic effect of the main one, or to reduce side effects.
• V) Remedium cardinale s. corrigens- to correct taste, smell, used for cattle, small cattle - salt, for dogs - sugar.
• G) Remedium cardinale s. constiituens- a form-forming substance, to give the drug a specific dosage form.

It should not affect the action of the medicinal substance and not act negatively on the body.

Its quantity is indicated in grams, ml, qs - Quantum satis- how much do you need.

Rp. : Laevomycetini .......2.0

.......Massae pilularum+q.s.

......Ut f. pilulae ........No. 30

If the dose of the formative substance is indicated exactly, then put after the formative substance ad(i.e. the shape-forming substance will go to 60.0, but indicate that up to 100.0.).

Rp. : Glukosi ...............40.0

.......Aq. pro injektionidus ad .......100.0

.......M. f. Sol pro injection.

IV. subscriptio- a prescription for the manufacture of a dosage form:

1 case. This part of the prescription is not written if there is one drug in the prescription, but immediately go to V parts of the recipe, while combining III (D.) and V (S.), For example,

Rp.: Sol. Mentoli Oleosae 1%- 50 ml

......D.S.

2nd case. If there are two or more components, and you need to make a dosage form from them, then this part of the recipe is written like this:

Indicate which dosage form should be prepared after mixing all the ingredients.

Rp.: Iodoformii ............10.0

...... Naphthalini ........... 15.0

.....Talci ...............ad 100.0

M.f. pulvis.

M.f. (Misce ut fiant - mix to form)

1. If in part III (Designatio materiarum) shaping is indicated in the amount q. s., then they write not M.f., A Ut. f. - to form!!!

2. If the prescription is dosed, then indicate the amount of the drug, write:

D.t.d. No. _____(Da denture tales doses Numero)- give out such doses in number.

3. If you need to designate the features, then add these features of the issuance:

D.t.d. No. ____ in charta paraffinata

V. Signatura- method of application, written in the national language.

Determine at what dose you need to take the drug at one time (dosed), time, frequency and duration of use, method of administration.

This part of the prescription is written in such a way that it is clear even to the owner how, how much, when, with what interval to set the drug !!!

5.1. If the dosage form is dosed and there is no indication of storage features, then the subscriptio (IV) signature (V) is combined and begins with the words D.S...

Rp. : ..........

D.S. External. Rub into the affected areas of the skin 2 times a day.

5.2. If the drugs are dosed or produced in a package, then write separately D. and on the next line S !!!:

D.t.d. No. 6 ..............(Subscriptio)

S. Internal. 1 powder 3 times a day. (Signatura)

......................# Or the case when there are features of dispensing in an undosed prescription:

.................Da in vitro nigro -

.................S. Internal.

VI. nomen medici- a doctor's signature is enough, be sure to certify with a seal.

General concepts

General recipe- a section of pharmacology about the rules for prescribing dosage forms in prescriptions.
Dosage forms- forms convenient for practical use, given to medicines to obtain the necessary therapeutic or prophylactic effect.
Depending on the consistency, liquid, soft and solid dosage forms are isolated; the same drug can be prescribed in different dosage forms.
drug (drug) includes one or more medicinal substances used for the treatment or prevention of various diseases and pathological conditions.
medicinal substance- an individual chemical compound used as a drug.
medicinal product- a drug prepared in the form of a specific dosage form.

Raunatin - a medicinal product (powder containing the amount of alkaloids of the rauwolfia plant)
Reserpine - a medicinal substance (an alkaloid of the Rauwolfia plant)
Raunatin tablets - a drug

NB!!! If the medicinal product consists of one medicinal substance, then these concepts coincide.
Simple drugs prepared from medicinal raw materials by simple processing (grinding, drying).
Complex (galenic) preparations obtained by more complex processing with the extraction of biologically active substances and their partial release from impurities (ballast substances).
Novogalenic preparations practically do not contain ballast substances and are suitable for parenteral administration.
Pharmacopoeia(pharmacon - medicine, poieo - I do) - a set of standards and norms that determine the quality of medicines. First appeared among the Arabs under the name "dispensatory". The modern pharmacopoeia includes list A (poisons - Verena) and list B (potent - Heroica).

