What dosage forms are there? Classification of liquid dosage forms
After the death of a drug addict, it is quite difficult to determine whether the overdose was a fatal accident or a deliberate step.
Addiction to drugs leads a person to a “social dead end”: the breakdown of a family or the impossibility of creating one, loss of health, lack of any prospects in life. For this reason, the suicide rate among drug addicts is quite high. For a person accustomed to dealing with drugs, an increased dose seems to be the simplest and most in an accessible way end his life, and not every suicide leaves a suicide note.
But not always welcome lethal dose drugs can be targeted. In essence, such an ending is natural if the addict does not die first from something else.
Pattern of overdose
At first, when drug addiction has not yet had time to form, taking a lethal dose is unlikely, although this also happens - due to the individual characteristics of the body.
With long-term systematic use of the drug, the hormonal system, and nervous. Having become habitual, the previous dose ceases to cause that pleasant state that drug addicts call a “high”; to achieve it, it takes more large quantity drug. But the body adapts to the new dose.
Increasing the dose over and over again, the addict does not think about the danger, because over time it ceases to give pleasure at all, and the person takes it not in order to achieve a pleasant state, but to relieve an unpleasant one. Ultimately, after the next increase in dose, it turns out to be fatal.
Causes of death by dosage
Those who most often die from an overdose are those of the opioid group - opium, heroin. They have a depressant effect on the nervous system, which allows opium to be used in medicine as a pain reliever. This effect extends to the brain as a whole, including respiratory center, so breathing slows down when exposed to opiates. If you take an increased dose, breathing may not only slow down, but also stop, which becomes the cause of death.
Exciting drugs - for example, cocaine - also disrupt the activity of vital organs, in particular the heart, because when excited, its work becomes more intense. By regularly forcing his heart to function “in increased mode,” the drug addict quickly renders the myocardium unusable. Such a “worn out” heart may not be able to withstand even the next regular dose, let alone an increased one.
The effect of the drug is enhanced if you combine it with antidepressants, tranquilizers, and alcohol. In such cases, death does not even require an overdose.
Solutions (Solutio) – a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving a medicinal substance in a solvent. The solvents most often used are distilled water (Aqua destillata), ethanol (Ethanol; ethyl alcohol, Spiritus aethylicus) 70%, 90%, 95% and liquid oils - peach (Oleum Persicorum), petroleum jelly (Oleum Vazelini), etc. Solutions must be transparent and free of suspended particles or sediment. Use solutions for external and internal use, as well as for injections.
Solutions for external use used as ophthalmic ear drops, nasal drops, lotions, rinsing, washing, syringing. There are two forms of prescribing solutions - shortened and expanded.
Abbreviated form of copybook solution begins with the name of the dosage form, i.e. from the word Solutionis (genus Solution). Next, indicate the name of the medicinal substance in the genitive case, the concentration of the solution and its quantity. Next comes D.S. If the solvent is water, then in the abbreviated recipe the nature of the solution (aqueous) is not indicated.
The concentration of a solution can be indicated in three ways:
in percentages;
ratios (for example, 1:1000, 1:5000, etc.);
mass-volume ratios (for example, 0.6-200ml, i.e. 200 ml contains 0.6 g of medicinal substance).
For example:
Rp.: Solutionis Nitrofurali 0,02% - 500 ml
D. S. To gargle 4 times a day.
Rp.: Solutionis Nitrofurali 1:5000 – 500 ml
D. S
Rp.: Solutionis Nitrofurali 0,1 – 500 ml
D. S. To gargle 4 times a day
Alcohol and oil solutions in abbreviated form are prescribed with the designation of the nature of the solution - alcohol (spirituosae), oil (oleosae), which is given after the name of the medicinal substance.
For example:
Rp.: Solutionis Acidi borici spirituosae 1% - 10ml
D. S. Ear drops. 3 drops 2 times a day.
Rp.: Solutionis Camphorae oleosae 10% - 30 ml
D. S. For rubbing the joint area.
In cases where an oil or alcohol solution requires a specific oil or alcohol of a certain concentration, only a detailed prescription of the solution is possible. In this case, the soluble substance is indicated first, and then the solvent with the designation of quantities. The prescription ends with the prescription M.D.S. and S.
For example:
Rp.: Mentholi 0,1
Olei Vaselini ad 10 ml
M. D. S. Place 5 drops into your nose.
Solutions for internal use They are usually dosed in graduated cups, tablespoons, teaspoons, and drops.
1 tablespoon contains an average of 15 ml of aqueous solution;
in 1 teaspoon – 5 ml;
1 ml of water contains 20 drops.
Knowing the single dose of the drug and the single amount of solution, you can calculate its concentration.
For example:
Rp.: Solutionis Natrii bromidi 1% - 180 ml
D. S
Suspensions (Suspensio) – suspension of particles of solid medicinal substances in a liquid. Suspensions are prescribed internally and externally. Sterile suspensions can be administered intramuscularly. Typically, water is used to make the suspension. In this case, an abbreviated formulation of the suspension is possible. This prescription begins with the name of the dosage form Suspensionis (genus Suspension), followed by the name of the medicinal substance, the concentration of the suspension, its quantity and D.S.
For example:
Rp.: Suspensionis Hydrocortisoni acetatis 0,5% - 10 ml
D. S. Place 2 drops into the eye 4 times a day.
Emulsions (Emulsum) – a liquid dosage form in which water-insoluble liquids (for example, liquid oils) are suspended in the form of tiny particles. Emulsions are used internally and externally. Oil emulsions are most often used. They are prepared from liquid oils (castor, almond, etc.). To emulsify the oil (separation into small particles), special emulsifiers are added.
