Determination of the level of the physical condition of the individual. Methods for determining physical health
This is a complex, complex, individual concept. A healthy child and a healthy adult are characterized by completely different indicators. Two people of the same sex and age can have very different health. This is a well-known fact, in all ages people have been characterized as having " good health or poor health. Moreover, one and the same person's health is not at the same constant level, but is subject to some cyclical and non-cyclical fluctuations. Remember, for example, any segment of your life when you were healthy from the point of view of medicine (that is, you did not take sick leave, attended classes at the university), for sure on some days you were cheerful and active, and on others - everything “fell out of hand”, on some days they ate with appetite, and sometimes they lost their appetite. Quite often in everyday life we say: “Probably I got sick,” but we still don’t find objective indicators to take a sick leave. How to evaluate and how to measure human health? And does it need to be done?
The idea of measuring health healthy people implies the following goals:
Predict the risk of a disease.
To identify in the human body "weak links" - target organs.
Evaluate the effectiveness of recreational activities.
Have objective criteria for selecting people of a certain level of health for special purposes (service in the army, pilots, astronauts, etc.).
Measuring the level of health implies the possibility of adequate intervention to improve it.
To determine the quantity and quality of health, valeology uses - this is an assessment of the psychophysiological development and condition of the subject, his adaptive capabilities, heredity.
Health diagnostics involves the measurement and evaluation of various psychophysiological parameters, which should be characterized by:
safety for the patient;
objectivity;
quantitative assessments;
diagnostic efficiency.
The diagnostic effectiveness of various health indicators is currently not generally recognized, since there is no generally accepted technology for diagnosing health. V. V. Vlasov (1998) notes that there is not even general ideas about the possible scale of measurements. If we imagine a certain scale of “states of health”, then only the lowest extreme point is obvious on it - death. The second, less strictly defined, is the zero point, the occurrence of a chronic disease. Above it is the part of the scale corresponding to health. At the bottom of the scale, the systematic division of the scale is difficult, since it is difficult to rank disease states taking into account all possible external criteria (working capacity, social adaptation, degree of suffering). At the same time, indices are created and applied to assess the degree of impairment of somatic, mental, and social functions of a person. These indices can be specific (focused on assessing a defect from a certain disease, as, for example, for coronary heart disease - functional classes of the New York Heart Association) or non-specific, aimed at assessing the total defect in a person's life, regardless of specific disease(McMaster index, Nottingham Health Profile).
In the part of the health scale above zero, the problems are even more difficult. Ideas about health are so vague that different authors evaluate health as a level, as a quality, and as a process. The very division of the part of the scale below “health” into the area of “illness” is a simplification, according to V. V. Vlasov (1998). It follows from the ancient ideas about the separation of the disease from the person, about the “acquisition” of the disease by him. G. Engel, suggests that there is no "health" and "illness", but there is a single scale, as for temperature, where 0 is near death, and there is no upper limit.
Valeological diagnostics proceeds from the fact that the most important criteria for health are the achieved level of physical, mental, and social development of a person.
Grade physical development human is carried out with the help of anthropometric studies. The assessment of physical development in children of the first year of life is of paramount importance; during this period of ontogenesis, physical development (height, weight, number of teeth, development of the bone skeleton, motor skills) directly reflects the level of health. The achieved level of physical development should provide an adequate functional state of the body, i.e. a certain level of intensity and stability of the work of its organs and systems.
Physical development is understood as the implementation of genetic programs for the formation of the morphophysiological properties of the body under the influence of various factors: climate, diet and lifestyle, social environment and etc.
The level of physical development is assessed by a set of methods, the results of which are compared with age and sex standards.
Methods for studying the level of physical development:
Somatometric - body length, body weight, chest circumference, etc.
Somatoscopic - condition skin, the degree of development of the subcutaneous fat layer, the state of the musculoskeletal system (joint mobility, the development of the muscle layer), the degree of sexual development.
Physiometric - vital capacity, muscle strength, pulse rate, value blood pressure.
One of the indicators of physical health is physical - the ability to withstand the maximum load in static, dynamic or mixed work. To assess physical performance, ergometric (the amount of work done) and physiological (usually the state of of cardio-vascular system) indicators. According to the theory of adaptation, the cardiovascular system is an indicator of the adaptive capabilities of the whole organism, therefore, indicators of the cardiovascular system are considered as the main ones in assessing the level of health. The rate of response of heart rate and blood pressure to exercise are indicators widely used for rapid assessment of dynamic health.
Learn more about specific methods anthropometric research can be in the textbooks "Practical work on physiology".
As the main components of a person's mental health, they distinguish: at the stage of personality formation - the level of development of mental processes (attention, memory, thinking); for an adult - the possibility of ensuring social adaptation.
In valeological practice, SAN tests, the Spielberger-Khanin reactive and personal anxiety test, and the Luscher color test are widely used to determine mental health.
The high characteristics of anxiety revealed during the study or reduced indicators of mood and well-being, which are also noted during repeated examinations, give grounds for the conclusion that there is a traumatic factor in the psycho-social sphere or in the body. The determination of the extremeness of mental characteristics is based on a comparison of the measured parameter with statistical standards (literary standard or standard obtained for the corresponding group in specific conditions).
The social health of an individual can be determined using questionnaires that reflect social status person, as well as with the help of tests that reveal a person's satisfaction with his life. Currently widespread
Methods for assessing the quantity and quality of health, integral health indicators were received by A. Antonovsky's questionnaire "Assessment of social well-being and personal stability" (according to Aizman, 1999), which allows assessing the level of mutual understanding with people, meaningfulness of life, faith in a better future. The Goldberg Daba index evaluates satisfaction with work, leisure, sleep, and communication. Health models that take into account the physical, mental health, and subjective satisfaction of a person by their condition are called two-dimensional, since they take into account the quantity and quality of health.
