Climate of Eastern Siberia table. Eastern Siberia

The climate of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is sharply continental. Due to the large extent of the region in the meridional direction, the climate is very heterogeneous. Stretching from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the mountains of Southern Siberia, the region is distinguished by its exceptional diversity and richness of natural conditions and resources. The vast territory is divided into 3 climatic zones: arctic, subarctic and temperate. Within each of them, changes in climatic characteristics are noticeable, not only from north to south, but also from west to east. Therefore, western and eastern climatic regions are distinguished, the border of which runs along the valley of the Yenisei River.

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The climate of the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is extremely harsh. It's winter here almost all year round, with very low temperatures. The coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, located in the far north of the region, is indented by numerous bays and bays of the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. The central part of the peninsula is occupied by the Byrranga Mountains, which drop steeply in the south to the heavily swampy North Siberian Lowland with a large number of lakes (called, within the region, the Yenisei-Khatanga depression).

The central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, predominantly flat, with island forest-steppes and fertile soils, is characterized by relatively short hot summers, long cold winters, and rapid temperature changes. In the south of the region there are warm summers and moderately harsh winters with little snow. Dry, clean air, an abundance of sunny days in summer, healing waters from springs and numerous lakes create favorable conditions for the construction of resorts, sanatoriums and recreation centers.

In the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, winter begins in September. The region has an average negative air temperature for 8 months a year; the period of persistent frost lasts about 280 days a year; At the same time, there are more than 130 days with blizzards. Large cities of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, such as Dudinka and Norilsk, located in the far north of the region, have a subarctic climate. Winter here is long and harsh, frosts can reach -50 °C or more.

Thaws in winter are excluded. December, January and February are the coldest months. The average daily temperature in January is -36°C. A feature of the Krasnoyarsk winter of the subarctic climate is the frequent occurrence of frosty weather, coupled with strong and very strong winds, which is why the effective temperature, that is, the temperature at which the body feels the air, is sometimes -101°C (!!!). At the hardest frost (-64.3°C), and the highest possible wind speed, the effective temperature can even be -118°C!

Norilsk - one of the coldest cities in the world, significantly colder than Murmansk, located at almost the same latitude. The average annual air temperature in Norilsk is -16°C, the temperature range is 96°C. Norilsk is the thirty-second settlement in the world in terms of absolute minimum temperatures (ranked 22nd in the list of the coldest cities in Russia), and the fourth most windy city in the world, along with Dudinka and the Antarctic station “Vostok”, in terms of maximum average temperatures. year, wind speeds. The climatic winter lasts until the beginning of May, and frosts are possible here all year round.

In the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory the climate is much milder than in the northern part. The central and southern parts of the region belong to the temperate climate zone. But despite this, the climate here is harsher than in other regions of the country located at the same latitudes. This is due to the great distance between the central and southern parts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory from the seas and oceans. Winter here begins at the beginning of October and ends at the end of April. Winter is characterized by frosty weather, and thaws are rare.

A stable snow cover forms in October, on different dates, depending on the latitude of the area, and disappears only in April. In the mountains of Eastern and Western Sayan, snow, in some years, persists all year round. Here the snow lies at an altitude of 2400 - 2600 m, in the Putorana mountains - at an altitude of 1000 - 1300 m. The snow cover is highest (16 cm, on average) in February.

December is colder than February, but its average temperature is slightly closer to February than to January. The coldest month of winter is January, with an average temperature of -20°C. But in any of the winter months the temperature can drop below -40 °C, and for these latitudes such low air temperatures are the rule rather than the exception. Weather conditions are often complicated by snowstorms and ice, which leads to serious accidents on the roads. Gusty winds penetrate to the very bones, making it difficult to tolerate low temperatures. By the way, the Yenisei does not freeze in winter, since a hydroelectric power station is based on it.

Spring in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory begins only in mid-May, when the snow actively begins to melt. In the largest cities of the subarctic zone, the average daily air temperature in May rises to +5 - +7°C; on the islands of the Arctic seas, the temperature is still negative.

In the central and southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, spring begins in early April. In general, the Krasnoyarsk spring is quite cold, even in May snow can still fall, and sunny weather, as a rule, is rare. At the beginning of April it rapidly warms up, and massive snow melting begins. Along with this, the rains become more frequent. However, there is more precipitation than in winter, but the relative humidity is lower (58% in April and 55% in May). Nature comes to life: young grass emerges from under the frozen ground, green leaves “peck” on the trees, and the singing of birds rejoicing in spring can be heard everywhere. May is the only month when there are no severe frosts at night; during the day the thermometer is close to +16 - +17 °C.

On the Arctic islands of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, there is no summer as such. In the warmest month of the year – July, the daytime air temperature does not exceed +5 °C. With such temperatures it is difficult to talk about summer; it is so cold and very short that the ground does not have time to thaw, and the few Arctic mosses and lichens only slightly dilute the dull landscape of the Arctic. But in the summer there is a polar day here, and it is light day and night.

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In the northern continental cities of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, such as Norilsk, Dudinka, summer begins, on average, only at the end of June, when the average daily temperature begins to steadily exceed +15°C. At these latitudes, the polar day lasts 67 days, the polar night lasts only 46 days. In general, summer is characterized by warm weather and the highest amount of precipitation. The warmest time is the second half of July - at this time the air temperature can warm up to + 25°C. But July is also considered the rainiest month. Summer, which has barely begun, ends quite quickly, and from the second half of August we can safely say that autumn has come to this region.

In the southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, summer begins in early June. At these latitudes, summers are short but quite warm. In summer there are a large number of sunny hours, not inferior in number to the Crimean Peninsula. The weather is mostly comfortable, there is no stuffiness or sweltering heat. The average daily temperature of the hottest month, July, is +20°C. Sometimes the weather indulges in hot days, on which the thermometer crosses the mark of +27 -28 °C. Despite this, in the evening the temperature drops quite significantly, to +10 - +15 °C, and it becomes cool. In the mountains, in the evening, the temperature can drop to negative levels, and you need to be prepared for this. In the second half of summer, the amount of precipitation begins to increase. On average, precipitation in July is slightly less than 6 times more than in February. With decreasing precipitation, nature is gradually leading to another time of year - autumn.

On the Arctic islands of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, we can say that autumn begins in early August. Although it’s just that the air temperature smoothly transitions from “summer” (+5°C) to autumn (0°C). Autumn is developing rapidly. By the end of the month, strong winds are raging, there are heavy snowfalls, in general, everything that you can imagine in the fall, all this can be seen here in August.

In the northern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the climate is still a little better. Here autumn begins in the second week of August, it is a little more protracted than in the Arctic, that is, it rains for some time before it snows and the wind drives snowstorms. But autumn is cold, at night the air temperature is negative, and as we get closer to October, the daytime temperature becomes negative. In the second half of September it snows more and more often, which very actively replaces rain. At the beginning of October, we can say that a long, harsh winter has already arrived at this latitude.

In the southern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, autumn comes in early September. It is noticeably colder and the rains are becoming more frequent. By the beginning of October, the leaves fall from the trees, and it snows more and more often. The snow cover manages to settle down thoroughly in mid-October. And from now on we can safely say that winter has come...

The vast territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory belongs to a zone with sufficient moisture. Precipitation occurs mainly in summer. Their number ranges from 200 - 300 mm per year in the north, to 400 - 600 mm on the Central Siberian Plateau, and 800 - 1200 mm on the northern slopes of the mountains of Southern Siberia; in the intermountain basins of the southern part - 250 - 300 mm. In most of the region, especially north of the Lower Tunguska, permafrost is widely developed.

When to go to the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The Krasnoyarsk region is distinguished by amazing natural and climatic conditions. Relaxation here ranges from passive, which consists of spending time near the water, to active - extreme water or mountain skiing, participation in various excursion and environmental tours, and simply relaxation for health purposes. Thanks to the healing properties of the waters of underground sources and sources on the surface, lakes in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, many rest houses and sanatorium-resort centers are comfortably located. It is in the Krasnoyarsk Territory that you can begin your journey to the North Pole. From here you can get to the area where the Tunguska meteorite fell.

Of course, the best time for a holiday in the Krasnoyarsk Territory will be the summer period, from June to September. At this time, relaxation on the banks of the mighty Yenisei is extremely good; a large number of tourist centers will make your vacation more comfortable and interesting. Hiking along the Sayan ridges, climbing to the peaks and rafting along the rivers of mountain slopes are included in the standard set of excursions at many recreation centers in Krasnoyarsk and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Summer is the best time to visit famous nature reserves such as the Krasnoyarsk Pillars and the Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve, which offer excellent wildlife viewing conditions.

In winter - from November to April, the Krasnoyarsk Territory is incredibly beautiful. Frosty winters paint nature with unique patterns; this time is impressive and exciting. In winter, amateur skiing and sledding are extremely popular here. The peaks of the Sayan Mountains are covered with snow all year round. Fans of active, extreme recreation can try themselves as climbers and climb mountain peaks, accompanied by an instructor. It is worth remembering that winters here are harsh and very cold, sometimes even the warmest clothes cannot save you. Therefore, you should avoid traveling on extremely cold days.

May and September are a great time to visit cities and get to know the culture and customs. Krasnoyarsk is a city beloved by tourists and definitely worthy of your attention. The Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore, which has been operating for almost a century and a half, and the largest shopping and entertainment center in Siberia - “Planet”, will appeal to many.

Sanatorium recreation centers operate year-round, providing treatment with the healing waters of the Krasnoyarsk lakes, as well as other comprehensive programs for healing and cleansing the body. This is a fairly popular tourist destination; people even come here from abroad. Stunning clean air, in a cocktail with healing mineral springs, have a beneficial effect on the body.