Prescription, rules for prescribing and dispensing drugs

Recipe- a written request from a doctor to a pharmacy about dispensing a drug to a patient in a specific dosage form and dosage, indicating the method of its use.
The recipe is written in a special form in Latin (the signature is in Russian) in clear handwriting on a uniform form. Recipe fixes not allowed. There are three main forms - drugs at full cost, subsidized drugs, narcotic and equivalent drugs.
The prescription indicates the date, full name and age of the patient, full name of the doctor, then come the Recipe (Rp.) and the names of the substances in the genitive case with the quantity.
NB!!! There are abbreviated and extended prescriptions.

:: Recipe components::
:: Basis - the main medicinal substance
:: Adjuvans - excipients
:: Corrigens - substances that correct taste and smell
:: Constituens - substances that give consistency

Next, note the dosage form that should be made: Misce ut fiat unguentum (M. f. unguentum).
NB!!! Units - grams (1), milliliters (1 ml), drops (gtts. X), action units (100,000 ED).
q forms are used. s., aa. Completes the prescription signature (S.) for the patient.
NB!!! If required, Cito! is written on the recipe at the top left! or Statim!. When a physician prescribes remedies for himself, he writes Pro auctore or Pro me.

Official prescriptions- prescriptions approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for finished medicines recommended for medical use.
Main prescriptions made at the discretion of the physician.

Prescriptions for medicines containing narcotic substances are valid for 5 days. Prescriptions for list A toxic substances, codeine, codeine phosphate, ethylmorphine hydrochloride mixed with other drugs, sleeping pills, antipsychotics, antidepressants, tranquilizers, steroids, asthmatin and asthmatol, 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, for drugs with ethyl alcohol are valid until 10 days. Prescriptions for all other medicines are valid for 2 months.

Liquid dosage forms

SOLUTIONS
(Solutio, Solutionis)

Solution- a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving a solid drug substance or liquid in a solvent.

Aqua destillata, Spititus aethylicus 70%, 90%, 95%, Glycerinum, liquid oils: Oleum Vaselini, Oleum Olivarum, Oleum Persicorum are used as a solvent.
Accordingly, aqueous, alcohol, glycerin and oil solutions are isolated. There are also true and colloidal solutions; true should always be transparent, should not contain suspensions and sediment.

Application: external and internal, injections.

Rp.: Solutionis Camphorae oleosae 10% - 100 ml
D.S. For rubbing the joint area.

Rp.: Anaesthesini 5.0
Olei Vaselini ad 50 ml
M.D.S. Apply to the wound.

(official solution)
Rp.: Solutionis Hydrogenii peroxydi dilutae 100 ml
D.S. Dilute 1 tablespoon in a glass of water. For rinsing.

NB!!! To calculate dilution: 1 tsp. contains 5 ml of an aqueous solution, 1 dessert spoon - 7.5 ml, 1 tbsp. - 15 ml. 1 ml of an aqueous solution contains 20 drops.
NB!!! Drops before use are diluted with a small amount of water or milk (oily).

SLIME - MUCILAGINES
(Mucilago, Mucilaginis)

Slime- viscous, sticky liquids, which are a solution of IUDs obtained by dissolving gums, extracting by infusion, and also from starch when treated with hot water.

The most commonly used are Mucilago Gummi Armeniacae (apricot gum mucus), Mucilago Gummi arabici, Mucilago radicis Althaeae, Mucilago Amyli.
All slimes are official, so the concentration in recipes not spelled.

Application: enveloping agents, together with irritating drugs; as part of mixtures with insoluble substances. Do not prescribe alcohol preparations, acids and alkalis at the same time.

Rp.: Chlorali hydrati 1.5
Mucilaginis Amyli
Aquae destillatae aa 25 ml
M.D.S. For one enema.

SUSPENSIONS
(Suspensio, Suspensiones)

Suspensions- liquid dosage forms in which solid, finely divided insoluble medicinal substances are suspended in a liquid.

Suspensions are distinguished from colloidal solutions by a larger size of suspended particles. According to this criterion, fine and coarse suspensions are distinguished.

Application: external and internal, some - parenterally. It must be borne in mind that suspensions can be administered intramuscularly or into body cavities.