Health is assessed on many grounds, but the analysis of individual indicators does not provide a holistic view. In addition, the use of many features separately is inconvenient. It is necessary to integrate data in order to obtain a total quantitative indicator - the health index. At present, aggregate health indices are being actively developed - a multivariate analysis of a set of signs by means of arbitrary mathematical operations (summation, multiplication, ranking, etc.) is reduced to a single indicator. The advantage of such indices is the ease of interpretation, ease of use for mass surveys, the disadvantage is the loss of some information when summing up the features. An example of an aggregate index widely used in medicine is the Apgar scale for assessing the health of newborn babies. An example of an aggregate health index applicable for mass valeological examinations is the method proposed by G. L. Apanasenko and R. G. Naumenko (1988). The technique is based on the relationship between general endurance and the volume of physiological reserves.
Many scientists develop an integral indicator of health based on their own theoretical models, which allow measuring a small number of signs, but only those that, according to the authors, reflect the level of health.
Lecture 2 Modern views about human health
Plan
Basic concepts.
Health statistics for children and adolescents.
Some methods for assessing the level of health.
According to the WHO: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
Physiologists believe that health is a dynamic process associated with the body's ability to adapt to constantly changing conditions of the external and internal environment, ensuring normal life.
One of the most important indicators of health is the level of functional development of the leading systems of the human body.
Functional state - a state of a person, characterized by the efficiency of the body systems.
Disease - (Latin morbus) - is arising in response to the action of pathogenic factors disruption of normal life, working capacity, socially useful activity, the lifespan of an organism And his the ability to adapt to constantly changing conditions of external and internal environments while activating protective-compensatory-adaptive reactions and mechanisms.
According to G. Selye about the general adaptation syndrome, the disease is a tension (“stress”) that occurs in the body when it is exposed to an extreme stimulus.
There are the following periods of illness:
1. Latent, or latent (for infectious diseases - incubation), - the period between the onset of exposure to the pathogen and the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. It can last from a few seconds (for example, when poisoning with strong poisons) to tens of years (for example, with leprosy).
2. Prodromal period - the period of the appearance of the first signs of the disease, which may be of an indefinite non-specific nature (fever, weakness, general malaise) or in some cases be typical for this disease(for example, Filatov-Koplik spots with measles).
3. The period of full development of the disease, the duration of which ranges from several days to tens of years (tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy).
4. The period of completion of the disease (recovery, convalescence) can proceed quickly, critically (see Crisis) or gradually, lytically (see Lysis). Depending on the duration of the course and the speed of growth and disappearance of the manifestations of the disease, acute and chronic are distinguished. Accession to the main manifestations of the disease additional changes, not related to the immediate cause of the disease, but developing as a result of its course, is called a complication. It can occur at the height of the disease and after its main manifestations have passed. Complications aggravate the disease, and sometimes cause an unfavorable outcome. The outcome of the disease can be: complete recovery, recovery with residual effects, persistent changes in organs, sometimes the emergence of new forms of the disease in the form of long-term consequences and death. Death as the end of the disease can come suddenly, after a brief agony, or gradually, through a more or less prolonged agonal state.
In cases of insufficient reactivity of the body, the disease can become chronic.
Human health is half dependent on lifestyle, 10% - health care, 20% - ecology and heredity.
Lifestyle - a certain type of people's life, which includes various activities, this is the behavior of people in everyday life.
Includes the following categories.
Quantitative indicators.
Living conditions - the conditions that determine the way of life. They can be tangible and intangible (work, life, family relationships, education, food, etc.).
The standard of living (well-being) is determined by the size of the gross domestic product, national income, real incomes of the population, provision of housing, medical care, and indicators of the population's health.
Qualitative indicators - the quality of the conditions in which the daily life of people is carried out (the quality of housing conditions, nutrition, education, medical care).
Quality of life is the degree of satisfaction of a person with various aspects of his life, depending on his own scale of values and personal priorities.
The relationship between the quality of life and the standard of living is not directly proportional. For example, due to a serious illness in a person with a very high level of well-being, the quality of life can be significantly reduced.
Way of life - order, regulations of work, life, public life within which people live.
Lifestyle - individual features of human behavior in everyday life.
A healthy lifestyle is a way of life of an individual with the aim of preventing diseases and promoting health.
Healthy lifestyle is a concept of human life, aimed at improving and maintaining health through appropriate nutrition, physical training, morale and rejection of bad habits.
The health of children and adolescents in any society and in any socio-economic and political situations is an urgent problem and a matter of priority, as it determines the future of the country, the gene pool of the nation, the scientific and economic potential of society and, along with other demographic indicators, is a sensitive barometer socio-economic development of the country.
In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, the health of schoolchildren is one of the priority areas of state policy in the field of education. IN modern conditions The school performs not only an educational function, but also takes care of preserving and strengthening the health of children, since everyone passes through the school and the problem of preserving and strengthening health must be solved here.
However, dynamic surveillance the state of health of the child population, especially schoolchildren, reveals a persistent trend of deterioration in health indicators; the specific gravity decreases healthy schoolchildren with a simultaneous increase in chronic forms of diseases when moving from class to class in the learning process, the health index decreases.
Despite close attention to the issues of improving the health of the younger generation and existing laws, the number of healthy children, according to the Research Institute for Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents Science Center children's health Russian Academy medical sciences, decreased by three times. According to statistics, the prevalence of pathology and morbidity among children aged three to 17 years is increasing by four to five percent annually.
Only ten percent of the total number of students can be called healthy, while the remaining 90 percent have problems and deviations in physical, psychological, and nervous development. According to statistics in our country, the health index decreases from year to year and the overall incidence of children and adolescents increases. Of particular concern in this regard is the very nature of diseases, which are changing towards chronic non-infectious ones: allergic, cardiovascular, oncological, neuropsychiatric, diseases of the respiratory system, vision, hearing, etc.