If you love an extreme form of recreation, or your long-time dream is to visit the Arctic, then you should think about a trip to the Taimyr Peninsula. Of course, visiting such an interesting and unfriendly, by climatic standards, place is worth visiting only in the “summer time”, when air temperatures allow traveling through this area, and there is a polar day around the clock. The Great Arctic Nature Reserve is definitely worth a visit here. It covers a huge territory, it is one of the largest nature reserves in the world, and in Russia it is the largest. For rafting enthusiasts, the reserve is attractive because it is here that you can make the world's northernmost rafting trip on the Khutuda Bige River (which translates as a river rich in life). Diving is organized in the coastal zone of the Arctic Ocean.

Climate of the Republic of Khakassia

The climate of the Republic of Khakassia is sharply continental. Khakassia is located almost in the very center of Asia, between the Sayan and Kuznetsk Alatau mountain ranges. The creation of two reservoirs in the 60s - 80s - Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskoye - slightly softened the sharply continental climate of the republic, due to its location far from the oceans. This climate is characterized by long, frosty winters and short but warm summers. The openness of the territory from the north facilitates the penetration of Arctic air. The amplitude of temperature fluctuations, in some years, exceeds 80°C (from -40°C to +40°C).

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According to the nature of the relief, mountainous (eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Abakan ridge, northern slopes of the Western Sayan - height up to 2930 m) and flat (Minusinsk, Chulym-Yenisei basins) parts are distinguished. The flat areas are confined to wide river valleys and are called steppes (Abakanskaya, Koibalskaya and others). The Sayan Mountains, whose height sometimes exceeds 2000 m, occupy two-thirds of the territory and are located in the west and south of the republic.

The Republic of Khakassia is a sunny land. It is no coincidence that the name “sunny Khakassia” is used; indeed, there are more sunny days in Khakassia than in Sochi. There are, on average, 311 absolutely clear and sunny days a year. In the Abakan Lowland, where there are the greatest number of sunny days, watermelons and apricots, pears and even grapes ripen. There are four distinct seasons in a year: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Winter in the Republic of Khakassia begins in early November. As a rule, winter is long and quite cold, although it does not indulge in heavy snowfalls. Snow cover forms in early November. At the same time, ice forms on the rivers. In December, air temperatures are still relatively low, but this month, as a rule, there is a lot of snow and snowstorms are frequent. Ice is observed extremely rarely.

The average temperature of the coldest month, January, in the eastern republic reaches -18°C, in the mountainous part it rises to -14°C. Freezing of the soil, due to the insignificant height of the snow cover (15-20 cm) and snow blowing into ravines and hollows, occurs to a depth of 2 m or more.

February is also a very cold winter month, the temperature difference compared to January is only +2°C. March is still a winter month, but due to the large influx of sunlight it becomes noticeably warmer, and in the daytime the snow melts abundantly.

Spring in the Republic of Khakassia begins in early April. At the beginning of the month, ice drifts on the rivers. At this time, the snow melts over most of the territory, although in the forests and mountains it persists in some places until July. Spring time is characterized by strong winds, up to 15 m/sec. The transition of the average daily air temperature over +5°C begins at the end of April. Slow warming of the soil in the spring delays the development of microbiological processes. The spring period is characterized by relatively low relative air humidity, which, with a lack of moisture in the soil, causes complex soil-air drought.

In May, everything around blooms and active plant growth begins. In May, daytime air temperatures reach +18°C, but despite such high temperatures, frosts are often observed at night. Frosts end at the end of May, in the mountains - at the end of June.

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Summer in the Republic of Khakassia begins in early June, in the mountains - in early July. In general, summers in Khakassia are warm, with rare periods of real heat. June is a moderately warm month, this harsh land is warming up, the forests are coming to life, and nature is wildly replete with colors.

The hottest month of the year is July, its average daily air temperature reaches +25°C. It is in this month that the most frequent incursions of real drying heat and scorching heat, with temperatures up to +35 - +37 °C. People who are accustomed to experiencing severe cold and frost most of the year find it quite difficult to endure such heat, plus drought is a great danger for agriculture at such temperatures.

In August, the temperature declines; this month the heat rarely comes and the largest amount of precipitation falls (more than 55% of the annual norm), mainly in the form of torrential rains. The main reason for the dry climate this month is the influence of mountain ranges creating a rain shadow.

Autumn in the Republic of Khakassia begins in early September. In September, mostly dry, sunny weather prevails. A fairly comfortable temperature in the evening gives way to severe frosts, and in the middle of the month, the night temperature can drop below zero. The end of the month is characterized by the beginning of cold drizzling rains.

October is the second and last month of autumn. It is a gloomy, gray time, with endless drizzles, cold gusty winds that furiously tear off the last leaves from the trees, and severe frosts on the ground. In the second half of the month, slightly negative air temperatures are often observed, and drizzling rain often changes to snow. This is a time of very unstable and changeable weather, but nature says one thing is true: winter is coming soon. And winter really comes at the beginning of November, a long, harsh winter...

There is little precipitation in the Republic of Khakassia and its distribution is extremely uneven, both by year and by growing season. The minimum amount of precipitation falls in the lower parts of the Minusinsk basins - 275-375 mm; in the forest-steppe - 380-500 mm, in the forest belt - 1,000 mm; the largest amount - up to 1,500 mm - falls on the high mountain ranges of the Western Sayans. Most of the precipitation falls in the warm season, in May - September (up to 75%), in October - April about 25% of the annual precipitation falls.

Throughout the year, winds prevail in Khakassia, mainly from the southwestern and northern directions. The average annual wind speed is 2.6 m/s. The maximum wind speed (more than 15 m/s) is observed in the transition seasons, spring and autumn. In winter, almost throughout the entire territory of the Republic of Khakassia, southern and southwestern winds predominate, and in summer, the northwestern wind direction predominates.

When to go to the Republic of Khakassia. Khakassia has everything a traveler could want: high snow-capped mountains, forests that never heard the sound of an axe, cool and clean rivers, endless fragrant steppes and a huge number of different reservoirs. And of course, the best time to visit all these majestic beauties of nature will be the warm summer time - from June to September. The water resources of Khakassia are complemented by 300 lakes, salty and fresh, the most famous of which are the healing lakes Shira, Belyo and Khankul. Here you can have a pleasant time by the water, relax in the wild nature, swim, and go fishing. Boarding houses and holiday homes in Khakassia offer tourists a wonderful holiday in these places. Magnificent mountains attract and attract climbers, trekkers and hikers. The mountains are covered with dark coniferous taiga, there are sharp peaks and snow-capped chars, and create a truly beautiful landscape around.

May and September are cool months for outdoor recreation, so they should be devoted to sightseeing in the republic. About 30 thousand historical monuments are under the Khakass sky - ancient settlements, mounds, rock paintings, menhirs with runic writings of the ancient Khakass, sanctuaries and even the ancient astronomical observatory Chests.

Winter time - from December to mid-March is excellent for active recreation. Fans of winter sports will find modern ski resorts and tourist recreation centers in Khakassia, which are located in the Western Sayan Mountains. Located on the slopes and at the foot of the mountains, they delight vacationers with their ski slopes and many other entertainments. Real taiga and mountain taiga rivers add a touch of Siberian exoticism to your holiday.

Not the best time to visit Khakassia is autumn October and winter November. The worst weather in these parts occurs in October, and if you don’t want to completely ruin your vacation, it’s better not to come here at this time. November is the first winter month here, the temperature is more predictable, but nevertheless, an unstable weather background can present certain surprises, and a small snow cover will not allow active winter sports.

April is a transitional spring month, rain, mud and slush are guaranteed, so it is better to avoid this time for travel. It is strictly forbidden to climb the mountains in April and May - the risk of avalanches is very high, since, albeit slowly, spring is also beginning in the mountains.

Climate of the Republic of Tyva

The climate of the Republic of Tyva is sharply continental. Tyva is one of the few regions of our planet where such a variety of natural conditions can be found in a small area. Located in the very heart of the Asian continent, Tuva combines elements of two natural zones. The South Siberian tundra and forests coexist with the sandy Central Asian deserts, and reindeer live next to wolves and camels. The alpine meadows of Tuva delight with a riot of colors and flowers, and the highlands, where harsh conditions reign, are home to rare animals: local yaks and snow leopards.

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The climatic conditions of the Republic of Tyva, due to the harsh, sharply continental climate, have left their mark on the nature of this region. Sharp deviations in weather conditions in some years - dry periods, worsening conditions for seed germination and seedling development, late spring frosts before June 15, and early autumn frosts from August 15, significantly shorten the active growing season. Low temperatures in winter down to -48 - -53°C, causing deep frost cracks, strong winds up to 20 m/sec or more, causing windbreaks and windfalls, combined with low natural soil fertility, negatively affect the growth and development of plantings, especially young trees and forest crops. The mountains play the role of a wall, insulating from external climate changes, which determines the climate of Tyva - sharply continental, with cold winters and hot, sunny summers.

Winter in the Republic of Tyva begins in early November and lasts 5 months. Winter is characterized as frosty, windless and with little snow. Stable snow cover is established at the end of October and reaches 15-20 cm, and in the mountains up to 1-2 meters. The number of days with snow cover varies from 140 to 190 days, with increasing altitude above sea level. The severity of the winter regime is determined by the predominance of anticyclonic weather with frequent lulls and persistent frosts, which are not interrupted by thaws for entire months.