The emulsion prescription begins with the name of the dosage form - Emulsi (generic Emulsion), after which the amount of oil in ml and the total amount of emulsion are indicated.
For example:
Rp.: Emujsi olei Ricini 20ml – 100ml
D. S. for 1 appointment.
Infusions (Infusum) and decoctions (Decoctum). When processing plant medicinal raw materials (leaves, grass, roots, etc.) with water at a temperature of 100 0 C from medicinal plants they are extracted active principles with some admixture of ballast substances. They are called infusions and decoctions. Infusions more often prepared from leaves, flowers, grass. Decoctions- from coarser, denser parts of plants (roots, rhizomes, bark) and therefore differ from infusions in the longer extraction of active principles.
To prepare infusions and decoctions, a weighed amount of medicinal raw material is placed in a vessel called an infundirka and filled with water at room temperature. The infusion is placed in a boiling water bath: infusions - for 15 minutes, decoctions - for 30 minutes. Then the medicine is filtered and filtered: decoctions - after 10 minutes. (hot), infusions - after complete cooling. Because infusions and decoctions quickly deteriorate; prepare them immediately before giving them to the patient, in quantities necessary for no more than 3-4 days.
Infusions and decoctions are most often prescribed orally in tablespoons. In addition, these dosage forms are also used externally for rinsing, washing, etc.
There is only one form of prescription for infusions and decoctions. After the name of the dosage form: Infusi... (Infusion...) or Decocti...(Decoction...) indicate the part of the plant from which the medicine is prepared (leaves, herb, root, etc.), the name of the plant, the amount of medicinal raw material and (through a dash) the total amount infusion or decoction. Then D.S.
For example:
Rp.: Infusi herbae Thermopsidis 0,5 – 200 ml
D. S. 1 tablespoon 4 times a day.
Galenic preparations - tinctures (Tinctura) and extracts (Extractum) – most often these are alcoholic extracts from plant medicinal raw materials. Tinctures prepared in a concentration of 1:5 or 1:10, and extracts: 1:1 or 1:2. Unlike infusions and decoctions, they can be stored for a long time, and therefore they are produced in factories according to certain technical standards. The recipes do not indicate the parts of the plants from which they are made, as well as their concentrations.
The prescription of tinctures begins with the name of the dosage form - Ticturae... (genus Tinctures...). Then indicate the name of the plant and the amount of tincture. This is followed by D.S.
For example:
Rp.: Tincturae Valerianae 25 ml
D. S. 25 drops 3 times a day.
Extracts, depending on consistency, are divided into liquid, thick and dry. Liquid extracts, like tinctures, are colored liquids. Thick – viscous masses with a moisture content of no more than 25%. Dry – loose masses with a moisture content of no more than 5%.
The prescription of extracts begins with the name of the dosage form - Extracti... (Extract...). Then follows the name of the plant and the type of extract must be indicated - Fluidi (liquid), spissi (thick), sicci (dry). Then indicate the amount of extract and D.S.
For example:
Rp.: Extracti Frangulae fluidi 25 ml
D. S. 25 drops at night.
Novogalenic drugs
New galenic preparations are extracts from plant medicinal raw materials, maximally freed from ballast substances (contain the sum of biologically active substances of plants) and suitable not only for oral administration, but also for parenteral administration. Each novogalenic drug has a special name. They are prepared in factories.
When prescribing a drug for oral administration, indicate its name, quantity and D.S.
For example:
Rp.: Adonisidi 15 ml
D. S. 15 drops 3 times a day.
Potions– mixtures of liquid or liquid and solid medicinal substances. The mixtures may be clear, cloudy, or even have sediment (the latter should be shaken before use). Medicines are prescribed mainly internally.
Medicines are prescribed in expanded or semi-abbreviated form. The recipe indicates all the components of the mixture and their quantities, followed by M.D.S. The word “potion” is not used in the recipe.
For example:
Rp.: Solutionis Natrii bromidi 2% - 180 ml
Coffeini-natrii benzoatis 0.6
M. D. S. 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.
Liniments (Linimentum) – dosage forms for external use. Most liniments are homogeneous mixtures in the form of thick liquids.
Liniments are most often written out in expanded copybook form. After listing the components of liniment and their quantities, write M.f. linimentum (Misce ut fiat linimentum – Eat to make liniment); followed by D.S.
For example:
Rp.: Chloroformi 20 ml
Olei Hyosciami 40 ml
M.f. linimentum
D. S. For rubbing joints
Liniments for industrial production are written out in abbreviated form.
For example:
Rp.: Linimenti Synthomicini 5% - 25 ml
D. S. Apply to the wound.
DOSAGE FORMS- convenient for use and storage states of medicines or medicinal raw materials, characterized by certain properties (composition, dosage, physical and chemical structure, geometric shape) and providing optimal therapeutic effect.
Modern pharmaceutical practice is characterized by a variety of medicines, which allows clinicians to choose the most rational of them in accordance with the patient’s condition and other factors.
There are classifications of L. f. based on different principles: by state of aggregation, method of administration and dispersion.
1. Classification by state of aggregation, the oldest and most widespread, divides L. f. into 4 groups: hard, soft, liquid and gaseous.
Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, granules, powders, preparations, capsules, and medicinal sticks. Tablets (Tabulettae) - dosed drug form obtained by pressing (or molding) drugs or their mixtures and excipients (Fig. 1, 2, 3): multilayer tablets - with layer-by-layer inclusion of various drugs; trituration tablets - small doses of drugs and diluents weighing up to 0.05 g, obtained by molding; film-coated tablets; implantation tablets - intended for introduction into the body with disruption of integrity skin. Dragee - dosed L. f. round shape, obtained by repeated layering (panning) of drugs and excipients onto granules (Fig. 1.7). Granules (Granulae) - homogeneous particles (grains, grains) of medicines, round, cylindrical or irregular shape size 0.2-0.3 mm. Powders (Pulveres) - L. f., possessing flowability. There are simple (single-component) powders, complex (two or more components), divided into separate doses and undivided. Collections (Species) - a mixture of several types of cut or crushed into coarse powder or whole medicinal raw materials, sometimes with the addition of other medicines (see Collections). Capsules (Capsulae) - dosed powdery, granular, less often liquid medicines enclosed in a shell of gelatin - gelatin capsules (Capsulae gelatinosae; Fig. 2), starch - starch capsules, wafers (Capsulae amylaceae, s. Oblatae; Fig. 3) or other biopolymer. Spansulae - a capsule whose contents are a certain amount of granules or microcapsules. Medicinal or medical pencils (Stili medicinales) are cylindrical sticks 4-8 mm thick and up to 10 cm long with a pointed or rounded end.
Solid dosage forms include medicinal films - L. f. in the form of a polymer film, eye films, replacing eye drops (see Medicinal films).
Soft dosage forms include ointments, patches, and suppositories. Ointments (Unguenta) - L. f. soft consistency for external use; ointments containing powdered substances St. 25% are called pastes (Pastae).
Plasters (Emplastra) - L. f. for external use in the form of a plastic mass that has the ability to adhere to the skin after softening at body temperature (see Plasters). Plasters of the same mass applied to a flat carrier are also used. Suppositories (Suppositoria) are dosed pharmaceutical forms that are solid at room temperature and melt (dissolve) at body temperature, intended for administration into body cavities. There are rectal suppositories - suppositories (Suppositoria rectalia; Fig. 4) and vaginal (Suppositoria vaginalia), often with spherical shape- balls (Globuli; Fig. 5), ovoid - ovule (Ovula), tongue-shaped flat body with a rounded end - pessaries (Pessaria), as well as sticks (Bacilli). Pills (Pilulae) - dosed L. f. in the form of balls weighing from 0.1 to 0.5 g, prepared from a homogeneous plastic mass containing drugs and excipients. Pills weighing more than 0.5 g are called boluses (Boli). Some authors classify suppositories and pills as solid drugs.
Liquid dosage forms include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, infusions, and decoctions. Solutions (Solutions) - L. f., obtained by dissolving one or more drugs; cover true, colloidal solutions and solutions of high-molecular compounds. Suspensions, or suspensions (Suspensiones), are liquid two-phase, coarse systems in which solid suspended in liquid and particle size ranges from 0.1 to 10 microns. Emulsions (Emulsa) - L. f., which are a two-phase system formed by liquids that are insoluble in each other. Infusions and decoctions (Infusa et Decocta) - aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials or water solutions extracts; differ from each other in the extraction mode. The group of aqueous extracts with high viscosity, as well as those prepared using starch, is given the name mucilage (Mucilagines). Liniments (Linimenta) are thick liquids or gelatinous masses. Liquid patches leave an elastic film when applied to the skin. In the terminological dictionary, approved as a single document by CMEA members at a meeting of experts on May 28-29, 1979, to L. f. include: medicinal syrups (Syrupi) - a solution of a medicinal substance in a concentrated sugar solution; tinctures (Tincturae) - alcohol, alcohol-water or alcohol-ether transparent extract from medicinal plant materials, obtained without heating and removing the extractant; extracts (Extracta) - concentrated extracts from medicinal plant materials. There are liquid extracts (fluida), thick extracts (spissa), dry extracts (sicca) and others, which are herbal preparations (see). Attribution of syrups, tinctures and extracts to L. f. This is not shared by a number of technologists.
Gaseous dosage forms are used by inhalation (Formae medicamentorum pro inhalationibus), in the form of gases, vapors and aerosols. Aerosol - L.f. in a special package (see Aerosol devices), which is a dispersed system in which the dispersion medium is a gas or a gas mixture, and the dispersed phase consists of solid or liquid particles of medicines (medicine aerosols).
This classification has not lost its meaning. It is convenient for the initial separation and systematization of pharmaceutical forms, and is used in training doctors and pharmacists and in statistical study and recipe analysis.
The state of aggregation determines to a certain extent the speed of action of the drug. (liquid drugs act faster than solid drugs, and gaseous drugs act faster than liquid drugs); The state of aggregation is also associated with the possibility of giving the medicine one form or another. However, the state of aggregation says little about the technological processes that were used in the preparation of one or another drug.
2. Classification by route of administration divides everything L. f. into two groups: enteral, administered through the gastrointestinal tract. tract, and parenteral, administered bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. tract.
Enteral dosage forms include drugs administered: a) orally (per os), include the most extensive group of drug forms - tablets, dragees, powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, infusions, decoctions, mucus, pills; b) sublingually (sub linguam) - tablets; c) rectally (per rectum) - suppositories.
Parenteral dosage forms include forms administered by injection (see Injection); on the skin - ointments, pastes, liniments, powders (powders); on mucous membranes shells - ointments, powders, solutions, drops, balls, ovules, pessaries - vaginally (per vaginam), sticks - urethral (per urethram); by inhalation, inhalation - gases, aerosols. For injections (Formae medicamentorum pro injectionibus), liquid sterile dosage forms are used. (solutions and suspensions) introduced into the body with damage to the integrity of the skin.
