Children's endocrinological diseases. Endocrine diseases: symptoms

The basis of ailments of this nature may be:

• deficiency or excess in the child's body of one of the types of hormones,
• production of an abnormal hormone by the gland,
• resistance to the action of a substance secreted by the endocrine glands,
• failures in its delivery to its destination.

But the question of why this happens and how to change it, in most cases, the answer is unknown. After all, endocrinology, dealing with problems related to the endocrine system, is a relatively young science. Therefore, the causes of her diseases are not well understood. However, there are a number of factors that can provoke or push various ailments caused by a malfunction in the functioning of the endocrine glands. These include:

• heredity,
• bad ecology,
• bad habits,
• unbalanced diet,
• psychological trauma,
• viral and infectious diseases,
• traumatic brain injury,
• tumor processes.

Symptoms

The most common diseases in children associated with problems various glands, are:

• diabetes mellitus (pancreas);
• hypothyroidism and diffuse toxic goiter(thyroid);
• chronic adrenal insufficiency (adrenal glands).

Each of the listed ailments manifests itself in different ways, however, there are a number of symptoms that are most characteristic of endocrine diseases, the manifestation of which is the reason for a visit to the doctor:

• change in body weight (in the direction of increase or decrease);
• weakness, lethargy;
• increased fatigue;
• lethargy, drowsiness;
• frequent mood swings;
• fluctuations in blood pressure, arrhythmia;
• intense thirst, copious urination;
• excessive sweating or its absence;
• frequent colds;
• stomach ache;
• stunted growth, dry skin, brittle hair.

Diagnosis of endocrine diseases in a child

The first step in diagnosing any endocrine disease is visual inspection and history analysis. Then it is carried out:

• laboratory analysis of blood and urine (to determine their chemical and biological composition, hormonal status);
• ultrasound examination (the volume, size of the gland is determined, cysts and nodes in it, if any, are detected);
• Doppler mapping (to visualize blood flow);
• scintigraphy (the ability of the gland to perform its functions is assessed);
• CT scan;
• punch biopsy.

Complications

Endocrinopathy, congenital or arising in childhood, often have a severe course, have chronic. They call:

• violations of not only physical development, but also psychomotor, sexual;
• damage to many systems and organs of the child's body;
• making unwanted changes in the diet, as well as in the whole lifestyle.

To the most severe consequences various diseases endocrine system include:

• disturbances in the work of the central nervous system,
• occurrence of cardiovascular disease,
• lag in physical and mental development,
• the formation of malignant tumors.

Treatment

What can you do

Usually the first doctor who can notice something wrong with the endocrine system in your child is a pediatrician, who then sends him for a consultation with a specialist. Therefore, you must:

• regularly take your child for preventive examinations;
• if you have the slightest complaint or symptoms, consult a doctor;
• do not ignore the advice of an endocrinologist;
• do not panic with any diagnosis, but be patient and clearly follow all the instructions of the doctors.

What does a doctor do

Getting rid of a child from endocrine pathologies involves various methods. It all depends on the specifics of the disease, the stage of its development. It could be:

• replacement therapy with the use of hormonal drugs;
• drug treatment;
• vitamin therapy;
• acupuncture;
• radio and magnetotherapy;
• treatment with leeches (gerudotherapy);
• homeopathy;
• massage;
• physiotherapy;
• special diet;
• surgical intervention.

Often achieve desired effect using a combination treatment using various methods. Everything is built on three main principles:

• education,
• monitoring,
• control.

The doctor teaches the parents of a sick child and himself how to behave in Everyday life and in the event of emergency situations (which occurs quite often in diseases of the endocrine system). It monitors the ongoing changes in the patient's body, controls the effectiveness of the treatment method used.

Prevention

One of the main preventive measures conducted with children at risk is a regular hormonal examination. An important role in preventing the occurrence of endocrine diseases or reducing the intensity of their course and the occurrence of relapses, if they are already present, is the maintenance of a certain lifestyle, namely:

• make a diet with the help of a professional nutritionist in such a way that it contains foods containing all vitamins and minerals in the required amount;
• prevent or eliminate bad habits,
• study exercise within the framework of physical therapy,
• avoid psycho-emotional stress.

You should not forget that the chances for a child to fully develop and avoid severe complications diseases of the endocrine system are many times higher if the detection of the disease and the beginning of its adequate treatment occurred on early stage its development.

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Arm yourself with knowledge and read a useful informative article about endocrine diseases in children. After all, being parents means studying everything that will help maintain the degree of health in the family at the level of “36.6”.