The coldest winter month is January. Average daily temperatures in January range from -25°C to -34°C, sometimes frosts down to -55 - -58°C occur. On some days in the eastern part of the valley-steppe zone the temperature can drop to -60˚С (Saryg-Sep). The air temperature at the tops of mountains is usually 20°C higher than at the bottom of basins. During all 5 winter months, sunny and rather frosty weather prevails in the region; persistent frosts stop only in the third ten days of March.

Spring in the Republic of Tyva begins in the first half of April and lasts only 2 months. Snow melting begins in the first ten days of April, the last snow melts only in the middle of the month, and in the mountains, only in the middle of May. Spring in the Republic of Tyva is a relatively short time of year, characterized by clear, dry and slightly windy weather.

The transition of the average daily temperature through 0°C occurs in the third ten days of April, however, night frosts continue until the end of May and are often possible in early June, until June 12-13. The transition of the average daily temperature through + 5°C, marking the beginning of the growing season, occurs only in the middle or end of May.

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Summer in the Republic of Tyva begins in early June and lasts, on average, 85 days. Summer is dry, warm, even hot in the intermountain basins, but short and cool in the mountains. The hottest summer month is July. The average daily temperature in the lowland part of the republic is +20 - +30°C, on some days it reaches +40°C in the basins, and +25 - +30°C in the mountains. The period with temperatures above +10°C is 100-125 days in the valleys, and at an altitude of 1400 meters no more than 80 days. The main amount of precipitation (60-70%) falls precisely in the summer months. After August 15, frosts begin, which indicates the beginning of the autumn period.

Autumn in the Republic of Tyva begins in the second half of August, towards the end of the month, and lasts until the end of October - beginning of November. Autumn is dry, sunny, the best time of the year. Autumn is coming quickly. The first half of September is the velvet season. Warm autumn days are accompanied by clear sunny weather and secondary flowering of herbaceous vegetation in the intermountain basins. However, night frosts in September are frequent, while during the day the air temperature can rise quite significantly to +33°C (Kyzyl). After warm sunny days, cold, snowless weather sets in, followed by rapid leaf fall. Snow begins to fall at the end of September - beginning of October, and in the second half of October a stable snow cover is already established, winter begins...

Precipitation in the Republic of Tyva is sparse and unevenly distributed. In the basins, 150 - 400 mm of precipitation falls per year (in the Tuva basin - 200 - 220 mm, in the Todzhinskaya - 350 - 400 mm), in mountainous areas from 400 - 600 mm to 800 - 1000 mm per year. There are areas of permafrost throughout the area. Relative air humidity, which characterizes the degree of air saturation with water vapor, varies widely throughout the year, from 30 -50% in May and up to 70 -75% in December - January. In Tyva there are from 36 to 72 dry days a year (days with relative humidity less than 30%). The number of humid days with a relative humidity of 80% or more varies from 22 (Erzin) to 72 (Kyzyl), with fewer in the west and more in the east.

The winds over Tyva are weak, especially in winter. In spring, there is an increase in wind activity, the maximum speed often exceeds 15 m/s, in some years it reaches 20 -25 m/s. Strong winds also occur in summer, usually in the afternoon.

When to go to the Republic of Tyva. The best time to travel to Tyva is, of course, the warm summer months - from June to September. The beauty of Tuvinian nature amazes with its splendor. High mountains, numerous waterfalls, rivers and lakes are truly conducive to eco-tourism and a relaxing holiday in the lap of nature.

Tyva is a favorite place for hunters and fishermen. Here are the largest bears and reindeer in the world. The most popular for fishing and hunting are the Sorug River and Lake Choygan-Khol, located at the spurs of the Eastern Sayan Mountains. The water resources of Tyva are very great. In addition to the numerous rivers of the Upper Yenisei basin, there are up to five thousand lakes inhabited by eighteen species of fish. Here you can catch large grayling, burbot, taimen, lenok, pike or perch.

Tuva boarding houses invite vacationers to experience the healing power of this region. The Republic of Tyva is the birthplace of healing springs. The most famous of them are the hot springs Tarys and Ush-Beldir in the mountains of Eastern Tyva, in which hot water comes out of the ground with a temperature of +52 - +82°C. The republic also has its own Dead Sea - Lake Svatikovo (Dus-Khol). This is a salt lake that has no drainage, and its healing properties even surpass, in this regard, the Dead Sea and Lake Tuz. Many diseases are effectively cured here, including diseases of the joints, skin, and nervous diseases.

May and September are a great time for excursion tours around the Republic of Tyva. At this time it is not so hot, the weather is pleasant and sunny. Tyva is a very ancient land, as evidenced by ancient petroglyphs, stone remains in the desert south, and the burial mounds of the Scythian kings who have been sleeping here for over two and a half thousand years. Traveling back into the depths of time will give you an unforgettable experience, you will be able to make amazing discoveries.

The winter months, from November to mid-March, are a good time to travel through the snow-covered, untouched nature of the republic. There are no major ski resorts here, which is why there are few tourists in the region, and this is one of the best places to be alone with the unique mountain nature. However, winter here is very harsh; if you are planning a trip at this time of year, you should carefully plan your wardrobe, because thaws are extremely rare in the region.

You should not visit the Republic of Tyva during the transition months - April and October. At this time, the weather is unstable, the region is quite dirty and cool, you are unlikely to experience the pleasure of being outdoors in bad weather. In addition, gray gloomy colors will not allow you to experience delight and experience all the beauty of this region.

Climate of the Irkutsk region

The climate of the Irkutsk region is sharply continental. This is facilitated by the remoteness of the Irkutsk region from the seas and its location in the center of the Asian continent. Compared to territories located at the same latitudes in the European part of Russia, the Irkutsk region has the longest winter, a record number of hours of sunshine, a large annual absolute amplitude of air temperatures, high pressure and rapid weather changes in spring and autumn.

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Lake Baikal and the Angara reservoirs play a major role in shaping the climate of the Irkutsk region. The enormous mass of water and the area of ​​these reservoirs smooth out sharp average annual and average daily changes. Of the atmospheric processes, climate formation is influenced by the western transport of air masses and the Asian anticyclone. Air masses from the seas of the Far East do not reach the region. Warm air masses from the south and southwest rarely penetrate and cause short-term warming in winter. The average annual air temperature throughout the region is negative, with the exception of the coast of Lake Baikal (Peschanaya Bay).

Maximum annual air temperature changes can exceed 80°C, and daily differences can exceed 30°C. Closer to the northern regions, the temperature varies between winter and summer, and also a large difference in temperature is observed during the day and night. The frost-free period in the region is significantly shorter compared to areas of the European part of Russia lying at the same latitude. This is explained by the intense loss of heat from the earth's surface at night, and the invasion of cold air masses. In the southern regions of the region, the frost-free period lasts 80 - 100 days, in the north - 57 days, while in Minsk the frost-free period lasts 157 days, and in Ryazan - 145 days. In most areas of the region, there are frosts in the summer, including even in July. A significant part of the region's territory is covered by permafrost; its preservation is facilitated by low snow cover and low air temperatures in winter.

In terms of the number of sunny days, the Irkutsk region is not inferior to the Crimea and the North Caucasus. The annual number of hours of sunshine, depending on the area, ranges from 1700 to 2500 hours. For example, in Kislovodsk there are 2007 hours of light per year, and on the southern coast of Crimea there are 2300 hours of light.

Winter in the Irkutsk region begins in late October - early November. In winter, windless, clear and frosty weather sets in on the territory of the Irkutsk region, with characteristic temperature inversions and high atmospheric pressure. The duration of winter in most of the territory of the Irkutsk region is about 180 days, and in the northern regions and in the mountains - up to 200 days. Stable snow cover is established in October - in the north of the region, and in November - in the south, and persists for 160 -175 days (in the north - 185 - 206 days). The height of the snow cover in most of the territory is 30 - 40 cm (in the north 50 - 60 cm). In some places the cover may be zero, in other regions it can reach 60 cm or more. Snow cover of 1,000 cm is recorded in the mountains. The duration of freeze-up is 160-200 days, and the maximum ice thickness can reach 1,000 mm.

At the beginning and end of the winter season, there is often a long period of snowlessness, which leads to severe freezing of the soil and ground. These are the most unfavorable periods for plants. Early snowfall protects plants from freezing and the soil from drying out. Cold, dense winter air, driven by gravity, accumulates in low places and creates peculiar cold zones. At the same time, higher temperatures are often observed in higher places.

January is the coldest winter month of the year, daytime air temperatures reach -18°C in the south, and -35°C in the northern part of the region. In some northern areas the temperature may drop below -50°C. In winter, it is much warmer near Lake Baikal than far from it, since the large volume of water gives off heat to the surrounding area and softens the climate. However, the Irkutsk winter is not characterized by monotonous cold weather throughout the entire winter period. In winter, repeated warmings often occur due to the passage of cyclones from the west, southwest and northwest.

February differs from January in air temperature, approximately 2 - 3 degrees warmer than in January, but the general background of a sunny, frosty winter persists until mid-March, sometimes interrupted by short-lived thaws.

In the northern and northeastern parts of the Irkutsk region there are permafrost zones. Its individual sections at different depths can be found in the southern regions of the Irkutsk region: Nizhneudinsky, Kachugsky and other areas. The preservation of permafrost is facilitated by negative average annual temperatures.

Spring in the Irkutsk region begins in early April. Spring is a symbol of youth and beauty; it is the shortest season (30-35 days), when the average daily air temperature passes through 0°C to + 10°C. In the south of the region, spring begins in the first ten days of April and ends in the third ten days of May; in the north it begins at the end of April and ends at the end of May or early June. The beginning of spring coincides with the complete removal of snow from open areas. The soil thaws at a depth of 10-20 cm, and crops overwintering under the snow awaken. At the same time, the rivers are cleared of ice.