Depending on the method of application or dosage method of L. f. have special names. For example, to liquid L. f. include drops (Guttae), intended for use in the form of drops inside, eyes, ears, nose (see Drops), and mixtures (Mixturae) - liquid L. f. for internal use, dosed in tablespoons, dessert spoons and teaspoons. Some liquid L.f. are called rinses, lotions, poultices, rinses, powders - powders, powders. This classification is convenient for the doctor, since the doctor makes the decision on choosing the route of drug administration taking into account the patient’s condition and other circumstances. This classification also has technological significance, since the method of application determines, for example, the degree of dispersion of drugs, the preparation mode (aseptic preparation and sterilization of drug injections and eye drops).
3. Dispersological classification common in pharmacy. According to this classification, all L.f. are considered as dispersed physical-chemical. systems that have a certain internal structure and requiring for their preparation an appropriate sequence of operations in general scheme technol, process. Modern dispersological classification distinguishes two main groups: freely dispersed and coherently dispersed systems.
Freely dispersed systems include structureless systems in which particles of the dispersed phase are not associated with each other and move freely in a dispersion medium under the influence of heat or gravity. Depending on the properties of the dispersion medium, the following freely dispersed systems are distinguished: with a liquid dispersion medium (solutions, suspensions, emulsions, infusions, decoctions, mucus, liquid dosage forms for injection); with a gaseous dispersion medium (gas mixtures, aerosols, powders, mixtures). The essence of technological processes in these cases comes down to grinding, dissolving, peptization, suspension, emulsification.
Cohesively dispersed systems are systems in which particles of the dispersed phase are connected to each other and to the dispersion medium due to molecular, adsorption and other forces and form unique networks or frameworks. Depending on the properties of the dispersion medium and its connection with the phase of the L. f. This system can be divided into the following groups: with a viscous or solid medium (ointments, pastes, patches, suppositories, sticks, pills); with a solid dispersion medium (tablets, granules, pencils). The essence of technology and processes in the manufacture of L. f. this group comes down to phase dispersion, its uniform distribution in a dispersion environment and creating a structured system.
K L. f. a number of requirements are presented: compliance with physical-chemical. properties of their constituent substances, storage stability, speed and completeness of treatment. effect (quick or prolonged action - see Long-acting drugs), the ability to mask an unpleasant taste, the accuracy of dosing of drugs, ease of administration, simplicity and speed of production, etc. The greater the advantages of L. f., the longer it remains in practice. Some linear functions, widely used in the past, have not stood the test of time; eg: juleps (Julepia) - mixtures of medicinal substances in sugar solution in aromatic waters; lamellae (Lamellae) - thin gelatinous plates made of gelatin, glycerin and medicinal substances; porridge (Electuaria) - mixtures of powders and extracts with honey or syrups; cerates, or descents, are thick ointments, the prototype of modern pastes; lookhi - complex mixtures of evaporated extracts plant materials with honey and other remedies.
Among the relatively recently used L. f. These include lozenges, or cakes resembling tablets, rolled out from dough-like mixtures of medicines with sugar or chocolate mass and dried, as well as elixirs, essences, acetic preparations, smelling salts, etc.
In the 60-70s. 20th century New pharmaceutical forms, very promising medicinal films, have become widespread. Flavored dry suspensions and dry emulsions are stable and easy to transport - dry mixtures of powders of medicinal, corrective and emulsifying or suspending substances (they are suspended or emulsified immediately before administration). Many antibiotics, hormones, and vitamins are produced in this form. Much attention is devoted to the creation of L. f. with given properties, i.e. with a certain therapeutic focus. To such L. f. include spansules, granules and microcapsules of which are coated different shells, capable of dissolving (disintegrating) in a certain environment and through certain time. Many classic L. f. are intensively replaced by fast-acting inhalation drugs, primarily aerosols. Significant efforts of scientific and industrial institutions are aimed at creating children's medicines that provide an optimal therapeutic effect with a minimum of side effects, are easy to use, minimally traumatic for the child’s psyche, and have pleasant taste, smell and attractive appearance.
Pharmaceutical studies conducted in the 60s and 70s (see Biopharmacy) showed that the effect of drugs in to a large extent depends on the type of L. f. Thus, atropine sulfate, administered orally in the form of pills, is absorbed after 30-40 minutes, administered in the form of a powder, after 20-30 minutes, and when injected, after 1-3 minutes. The maximum concentration of amidopyrine in the body from suppositories and solution is created after 1 hour, from powder - after 2 hours, from solution with a corrective composition and tablets - after 4 hours.
Correctly selected L. f., thus, ensures the completeness of the action of the drug, and an unsuccessful one can reduce it, and sometimes even cause harm to the patient. Wherein great importance have methods for preparing L. f., the choice of bases, excipients and other additives. In the same L. f. you can get the effect of a drug of varying strength, and sometimes of various nature. For example, an introduction to L. f. small amounts of surfactants contribute to a sharp increase in absorption, and consequently, the potency of drugs; reverse effect- obtaining an inactive form - replacement gives lard petroleum jelly in ointment with potassium iodide, the effect of which can manifest itself only after absorption of the ointment.