In the structure of chronic diseases of modern adolescents, diseases of the digestive system began to occupy the first place. Their share doubled (from 10.8 percent to 20.3 percent). The proportion of chronic diseases of the nervous system increased 4.5 times (from 3.8 percent to 17.3 percent). Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are still in third place, while the proportion of chronic diseases of the upper respiratory tract has halved, moving from first to fourth place. Gynecological pathology in high school girls began to occupy the sixth ranking place.
Among functional disorders Disorders of the circulatory system are “leading” (25 percent), disorders of the musculoskeletal system (17 percent) began to take second place. In third place are endocrine and metabolic disorders (up to 14 percent). Indicators characterizing the physical performance and physical fitness of modern adolescents are significantly (20–25 percent) lower than those of their peers of the 80–90s, as a result of which about half of the graduates of grade 11 boys and up to 75 percent of girls are not able to fulfill the standards physical fitness.
official statistics continues to ominously testify to the deteriorating health of students in schools.
The Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents of the SCCH RAMS notes that the features of negative changes in children's health in recent years are the following:
A significant decrease in the number of absolutely healthy children. Thus, among students their number does not exceed 10-12%.
The rapid growth in the number of functional disorders and chronic diseases. Over the past 10 years, in all age groups, the frequency of functional disorders has increased by 1.5 times, chronic diseases- 2 times. Half of schoolchildren aged 7–9 and more than 60% of high school students have chronic diseases.
Structure change chronic pathology. The proportion of diseases of the digestive system doubled, 4 times the share of diseases of the musculoskeletal system (scoliosis, osteochondrosis, complicated forms of flat feet), three times - diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.
Increasing the number of students with multiple diagnoses. Schoolchildren aged 7–8 years have an average of 2 diagnoses, 10–11 years old - 3 diagnoses, 16–17 years old - 3–4 diagnoses, and 20% of high school adolescents have a history of 5 or more functional disorders and chronic diseases
There are several reasons for this situation and many of them are related to the school. The main school-related risk factors for the formation of the health of schoolchildren, first of all, include non-compliance with sanitary and epidemiological well-being in educational institutions, malnutrition, non-compliance with hygienic standards for study and rest, sleep and exposure to air. Volume curricula, their informative saturation often does not correspond to the functional and age capabilities of schoolchildren. Up to 80% of students constantly or periodically experience academic stress. All this, combined with a decrease in the duration of sleep and walks, a decrease physical activity, has a negative effect on developing organism. Also, low physical activity is detrimental to health. Its deficit is already in lower grades is 35-40 percent, and among high school students - 75-85 percent.
To a large extent, the unfavorable health of schoolchildren arises from an insufficient level of literacy in matters of preserving and strengthening the health of the students themselves and their parents. In addition, a significant reason for the deterioration in the health of schoolchildren (high school students) are harmful factors - smoking, alcohol, and early onset of sexual activity.
Review questions
Modern concepts of human health. The concepts of health, illness, its periods and outcomes
A healthy lifestyle is the leading factor in disease prevention. The concepts of lifestyle, its categories: conditions, level, quality, way of life, style, healthy lifestyle
Health statistics for children and adolescents. The main indicators and causes of decline in health.
Methods for assessing the level of health.
Similar information.
There is an evolutionary threshold for aerobic energy potential below which the risk of death increases (10 METs for men and 9 METs for women). A similar threshold, but somewhat higher, is found if we register the level of energy supply, below which, under normal conditions of life, disturbances appear in the functions of the body as a system - endogenous risk factors and initial forms of chronic pathological process. This threshold of energy potential is called the safe level of somatic health and can be characterized quantitatively. A quantitative characteristic of a safe level of health can be given both in direct terms - in MET or MIC per 1 kg of body weight, and in indirect terms: physical performance, level of development physical quality general endurance, health level (tab. 6).
Using the materials of population studies of maximum aerobic capacity obtained in different years, one can note an important regularity concerning the biological nature modern man: over the past 30-40 years, the population level of maximum aerobic capacity has significantly decreased and, on average, goes beyond the "safe" zone of somatic health (Fig. 2). Below it will be shown what this is. immediate cause epidemic of chronic non-communicable diseases that has hit industrialized countries since the second half of the 20th century.
What mechanisms underlie the "safe" level of health?
In order to answer this question, it is necessary to recall some features of energy metabolism. Carbohydrates and fats are used as the main substrate for energy production (accumulation of macroergs). Carbohydrates (blood glucose, liver and muscle glycogen) are the most mobilized and accessible substrate, and fats are the most energy-intensive. With an increase in the requirements for the body (for example, during physical activity), the intensification of energy production goes through several stages: consumption of macroergs - anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates (the oxygen transport system has not yet reached the level of functioning in accordance with oxygen demand) - aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates - oxidation of fats (fatty acids) .
For aerobic oxidation of substrates to water and carbon dioxide with intensive energy production, following conditions: 1) sufficient density of mitochondria in the recipient tissue (during exercise - muscle), which satisfies the requirements of ATP resynthesis by aerobic means; 2) intermediate metabolic products should not limit the rate of metabolic reactions in the Krebs cycle; 3) sufficient delivery of oxygen to the electron transport chain in mitochondria. If the aerobic form of substrate utilization is limited by one or more of these factors, anaerobic metabolism is involved, which maintains the required rate of ATP production. The moment of activation of the mechanisms of anaerobic energy production is designated as the threshold of anaerobic metabolism (ANOT). This threshold is expressed in units of work power (W) or as a percentage of oxygen consumption from the maximum aerobic power.
In untrained people, PANO is at the level of 40-45% of the IPC, in trained people - 55-60%, in extra-class athletes - 70-90% of the maximum oxidative power.