Spring – this is the period of nature’s awakening from a long period of rest, under the influence of an ever-increasing supply of solar radiation. Snowdrops, the first spring flowers, appear on the southern slopes. Spring is characterized by an increase in solar radiation, an increase in daytime air temperatures and an increase in daily amplitudes, periodic returns of cold weather, instability of weather conditions, and a small amount of precipitation.

The average daily temperature in most of the territory of the Irkutsk region becomes steadily positive only in early May. The end of spring, as a rule, coincides with the end of bird cherry flowering, the end of regular spring frosts, and the beginning of sowing grain crops.

Under the influence of warming up the earth's surface and increasing air temperature, the effect of passing anticyclones weakens, air pressure decreases, and favorable conditions for cyclonic activity are created. The passage of cyclones creates unstable spring weather, however, in the second half of spring, generally clear, dry and windy weather prevails.

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Summer in the Irkutsk region begins in the last days of May and lasts 90-110 days. Summer is short but can be very hot. The surface of the earth quickly heats up, an area of ​​low pressure forms above it and a cyclonic type of weather sets in, although the first half of summer is usually hot and dry.

The hottest summer month is July. Its average daily air temperatures range from +20°C to +25°C. According to temperature indicators in July, the region is approaching summer air temperatures in the southern part of Belarus. But maximum summer temperatures, in most areas of the Irkutsk region, can exceed +30 °C. The increase in average daily air temperature occurs mainly due to daytime heating of the soil. At this time, the animal and plant world is rapidly developing.

At the end of July and August there are often prolonged rains. At this time, up to 85% of the annual precipitation can fall. The rivers are experiencing a rapid rise in water levels and an increase in its flow. The process of evaporation from the surface of the earth reaches its maximum development, and moisture circulation increases.

Autumn in the Irkutsk region begins on August 25 - 30 in the north, and September 6 -9 in the south, and ends on October 15 in the north and October 25 in the south of the region. Its characteristic feature is that sharp daily temperature fluctuations occur and early frosts begin. The first autumn month is September, a very pleasant season that lives up to its name “golden autumn”. In autumn, the number of clear days increases, air transparency increases, and visibility range increases. At this time, the height of the sun above the horizon decreases, the length of the day shortens, and the daily air temperature drops noticeably. On clear autumn days, from the hills of the western outskirts of the city of Irkutsk, the snow-capped peaks of Khamar-Daban and the Kitoi Mountains are clearly visible.

In the second half of autumn, the Asian anticyclone begins to form, and the amount of precipitation decreases compared to summer. At the end of September, snow may fall, and in October the height of the snow cover in the north reaches 10 cm; in the south at this time there may be no snow. In mid-October, the average daily air temperature drops below zero.

Autumn is dragging on on the shores of Lake Baikal, where the water, heated over the summer, continues to give off its heat to the surrounding area. Here the snow cover sets in later. Most of the rivers freeze by November. The freezing period ranges from 7 to 21 days.

The distribution of precipitation in the Irkutsk region is uneven, both over the territory of the region and over the seasons. In terms of precipitation, the region is close to the southeast of the European part of Kazakhstan. In the cold season, only 15-20% falls, in the warm season 80-85% of the annual precipitation. This significantly distinguishes the climate of the region from the climate of the southeast of the European part of Russia. In the flat areas, on average, 300-400 mm of precipitation falls per year, in the mountains - over 600 mm. In the Eastern Sayan and on the North Baikal Highlands, precipitation falls from 650 mm to 1400 mm, on Olkhon Island only 197 mm. As the altitude of the area increases above sea level, the amount of precipitation increases. Precipitation occurs in the form of rain, snow and hail. Rains in summer can be both heavy and torrential. Hail falls rarely and in relatively small areas.

Compared to other regions of the Russian Federation lying at the same latitudes, the Irkutsk region is distinguished by the predominance of high atmospheric pressure throughout the year, which reaches 770 mm. This is due to the fact that the region’s territory is located within the Arctic Ocean. Air pressure decreases in the summer, when the sun's rays warm the earth's surface and air, however, this pressure remains high compared to other areas (719 mm). As air temperatures drop in autumn, pressure rises again.

When to go to the Irkutsk region. The best time to travel to the Irkutsk region is the warm summer months, from June to September. In summer, many walking excursions are offered to the protected corners of the Baikal coast; in the warm season, it will be nice to go on a cruise on the lake, relax as savages in tents in the lap of pristine nature, or go on a horseback ride. The Eastern Sayan Mountains are the best place for lovers of eco-tourism and wildlife enthusiasts. The region's beautiful national parks and the most beautiful places in Eastern Siberia are located precisely in the Irkutsk region.

And what a wonderful summer holiday it is on the shores of the famous Baikal. In some places of Baikal, the water warms up so much that it is quite possible to swim. Baikal is a unique lake in all respects, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, and is the main attraction for tourists from all over the world to the Irkutsk region. But it is worth remembering that in the summer, in the key tourist spots of Lake Baikal - Listvyanka, Slyudyanka, Olkhon, Maksimikha or Enkhaluk - there are a lot of vacationers, places and tickets should be booked in advance, prices for everything are high, and normal service is often lost in the bustle , and the atmosphere of this place.

May and September are the most suitable months for excursion tours to the cities of the region, sightseeing, and leisurely walks in nature. The weather is favorable, the sun does not burn mercilessly, the air temperature is usually very comfortable, but do not forget that frosts are possible in the morning and also at night. You should always have warm clothes and shoes with you.

Winter - the period from November to the second half of March - is an excellent time for winter sports lovers. In winter, ski resorts operate here and a variety of winter activities are offered, such as snowmobile riding on the ice of Lake Baikal or ice fishing. In winter, Lake Baikal is covered in a thick layer of unusually transparent ice. And this itself is already an attraction for tourists. Everyone who sees the Baikal ice for the first time flops down on their stomachs and tries to look for something in the depths of the lake. The ice from the purest Baikal water has a bluish tint, sometimes even bright blue, almost blue. Winter Baikal, without exaggeration, is the largest ice skating rink in the world. And the most beautiful. In addition, it is smooth and very slippery - you can only walk on it in ordinary shoes in small steps. So skates are an ideal means of transportation around Lake Baikal over short and even long distances.

But the most popular activity on Lake Baikal in the winter is fishing! The Baikal ice fishing season begins in January, when the bays freeze over. At this time, you can catch fish, which the locals disparagingly call trash - perch, sorog, pike, dace. The colder it is, the thicker the ice, the further the fishermen go from the shore. Riding around Lake Baikal on snowmobiles and cheesecakes, individual excursions, championships in all kinds of sports - from ice golf to curling, exhibitions of ice sculptures and an eventful program in open-air museums - all this awaits you in the Irkutsk region in winter season. It is also worth mentioning the absence of large crowds of tourists, and reasonable prices in tourist places. But we should also not forget that the Irkutsk region is still Siberia, and winters in Siberia are cold...

You should not come to the Irkutsk region during the transition months of April and October. At this time, the weather remains unstable, with fairly heavy lingering precipitation and a gray, gloomy sky. Dank weather, combined with mud on the roads and generally quite low air temperatures, can ruin the mood of even the most optimistic travelers. All the beauty of these places can only be fully appreciated in good weather, and this should be taken into account when planning your trip to these unique places.

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Climate of the Republic of Buryatia

The climate of the Republic of Buryatia is sharply continental. The remoteness of the territory of Buryatia from the seas and oceans, its location in the center of the Eurasian continent and the mountain-basin relief determined a peculiar and unique climate. A unique feature of climate is sharp and frequent spatial variability: the presence of mountain ranges of different heights and orientations, the existence of intermountain depressions and intermountain valleys - all this greatly influences the local circulation of air masses, dramatically changing the main climatic indicators throughout the year and day. The climate of the republic is extremely heterogeneous, with large annual and daily fluctuations in air temperature, and an uneven distribution of precipitation across the seasons. This mountain taiga land, located in the central part of the Asian continent, is characterized by cold winters and hot summers.

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The climate is formed under the influence of three contrasting components: the dry and cold climate of the northern regions, the hot and dry climate of the Mongolian deserts and the humid Pacific climate. The average annual temperature in the Republic of Buryatia is negative and amounts to -1.6°C. And such areas as Barguzinsky, Bauntovsky Evenki, Kurumkansky, Muisky, Okinsky, Severo-Baikalsky, in terms of their climatic characteristics, are generally equated to the regions of the Far North. A distinctive feature of the climate of Buryatia is the long duration of sunshine, approximately 1900 - 2200 hours per year, which even exceeds some southern regions of Russia.

Winter in the Republic of Buryatia begins in early November. Buryat winter is cold, with dry frost and little snow. During the cold period of the year, the development of a powerful northeastern spur of the Siberian anticyclone is observed, which appears in September - October and disappears only in April - May. Therefore, winter in the Republic of Buryatia is characterized by a large number of sunny days and low air temperatures, which, however, are quite easily tolerated due to the dry air.

In winter, partly cloudy, little windy or calm weather prevails with minimal precipitation in the year. The lowest air temperatures are observed in river valleys and basins, where stagnation and intense cooling of the air occurs. Throughout the winter period, the air temperature rarely changes; thaws practically do not occur in this region. As a rule, the average air temperature in winter in Buryatia is -22 - - 23°C. The coldest winter month is January (mid-winter), with an average daily temperature of -25°C. Several times during the winter period, the weather “tightens the temperature”, and very severe frosts come to the region, with temperatures of -45 - -55°C.