Find out what can cause the disease, how to recognize it in a timely manner. Find information about what are the signs by which you can determine the malaise. And what tests will help to identify the disease and make the correct diagnosis.

In the article you will read everything about the methods of treating a disease such as endocrine diseases in children. Specify what effective first aid should be. How to treat: choose drugs or folk methods?

You will also find out what can be dangerous untimely treatment endocrine diseases in children, and why it is so important to avoid the consequences. All about how to prevent endocrine diseases in children and prevent complications.

And caring parents will find on the pages of the service full information about the symptoms of endocrine diseases in children. How do the signs of the disease in children at 1.2 and 3 years old differ from the manifestations of the disease in children at 4, 5, 6 and 7 years old? What is the best way to treat endocrine diseases in children?

Take care of the health of your loved ones and be in good shape!

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Deals with diseases of the endocrine system. Such pathologies often begin to manifest themselves in childhood, therefore, if there is any doubt about the health of the child, he should be shown to the doctor. Consider some of the most common diseases that relate to endocrine childhood pathology.

Diabetes

IN Lately The rate of detection of diabetes mellitus in children has slightly increased. It is very important to identify such a pathology in a child in a timely manner. A pediatric endocrinologist will help you choose the right treatment depending on the characteristics of the course of the disease. This is a complex pathology that differs in its symptoms depending on the type. Show your child to the doctor if he has the following signs:

• thirst, the child often asks for water;
• desire to go to the toilet often frequent urination), the child often asks to go to the toilet at night;
• parents notice colorless urine in a child;
• weight loss;
• change in appetite (may increase or decrease);
• weakness, fatigue, decreased performance.

Some symptoms may be mild. A characteristic symptom is still polyuria (increased urine production). Similar symptom may occur when different pathologies but cannot be ignored. The pediatrician will prescribe the child additional examination and, if necessary, a consultation with a pediatric endocrinologist.

diabetes insipidus

This endocrine disorder in children has some similar symptoms to diabetes. Characteristic signs of polyuria and thirst. Some parents miss these symptoms. If a small child for some reason is deprived of fluid for a long time ( long break in feeding), then his well-being can be drastically disturbed. There is a strong anxiety, it is possible, etc. In general, one can note a low weight gain, developmental delay. In older children, there is an intolerable thirst, which parents usually easily notice.

Obesity

In some cases, childhood obesity is associated with some endocrine disorders, so in order to normalize body weight, one has to consult a pediatric endocrinologist. It should be borne in mind that a child's malnutrition plays a leading role in the development of obesity. Endocrine disorders in children that lead to obesity include hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, hyperinsulinism, hypercortisolism, etc.

hypopituitarism

A similar endocrine disorder in children is associated with pathology of the pituitary gland. In this disease, there is a lack growth hormone. Main symptom pathology - growth retardation. It is statistically believed that hypopituitarism is found more often in boys. With a pronounced lack of the hormone, there is a noticeable lag in growth. This may be noticed by the pediatrician during preventive examinations. Growth retardation may be noticed as early as the end of the first year of life, and in some children closer to the age of four. This complex disease, which requires thorough examination. The basis of treatment is the appointment of special hormonal drugs.

Hypothyroidism

A pediatric endocrinologist often encounters thyroid pathologies. These diseases include hypothyroidism. This is a whole group of diseases characterized by a decrease in the level of thyroid hormones. The causes and variants of the course of the disease are different. Symptoms develop gradually, so it is difficult for parents to detect trouble on their own. It is especially difficult to see the pathology in children on breastfeeding due to the presence the right hormones V breast milk, which helps the baby's body not to experience a pronounced deficiency in them. Children are characterized by lethargy, weak breast sucking, reduced appetite. Respiratory failure with episodes of respiratory arrest is possible. The child does not retain heat well, so there may be a decrease in body temperature. There is a lag in development, a violation in the proportions of the body. For a correct diagnosis, it is important to carefully examine the child's hormones.

Diffuse toxic goiter

This disease is characterized advanced education thyroid hormones of the thyroid gland. Symptoms of pathology appear gradually. A pediatric endocrinologist should be contacted if increased appetite and thirst, but at the same time the body weight of the child decreases. The child complains of muscle weakness (may be abrupt, the child falls). Emotional instability, excitability, irritability, tearfulness appear. Parents may notice in a child a tremor of the fingers, dilated palpebral fissures, rare blinking, trembling of closed eyelids, sweating, shortness of breath, etc. The symptoms of the disease are very diverse, but an increase in the thyroid gland should be especially highlighted.