MICs and TANs can vary independently of each other and show great individual variability. But with a decrease in the level of the IPC, the TANO almost always decreases. Moreover, the rate of decline in TAN during detraining may exceed the rate of decline in the level of MIC.
ANPO is the most important indicator of the efficiency (economics) of energy generation. And this is primarily due to the fact that with energy expenditures above the level of TANO, effective aerobic energy production mainly due to fats (1 g of fat - 33 kJ) is replaced by inefficient anaerobic energy production due to carbohydrates (1 g of glucose - 17 kJ). The main factor in reducing the efficiency of energy metabolism is as follows: aerobic oxidation of 1 glucose molecule produces 36 ATP molecules, while anaerobic oxidation produces only 2. Thus, the efficiency of energy production decreases by 36 times! At the same time, fats are no longer used as an energy substrate in anaerobic processes. It has been shown (Yu.L. Klimenko, 1987) that modern men over 40 years of age 2 minutes after onset physical activity with a power of only 20% of the proper age-sex values of the BMD, the glycolytic mechanism of energy supply of muscle activity not only does not turn off (as one would expect after the end of the “working in” period), but, on the contrary, its contribution increases, accompanied by the accumulation of lactate and the development of acidosis. (Note that we are talking about anaerobic glycolysis, which is accompanied by the accumulation of lactate, in contrast to aerobic glycolysis, the end products of which are water and carbon dioxide.) This is the reason that the activity of the enzymes that provide glycolysis increases with age, just as gluconeogenesis (the formation of carbohydrates from amino acids) increases. Simultaneously with age (as well as with physical detraining), due to the insignificant use of fats in metabolism, the size of fat depots increases, lipoidosis develops. internal organs. Increases in blood and tissues general content lipids, the concentration and ratio of their fractions change. This applies to cholesterol, triglycerides, and fatty acids. It is these changes in lipid metabolism that are the basis for the development of the atherosclerotic process. In addition, lipid peroxides are easily formed from unsaturated fatty acids, which are initiators of free radical reactions.
An increase in the role of glycolysis in the overall energy metabolism is noted even in the myocardium and muscle layer. vascular wall, which, of course, is also an unfavorable factor.
Due to the low energy efficiency of glycolytic phosphorylation and the strengthening of the latter, there is a significant consumption of tissue carbohydrates, primarily glycogen, and the accumulation of underoxidized metabolic products - lactate and pyruvate.
All this taken together leads to hypoergy (insufficient ATP resynthesis and, above all, in organs with its high costs). The lack of macroergs causes the activation of the genetic apparatus of the cell, leading to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the tissue. It is this mechanism that apparently underlies hypertrophic phenomena in the myocardium against the background of hypoergy - initial stage cardiosclerotic process.
A similar process is observed in coronary arteriosclerosis, accompanied by phenomena of myocardial hypertrophy ("coronary hypoxic hypertrophy" according to FZ Meyerson, 1975).
One more important circumstance, which often confuses cardiologists, should also be pointed out: people whose professional activities are associated with high energy costs do not have a cardioprotective effect of physical activity. So, according to Karvonen (1968), who examined several hundred lumberjacks and urban residents (men), it turned out that the former are more pronounced as endogenous risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases (thickness of the fat fold on the abdomen, the level of hyperlipidemia, etc.), and the consequences of this increased risk: in 8% of the examined lumberjacks, traces of a microinfarction were detected on the ECG - (3% in urban residents). This seemingly paradoxical fact is based on the same mechanism: a sharp restriction of fat utilization during physical activity above the TAN.
The second pathogenetic chain, to which hypoergy predisposes, is an increase in autolysis of body tissue cells and a decrease in immunoreactivity as a result.
Autolysis is a natural process, but it can be stimulated functional load, especially if this load exceeds functionality substrate. The degree of autolysis and, accordingly, the titer of anti-organ autoantibodies directly depends on the functional reliability of the cell, which is largely determined by the reserve of its energy potential.
A convincing illustration are the results of a study of myocardial autoimmune reactions after exercise to failure in trained and untrained young men (GL Apanasenko et al., 1986).
Table 7. Myocardial autoimmune reactions before and after bicycle exercise to failure in untrained (n=18) and individuals (n=10) adapted to muscular activity (G.L. Apanasenko, D.M. Nedopryadko, 1986)
to insulin and the formation, in connection with this, of disturbances in carbohydrate tolerance and prerequisites for the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
From these (Table 7) and other data, it follows that after intense muscular activity, an increase in autoimmune reactions of all types, stimulated by tissue antigens of the heart, liver, skeletal muscles, etc., is observed. the higher the manifestation of autoimmune reactions. The same studies revealed an inverse correlation (r=0.511-0.981) between the intensity of cardiogenic autoimmune reactions and indicators of the body's immunoreactivity. Strengthening the intensity of autoimmune cellular interactions, mediator reactions of immunocompetent cells, advanced education antiorgan autoantibodies and autoimmune complexes with an increase in cell autolysis caused by hypoergy, determine the mechanisms for reducing the level of the immune response to foreign antigens - atypical cells, endogenous and exogenous bacterial infection, etc. All this leads to an increased risk of developing malignant neoplasms and infectious diseases. This risk increases significantly when the efficiency of energy generation decreases sharply from the level of household and professional loads due to the fall in ANPO. And, finally, the third pathogenetic chain is also formed as a result of (partial) exclusion of the fat substrate from energy metabolism and its accumulation in tissues and blood. We are talking about a decrease in tissue reactivity to insulin and, as a result, the formation of disorders in carbohydrate tolerance and prerequisites for the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Atherosclerosis, malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus ("sinister triad", in the words of V. M Dilman) are the leading causes of death of modern man. This triad is sometimes referred to as " normal diseases"old age.