Lake Baikal is a huge heat accumulator, therefore winters near the lake are always warmer and summers colder. The warming influence of Baikal reaches 40 - 50 km from its water area. The average monthly temperature in December on the coast of Baikal, before freezing, is 13 - 15 ° C higher than at points hundreds of kilometers away. Often, in November there are days when frosts of -20°C or higher occur 60-100 km from the lake, while on the shores of Lake Baikal the temperature remains no more than -8-10°C.

The enormous thickness of the water retains heat for quite a long time, however, Baikal freezes in winter. Freezing occurs gradually. First, the surface of the water is covered with a thin ice crust. Then ice banks form near the coast - narrow strips of ice that freeze when storm waves roll onto the shore. On the coastal cliffs, during storms, from the freezing spray, ice crusts and hanging down icicles-stalactites - “sokui” - grow; they remain as a natural decoration throughout the winter. In open water, the process of ice crystallization, which is initially invisible to the eye, takes place. The water cannot freeze completely due to constant wave mixing, but small lenses and needles a few millimeters in size are formed in it.

With the onset of frost, at air temperatures below - 20°C, in the first 3-4 days, ice grows by 4-5 cm per day. Shallow bays freeze at the end of October, and deep-water areas freeze in the first half of January. In the southern part, Baikal is closed for 4 - 4.5 months, in the northern part - 6 - 6.5 months. Along the northwestern coast and in the Small Sea, transparent ice free of snow forms, through which you can see the bottom in shallow water. The ice thickness ranges from 70 to 120 cm, and the more snow, the thinner the ice. Ice 50 cm thick can withstand a weight of up to 15 tons, therefore, in winter, you can freely move on the ice of Lake Baikal by car. In 1904, there was even an ice railway between the port of Baikal and the Tankhoi station.

However, moving on the ice of Lake Baikal is a risky business. The danger is created by cracks and crevices in the ice, 0.5-4 m wide, stretching for tens of kilometers. Many of these cracks do not freeze all winter, periodically narrowing or expanding. Covered with a thin crust of young ice, they often represent treacherous traps, very dangerous when driving across the ice in cars and even on horses. In many places on the lake in the middle of winter, there is local melting of the ice from below and the formation of steam ice, which also poses a threat to travelers.

A long, frosty but sunny winter rages in these parts for almost 5 months. The February air temperature is only 2 - 3°C warmer than January; in general, the same persistent frosts remain. And only at the end of March you can feel the imminent approach of spring in the air...

Spring in the Republic of Buryatia begins in early April. The Siberian spring begins to be felt at the end of March, but the first greenery appears only at the end of April. The Buryat spring is windy, with frosts, and almost no precipitation. Barometric pressure during this period decreases, and streams of cold air from the northern regions of Siberia rush into the territory. This contributes to the return of cold weather and the appearance of prolonged and strong winds.

Spring is divided into 2 stages: the stage of under-ice warming and the stage of soil warming. The stage of subglacial warming begins in early April in lightly snow-covered areas near the western shore of Lake Baikal, and in mid-April in the snow-covered eastern coastal areas. Ice breaking begins from Cape Bolshoy Kadilny, as the ice begins to melt under the influence of rising currents of warm water from underwater sources. The ice cover becomes fragile, darkens, and in May Baikal is completely free of ice, but ice fields and individual ice floes float on Lake Baikal until June.

The soil heating stage begins after the ice melts. All the energy of the spring sun had previously been spent on melting the snow and ice, and when finally most of the ice and snow had melted, it was time to heat the earth. In May, the most pleasant part of spring begins, the average air temperature increases every day, the sun begins to pleasantly heat the earth's surface, the trees wake up, the grass turns green. Birds sing in the forests and many animals wake up from hibernation. Flowers are blooming, and trees are dressed in bright green young foliage. Despite the rather warm and sunny weather during the day, frosts persist in the region at night, almost until mid-June.

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Summer in the Republic of Buryatia begins in the first half of June. Summer is short, with hot days and cool nights, with heavy rainfall in July and August. The summer heat is felt only during the midday hours, and the morning and evening hours are quite cool. June is characterized by dry and sunny weather, and often even with hot winds that have developed in Mongolia. Solar activity is high starting from the first days of June, but the air masses are not yet warmed up enough. The average daily air temperature in June is +20°C.

The second half of summer is much warmer than the first and rainier; July and August account for 60-70% of the annual norm. In July, cyclonic activity gradually intensifies, as a result of which humid air masses arrive from the Pacific Ocean. July is the warmest month of the year, its average daytime temperature is +23 - +25°C, but at night the temperature drops sharply.

The warmest month near Lake Baikal is August, not July, when temperatures are more stable; for the same reason, September is much warmer, which can be considered the “velvet season”, since it is quite warm both day and night. In summer, Baikal's temperature is 7 - 10°C lower than in the rest of the region. More often the temperature difference is about 5°C. The highest daytime temperatures in the sun are recorded from the second half of July, and this time is the most favorable for swimming in the clear waters of Lake Baikal. August is also good for swimming. At this time, the water near the lake coast is still quite warm. The surface temperature in open areas of the lake reaches, on average, up to +16°C in July, and up to +18°C in the first half of August. In the bays and coastal areas, the water temperature reaches +20°C in July, and in the first half of August it reaches +22 - +24°C.

Autumn in the Republic of Buryatia begins in late August - early September. It comes unnoticed, without sudden changes in weather, and in some years it can be long and warm. The air temperature in Buryatia is often higher at this time of year than in the European regions of the country.

Despite fairly high air temperatures during the day, frosts are observed at night. In general, autumn is accompanied by sharp daily temperature fluctuations. Already in September, the first snow comes to the region, and in October, snowfalls are more the rule than the exception. But we must admit that autumn in Buryatia is not rich in precipitation.

On the coast of Lake Baikal and near it, as a rule, pleasant sunny weather remains; it is several degrees warmer here than in the rest of the region. Baikal “cools down” slowly; the water gives up its heat at this time of year. Therefore, even in October, the autumn weather here is quite comfortable.

The average annual precipitation in Buryatia is, on average, 400 mm. The distribution of precipitation throughout the year is extremely uneven. During the 5 warmest months of the year (May - September) more than 90% of the annual precipitation falls, and the remaining 7 months account for less than 10%. The rainiest months are July and August. The maximum amount of precipitation (1,000 -1,500 mm per year) occurs on the eastern coast of Lake Baikal, primarily on the Khamar-Daban ridge.

When to go to the Republic of Buryatia. Buryatia is one of the most beautiful regions of Eastern Siberia.It surprises with the amazing diversity of its nature, which harmoniously combines the endless taiga expanses, the snow-glistening peaks of the Sayan ranges, and deep rivers, with the majestic power of Lake Baikal.

It is best to go to Buryatia in the warm season, from June to September. At this time, more recreation centers are open, and it is easier to get to remote areas. It offers hiking and horseback riding, river rafting, a wonderful holiday on Lake Baikal with yachting, surfing, water skiing and more. From July the water in Baikal warms up quite well and you can swim. But it is worth remembering that Baikal water quickly cools the human body, so the maximum time for swimming is 10 minutes, otherwise there is a risk of hypothermia. Summer time is perfect for fans of eco-tourism and lovers of active recreation. Numerous tour bases, at this time of year, can offer interesting routes. Khamar-Daban and Bolshoi Sayan are majestic mountain ranges that stretch for many kilometers. In the east of the Sayan Mountains, the Tunkinsky Goltsy stretch for more than a hundred kilometers, which, due to their similarity with the Alps, were called the Tunkinsky Alps. This mountain range is essentially a place of virgin nature.

Hunting lovers will also not be disappointed. The taiga forests of Buryatia are home to a huge number of animals and game birds. Among them you can hunt brown bear, elk, Siberian roe deer, wapiti and deer, wild boar, lynx, wolf, fox, Barguzin sable, wood grouse. The tourist centers of Buryatia will offer you exciting hunting and professional huntsman support.

April is not the best time to travel around the region, as the snow cover disappears everywhere, and it can be very dirty in Buryatia, and some places in the region are simply not accessible. But this time is perhaps the best for ice fishing on Lake Baikal, so avid fishermen flock to these places, precisely in April. In the rivers and lakes of Buryatia there are omul, sturgeon, grayling, whitefish, bream, pike, catfish, perch, carp, and sorog.

May and September are a great time for travel, sightseeing and cultural treasures of Buryatia, as well as getting to know the customs and traditions of the region. At this time, the weather in Buryatia is not hot, sunny, very pleasant for excursion trips. Here you can follow the path of Genghis Khan, study the paths of the first Russian explorers, visit one of the oldest museums in Siberia - the Museum of the History of Buryatia named after. M. N. Khangalova. Fans of educational tours can visit the traditional home of the Buryats and get acquainted with their way of life, which is based on a large number of customs, beliefs and rules. In addition, September is a great time on Lake Baikal for artists and photographers. At this time, the mixed forests of the coast near Peschanaya Bay and in Chivyrkuisky Bay are especially beautiful.

The entire warm period of the year, from May to the end of September, is very suitable for treating and strengthening the body in these parts. Here, in the valley of the Zhom River, there are many healing springs that are not inferior in their healing properties to the famous mineral waters of the Carpathians and the Caucasus. People suffering from various diseases regularly improve their health in the carbonic waters of the Arshan resort, the ferruginous springs of Khongor-Uuly, the siliceous radon thermal baths of the Nile Desert, the methane thermal baths of the Pearl Mineral Springs, and the carbonic radon thermal baths of Shumak. There are also deposits of medicinal mud and silt in Buryatia - the mineral lakes Bormashovoye and Kiran. In terms of the variety and number of medical and recreational places, this region is one of the richest in Eastern Siberia.