Simple goiter (euthyroid thyroid hyperplasia)

The disease is manifested by an enlarged thyroid gland. The risk of developing the disease is higher if the family has relatives with similar pathology. With a simple goiter, there are no pronounced complaints. A pediatric endocrinologist prescribes treatment only in some cases. For prevention, it is necessary to normalize the intake of iodine in the body, as well as to exclude factors that can provoke an increase in the thyroid gland.

endemic goiter

Most often, this endocrine disorder in children occurs in areas where there is a lack of iodine in water, soil, and food. Iodine deficiency provokes an enlargement of the thyroid gland. The symptoms of the disease are very similar to those of a simple goiter. If the degree of iodine deficiency is very high, then gradually a colloid or colloid-nodular goiter may form in the child. If you do not treat a pediatric endocrinologist, as well as do not follow prophylaxis, the risk of complications and the development of more serious illnesses. The main prevention is food iodization. The use of iodine-containing drugs is possible only on prescription.

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT)

Such an endocrine disorder in children is an autoimmune disease with a hereditary predisposition. Symptoms can appear at any age, but most often occur from 3-6 years of age. Due to the gradual increase in symptoms, the absence of pronounced complaints, the disease can only be detected in adolescence and in adults. The thyroid gland enlarges gradually and does not lead to painful sensations. Some children have symptoms of compression of neighboring organs by an enlarged gland (discomfort when swallowing). Treatment is individual, sometimes lifelong.

Hypoparathyroidism

Such an endocrine disorder in children is characterized by a decrease in the function of the parathyroid glands, which ultimately leads to hypocalcemia. There is a congenital and acquired form of the disease. The main symptoms are seizures. They arise spontaneously, may manifest as separate attacks or serious tetanic statuses. The child may notice rapid fatigue, photophobia. There is a spasm of the muscles of the forearms and hands (this symptom is called the "obstetrician's hand"). At long course diseases without treatment complications are possible. The child should be under the supervision of a pediatric endocrinologist as soon as possible.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

This group hereditary syndromes. The main manifestation is convulsions. convulsive syndrome noticed from birth. In addition, there will be a lag in growth. This is a complex disease that requires observation by narrow specialists.

Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex

The first symptoms of pathology are highly dependent on the characteristics of the course of the disease. In older children, symptoms may develop gradually. The child will complain of fatigue, headaches. Appetite decreases, but the feeling of thirst increases. Complaints of abdominal pain are possible, sometimes vomiting, diarrhea, fainting are possible. There is weight loss, growth retardation, lag in sexual development. These children are more likely to get sick. A pediatric endocrinologist individually selects a treatment based on adrenal hormone replacement therapy.

Precocious sexual development

Signs of the disease appear in girls under 7 years of age, and in boys under 8 years of age. Early secondary sexual characteristics appear, which correspond to the sex (with a false form, they may not correspond). Observed accelerated growth and body changes. In boys, spermatogenesis is established early, and in girls, the menstrual cycle. Psychomotor development is usually age appropriate. IN adulthood growth remains low. Treatment by a pediatric endocrinologist is usually long-term, but the prognosis is most often favorable.

delayed sexual development

There is a delay in the signs of puberty. The disease is diagnosed in adolescents from 13.5-14 years. Treatment by a pediatric endocrinologist is complex. It is imperative to pay attention to medical and recreational activities: normal nutrition, hardening, exercise therapy, vitamins, etc.

These are just some endocrine pathologies. Remember that the first doctor who may suspect a problem in a child is a pediatrician. Do not miss preventive examinations, consult a doctor for any complaints, do not refuse to consult a pediatric endocrinologist.

Do you want your child to develop harmoniously? Do not forget to show it to the endocrinologist - this is what our expert, pediatric endocrinologist Ph.D. Tatiana Varlamova.

Does the child’s character deteriorate, does he grow too rapidly or, on the contrary, suffers because he is the smallest in the class, too plump and chews all the time, or, on the contrary, is thin and categorically refuses to eat? “The transitional age,” we say, “time will correct everything.” And, exchanging experience with other parents, we are convinced that our baby is still nothing, but the son is with the neighbors ...

Diabetes got younger?

Modern children have become shorter, but fatter, because they eat improperly, get sick more often and are nervously excitable, to say the least - they are mentally unbalanced. Such unhappy conclusions were reached by specialists dealing with children's health at the All-Russian Forum "Health of the Nation", held in Moscow this spring. The results of recent scientific research have made it possible to assess the real state of children's health, which is very different from official statistics.