(water, official suspensions - without concentration)
Rp.: Suspensionis Hydrocortisoni acetatis 0.5% - 10 ml
D.S. 2 drops in the eye 4 times a day, shake before use.

(main suspensions)
Rp.: Trichomonacidi 0.25
Olei Vaselini ad 50 ml
M.f. suspension
sterilization!
D.S. Introduce 10 ml into the bladder. Shake before use.

EMULSIONS FOR INTERNAL USE - EMULSA AD USUM INTERNUM
(Emulsum, Emulsi)

Emulsion- a liquid dosage form in which water-insoluble liquids are suspended in the aquatic environment in the form of tiny droplets.

According to the method of preparation, oil and seed emulsions are isolated. Oleum Ricini, Oleum Amygdalarum, Oleum jecoris Aselli (cod fish oil) are used.
For good emulsification, take 2 parts of oil, 1 part of emulsifier and 17 parts of water. If the amount of oil in the recipe is not indicated, then 100 parts of the emulsion are made from 10 parts of the oil: 20 ml of oil + 10.0 gelatoses + 170 ml of water = 200 ml of emulsion. For seed emulsions, emulsifiers are not needed, the ratio of the number of seeds to the total amount of the emulsion is 1:10.

Rp.: Olei jecoris Aselli 30 ml
Gelatosae 15.0
Aquae destillatae ad 200 ml
M.f. emulsion
D.S. For two doses.

Rp.: Emulsi olei Amygdalarum 200 ml
Codeini phosphatis 0.2

INfusions and Decoctions - INFUSA ET DECOCTA
(Infusum, Infusi; Decoctum, Decocti)

Infusions and decoctions- liquid dosage forms, which are aqueous extracts from medicinal raw materials.

:: Parts of plants::
:: bark - cortex, corticis
:: root - radix, radicis
:: rhizome - rhizoma, rhizomatis
:: leaf - folium, folii
:: grass - herba, herbae
:: flower - flos, floris

Application: indoor and outdoor. They decompose quickly, so they are discharged for 3-4 days and are recommended to be stored in a cool place.

Rp.: Infusi herbae Thermopsidis 0.6 - 180 ml
D.S. 1 tbsp. l. 3 times a day.

MEDICINAL FEES - SPECIES
(Species, Specierum)

Medicinal fees- mixtures of several types of crushed, less often whole herbal medicinal raw materials.

Application: internal, combustion and smoke inhalation, external.

Rp.: Herbae Adonidis vernalis 2.0
Rhizomatis cum radicibus Valerianae 1.5
M.f. species
D.t. d. N 10
S. Brew the dose of the collection with a glass of boiling water and infuse for 30 minutes. Take 1 tbsp. l. 3 times a day.

Rp.: Specierum antiasthmaticarum 100.0
D.S. 1/2 tsp. burn and inhale the smoke.

TINCTURES - TINCTURAE
(Tinctura, Tincturae)

Tinctures- liquid, transparent, more or less colored alcohol extracts from plant materials, obtained without heating and removing the extractant.
NB!!! All tinctures are official and, unlike infusions and decoctions, are a stable dosage form.

Rp.: Tincturae Stophanthi 5 ml
Tincturae Valerianae 15ml
M.D.S. 20 drops per reception, 3 times a day.

EXTRACTS - EXTRACTA
(Extractum, Extracti)

Extract- concentrated extract from medicinal plant materials.

Depending on the consistency, Extracti fluidi, Extracti spissi, Extracti sicci are distinguished.

Rp.: Extracti Frangulae fluidi 20 ml
D.S. 20 drops per reception, 3 times a day.

NOVOGALENOV DRUGS

NB!!! Prepared in a factory way.

Rp.: Adonisidi 15 ml
D.S. 15 drops 3 times a day.

POTIONS - MIXTURAE
(Mixtura, Mixturae)

potions- liquid dosage forms, which are obtained by dissolving or mixing several solid substances in various liquid bases or by mixing several liquids.

Application: more often internal.

NB!!! Mixturae agitandae. Mixturae agitandae.
NB!!! The word "Mixtura" is not used in the recipe.