Winter time - from November to the end of March, is also very attractive for traveling around Buryatia. Winter here is frosty and very sunny. Tourist centers of Buryatia in winter will offer you tours to the taiga regions on an all-terrain vehicle or motorized snowmobile, riding on a Russian troika, and magnificent ski slopes. But it is worth remembering that in November and December the daylight hours are very short, it begins to get light at nine o’clock and quickly gets dark after five o’clock in the evening. In January, Baikal freezes completely, and it must be said that it is the largest ice skating rink on the planet. If you like skiing, ice skating, ice skating, then come to Buryatia in the second half of winter - at this time it is never cold on the ice of Lake Baikal. But, when traveling on ice, you need to follow precautionary rules: you should not drive cars, snowmobiles and other vehicles outside of proven winter roads, and you should not develop too much speed, as you may not notice a crack in the ice.

The least suitable months for a trip to Buryatia are the transition months of the year - April and October. At this time, the weather is extremely unstable, making it difficult to plan any travel around the region. Although April itself is an ideal month for fishing, and in October there are usually warm autumn days on the coast of Lake Baikal.

Climate of the Trans-Baikal Territory

The climate of the Trans-Baikal Territory is sharply continental. The continental climate of Transbaikalia is much more pronounced than at the same latitudes of Western Siberia and the Far East, not to mention the Voronezh region, at the latitude of which the middle part of the Chita region is located.

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The Transbaikal region occupies an inland position, but its distance from the oceans varies. The Pacific Seas - Okhotsk and Yellow - are 850 - 1,000 km away from the Transbaikal Territory. The closest of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, the Laptev Sea, is 1,700 km away from the edge. The Transbaikal region is the eastern part of the vast Central Asian world watershed of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. The upstream sources of the main water arteries of Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia - the Amur, Lena and Yenisei - originate here.

Despite the fact that most of the territory belongs to the zone of temperate latitudes, due to its location in the depths of the Asian continent, distance from oceans and seas, and significant elevation above sea level, the climate here is very harsh. In terms of the severity and dryness of winter, the territory of the region is close to Yakutia. In some areas, the annual temperature range is 94°C or more. Kalarsky, Tungiro-Olekminsky and Tungochensky districts are equated to regions of the Far North. But the combination of the severity of the climate of Transbaikalia with the bottomless blue sky, the unique landscapes of snow-capped char, mountain taiga, wide strips of forest-steppes, intermountain depressions and rolling high steppe plains, the abundance of clean mountain rivers and streams cutting through the mountain taiga, and systems of large lakes create an unusually attractive natural an environment that fascinates any person.

For the entire territory of this region, the climate is characterized by long, frosty, partly cloudy, windless winters and warm in the south, moderately warm or even cool in the north and in mountainous areas in summer. The geographical latitude and significant extent of the region, in the direction from north to south, determine the duration of sunshine. As latitude increases, it decreases noticeably. The duration of sunshine in Char, per year, is 1,873 hours, as you move south, it increases to 2,163 hours (Middle Kalar), and reaches 2,535 - 2,618 hours in the southern regions (Kyra, Borzya), which is comparable to resorts of the Black Sea coast of Russia - 2,154 hours (Sochi).

Winter in the Trans-Baikal Territory begins at the end of October in the southern regions of the region, and in mid-October in the northern regions. Winter is long and harsh, lasting almost 6 months. The winter period is characterized by little cloudiness, prolonged sunshine, and persistent frosts; there are practically no thaws. At the same time, winters in Transbaikalia are windless and have little snow. Even weak winds are rare in the first half of winter. November and December are characterized by short daylight hours and correspondingly little sunshine, making both months quite cold with low temperatures.

In January, daylight hours noticeably increase, and the number of hours of sunshine also increases. Under these conditions, the earth's surface loses a lot of heat as a result of radiation, which explains temperature inversions and the prevalence of persistent frosts. In most of Russia, January is the coldest month of the year, and Transbaikalia, in this case, is no exception. The average daily air temperature in January is -23°C in the south of the region, and -35°C in the north of the region, and absolute minimums reach -50 - -58°C.

February and March are less frosty months, the average daily air temperature is approximately 4 - 7 °C higher than in January, but these winter months are considered the windiest, so the difference in negative temperatures between the middle of winter and the end of the winter period is practically not felt. During the entire winter period, an insignificant amount of precipitation falls, and the snow cover itself is distributed extremely unevenly. The thickness of the snow cover is not very large, even in the mountain taiga, and in some steppe basins of Eastern Transbaikalia it is only 5 - 10 cm.

Spring in the Trans-Baikal Territory begins in early April - in the south of the region, and in mid-April - in the north of the region. Spring is quite short and windy, with severe frosts at night. In spring, the usual phenomena here are storms, which include winds with a speed of 20 - 30 m/s, squalls, drifting snow, blizzards, storms, dust drifts, especially in the southeast of the region. In April, intensive snow melting begins, and windy weather will only contribute to the rapid evaporation of moisture from the soil surface. Returns of cold weather and significant precipitation in the form of snow, sleet and rain are often observed. However, there is little precipitation in the spring, and therefore droughts are observed in the steppe regions.

At the end of April - beginning of May, the opening of the rivers is observed. At the beginning of May, ice drift begins and at this time floods on the rivers can be expected. But floods due to the combined melting of snow and ice are atypical for Transbaikalia. If rivers flood in spring, it is due to ice jams. By mid-May, as a rule, most watercourses are cleared of ice. At this time, the first swifts arrive in Transbaikalia, and we can already talk about the fast approach of summer...

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Summer in the Trans-Baikal Territory begins in early June - in the south of the region, and in mid-June - in the server of the region. Summer is short, lasting only 2.5 - 3 months. The Transbaikal summer is hot, average daytime air temperatures are +23 - +25°C, and at times the heat reaches +35 - +40°C, which contributes to the occurrence of almost annually recurring massive forest and steppe fires. The first part of summer (June) is very dry, with almost no precipitation. The second part of summer (July and August) is hotter and humid. At this time, up to 70% of annual precipitation falls.

The hottest month of the year is July, its average daily air temperature is +15°C in the north of the region, and +24°C in the south of the region. The absolute maximum is +42°С – recorded in the village of Novo-Tsurukhaituy, Priargunsky district. In mountainous areas, at an altitude of 1,500 - 2,000 m, the average daily temperatures in July are +10 - +14°C, and frosts occur even in July and August. Summer northwest cyclones cause lower temperatures, cloudy, cloudy and rainy weather, with insignificant precipitation, while southern and southwestern cyclones cause the same weather conditions as the northwestern ones, but with more precipitation and significant temperature changes.

Autumn in the Trans-Baikal Territory begins in early September in the south of the region, and in mid-August in the north of the region. As a rule, the Transbaikal autumn is short, moderately humid, with, often, early frosts at night, sometimes with returns of warm, dry and windy weather during the daytime. September is a rather pleasant month; nature paints the taiga forests with indescribable colors. In the southern regions of the region, this is a warm, sunny, calm month, and in the northern regions, at this time, quite late autumn is raging with might and main, with snowfalls and inclement weather.

In the first ten days of October, sludge and sludge form on the rivers of the Lena basin (the Chikoy and Vitim rivers), in the second - already on most rivers in the region. In October, high atmospheric pressure sets in Transbaikalia. At the end of October - beginning of November, the rivers are covered with ice. The duration of freeze-up, on average, is from 160 (Onon River) to 212 (Chara River) days.

Most rivers freeze to the bottom in winter. At the same time, there may be no flow for up to 100 days a year or more. In the northern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory, the winter period sets in from October, stable winter cover falls, and negative air temperatures dominate in the air. The average October temperature here is already -10 - -12°C, reaching -20°C by November.

Most of the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory belongs to the zone of insufficient moisture. The distribution of precipitation is uneven: up to 60-70% of it falls in the summer-autumn period. In the steppe regions of Transbaikalia, 200 - 300 mm of precipitation falls, in the mountain-taiga zone - about 450 - 600 mm. The predominant source of moisture is liquid precipitation in the form of rain. Rain power accounts for more than 50%.

When to go to Trans-Baikal Territory. Transbaikalia is magnificent! Here, 64 unique natural monuments are presented to the attention of tourists, such as glaciers of the Kodar ridge, extinct volcanoes, thermal springs, Lake Arey and others. The center of attraction for tourism in the Trans-Baikal Territory is Mount Alkhanay, with a complex of Buddhist monuments and healing springs-arshans, consecrated by the Dalai Lama.

The best time to travel to this unique region is the warm summer months, from June to September. At this time, you can relax near rivers and lakes, engage in water sports, and visit interesting places. Fans of ecotourism will be delighted by the two most famous nature reserves in the region - Daursky and Sokhondinsky. The Daursky Nature Reserve is home to rare animals - manul, gazelle, Daurian hedgehog, as well as herds of Mongolian kulans and Przewalski's horses. The Sokhondinsky Nature Reserve is no less populated - musk deer and elk, weasel and sable, white partridge and mountain pipist feel at ease here.

The summer months also attract fishermen to this region. The region is rich in water resources, vast rivers and small clear lakes. Here you can catch ide, grayling, and lenok. Lake Nichatka is especially rich in fish; perch, taimen, davatchan, goby, burbot and others, including salmon species, are found here. The Fish Lake is another name for Nichatka; it is an obligatory and rich catch of fish.