Risky Legacy
Diabetes mellitus type I. The risk of inheriting insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, so-called juvenile diabetes, is low.
The likelihood of illness in a child:
2-3% - if the mother is sick
5-6% - with diabetes in the father
15-20% - if both parents are sick
10% is the incidence of diabetes among siblings with diabetes.
Type II diabetes due to hereditary predisposition is much stronger:
40-50% - if one of the parents is sick. True, the disease usually occurs after the age of 40 years.
50-80% - if parents are also diagnosed with obesity in combination with type II diabetes, the so-called diabetes mellitus of obese adults.

According to the Scientific Center for Children's Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, only 2% of school graduates can be considered healthy. Over the past few years, children with normal physical development have decreased by 8.5%. A generation of conditionally healthy children, or, as doctors say, "healthy patients," is growing. The term "retardation" appeared, that is, a slowdown in physical development and formation functional systems in children and adolescents.

And the number of endocrine disorders in children for 15-20 years has increased significantly. This is due, firstly, to the epidemic of our century - obesity. Second, with the increased incidence of diabetes (both insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, formerly called geriatric diabetes), it has become much younger and is now increasingly occurring in children as well.

Naturally, this is connected both with the environment and with urbanization, that is, with the costs of urban life. And, of course, food. On the one hand, children began to eat more, on the other hand, not always what they need. Often, even at home, children are treated to fast food and sweet drinks - not only carbonated, but also oversweetened “morsiks” and “kompotiki”.

In addition, children move less, and this contributes to the development of functional disorders.

But main factor risk - aggravated heredity. True, if there are cases of diabetes in the family, this does not mean that the child will definitely get sick, but he is at risk. And this means that he needs special supervision of an endocrinologist (2-3 times a year) and nutritional correction. Now there are a lot of cases of obesity in children - I and II degrees! A violation of fat metabolism leads to a violation carbohydrate metabolism and the development of diabetes.

Common mistakes parents make:

• Overfeeding a child. If the child is healthy, but thin, and has a poor appetite, this may be a manifestation of gastroenterological diseases or increased excitability. So, it makes sense to show him to a neurologist and a gastroenterologist, but just do not force him to eat, arranging painful hysterical performances from feeding.
• Improper nutrition: foods containing trans fats (cookies, chips) and an excess of sweets. The child's diet must be balanced.
• Failure to regularly check the child's body mass index.
• Feeding newborns during the day without a break at night. Common Mistake mam - to breastfeed at night every time he wakes up. So he has a need to eat and drink all the time. But the number of fat cells is laid precisely during this period of development - at the age of up to two years!

Alarm symptoms:

• Child after suffering adenovirus infections, or childhood diseases can not recover for a long time.
• Often thirsty and drink too much liquid.
• He has frequent and profuse urination.
• He stays in a state of lethargy, irritability for a long time.
• He starts to noticeably lose weight.

This possible signs diabetes. Therefore, you should immediately check the level of glucose in the blood.

Height and bone age

When a child lags behind their peers, this is perceived as a tragedy by both parents and by themselves, it is especially painful for them. teenagers.

What does human growth depend on? It is influenced by two main factors - these are genes, that is, heredity, and again nutrition in early childhood. Tall parents usually have taller children, and vice versa. And, if the parents are above average height, and the child is lagging behind, you need to check his level of somatotropic hormone (STH).

Growth rates can also be reduced by severe (especially chronic) diseases. A weakened baby temporarily switches the energy that should have been spent on growth to the healing process.

An important role is played by the state of health of the mother during pregnancy, as well as the individual characteristics of the metabolic processes in the body of the child.

And the functions of the endocrine glands - the thyroid gland and the sex hormone testosterone - have a very large influence on growth. An increase in its production stimulates bone growth up to a certain limit, but in the future it begins to suppress growth zones, stopping growth. This can be observed in young men during puberty, when the acceleration of growth is replaced in the period of maturation (at 16-18 years old) by its stop.

Norm and deviations:

It is very important to track growth rates during the first two years of life.