The roots of the development of these conditions are in a decrease in the power and efficiency of energy production, as well as in the relative exclusion from the energy metabolism of fats. The way to prevent these conditions is also obvious - a systematic load at the level of the aerobic-anaerobic transition, which can increase the level of ANOT.
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Tyumen State University
Institute of Psychology and Pedagogy
on the topic: “Methods for assessing the level of health of those involved. Self-control"
Performed:
1st year student of ODO
Group 29-SdO145-1
Zhdanova Serafima
Tyumen 2014
- Introduction
- Elemental samples
- self control
- Conclusion
Introductionpulse heart clinostatic
The main goal of health training is to increase the efficiency of the heart and blood circulation. Since the heart is the most vulnerable link in a training body, monitoring its condition is especially important. Firstly, knowing the reserve capacity of your heart allows you to make the loads used safe and effective. Secondly, monitoring the changes in the cardiovascular system that develop in the course of training allows you to find out how successfully this problem is solved.
Before the start of systematic training exercise you need to check the initial level of fitness. The level of preparedness of the body is determined by the performance of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. To evaluate them, there are many precise methods and functional trials.
The most accessible indicator of the activity of the cardiovascular system is the pulse.
The pulse in a sitting position (at rest) can approximately assess the state of the heart. If in men it is less than 50 beats / min - excellent, less often 65 - good, 65 - 75 - satisfactory, above 75 - bad. In women and boys, these figures are about 5 bpm higher.
1. Elementary samples
Stair test. To assess the state of fitness, you need to go up to the fourth floor normal pace without stopping at the sites and count the pulse. If it is below 100 bpm - excellent, less than 120 - good, less than 140 - satisfactory, above 140 - bad.
Squat test. Stand in the main stance and count the pulse. At a slow pace, do 20 squats, raising your arms forward, keeping your torso straight and spreading your knees wide apart. Elderly and weak people, while crouching, can hold their hands on the back of a chair or the edge of a table. After squats, count the pulse again. An increase in heart rate after exercise by 25% or less is considered excellent, by 25 - 50% - good, by 50 - 75% - satisfactory and over 65% - bad. Satisfactory and poor scores indicate that the heart is completely untrained.
Jump test. Having previously counted the pulse, stand in the main stance, hands on the belt. Gently on your toes for 30 seconds, make 60 small jumps, bouncing 5-6 cm above the floor. Then count the pulse again. The scores are the same as in the squat test.
Assessment of the body's response to a dosed load in the process of physical exercises with a health-improving orientation is carried out according to indicators of heart rate (pulse), blood pressure, respiration, lung capacity (spirometry), muscle strength, body weight, and also according to the results in control exercises(tests).
An important indicator is the speed of recovery of the pulse to the initial or close to it level after physical activity. If the heart rate recorded in the first 10 s after the load is taken as 100%, then a good recovery reaction is considered to be a decrease in heart rate after 1 minute by 20%, after 3 minutes - by 30%, after 5 minutes - by 50%, and after 10 min - 70 - 75% of this highest heart rate.
Squat test. Calculate the pulse at rest for 10 seconds, then do 20 squats for 30 seconds and count the pulse again. Continue counting it every 10 seconds until you return to the original numbers. Normally, the increase in heart rate in the first 10-second interval after exercise is 5-7 beats, and the return to the original figures occurs within 1.5-2.5 minutes, with good fitness - in 40-60 seconds. An increase in heart rate over 5 - 7 beats and a recovery delay of more than 2.5 - 3 minutes is an indicator of a violation of the training process or a disease.
State nervous regulation of the cardiovascular system allow us to evaluate tests with a change in body position (orthostatic and clinostatic tests).
Orthostatic test. In the prone position, the pulse is calculated in 10 seconds and multiplied by 6. Then you need to calmly get up and count the pulse in the standing position. Normally, its excess is not 10 - 14 beats / min. An increase of up to 20 beats is regarded as a satisfactory reaction, more than 20 - unsatisfactory. A big difference in the heart rate when moving from a lying position to a standing position indicates fatigue or insufficient recovery from exercise.
The clinostatic test is performed in reverse order: when moving from a standing position to a lying position. Normally, the pulse decreases by 4 - 10 beats / min. More deceleration is a sign of fitness
- 2. Self-control
Self-control is a regular observation of the state of one's health and physical development and their changes under the influence of physical education and sports. Self-control cannot replace medical control, it is only an addition to it.
Self-control allows an athlete to evaluate the effectiveness of sports (physical education), follow the rules of personal hygiene, training regimen, hardening, etc. Regular self-control helps to analyze the effect of physical activity on the body, which makes it possible to properly plan and conduct a training session.
Self-control includes simple public observations, subjective indicators (sleep, appetite, mood, sweating, desire to exercise, etc.) and data objective research(heart rate, body weight, respiratory rate, carpal and torso dynamometry, etc.) (table. Diary of an athlete's self-control).
Self-monitoring allows the coach to discover early signs overloads and adjust the training process accordingly.
When conducting self-control, a diary is kept, a sample of which is given below.
The diary can be supplemented with the characteristics of training loads (kilometers, kilograms, duration, etc.).
Let us briefly explain the characteristics of the self-control diary indicators.
Well-being reflects the state and activity of the whole organism. The state of health and mood are assessed as good, satisfactory and bad.
Performance is rated as high, normal and low.
Dream -- important indicator. During sleep, strength and performance are restored. It happens normally fast falling asleep and enough deep sleep. bad dream, long falling asleep or frequent waking up, insomnia indicate severe fatigue or overwork.
Appetite also allows you to judge the state of the body. Overload, lack of sleep, malaise, etc. are reflected in appetite. It can be normal, high or low (sometimes absent, you just want to drink).
The desire to exercise is characteristic of healthy people. With deviations in the state of health, overtraining, the desire to train decreases or disappears.