The warm season - from May to early October - is favorable for health tourism. The resorts of the Trans-Baikal Territory are a real find for everyone who wants to improve their health in conditions created by nature itself. On the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory, almost all the main types of mineral cold carbon dioxide and thermal nitrogen waters of Russia are found and there are about 300 sources.

May and September are the most suitable time to travel to the cities of the region and explore local attractions, of which there are many in the region. In Chita alone, it will be interesting to admire the Shumovsky Palace, the Kazan Cathedral, the Chita Datsan, and the Decembrist Church Museum.

Winter time from November to the end of March is suitable for lovers of winter sports and outdoor activities. Cross-country and alpine skiing, snowboarding, skating, sledding, and hockey will bring a lot of pleasant impressions. And the contemplation of the winter taiga forest and the white snow caps of the mountains sparkling in the sun, the incomparable, clean Siberian air will have a beneficial effect on the body and calm the nervous system. But it is worth remembering that the Siberian winter is very cold. You need to dress as warmly as possible. You should not overcool the body; your lower back, legs, respiratory organs and ears should be warm.

The most unsuitable months for travel are the transition months - April and October. Strong gusty winds, unstable weather and large fluctuations in air temperatures will cause a lot of discomfort. Heavy snowmelt leads to impassability, and it will simply be impossible to drive to many places in Transbaikalia. If you want to visit the mountains, then you can safely add September to these two months; in the mountains this is a very stormy, cold autumn month.

Eastern Siberia is a part of Siberia that includes the Asian territory of Russia from the Yenisei in the west to the watershed ridges running along the Pacific Ocean in the east. The region has a harsh climate, limited flora and fauna, and incredibly rich natural resources. Let's consider what belongs to Eastern Siberia, where its borders are located, what are the characteristics of the climate and wildlife.

Geographical location of Eastern Siberia

Eastern and Western Siberia occupy almost two-thirds of Russia's territory. The area of ​​Eastern Siberia is 7.2 million km. Most of it is occupied by the taiga Central Siberian Plateau, which is replaced in the north by tundra lowlands, in the south and east by the high mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Sayans, the mountains of Transbaikalia and the Yana-Kolmyk region. The largest rivers of Russia - the Yenisei and Lena - flow here.

Rice. 1. Eastern Siberia occupies an impressive area

Within Eastern Siberia there are the Krasnoyarsk and Transbaikal territories, the Irkutsk region, the republics of Buryatia, Yakutia, and Tuva.

The largest city in Eastern Siberia is Krasnoyarsk; large cities - Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita, Yakutsk, Norilsk.

Due to its large extent, Eastern Siberia includes several natural zones: arctic deserts, taiga, mixed forests and even dry steppes. This list can also include swampy tundra areas, but there are very few of them, and they are found, as a rule, within the lowlands on flat, poorly drained interfluves.

There are three time zones in Eastern Siberia - Krasnoyarsk time, Irkutsk time and Yakutsk time.

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Climate

Eastern Siberia lies in the temperate and cold zones. Depending on where a particular region of Eastern Siberia is located, the following climate types are distinguished:

• The climate of the South of Eastern Siberia is extracontinental(Barguzin morphoclimatic region);
• temperate continental(Nazarovsky and Krasnoyarsk-Kansky morphoclimatic regions);
• sharply continental(Angara-Lena and Selenga morphoclimatic regions);
• foothill-steppe, steppe(Koibalsky and Udinsky morphoclimatic regions).

There is less precipitation than in the western regions of Russia, the thickness of the snow cover is usually small, and permafrost is widespread in the north.

Winter in the northern regions is long and cold, temperatures reach −40–50 °C. Summers are warm and hot in the south. July in Eastern Siberia is warmer in some places than in the same latitudes of the European part of Russia, and there are more sunny days.

Rice. 2. Winter in Eastern Siberia

The amplitude of fluctuations in summer and winter temperatures reaches 40-65 °C, and in Eastern Yakutia - 100 °C.

Resources

One of the most important characteristics of Eastern Siberia is the presence of a huge amount of resources. About half of all Russian forests are concentrated here. The bulk of wood reserves are valuable coniferous species: larch, spruce, Scots pine, fir, Siberian cedar.

Eastern Siberia contains about 70% of the reserves of hard and brown coal. This region is rich in ore deposits:

• iron ores of the Korshunovsky and Abakansky deposits, Angara-Pitsky region;
• copper-nickel ores of Norilsk;
• Altai polymetals;
• bauxites of the Eastern Sayan Mountains.

In Eastern Siberia there is the oldest Bodaibo gold deposit in the Irkutsk region. A significant amount of Russian oil is produced in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Eastern Siberia is rich in nonmetallic minerals, including mica, graphite, building materials, and salts. There is also the largest diamond deposit on the border of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Yakutia.

Rice. 3. Diamonds of Yakutia

Live nature

The predominant type of vegetation is taiga. The East Siberian taiga extends from the boundaries of the forest-tundra in the north to the border with Mongolia in the south, over an area of ​​about 5,000 thousand square meters. km., of which 3,455 thousand sq. km is occupied by coniferous forests.

The soils and vegetation of the taiga zone of Eastern Siberia develop under more favorable conditions than in the tundra and forest-tundra zones. The relief is more rugged than in neighboring Western Siberia; rocky, often thin soils are formed on the bedrock.

To preserve nature in its original form, many nature reserves, national and natural parks have been opened in Eastern Siberia.

The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is the oldest nature reserve in Russia. It was founded before the 1917 revolution to preserve and increase the number of sable. At the time of creation, there were only 20-30 individuals of sable, currently there are 1-2 individuals per 1 square meter. km.

What have we learned?

In 8th grade, geography covers a topic dedicated to Eastern Siberia. It covers an incredibly large area, and its length from north to south is about 3 thousand km. Briefly about Eastern Siberia, we can say the following: it is a region with a harsh climate, not very diverse fauna and flora, and with large reserves of natural resources.

Test on the topic

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Eastern Siberia is characterized by pronounced continental climate features. This is manifested in exceptionally large seasonal differences in air temperature, low temperatures, and little precipitation in the area. In winter, it is formed under the influence of a vast area of ​​elevated - Asian. However, the position of the center of the anticyclone, the pressure in it and the area of ​​distribution change significantly during the cold period. This determines the variability, which is associated with day-to-day fluctuations in air temperature, which is especially typical for the southwest of Yakutia.
Although cyclonic activity is weakened in winter, it significantly affects the weather: it changes, precipitation occurs, and it forms.
Continental air predominates here, which cools in the surface layer, and in December - February in the lower layers it becomes colder than the Arctic air. The average in January over the vast expanse of Eastern Siberia varies from -26 in the southwest to -38, -42° in the Central Lowland. In valleys and basins it can drop to -60°.
However, against the background of very low average monthly temperatures, when warmer continental air is carried out from Central Asia, relative warming is observed in the Baikal region and Transbaikalia, accompanied by an increase in temperature to -15° and above. With the long-term removal of relatively warm air masses, the air temperature during the day in Eastern Siberia can be above 0°.

Summer in Eastern Siberia is warm: up to 30 - 40% of solar heat is consumed to heat the air, and in the south and east of the Central Yakut Lowland up to 50%. Therefore, despite the flow of cold air from the seas, from the north and from the sea, average temperatures in July vary across the territory from north to south from 14 to 18°. The highest temperatures in these areas occur when continental air moves from China and (35 - 38°).
In summer, the frequency of occurrence over Eastern Siberia is greater than in winter. They mainly come from the west, southwest and northwest. In the second half of summer, southern cyclones occur, which are associated with significant precipitation.
Relief and features distribute precipitation throughout the area. The annual amount of precipitation varies between 130 - 1000 mm, and there is no well-defined, as in the European territory of Russia and Western Siberia, gradual decrease in precipitation to the south. The combination of heat and moisture promotes forest growth across most of Eastern Siberia. However, the complex terrain of this region disrupts the natural environment.
The most favorable conditions (sufficient heat and moisture) develop in areas where precipitation falls from 600 to 1000 mm. To the east, in the territory of Central Yakutia, with a decrease in precipitation to 200 - 250 mm, aridity increases. Only here, at latitudes around 60 degrees, negative differences between precipitation and evaporation are observed, which forms steppe zones. The climate of its coasts is maritime in nature, which is determined by the large size of the lake and its isolation from the surrounding area by mountain ranges. In winter, a center of low pressure forms over Lake Baikal. And from the area of ​​​​high pressure over Eastern Siberia they blow towards Lake Baikal. The minimum precipitation is observed in February - March (10 - 20 mm). In Transbaikalia, due to a decrease in precipitation to 300 - 400 mm, aridity increases from north to south. In the southwest and especially in the southeast of Transbaikalia, where evaporation exceeds precipitation by 200 mm, they form. However, greater aridity is observed in river valleys, in intermountain basins and on the southern slopes. Unlike other regions of Russia, in Eastern Siberia on the northern slopes it extends into the southernmost regions of Transbaikalia, and steppes along river valleys are found north of 60° N. w.

*What climate zones is the region located in? Remember the distinctive features of a sharply continental climate in comparison with maritime and moderate continental ones.

The region is located in the Arctic, subarctic and temperate climate zones. The sharply continental climate is characterized by dryness, high summer temperatures, severe frosts in winter, and a large annual temperature range.

*Use the map to determine where the boundary of the continuous distribution of permafrost lies in Eastern Siberia.

The border runs along the Yenisei, along the slopes of the Western Sayan, Tuva and Altai to the border with Kazakhstan.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

1. Prove that Eastern Siberia is a territory with a pronounced, classic sharply continental climate.

The continental climate is manifested in a large range of temperatures between winter and summer (it reaches 50°, and in Eastern Yakutia - 100°), as well as sharp fluctuations in temperature during the day and a relatively small amount of precipitation. Precipitation occurs mainly in July and August.