When choosing L. f. should also be guided by physical-chemical. properties of the drug, the degree of its stability, the condition and age of the patient, the possibility of using the drug depending on the conditions surrounding the patient, etc. Solutions, for example, are well dosed and convenient to take, but many drugs in dissolved form are unstable when storage (infusions, decoctions, mucus, emulsions), and therefore the quantities prescribed to the patient should not exceed the three-day requirement (subject to storage in a cool place - preferably in the refrigerator). Powders and tablets are dosed more accurately than solutions, but they are not recommended for use in patients with inflammatory or ulcerative processes of gastrointestinal tract. tract, with impaired swallowing, unconscious patients, young children. For children, liquid and soft L. f. are preferable. For those suffering from chronic diseases, it is advisable to prescribe medications in the form of tablets, dragees, pills, which can be carried with you and taken in any conditions. When prescribing medications internally, care must be taken to improve their taste. For patients who cannot take oral dosage forms, a rectal route of drug administration is recommended, which eliminates side effects such as nausea, vomiting, etc. Injection dosage forms. provide speed of action, dosage accuracy, and the ability to administer to a patient in an unconscious state.
Until recently, most L. f. were prepared in pharmacies. Currently, factory production of the so-called predominates. ready-made L. f. according to approved standard recipes. Introduction into medicine practice of ready-made L. f. improved the quality of medicines, relieved pharmacies of unproductive labor and speeded up the receipt of medicines by patients. Nowadays, pharmacies prepare only medicines according to individual prescriptions, as well as unstable pharmaceutical forms, for example, infusions, decoctions, mucus, emulsions, etc.
In veterinary medicine, basically the same pharmaceutical forms are used, and they are subject to the same requirements in terms of manufacturing technology, release and storage. There are differences in the dosages of active ingredients, the total volume (quantity) of drugs prescribed and dispensed, and in the methods of their use. Most convenient in the vet. in practice, the capsules are gelatinous and predominantly elastic; boluses weighing from 0.5 to 50 g, for the production of which rye flour, crumb rye bread; porridge - soft L. f. for internal use, formerly common in honey. practice. The formative substances used in the production of porridges are licorice and marshmallow root powders, flaxseed and rye flour, sugar syrup, honey, molasses, carrot juice, vegetable oils and etc.
Bibliography: Muravyov I. A. Medicine technology, M., 1971; Tentsova A.I. and Azhgikhin I.S. Dosage form and therapeutic effectiveness of drugs, M., 1974, bibliogr.
A. Y. Tentsova.
Motivation: Knowledge of the characteristics and rules for prescribing solid, soft and liquid dosage forms allows a medical professional to competently prescribe a drug in the appropriate dosage form, depending on the nature of the pathological process.
In the previous lecture, you learned what is called a dosage form. Medicinal substances in pure form most often they are powders and cannot always be used as medicines. For ease of use, dosage forms are prepared from medicinal substances. Various dosage forms can be made from one drug substance, each of which has its own advantages in treatment certain disease. For example, medicinal product Diclofenac is available in the form of tablets, injection solution, eye drops, ointment, gel, suppositories, and patches. Depending on the physical condition Traditionally, it is customary to divide all dosage forms into solid, liquid and soft.
Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, etc.
Powder(Pulvis) is a dosage form consisting of one or more dry substances in crushed form. Powders can be divided into separate doses (in which case each powder is individually packaged) or sold in bulk - undivided. If the powder contains one substance, it is called simple; if it consists of two or more substances, it is called complex. Powders are intended for internal, external or injection (after dissolution) use; there are also powders for inhalation. The mass of dosed powder, manufactured according to individual recipes, should be 0.1-1.0. When the dose is less than 0.1, indifferent substances are added to the composition, most often sugar ( Saccharum). Positive qualities of powders: high pharmacological activity associated with fine grinding of medicinal substances, portability and greater storage stability compared to liquid dosage forms, ease of manufacture compared to tablets and dragees, the ability to regulate the degree of dispersion, versatility of the composition (powders may contain inorganic and organic substances, including including plant and animal origin, as well as small amounts of liquid and viscous substances). The negative qualities of powders include the slower action of medicinal substances compared to solutions, since powders must dissolve before being absorbed; some substances in powders can change properties under the influence environment: a) lose water of crystallization (sodium sulfate, sodium tetraborate, etc.); b) absorb carbon dioxide from the air, turning into other compounds (magnesium oxide turns into magnesium carbonate); c) change under the influence of atmospheric oxygen (oxidation of ascorbic acid); d) absorb moisture from the air (dampening of diphenhydramine, analgin, dry belladonna extract); e) form “eutectic” mixtures that self-melt at room temperature, the melting point of which is lower than the temperature
melting of the components included in its composition (eutectics easily form menthol, thymol, phenyl salicylate, resorcinol, etc.); some medicinal substances in the form of powders have an irritating effect on the mucous membrane (potassium and sodium bromides, etc.), medicinal substances that have a bitter taste, are odorous and coloring, are inconvenient and unpleasant to take, powders can acquire an extraneous odor by adsorbing odorous vapors substances.
Powders for inhalation are a type of inhalation dosage forms that are produced in special packaging and dosing devices or are dosed in capsules. Before inhalation, such capsules are mechanically destroyed by the patient himself in a special inhaler to release the powder.
An example of a simple powder:
Rp.: Streptocidi 10.0
D.S.: For powdering wounds 2 times a day.
An example of dispensing a complex powder:
Rp.: Dibasoli 0.02
S.: 1 powder 3 times a day before meals.