Heart rate (HR) is an important objective indicator of the cardiovascular system. The resting heart rate of a trained person is lower than that of an untrained person. The pulse is counted for 15 seconds, but if there is a violation of its rhythm, then it is counted for one minute. How fitter man, the faster his heart rate returns to normal after a workout. In the morning, a trained athlete is weaker.
Sweating depends on the individual characteristics and functional state of a person, climatic conditions, type of physical activity, etc. At the first training sessions, sweating is higher, as you train, sweating decreases. Sweating is rated as profuse, large, moderate and reduced. Sweating also depends on the amount of fluid consumed by the athlete during the day.
Pain can occur in individual muscle groups (the most loaded muscles), during training after long break or when exercising on hard ground, etc.
You should pay attention to the pain in the heart and their nature; for headaches, dizziness; on the occurrence of pain in the right hypochondrium, especially when running, because such pain often indicates chronic cholecystitis, cholangitis and other liver diseases.
All these cases the athlete reflects in the diary of self-control and informs the doctor about them. Unwillingness to exercise, excessive sweating, insomnia, muscle pain may indicate overtraining.
Body weight is related to the magnitude of the load. Natural weight loss during exercise due to sweat. But sometimes weight drops due to protein loss. This happens during training in the mountains, with insufficient consumption of animal proteins (meat, fish, cottage cheese, etc.).
Conclusion
There are many methods for assessing the health level of those involved. The methods listed above allow us to talk about how trained a person is in general and how tired at the moment.
The summation of assessments of the level of health can show the individual complex level of human health - that is, the group of his health. Self-control is not unimportant in this aspect. Why? Because it allows you to prevent disruption of the body at an early stage and the person himself can feel these violations. A diary of self-control allows you to simplify this process.
The indicator "health level" allows: to identify weak links in the body for a targeted impact on them; draw up an individual program of recreational activities and evaluate their effectiveness; predict the risk life threatening diseases; define biological age person.
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COMPLEX DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS' HEALTH LEVEL
Popichev M.I.
Crimean Law Institute of the National Law Academy of Ukraine named after Yaroslav the Wise
Annotation. It is considered thatfor many years, the control standards for the discipline "physical education" practically did not change, and the health of young people worsens from year to year, immunity decreases. Based on the experiment, it was shown that the ratio of the functional state of students and physical activity should be optimal. The experiment involved 780 students aged 17-18 years. It was estimated at what functional state it is possible to give this or that load. It has been established that at least twice a year it is necessary to carry out the complex diagnostics proposed by us.
Keywords: diagnostics, health, student, functionality, surge,
Introduction.
From recently published scientific papers, we can draw information about the dynamics of changes in the psychophysiological and anatomical and physical characteristics of a person. It should be noted that, in general, over the past 30 years the immune system the person is significantly weakened. This means that in order to improve the state of health in the environment in which a person lives, his lifestyle must change. Today it is impossible to live according to the principle of natural biological deterioration, today it is necessary to strive to live according to the principle of biological law. You need to know how to eat right, breathe, move, set yourself physical activity, recover from stress, how and where to undergo diagnostics of your body, how to determine the allowable amount of mental and physical activity, etc. So, we need a developed, scientifically based system of life.
Many scientists believe that when the body is weakened, it is advisable to strengthen its insufficiently powerful protective adaptive reactions, but without excessive activation of functions (G.L. Apanasenko, O.P. Andronov, E.G. Bulich, etc.). At the same time, according to other scientists (N.P. Bulkina, V.A. Romanenko, etc.), it is inappropriate to use traditional means of physical culture (running, athletic gymnastics, sports games, etc.), which have quite pronounced stress effects on the body.
Publications and research papers recent years show that exercises are gradually introduced into the practice of physical education of students, which allow expanding the possibilities of those involved in achieving a healing effect. The emergence of new non-traditional types of motor activity and health systems- a completely natural process that is necessary for further progress in the field of physical culture. However, at the same time, it is important to adapt such health-improving means to the Slavic mentality and the domestic system of physical education (L.I. Lubysheva and others).
Most students begin their studies at the university at the age of 17, when there is still the possibility of high rates of development of strength, flexibility, general endurance, etc. The use of non-traditional methods of maintaining physical activityfor students should help to increase their level of performance. But for safe life at the very beginning of the academic year, complex diagnostics are needed to determine the level of health of students, preventive medical checkup to reveal the potentiality of those involved.
Purpose, tasks of the work, material and methods.
aim of our work is the selection of anatomical, physical and psychophysiological tests for reliable definition health status and physical development of students.
Organization and methods of research.
Over the course of three years, 780 students at the beginning and end of the academic year considered and tested functional measurements on anatomical, physical and psychophysiological characteristics to determine the level of health and physical development of students. Students who have successfully passed a comprehensive diagnosis (psychological-pedagogical and medical supervision), in the future it will be logical to suggest the optimal load for effective development their body.
Tests used during the study.
1. Tapping test.
To perform this test, four adjacent 10x10 cm squares are drawn on a sheet of paper. The subject, sitting at the table, must in 40 seconds. draw with a pencil maximum amount points. On command, points are first placed in one square, then every 10 seconds. on a signal without a pause, points are placed in the following squares. The number of points placed in each square is estimated. For an accurate count of points, you should draw a line with a pencil from one point to another. The average indicator of the speed of movements is the ability to put 60-65 points in each square in 10 seconds. A decrease in the number of points from square to square indicates insufficient functional stability of the neuromuscular apparatus.
2. Simultaneous test. Before performing a one-time test, the student rests while standing, without moving, for 3 minutes. Then the heart rate (hereinafter - heart rate) is measured for one minute. Next, the student performs 20 deep squats in 30 seconds from the starting position: feet shoulder-width apart, arms along the body. When squatting, the arms are extended forward, and when straightened, they return to their original position. After performing squats, heart rate was calculated for one minute.