2. Using textbook data, determine which climatic record holders of Russia are located in Eastern Siberia.

The largest temperature difference is observed in the area of ​​the “pole of cold” in Yakutia (Russia. The coldest winter is in the Republic of Sakha (-500C). The coldest summer is on the northern coast of Siberia.

3. Explain the reasons for the severity of the climate in Eastern Siberia.

The severity of the climate of Eastern Siberia is explained by its central position on the mainland, location at high latitudes, distance from the Atlantic coast, the presence of orographic obstacles in the path of air masses from the Pacific Ocean, and significant elevation changes.

Eastern Siberia is part of the Asian territory of the Russian Federation. It is located from the borders of the Pacific Ocean to the Yenisei River. This zone is characterized by an extremely harsh climate and limited fauna and flora.

Geographical description

Eastern and occupy almost two-thirds of the territory of Russia. Situated on a plateau. The eastern zone covers an area of ​​about 7.2 million square meters. km. Her possessions extend all the way to the Sayan mountain ranges. Most of the territory is represented by tundra lowland. The mountains of Transbaikalia play a significant role in the formation of the relief.

Despite the harsh climatic conditions, there are quite a lot of large cities in Eastern Siberia. The most attractive from an economic point of view are Norilsk, Irkutsk, Chita, Achinsk, Yakutsk, Ulan-Ude, etc. Within the zone are the Trans-Baikal and Krasnoyarsk territories, the republics of Yakutia, Buryatia, Tuva and other administrative regions.

The main type of vegetation is taiga. It stretches from Mongolia to the borders of the forest-tundra. Occupies more than 5 million square meters. km. Most of the taiga is represented by coniferous forests, which make up 70% of the local vegetation. Soils develop unevenly relative to natural zones. In the taiga zone the soil is favorable and stable, in the tundra it is rocky and frozen.

Within the interfluve and lowlands, minor swamps are observed. However, there are much fewer of them than in Western Siberia. But in the eastern region arctic deserts and deciduous plantations are often found.

Relief characteristics

Eastern Siberia of Russia is located at a high level above the sea. The plateau, which is located in the middle part of the zone, is to blame. Here the height of the platform varies from 500 to 700 meters above sea level. The relative averaging of the region is noted. The highest points are considered to be the interfluve of the Lena and the Vilyui plateau - up to 1700 meters.

The base of the Siberian platform is represented by a crystalline folded basement, on which there are huge sedimentary layers up to 12 kilometers thick. The north of the zone is determined by the Aldan shield and the Anabar massif. The average thickness of the soil is about 30 kilometers.

Today, the Siberian platform contains several main types of rocks. This includes marble, crystalline slate, charnockite, etc. The oldest deposits date back to 4 billion years. Igneous rocks are formed as a result of eruptions. Most of these deposits are found in the Tunguska depression.

The modern relief is a combination of lowlands and hills. Rivers flow in the valleys, swamps form, and coniferous trees grow better on the hills.

Features of the water area

It is generally accepted that the Far East faces the Arctic Ocean with its “façade”. The eastern region borders on the Kara, Siberian and Laptev seas. Of the largest lakes, it is worth highlighting Baikal, Lama, Taimyr, Pyasino and Khantayskoye.

Rivers flow in deep valleys. The most significant of them are the Yenisei, Vilyui, Lena, Angara, Selenga, Kolyma, Olekma, Indigirka, Aldan, Lower Tunguska, Vitim, Yana and Khatanga. The total length of the rivers is about 1 million km. Most of the region's internal basin belongs to the Arctic Ocean. Other external water areas include rivers such as Ingoda, Argun, Shilka and Onon.

The main source of nutrition for the inland basin of Eastern Siberia is snow cover, which melts in large quantities under the influence of sunlight from the beginning of summer. The next most important role in the formation of continental waters is played by rain and groundwater. The highest level of basin flow is observed in summer.

The largest and most important river in the region is the Kolyma. Its water area occupies more than 640 thousand square meters. km. The length is about 2.1 thousand km. The river originates in the Upper Kolyma Highlands. The annual water consumption exceeds 120 cubic meters. km.

Eastern Siberia: climate

The formation of meteorological features of a region is determined by its territorial location. The climate of Eastern Siberia can be briefly described as continental, consistently harsh. There are significant seasonal fluctuations in cloudiness, temperature, and precipitation levels. The Asian anticyclone forms vast areas of high pressure in the region, this phenomenon is especially common in winter. On the other hand, severe frost makes air circulation changeable. Because of this, temperature fluctuations at different times of the day are more significant than in the west.

The climate of North-Eastern Siberia is represented by variable air masses. It is characterized by increased precipitation and dense snow cover. This area is dominated by continental flows, which rapidly cool in the surface layer. That is why in January the temperature drops to a minimum. Arctic winds predominate at this time of year. Often in winter you can observe air temperatures down to -60 degrees. Basically, such minimums are characteristic of basins and valleys. On the plateau, the indicators do not drop below -38 degrees.

Warming is observed with the arrival of air flows from China and Central Asia into the region.

winter time

It is not without reason that it is believed that Eastern Siberia has the heaviest and most severe conditions. The table of temperature indicators in winter is proof of this (see below). These indicators are presented as average values ​​over the last 5 years.

Due to the increased dryness of the air, the constancy of the weather and the abundance of sunny days, such low levels are more easily tolerated than in a humid climate. One of the defining meteorological characteristics of winter in Eastern Siberia is the absence of wind. Most of the season there is moderate calm, so there are practically no blizzards or blizzards here.

It is interesting that in the central part of Russia a frost of -15 degrees is felt much stronger than in Siberia -35 C. Nevertheless, such low temperatures significantly worsen the living conditions and activities of local residents. All living areas have thickened walls. Expensive fuel boilers are used to heat buildings. The weather begins to improve only with the onset of March.

Warm seasons

In fact, spring in this region is short, as it arrives late. The eastern one, which changes only with the arrival of warm Asian air currents, begins to wake up only by mid-April. It is then that the stability of positive temperatures during the daytime is noted. Warming begins in March, but it is insignificant. By the end of April the weather begins to change for the better. In May, the snow cover completely melts and the vegetation blooms.

In the summer in the south of the region the weather becomes relatively hot. This is especially true for the steppe zone of Tuva, Khakassia and Transbaikalia. In July the temperature here rises to +25 degrees. The highest rates are observed on flat terrain. It is still cool in the valleys and highlands. If we take the whole of Eastern Siberia, then the average summer temperature here is from +12 to +18 degrees.

Climate features in autumn

Already at the end of August, the first frosts begin to envelop the Far East. They are observed mainly in the northern part of the region at night. During the day the bright sun shines, there are rains with sleet, and sometimes the wind increases. It is worth noting that the transition to winter occurs much faster than from spring to summer. In the taiga, this period takes about 50 days, and in the steppe area - up to 2.5 months. All these are characteristic features that distinguish Eastern Siberia from other northern zones.

The climate in autumn is also represented by an abundance of rain coming from the west. Humid Pacific winds most often blow from the east.

Precipitation level

The relief is responsible for atmospheric circulation in Eastern Siberia. Both the pressure and the speed of air mass flow depend on it. The region receives about 700 mm of precipitation annually. The maximum indicator for the reporting period is 1000 mm, the minimum is 130 mm. The level of precipitation is not clearly defined.

On the plateau in the middle zone it rains more often. Due to this, the amount of precipitation sometimes exceeds 1000 mm. The driest region is considered to be Yakutia. Here the amount of precipitation varies within 200 mm. The least amount of rain falls between February and March - up to 20 mm. The western regions of Transbaikalia are considered optimal zones for vegetation relative to precipitation.

Permafrost

Today there is no place in the world that can compete in terms of continentality and meteorological anomalies with the region called Eastern Siberia. The climate in some areas is striking in its severity. In the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle lies a permafrost zone.

This area is characterized by light snow cover and low temperatures throughout the year. Because of this, mountain weather and soil lose a huge amount of heat, freezing to depths of meters. The soil here is predominantly rocky. Groundwater is poorly developed and often freezes for decades.

Vegetation of the region

The nature of Eastern Siberia is mostly represented by taiga. Such vegetation extends for hundreds of kilometers from the Lena River to Kolyma. In the south, the taiga borders on the local property, untouched by man. However, due to the arid climate, the threat of large-scale fires always hangs over them. In winter, the temperature in the taiga drops to -40 degrees, but in summer the readings often rise to +20. Precipitation is moderate.

The nature of Eastern Siberia is also represented by the tundra zone. This zone is adjacent to the Arctic Ocean. The soils here are bare, the temperature is low, and the humidity is excessive. In mountainous areas, flowers such as cotton grass, grass grass, poppy, and saxifrage grow. Trees in the region include spruce, willow, poplar, birch, and pine.

Animal world

Almost all regions of Eastern Siberia are not distinguished by the richness of their fauna. The reasons for this are permafrost, lack of food and underdeveloped deciduous flora.

The largest animals are brown bear, lynx, elk and wolverine. Sometimes you can see foxes, ferrets, stoats, badgers and weasels. The central zone is home to musk deer, sable, deer and bighorn sheep.

Due to the perpetually frozen soil, only a few species of rodents are found here: squirrels, chipmunks, flying squirrels, beavers, marmots, etc. But the feathered world is extremely diverse: wood grouse, crossbill, hazel grouse, goose, crow, woodpecker, duck, nutcracker, sandpiper, etc. .