• In the first year, children grow by an average of 25-30 cm, in the second - up to 12 cm, and in the third - 6 cm. Then fast growth is replaced by the so-called uniform growth, that is, 4-8 cm per year is added.
• At first puberty in children, as a rule, growth spurts again occur. This period of rapid growth is caused by the influence of sex hormones - a hormonal "burst".
• In girls, this period begins at 10 years old (maximum 12), when they add an average of 8 cm per year.
• In boys aged 12-14 years, the increase in height is on average 10 cm per year, with possible individual deviations of 1-1.5 years.
• During the period of puberty "jump" (in boys this usually happens at 13-16 years old, in girls - at 12-15 years old), both main indicators of physical development are intensively manifested - height and body weight. For relatively short span time, height can increase by 20%, and body weight - even by 50%.
  In girls, this "leap" can begin at 10.5 years, reaching its greatest expression by 12.5. And their body growth continues until the age of 17-19.
• Boys at the beginning of puberty lag behind girls, and at about 14.5 years old they begin to intensively catch up with them, and their growth continues until about 19-20 years old.

Alarm symptoms:

• Weight and height figures may vary - it depends on individual characteristics specific child, so that the cause for excitement should not be one figure, but a steady age trend of lagging behind or accelerating growth. Here genes play a big role, but the hereditary program can fail for some external reasons.
• Adolescents in physical and sexual development may be delayed by 1-2 years compared to their peers who are intensively involved in sports with constant physical activity (gymnastics, wrestling, etc.).
• chronic diseases, for example, gastritis, gastroduodenitis, which sometimes occur almost asymptomatically in adolescents, can significantly affect growth retardation.
• Diseases of cardio-vascular system, such as arterial hypertension, rheumatism, heart defects, some lung diseases, also contribute to a decrease in growth.
• And, of course, endocrine diseases, the first signs of which sometimes appear in early age, and sometimes only in adolescence, lead to a slowdown in the physical - and primarily to a decrease in growth.

It is important not to lose time, to notice in a timely manner that the growth of the child does not correspond to the norm, and be sure to contact specialists - a pediatrician and an endocrinologist.

It is also necessary to check the bone age - its compliance with the passport - and growth zones. For this they do X-ray brushes and wrist joints. The growth zones are clearly visible in the picture. If these zones are closed at the age of 14-15, then the child will no longer grow, and this is an unfavorable sign.

Thyroid

The last two decades have been marked by a steady increase in thyroid disease in children. In addition to burdened heredity important role plays and the region of residence. If there is a shortage of iodine in the region, its deficiency must be replenished with iodine preparations - iodomarin, potassium iodide, etc.

How do hormones work?
The endocrine system is endocrine glands, such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, ovaries, testicles, etc. Hormones (endocrine substances) are secreted by the endocrine system directly into the bloodstream and regulate vital important processes in organism. All over the world, there has recently been an increase in diseases associated with endocrine disorders. Moreover, most endocrine diseases manifest themselves in childhood. Typical Symptoms endocrine disorders - causeless fatigue, abrupt change mood, irritability, obesity or sudden loss weight, too early or delayed puberty - should serve as a serious reason for contacting an endocrinologist.

Somewhat inadequate physical activity and even too much time at the computer at an early age can provoke the development of thyroid diseases, such as autoimmune thyroiditis - a deficiency of thyroid hormone, which leads to further functional impairment.

If, after a careful examination and ultrasound, it turns out that the gland is enlarged, but the level of thyroid hormones is normal, then iodine preparations are sufficient. If the level of the hormone is increased or decreased, a serious correction is necessary, treatment with hormonal drugs.

The widespread opinion that the hormones that the mother took during pregnancy also lead to the development of endocrine disorders in children is not confirmed by doctors. Hormones are usually prescribed to women with problems of the reproductive system - miscarriage, etc. Such a course of treatment under the supervision of a doctor almost never - there are many studies on this topic - does not affect the health of children. On the contrary, in the correct, precisely selected dosage hormonal drug helps keep the pregnancy going. Hypothyroidism can also be congenital - it is a hereditary disease when a child is already born with a "bad" thyroid gland. Therefore, since 1992, we have been screening newborns for endocrine diseases.

Such early diagnosis very important: if you start treatment right away (and children with hypothyroidism need lifelong treatment), then you can avoid developmental delays.

Cases of congenital hypothyroidism in Russia average 1 per 4000 newborns. Therefore, the best prevention of endocrine system disorders in children is the examination of pregnant women in early dates when the laying of the nervous system and thyroid gland in the fetus occurs.