When assessing the magnitude of the increase in heart rate after exercise is determined as a percentage. A value of up to 20% means an excellent response of the cardiovascular system to the load, from 21 to 40% - good; from 41 to 65% - satisfactory; from 66 to 75% - bad; from 76 and more - very bad.
3. Multi-moment test. The student performs a maximum run in 15 seconds, 20 sit-ups in 30 seconds, a 3-minute run (tempo - 2 seconds - 4 steps). After doing the exercises, the heart rate is calculated for 5 minutes (at 1-3-5 minutes for every 10 seconds).
4. Orthostatic test. You can check the state of the central nervous system (CNS) using an orthostatic test that reflects the excitability of the nervous system. The pulse is counted in the supine position after 5-10 minutes. recreation. Next, you need to stand up and measure the pulse in a standing position. The state of the central nervous system is determined by the difference in pulse in the supine and standing position for 1 minute. CNS excitability: weak - 0-6, normal - 7-12, live -13-18, increased - 19-24 bpm.
5. Bondarevsky test: stand on one leg, the other is bent and its heel touches the knee joint of the supporting leg, arms raised up, head straight. The exercise is performed with open eyes. The countdown begins after the adoption of a stable position, and stops at the moment of loss of balance. How less difference in the time of performing exercises with open and closed eyes, and the longer the duration of the exercise, the better the score. E.V. Sermeev deduced the average data for assessing the functional balance. Holding a pose with closed eyes - 16 s., With open eyes - 44 s.
6. Rean's questionnaire (motivation).
Instruction. Answering the questions below, you must choose the answer "yes" or "no". If you find it difficult to answer, then remember that "yes" combines both an explicit "yes" and "more likely than not." The same applies to the answer "no": it combines the explicit "no" and "rather no than yes." Questions should be answered quickly, without thinking for a long time. The answer that comes to mind first is usually the most accurate.
QUESTIONNAIRE TEXT - motivation
Getting involved in the work, as a rule, optimistically hope for success.
Active in activity.
Tends to show initiative.
When performing responsible tasks, I try to find the reasons for refusing them as much as possible.
Often I choose extremes: either underestimated easy tasks, or unrealistically high in difficulty.
When faced with obstacles, as a rule, I do not retreat, but look for ways to overcome them.
When alternating successes and failures, he tends to overestimate his successes.
The productivity of the activity mainly depends on my own determination, and not on external control.
When performing rather difficult tasks, in the conditions of limited time, the effectiveness of the activity worsens.
Tends to be persistent in achieving goals.
I tend to plan my future for a rather distant future.
If I take risks, then rather wisely, and not recklessly.
Not very persistent in achieving the goal, especially if there is no external control.
I prefer to set myself average or slightly high, but achievable goals, rather than unrealistically high ones.
In case of failure in the performance of any task, its attractiveness, as a rule, decreases.
When alternating successes and failures, he tends to overestimate his failures.
I prefer to plan my future only for the near future.
When working under time constraints, performance improves, even if the task is difficult enough.
In case of failure in accomplishing something, as a rule, I do not refuse the goal.
If the task was chosen by himself, then in case of failure, its attractiveness increases even more.
KEY K QUESTIONNAIRE
Answer "YES": 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20.
Answer "NO": 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17.
For each match of the answer with the key, the subject is given 1 point. The total number of points scored is calculated.
If the number of points scored is from 1 to 7, then the motivation for failure (fear of failure) is diagnosed.
If the number of points scored is from 14 to 20, then the motivation for success (hope for success) is diagnosed.
If the number of points scored is from 8 to 13, then it should be considered that the motivational pole is not pronounced. At the same time, it can be borne in mind that if the number of points was 8-9, then there is a certain tendency to focus on failure, and if the number of points is 12-13, then there is a certain tendency of motivation for success.
Success motivation refers to positive motivation. With such motivation, a person, starting a business, has in mind the achievement of something constructive, positive. At the heart of human activity lies the hope for success and the need to achieve success. Such people are usually confident in themselves, in their abilities, responsible, proactive and active. They are distinguished by perseverance in achieving the goal, purposefulness.
Motivation to fail refers to negative motivation. With this type of motivation, a person's activity is associated with the need to avoid a breakdown, censure, punishment, and failure. In general, this motivation is based on the idea of avoidance and the idea of negative expectations. Starting a business, a person is already afraid in advance possible failure, thinks about ways in which it is possible to avoid this hypothetical failure, and not about ways to achieve success.
People motivated to fail tend to be different increased anxiety, low self-confidence; they try to avoid responsible tasks, and if necessary, solving overly responsible tasks can fall into a state close to panic. At least, their situational anxiety in these cases becomes extremely high. All this, at the same time, can be combined with a very responsible attitude to business.
7. Definition of stress.
I often want to cry.
You easily get into scandals.
Decreased interest in sex.
Sleeping badly.
You fidget, bite your nails, pull at your hair.
Difficulty focusing and making decisions.
It's getting harder to talk to people.
You eat without feeling hungry or skip meals.
Fatigue is almost constant.
Lost sense of humor.
Suspicions linger.
On hard days, smoking or drinking helps out.
There is a feeling of complete helplessness.
If you answered "yes" to more than four questions and this situation persists for weeks, you are crushed by stress.
Research results.
In this article, I would like to emphasize one very important feature. The results of a survey of 780 students indicate a very significant differences in health and physical development. Almost every student in one degree or another has deviations in the state of health. As for physical development, out of 780 students, 25 passed the standards successfully, 127 were close to passing them. The rest are physically and functionally very weak students. Of course, their genetic characteristics play a role here, but it is possible to assume that the level of their life activity before student age was, in our opinion, incorrect. As we have noticed, physically weak students are in the majority; to accept now standards from such students, in our opinion, will be wrong; they are physically and psychologically unprepared, and classes for them will not be a joy. Therefore, we propose to change the physical standards that were previously used for complex diagnostics. This includes anthropometric and psychophysiological indicators, general physical fitness without tests for general endurance, and health assessment (Table 1).