Rp.: Codeini phosphatis 0.18
Kalii bromidi 6.0
Aquae destillatae ad 180 ml
M.D.S. 1 tbsp. l. 3 times a day.

LINIMENTS - LINIMENTI
(Linimentum, Linimenti)

Liniments- dosage form for external use.

They can be emulsions, suspensions, suspension emulsions, potions, opedeldocs (the so-called soap liniments; a gelatinous mass that softens at body temperature).

Rp.: Chloroformii 20 ml
Olei Hyoscyami 40ml
M.f. linimentum
D.S. For rubbing the area of ​​the affected joint.

OTHER

Medical oils- Oleum Hyoscyami, Oleum Hyperici, Oleum Rosae, Oleum Hippophaes

Fresh plant juices- Succus Plantaginis, Succus Kalanchoes, Succus Aloes (85 parts fresh juice + 15 parts 95% alcohol + 0.3% chlorethone)

Liquid organ preparations- official extracts from livestock tissues - Insulinum, Parathyreoidinum, Pituitrinum (measured in ED)

medicinal syrups- Sirupus Althaeae

Soft dosage forms

OINTMENTS - UNGUENTA
(Unguentum, Unguenti)

Ointments- soft dosage forms having a viscous consistency and prescribed for external use.
Ointments are obtained by mixing basis "a with constituens" ohm. Vaseline is used as constituens by default, and if it is eye ointments, then lanolin and vaseline for eye ointments in a ratio of 10:90.
There are simple (2 components) and complex ointments.
NB!!! It is customary to prescribe eye ointments in the amount of 5.0-10.0; the rest - 20.0 - 100.0.

(official ointments)
Rp.: Unguenti Zinci 20.0

Rp.: Unguenti Neomycini sulfatis 1% - 50.0
D.S. Lubricate the affected areas of the skin.

(detailed version of eye ointments)
Rp.: Sulfacyli-natrii 1.0
Lanolini 0.4
Vaseline ad 5.0
M.f. unguentum
D.S. Under the eyelid 3 times a day.

PASTES - PASTAE
(Pasta, pastae)

Pastes- varieties of ointments with a content of powdered substances of at least 25% (similar in consistency to dough - pasta in Latin) and no more than 60-65%.
NB!!! If the amount of powdered substances in the paste is less than 25%, then indifferent powders are added - Amylum, Talcum, Zinci oxydum, Bolus alba (white clay).

Rp.: Iodoformii 10.0
Amily
Zinci oxydi aa 5.0
Vaseline ad 50.0
M.f. pasta
D.S. Apply to the affected areas of the skin.

SUPPOSITORIES - SUPPOSITORIA
(Suppositorium, vin. p. - Suppositorium, Suppositoria)

suppositories- dosage forms that are solid at room temperature and melt or dissolve at body temperature.
There are suppositoria rectalia, suppositoria vaginalia and bacilli (rods).
Cocoa butter, Japanese cinnamon fat, as well as gelatin-glycerin and soap-glycerin bases are most often used as constituens.

Rectal suppositories- a cone or cylinder with a pointed end, weight - 1.1-4.0 g, in pediatric practice - 0.5-1.5 g. The maximum diameter is 1.5 cm. By default, they are made with a weight of 3.0 g.

Among vaginal suppositories it is possible to distinguish globuli (spherical shape), ovuli (ovoid shape), pessaria (flat with a rounded end). Weight - 1.5-6.0 g, by default they are made with a weight of 4.0 g.

sticks rarely used now, they are intended for insertion into the urethra, cervix, fistulous passages, etc. They are in the form of cylinders with a pointed end. When writing them, the dimensions must be indicated.

(official suppositories)
Rp.: Suppositorium cum Ichtyolo 0.2
D.t. d. N 10
S. 1 suppository rectally in the morning and at night.

Rp.: Suppositoria "Bethiolum" N 10
D.S. 1 suppository 2 times a day.

(main suppositories)
Rp.: Promedoli 0.02
Olei Cacao 3.0
M.f. suppository rectal
D.t. d. No. 6

Or:
Rp.: Promedoli 0.02
Olei Cacao q. s.
ut f. suppository rectal
D.t. d. No. 6
S. 1 suppository for pain.