Tablet(Tabuletta) is a solid dosage form obtained by pressing or molding one or more medicinal and auxiliary substances. To give the tablet certain qualities, various fillers can be added to the medicinal substances. To improve consumer qualities, tablets are coated with coatings that make them easier to swallow and hide bad taste, which is especially important for children and the elderly. In addition, the shells protect the tablet from exposure external environment and, conversely, protect the mucous membrane of the mouth, esophagus and stomach from the damaging effects of the drug. Instantly dissolving tablets (solutabs), tablets of prolonged action and with the effect of slow release of medicinal substances have been created, which is achieved by using special coatings or binding additional components. The tablets are intended for external, enteral and parenteral use. The advantages of tablets include ease of use by the patient, ease of transportation, ease of storage (compared to powders, tablets are less susceptible to moisture, air and light), accuracy of dosing of medicinal substances introduced into tablets in mass production conditions, the possibility of prescribing medicinal substances in tablets, destructive acting on tooth enamel, regulating the sequential absorption of individual medicinal substances from the tablet complex composition(multilayer tablets), prolonged action of medicinal substances, small volume (portability), less discomfort from the bitter or unpleasant taste or smell of the medicinal substance. At the same time, drugs in the form of tablets begin to act more slowly than drugs in the form of powders and solutions, since the tablets must first disintegrate before the drugs begin to dissolve and be absorbed into the body; when storing tablets for a long time, chemical changes may occur in them; in some cases, tablets lose their ability to disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract; tablets can cause mechanical or chemical irritation of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract; tablets cannot be prescribed to children and people who cannot swallow them or have lost this ability ability for one reason or another.
An example of a tablet dosage form:
Rp.: Tramadoli 0.1
D.t.d.N. 20 in tab.
Rp.: Tab. Tramadoli 0.1
S.: 1 tablet orally for pain.
Dragee(Dragee) is a solid dosage form obtained by repeated layering of medicinal and excipients on sugar granules. This process is called panning. The dragees have a regular spherical shape. Positive and negative qualities dragees are similar to those of tablets. Dragees allow you to hide the unpleasant taste of medicinal substances, reduce their irritating effect, and protect against the influence of external factors. They are easier to produce than tablets, but in this dosage form it is difficult to ensure the accuracy of dosing of medicinal substances, to ensure their disintegration in the required time frame, and the rapid release of medicinal substances. Dragees are not recommended for children. Considering all of the above, this dosage form is not promising.
Sample statement:
Rp.: Dr. Aminazini 0.025
S.: 1 tablet 3 times a day.
Capsule- dosage form, which is a powder, granular, paste, semi-liquid and liquid medicinal substance enclosed in a shell (made of gelatin, starch or other biopolymer), intended for enteral or parenteral use.
Sample statement:
Rp.: Caps. Gozerelini 0.0036
S.: 1 capsule subcutaneously once a month.
Granule(Granula) - a solid dosage form in the form of a homogeneous particle (grain, grain) of round, cylindrical or irregular shape, containing a mixture of medicinal and excipients, intended for internal use, 0.2-0.3 mm in size. Granulation can increase the stability of dampening substances, as well as promote faster dissolution and improve the taste of some complex powders. Using granules, you can combine substances that react with each other. All this makes it possible to use them in pediatrics.
Sample statement:
Rp.: Dr. Ac. valproici 0.25
S.: 1 sachet dissolved in 1/2 glass of juice, 2 times a day.
If the granules are coated with a shell (film), you get microdragees. It is possible to obtain microdragees with different release times of medicinal substances, which is achieved by coating different shells, painted in different colors. If then the resulting microdragees or granules, uncoated and coated with different times of drug release, are mixed in the appropriate ratio and the solids are filled with this mixture gelatin capsules, you get a dosage form called spansula. In the prescription, this dosage form will be prescribed as a capsule.
Pastilles and caramel(lollipops) (Caramela) – these are larger in size pharmacological agents. They are prepared from thickened sugar with molasses, introducing active ingredients into the caramel mass. Lozenges are widely used in the treatment of diseases of the upper respiratory tract.
Glossets(Glossetes) are a dosage form in the form of small tablets. Designed for transbuccal or sublingual use.
Films and records ( Membranulae et Lamellae ) are special dosage forms in which medicinal substances are placed on a polymer base. As a rule, these drugs are placed on the mucous membranes, where they slowly dissolve and ensure gradual absorption of drugs. Their therapeutic feature consists in increasing the time of local pharmacological action, which reduces the likelihood of side effects.
Pencils- a solid dosage form obtained by melting drugs and having the shape of cylinders with a pointed end on one side. Used to lubricate the skin and mucous membranes in order to obtain an astringent and cauterizing effect, for example, a hemostatic pencil.
Depending on the consistency, degree of viscosity and elasticity, soft dosage forms include the following: ointments (Unguentum); creams (Crem); gels (Gel); pasta (Pasta); liniments (Linimentum); suppositories (Suppositorium); soft gelatin capsules (Capsula); plasters (Emplastrum).
The bases for the production of soft dosage forms are pork fat, lanolin, spermaceti, yellow wax, vegetable oils, petroleum jelly, Vaseline oil, petroleum (naftalan) refined, synthetic substances. The base, depending on its composition, may affect the bioavailability and therapeutic effect medicinal substance.
Ointments is a soft dosage form for local application, intended for application to skin, wounds or mucous membranes. They represent the most optimal dosage form in which you can combine components that differ in chemical nature, states of aggregation, purposes and biological activity. This is explained by the fact that in a viscous ointment base, physicochemical processes (hydrolysis, oxidation, etc.) proceed much more slowly.
Sample statement:
Rp.: Ung. Diclofenaci 1% -30.0
S.: Rub into the area of the knee joints 2 times a day.
Creams is a soft dosage form for topical use, which is a two- or multiphase dispersed system. Creams are ointments of soft consistency, which are emulsions such as oil in water or water in oil.