Table 1
Comprehensive diagnostics of the level of health and physical development of students
№
n / n
FULL NAME.
Anatomical-physical and psychophysiological tests
Anthropometric indicators
Psychophysiological indicators
general physical preparation
Height (cm)
Weight, kg.)
Mas-
co-
in-
grew-
That -
howl (cm \ kg) in-
dex Quetelet height/weight
OK-
rouge -
chest tightness
Noah cell-
ki (cm)
For-
ma pos -
in -
night -
neither -
ka
V bed-
ra, go-
laziness, ple-
cha, ta-
lii (cm) M sr
HELL
Heart rate (number of times)
Warm-
ping-
test (number
at times)
One -
mo-
cop -
test
(5-4
-3-2-
1)
(qty-
at times)
Many-
go-
mo-
men-
tnaya sample (number
at times)
Ortho -
one hundred
tisti -
Ches-
which test (2-3-
4-5) (qty.
at times)
Op-
grew-
nickname Reana (bal.)
(N-U) (mo-
ti-
wa-
tion)
Define-
de-
le-
stress reduction
sa (S-N-)
i.p. lying on the back
Not. Under-
neither-
ma-
cor-
pusa in sed. (qty-
at times in mi-
chickpeas)
Cr-
bathing and
hy-
bathing hands in the
re lying (count
at times)
i.p. sitting, mute
bo-
cue nak-
lon (gib-
bone-
cm)
Cr-
bathing and
hy-
hanging hands bathing (count
at times)
At-
se
Denmark
(qty-
at times in mi-
chickpeas)
Equals-
weight (sec) (T. Bond-
roar-
sky)
Estimated-
ka level-
na well-
row of stu-
den-
tov (five-
score-
Noah sys-
topic)
The assessment of the level of health is determined by the results obtained, entered in table 1. If the student showed positive results, the score is excellent. If two indicators have deteriorated, the score is good. Four indicators - the assessment is satisfactory. More than four - the score is unsatisfactory.
By selecting and trying these tests, taking into account psychological state students at the present time, we understood that for their motivation it would be very difficult to form a diagnostic complex that would make it possible to reliably obtain morphological and functional results. It is difficult to get students interested in taking control of their health. Tests should be updated, modernized and at the same time arouse students' special interest in classes.
In anthropometric indicators, of particular interest is the body mass index (Quetelet) - a value that allows you to assess the degree of correspondence between a person’s mass and his height, and thereby indirectly assess whether the mass is insufficient, normal, overweight (obesity). It is important, in our opinion, to determine the indications for preventive treatment. Body mass index is calculated by the formula J = m/h 2 , where m is body weight in kilograms, h is height in meters, and is measured in kg / m 2 . In accordance with the recommendations, the following interpretation of the indicators was developed (V.A. Romanenko et al.). Pronounced mass deficit - 16.49 or less. Insufficient body weight - 16.5 - 18.49; the norm is 18.5-24.99. Overweight bodies - 25-29.99. Obesity of the first degree - 30-34.99. Obesity of the second degree - 35-39.99. Obesity of the third degree - 40 or more. The body mass index should be used with caution, for indicative purposes only.
Interested in the size of the chest and waist. For women, the waist should not exceed 82 cm, for men 102 cm.
With regard to psychophysiological indicators, special attention was paid to the tapping test, single-stage and multi-stage tests, as well as orthostatic indicators. Taking a tapping test from students, the number of points placed in each square was estimated. The subject tried to put points as much and as quickly as possible and perform movements in 10 seconds. If the number of points decreased from square to square, then insufficient functional stability of the neuromuscular apparatus, constant working capacity and special endurance for the active life of the organism were determined.
Two tests, one-stage and multi-stage, showed the adaptation and restoration of the functional state of the students' organism before and after the load.Thus, within five minutes, operational information was obtained on how adequately the body responds to the load.
The orthostatic test aroused students' interest in the state of the central nervous system, reflecting its excitability. Within one minute showed the difference in the excitability of the central nervous system in the prone and standing position. Weak excitability of the central nervous system - from 0-6, normal - 7-12, live - 13-18, increased - 19-24 bpm.
Comprehensive diagnostics for general physical fitness is proposed to be significantly changed; endurance tests, which are currently used in physical fitness standards, should be excluded, since, in our opinion, a multi-stage test completely determines the level of performance human body. Demonstration tests were applied for balance: with eyes open, it was necessary to stand on one leg for more than 44 seconds and with closed eyes for more than 16 seconds. The functional state was determined vestibular apparatus. Today, this definition is very relevant, since people get a large number of injuries due to poor fitness of the vestibular apparatus. Many physical tests were performed on time, which made it possible to determine the level of special physical training of students. In the column "assessment of the level of health of students" indicated by five-point system assessment, which was determined taking into account the deterioration or improvement of test results.
In addition to tabular data, we offer a "health" card, in which we disclose anthropometric and psychophysiological indicators. The level of health status will be clearly visible to specialists and students. Such a card is kept by the doctor and the leading teacher.
Health card
Conclusions.
Having selected and put into practice anatomical, physical and psychophysiological tests, we have received, in our opinion, reliable and innovative information on the level of determining the state of health of students.
At present, due to the weakened physical development and state of health of students, it is very important to determine the functional state of the student's health and his physical development, what is the optimal level of load that is necessary for proper life.
Students passed the proposed tests easily, naturally, with special interest. When passing such tests, the optimal functional state is determined. Any functional change forces the student to analyze the course of events. This means that the student begins to understand what he needs. From here there is a desire to study independently, make a decision, go to classes. That is, in time to control yourself, correctly, independently and consciously select the optimal load.