Rp.: Atropini sulfatis 0.0005
Olei Cacao q. s.
ut fiat bacillus longitudine 5 cm
et crassitudine 0.5 cm
D.t. d. No. 6
S. Insert into the urethra 1 stick 1 time per day.

PATCHES - EMPLASTRA
(Emplastrum, Emplastri)

plasters- dosage form in the form of a plastic mass, which has the ability to soften at body temperature and stick to the skin, or in the form of the same mass on a flat carrier.

Hard plasters They are firm at room temperature and soften at body temperature.
Distinguish between smeared and unsmeared hard plasters; the first are smeared on the fabric, the second - in the form of conical or cylindrical blocks. When prescribing smeared plasters, it is necessary to indicate their dimensions.

Liquid patches (skin adhesives)- volatile liquids that leave a film on the skin after evaporation of the solvent.
Produced in bottles, bottles, in the form of aerosols.

(plaster piece)
Rp.: Emplastri Plumbi simplicis 50.0
D.S. Slightly warm, apply to the material and apply to the affected area of ​​the skin.

Solid dosage forms

TABLETS
(Tabuletta, wine. p. - Tabulettam, Tabulettas)

Pills- solid dosage forms obtained by pressing medicinal substances or mixtures of medicinal and excipients.
There are no main prescription pills.

Rp.: Tabulettam Digoxini 0.00025
D.t. d. N 12
S. 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Rp.: Amidopyrini 0.25
Coffeini 0.03
Phenobarbital 0.02
D.t. d. N 6 in tabulettis
S. 1 tablet for headaches.

Rp.: Tabulettas "Nicoverinum" N 20
D.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day

DRAGEE
(vin. p. - Dragee)

Dragee- a solid dosage form for internal use, obtained by repeated layering (drape) of medicinal and excipients on sugar granules.
Dragees are manufactured in a factory way; the weight of the dragee should not exceed 1.0 g.

To prolong the action, they make microdrage, but they are usually not used as an independent dosage form, but are included in the composition of tablets, spansul, etc.

Rp.: Dragee Diazolini 0.05
D.t. d. N 20
S. 1 tablet 2 times a day.

POWDERS - PULVERES
(Pulvis, Pulveris)

Powders- solid dosage form for internal and external use, with the property of flowability.
Hygroscopic substances are not prescribed in the form of powders, substances that, when mixed, form wet masses and liquids, easily decompose and give explosive mixtures.
By the number of components, pulveres simplices, pulveres compositi are distinguished; by dosage - pulveres divisi, pulveres indivisi.

Powders for external use prescribed as pulveres indivisi, used in the form of pulveres subtilissimi (tiniest) for application to wound surfaces and mucous membranes (do not cause mechanical irritation, large adsorbing surface with this dispersion).

Powder= medicinal substance + indifferent substances. An abbreviated prescription of the powder is possible.

(unseparated powders)
Rp.: Streptocidi subtilissimi 20.0
D.S. For application to the wound.

Rp.: Benzylpenicillini-natrii 125 000 ED
Aethazoli 5.0
M.f. pulvis subtilissimus
D.S. For blowing into the nose.

Rp.: Aspersionis Amycazoli 2% - 100.0
D.S. Apply to the affected areas of the skin.

(separated powders)
Rp.: Papaverini hydrochloridi 0.02
Phenobarbital 0.01
Sacchari 0.3
M.f. pulvis
D.t. d. N 10 (possibly in charta cerata or in charta paraffinata)
S. 1 powder 3 times a day.

GRANULES - GRANULA
(Granulum, Granuli, genus p. pl. - Granulorum)

Granules- solid dosage form in the form of homogeneous particles (grains, grains) of round, cylindrical or irregular shape, intended for internal use.
The size of the granules is 0.2 - 3 mm.

Rp.: Granulorum Natrii para-aminosalicylatis 100.0
D.S. 1 teaspoon 3 times a day 1 hour after meals.

PILLS
(Pilula, Pilulae)

pills- solid dosage form for intravenous use in the form of balls weighing 0.1-0.5 g, prepared from a homogeneous plastic mass.
They are very rare at present.