Gels is a soft dosage form for local or internal use, which is a single-, two-, or multi-phase dispersed system with a liquid dispersion medium. In this dosage form, gelling agents can additionally act as stabilizers for dispersed systems: suspensions or emulsions. Such gels may be called suspension gels and emulgels, respectively. Gels are a special type of ointments, which are usually prepared on the basis of polymer carriers (polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, etc.).
Pastes is a soft dosage form for local and internal use. They are suspensions containing significant amounts of solid dispersed phase (at least 25%), which is evenly distributed in the base. If the medicinal substances included in the paste are less than 25%, then the missing amount is supplemented with indifferent powders such as starch, talc or zinc oxide. Pastes are used mainly for the treatment of affected, weeping areas of the skin as an anti-inflammatory drying agent, as well as in dentistry. Bases for ointments, creams and gels are used as bases for pastes. Unlike ointments, pastes contain a larger amount of powdery components and therefore have a thicker consistency, which allows them to stay on the surface longer.
Liniments(or liquid ointments) is a soft dosage form for external use, which is a thick liquid or gelatinous mass that melts at body temperature and is applied by rubbing into the skin. These may include ointments, creams, gels and pastes that have this property.
The advantages of liniments include their high biological activity, ease of application to the skin and rapid absorption. The disadvantages of liquid ointments are the low stability of some of them and the inconvenience of transportation.
Suppositories- These are dosage soft dosage forms that remain solid at room temperature and melt or dissolve at body temperature. Suppositories are used for administration into body cavities.
They can be general or local. Suppositories general action designed for rapid absorption of active substances into the blood. Local action suppositories are used mainly for the purpose of local impact a medicinal substance for a particular inflammatory process, to relieve pain, etc. Based on the place of application, suppositories are divided into three groups: rectal, vaginal and sticks. Rectal suppositories inserted into the rectum, vaginal suppositories
inserted into the vagina, sticks are inserted into urethra, cervix, auditory canal, fistula and wound passages.
Advantages of using suppositories: rapid absorption, high bioavailability, possibility of use in an unconscious patient and in case of injury upper sections digestive tract.
Flaws: high consumption forming material (base), the need for strict adherence to storage conditions (ambient temperature, humidity); difficulties in varying drug dosages; psychological side of the issue.
Sample statement:
Rp.: Supp. Nistatini 500000 ED
S.: 1 suppository in the vagina 5 times a day.
Soft gelatin capsules is a dosed soft dosage form consisting of a drug enclosed in a shell.
Plasters is a soft dosage form for external use that has the ability to adhere to the skin. The patches have an effect on the skin, subcutaneous tissues and, in some cases, overall impact on the body. At room temperature, the plaster mass in appearance is a dense homogeneous mixture consisting of medical natural or synthetic rubber, fat-like substances, natural oils, fillers, antioxidants and medicinal substances. At body temperature, the plaster mass softens and becomes sticky.
Liquid dosage forms include solutions, infusions, tinctures, extracts, emulsions, suspensions, mixtures, mucus.
Advantages of liquid dosage forms:
Drugs in liquid dosage forms are in dissolved or crushed form, which facilitates and accelerates absorption, causing the onset of more quick effect than when taking drugs in other forms, for example, solid ones.
Take liquid dosage forms for internal use more convenient than, for example, tablets that must be swallowed without chewing and washed down with liquid.
Disadvantages of liquid dosage forms:
Most liquid dosage forms are unstable during storage, have a shorter shelf life compared to other dosage forms, and are more susceptible to environmental factors.
During long-term storage of the drug in liquid dosage form, the concentration of active substances may change due to evaporation of the solvent.
The method of dosing liquid dosage forms is not entirely accurate, because... the patient independently doses the drug (drops, spoons, etc.).
Solutions(Solutions) is a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving a medicinal substance (solid or liquid) in some liquid (solvent). Purified water is most often used as a solvent, less often - ethanol, glycerin and liquid oils. Depending on the solvent used, solutions are divided into aqueous, alcoholic, and oily. According to the method of administration, solutions are divided into solutions for internal use, solutions for external use and solutions for injections.
Solutions for internal use are prepared with purified water, prescribed for 3-4 days and stored in the refrigerator. Such solutions are measured in tbsp, dl, tsp, in graduated cups, and also in drops.
Solutions for external use include solutions that are used as eye and ear drops, nasal drops, as well as solutions for douching, rinsing, lotions, etc. Drops are prescribed in quantities of 5-10 ml, solutions for other purposes - 50-1000 ml. The following requirements apply to eye drops: sterility; absence of mechanical inclusions; comfort (isotonicity, isohydricity, isoionicity); chemical stability and prolonged action.
Sample statement:
Rp.: Natrii bromidi 3% - 200 ml
D.S. 10 drops 2 times a day with meals.
Rp.: Sol. Ketoroli 3%-1 ml
D. S. 1 ml intramuscularly for pain.
Suspensions- liquid dosage forms, which are dispersion systems in which relatively large solid particles of the drug (dispersed phases) are suspended in a liquid (dispersion medium) - water, glycerin, liquid oils. Suspensions, like colloidal solutions, are heterogeneous systems, but unlike them, they are turbid liquids, the particles of which are visible under a microscope. These particles do not dialyze or diffuse. Suspensions are formed in the following cases: a) if the drugs do not dissolve in water (for example, sulfur, camphor); b) if the solubility limit of substances is too high (for example, in water - boric acid at a concentration of more than 5%)); c) if drugs are prescribed that are individually soluble, but form insoluble compounds during interaction (for example, when calcium chloride interacts with glycyrrazic acid in a solution of a chest elixir). When preparing suspensions, the solid substance is first crushed to a finely dispersed state, then dispersed many times in ultrasonic and other installations. Suspensions are prescribed for external and internal use. Some sterile suspensions can be administered intramuscularly or into body cavities.