Rp.: Strychnini nitratis 0.05
Massae pilularum q. s.
ut f. pilulae N 50
D.S. 1 pill 2 times a day.

OTHER

caramel(Caramel) - solid dosage forms prepared by mixing medicinal substances with sugar and molasses. Used mainly for the treatment of diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and pharynx.

Pastilles, or troche(Trochiscius, Trochisci) - solid dosage forms in the form of dense masses of a flat shape, obtained by mixing medicinal substances with sugar and mucus.

Capsules

CAPSULES - CAPSULAE
(Capsula, tv. p. pl. - Capsulis)

Capsules- shells for dosed powdered, pasty, granular or liquid medicinal substances used orally.
Capsules produce drugs that have an unpleasant taste, odor or irritant effect.

:: Capsulae gelatinosae::
:: capsulae gelatinosae molles s. elasticae and
:: capsulae gelatinosae durae - spherical, ovoid or oblong, contain 0.1-0.5 g of medicinal substances
:: capsulae gelatinosae operculatae (with caps) - cylinders, open on one side and rounded on the closed side, freely entering one another without gaps
:: capsulae glutoidales - resistant to the action of gastric juice; treated with formaldehyde vapor or its alcohol solution.
:: Polymer capsules

Microcapsules- microparticles of solid, liquid or gaseous medicinal substances, covered with a thin shell of film-forming materials (gelatin, fats, polymers). They can be independent dosage forms, and can be part of tablets, spansul(hard gelatin capsules) etc.

Rp.: Bromcamphorae 0.1
Chinidini sulfatis 0.05
M.f. pulvis
D.t. d. N 20 in capsulis gelatinosis operculatis
S. 1 capsule 2 times a day.

Dosage forms for injection

pro injectionibus

For s / c administration, aqueous solutions are most often used, for i / m - aqueous and oily solutions and suspensions, for i / v - aqueous solutions.
Solutions or suspensions for injection can be ready-made, or they can be produced in ampoules or vials in dry form (powder, lyophilisate) and dissolved or diluted before use. Also used syringe-tubes (spritz-tubulae).

(in ampoules)
Rp.: Solutionis Glucosi 40% - 50 ml
D.t. d. N 10 in ampullis
S. For intravenous administration, 50 ml.

Rp.: Pituitrini 1 ml (5 ED)
D.t. d. N 12 in ampullis
S. Inject 1 ml under the skin once a day.

(in vials)
Rp.: Insulini 5 ml (a 40 ED - 1 ml)
D.t. d. No. 6
S. Inject 0.5 ml under the skin 2 times a day.

(for sterile medicines)
Rp.: Solutionis natrii chloridi isotonicae 0.9% - 500 ml
sterilization!
D.S. For subcutaneous drip.

(if you need to add thermolabile substances)
Rp.: Lidocaini 1.25
Solutionis Natrii chloridi isotonicae 0.9% ad 500 ml
M. Sterilisetur!
Add aseptice
Solutionis Adrenalini hydrochloridi 0.01%, gtts, XXX
M.D.S. For infiltration anesthesia.

Other

EYE FILMS - MEMBRANULAE OPHTHALMICAE
(Membranula ophthalmica s. Lamella; vin. p. pl. - Membranulas ophthalmicas s. Lamellas)

Eye films- sterile polymeric films 9*4.5*0.35 mm containing medicinal substances in certain doses and soluble in lacrimal fluid.
In hermetically sealed vials, such films remain stable for up to 1 year. Therapeutic concentration can be maintained up to 24 hours.
NB!!! The refractive indexes of the polymer and the lacrimal fluid are the same and visual disturbances do not occur.

Rp.: Membranulas ophthalmicas cum Pilocarpini hydrochlorido N 30
D.S. Place 1 film over the edge of the lower eyelid 1 time per day daily.

AEROSOLS - AEROSOLA
(Aerosolum, vin. unit h. - Aerosolum)

Aerosols- aerodisperse systems, in which the dispersion medium is air, gas or a mixture of gases, and the dispersed phase is particles of solid or liquid substances ranging in size from 1 to tens of microns.
For inhalation, aerosols with a particle size of 0.5-10 microns are used.

Rp.: Aerosolum "Ephatinum" N 1
D.S. 3 inhalations per day.