The use of medicinal substances in the form of suspensions has a number of advantages.
The introduction of insoluble substances in a finely divided state into a liquid dispersion medium makes it possible to obtain a larger total surface area of the solid phase and thereby provide a better therapeutic effect than when using powders and tablets.
Medicinal substances used in the form of suspensions, as a rule, have a prolonged effect compared to medicinal substances used in the form of solutions. This is important for, for example, a substance such as an insulin suspension. When prescribing a suspension in a recipe, it is noted in the signature - “Shake before use.”
Emulsions- a liquid dosage form, which is a two-phase dispersed system consisting of mutually insoluble liquids, intended for internal or external use. The dispersion medium in the emulsion is water, and the dispersed phase is water-insoluble liquids (fatty or essential oils, balms and other substances). When using drugs in the form of emulsions, their effect on the body is significantly accelerated, which is explained large area free surface of the crushed substance, increasing the possibility of its interaction with tissues. The fragmentation of the substance helps to increase its adsorbing properties. Positive qualities emulsions as a dosage form are its ability to mask the unpleasant taste of fatty oils and certain substances, and to soften the irritating effect of the drugs used on the mucous membranes.
Slime- a thick viscous liquid resulting from the dissolution or swelling of crushed medicinal raw materials in water, containing mucous substances. Mucus is used for external or internal use to reduce the irritating effect of drugs on the tissues of the patient’s body, as well as enveloping agents for burns and inflammatory processes.
Galenic preparations- these are extracts from plant materials obtained by heating or dissolving the corresponding extracts. New galenic preparations are obtained as a result of special processing with a high degree of purification of drugs.
Tinctures ( Tincturae) is a liquid dosage form, which is an alcoholic extract from medicinal plant materials, obtained without heating and removing the extractant. Tinctures are clear, colored liquids that have the taste and smell of the plants from which they are prepared. Tinctures are intended for internal and external use; tinctures are divided into simple and complex.
Extracts(Extracta) - a dosage form, which is a concentrated extract from medicinal plant materials, intended for internal or external use. The process of obtaining extracts is associated with the right choice extractants, which use water, ethanol, organic solvents, vegetable and mineral oils. Based on consistency, there are liquid extracts, thick extracts, and dry extracts. Liquid extracts are colored liquids; Ethyl alcohol is used as an extractant (usually 70%); concentration of liquid extracts is 1:1. Thick extracts are viscous masses with a moisture content of no more than 25%, and dry extracts are loose masses with a moisture content of no more than 5%. Thick and dry extracts have more high concentration, - than liquid ones. Liquid extracts, like tinctures, are dosed in drops; dry and thick extracts - in units of mass and are prescribed in capsules, powders, suppositories, tablets.
Infusions and decoctions(Infusa et Decocta) are aqueous extracts from medicinal raw materials, differing in the extraction mode. Infusions are most often prepared from leaves, flowers, herbs, i.e. from soft parts of plants. The crushed medicinal raw materials are placed in a preheated infusion vessel, filled with a certain amount of purified water at room temperature and heated in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes. Then the infusion is cooled at room temperature, filtered and purified water is added to the prescribed volume of liquid. Decoctions are prepared from solid parts of plants (roots, rhizomes, bark, tubers), following a technology similar to that used for preparing infusions. The raw material is heated in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring for 45 minutes and filtered (while hot). The rest of the raw material is squeezed out. The volume of the decoction is adjusted to the desired volume using purified water. Infusions and decoctions are used internally and externally (for lotions, compresses, rinses), as well as for enemas. Infusions and decoctions quickly decompose, so they are prescribed for 3-4 days and are recommended to be stored in the refrigerator.
A liquid dosage form for rectal administration is called a dosage form enema. The volume of the medicinal enema should not be very large, otherwise you can get a laxative effect, so 50-60 ml is usually taken for 1 dose. To reduce the laxative effect of the enema, mucus is introduced into its composition. Solutions, suspensions, emulsions, infusions and decoctions can be used in the form of enemas. The enema is administered using a syringe.
Potions– a liquid dosage form, which is a mixture of various drugs dissolved in a liquid or suspended in it. Purified water, and sometimes infusions and decoctions, are used as a solvent in the preparation of potions. The mixtures can be clear, cloudy, or even have sediment. The mixture should be shaken before use. Medicines are prescribed mainly internally, dosed with spoons. Prepared in pharmacy conditions, shelf life 3-4 days.
Balms(Balsama) - liquids obtained from plants and having an aromatic odor, antiseptic and deodorizing properties.
Syrups(Sirupi) - thick, transparent, sweet liquids for oral administration, which are a solution of a medicinal substance in a concentrated sugar solution.
Sample statement:
Rp.: Sir. Broncholytini - 125.0
D.S. 2 teaspoons 3 times a day after meals.
Aerosols(Aerosolum) - a dosage form that is a solution, emulsion, suspension of medicinal substances contained in a can under pressure along with a propellant. To release the contents, the can contains a valve-spray system, dosing or non-dosing. Topical aerosols have a non-dispensing system with a continuous valve. They are used to irrigate mucous membranes or skin. An aerosol that releases its contents using air is called a “spray.”