Alarm symptoms:

• Slowdown in growth.
• Weight disorders - both its deficiency and excess. If the child is too full, this may indicate a violation of metabolic processes.
• In case of insufficiency of thyroid hormones, children are lethargic, pasty, weak - they quickly get tired in comparison with their peers, it is very difficult to get up in the morning.
• If the gland works too actively, weight loss, increased emotional excitability are observed, especially in girls. They become whiny, even aggressive, hand tremors may appear, an increase eyeballs, pressure difference - reduced diastolic and increased systolic (pulse), thin, tender, even dry skin and general fussiness of movements.

An experienced doctor can identify violations already by the way the child enters the office: this is noticeable by his plasticity, hyperactive demeanor, and excessive fussiness.

Gender issues

Puberty in children is mainly due to heredity, but not only genetic characteristics determine the type of development of the child, but the national, racial affiliation of the parents - children of southern or eastern peoples, for example, mature earlier.

How to determine ideal weight child?
For children from 1 to 12 years old, the deviation of body weight from the ideal can be assessed in points - from five to two. Body mass index (BMI) for children from 2 years of age is calculated using the same formula as for adults: weight in kg divided by height in cm squared.
5 points - exact correspondence of the child's weight to his age
+4 - slightly overweight
+3 - moderate overweight
+2 - pronounced excess weight
-4 - mild underweight
-3 - moderate underweight
-2 - severe weight deficit

Assessment of body weight in girls

Age, years	BMI assessment in points
	-2	-3	-4	5	+4	+3	+2
1	14,7	15,0	15,8	16,6	17,6	18,6	19,3
2	14,3	14,7	15,3	16,0	17,1	18,0	18,7
3	13,9	14,4	14,9	15,6	16,7	17,6	18,3
4	13,6	14,1	14,7	15,4	16,5	17,5	18,2
5	13,5	14,0	14,6	15,3	16,3	17,5	18,3
6	13,3	13,9	14,6	15,3	16,4	17,7	18,8
7	13,4	14,4	14,7	15,5	16,7	18,5	19,7
8	13,6	14,2	15,0	16,0	17,2	19,4	21,0
9	14,0	14,5	15,5	16,6	17,2	20,8	22,7
10	14,3	15,0	15,9	17,1	18,0	21,8	24,2
11	14,6	15,3	16,2	17,8	19,0	23,0	25,7
12	15,0	15,6	16,7	18,3	19,8	23,7	26,8

Assessment of body weight in boys

Age, years	BMI assessment in points
	-2	-3	-4	5	+4	+3	+2
1	14,6	15,4	16,1	17,2	18,5	19,4	19,9
2	14,4	15,0	15,7	16,5	17,6	18,4	19,0
3	14,0	14,6	15,3	16,0	17,0	17,8	18,4
4	13,8	14,4	15,0	15,8	16,6	17,5	18,1
5	13,7	14,2	14,9	15,5	16,3	17,3	18,0
6	13,6	14,0	14,7	15,4	16,3	17,4	18,1
7	13,6	14,0	14,7	15,5	16,5	17,7	18,9
8	13,7	14,1	14,9	15,7	17,0	18,4	19,7
9	14,0	14,3	15,1	16,0	17,6	19,3	20,9
10	14,3	14,6	15,5	16,6	18,4	20,3	22,2
11	14,6	15,0	16,0	17,2	19,2	21,3	23,5
12	15,1	15,5	16,5	17,8	20,0	22,3	24,8

You can calculate the ideal weight for your child, taking into account his constitutional body type, using the formula: MI \u003d (R x D): 240, where MI is ideal body weight in kg; P - height in cm; G - circle chest in cm; 240 is a constant design factor.

A sign of the norm or deviation may be the sequence of the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics: in girls, the mammary glands must first develop, then hair growth occurs in the pubic area, then menstruation occurs. If the sequence is broken, this is not yet a sign of the disease, but a reason for consulting an endocrinologist. When girls have hair on their arms, legs and back, it is necessary to exclude an excess of androgens by making special studies. With their excess, we can talk about the pathology of the adrenal glands. If the hormonal background is normal, this may be a manifestation of a constitutional feature.

Normally, in girls at 8-9 years old, the first signs of maturation appear: the areas of the nipples begin to protrude a little, slightly change color and shape. And then, from the age of 10-12, the redistribution of adipose tissue, the development of the mammary glands, etc. gradually begin to occur. areas.

Normal puberty in boys usually occurs between 9 and 14 years of age. The first signs are testicular enlargement, then, after 6 months, the appearance of pubic hair, reaching a peak in the final stage of genital growth.

Boys at this age sometimes have swelling mammary glands- one or both, as a rule, this is caused by an excess of prolactin and does not need treatment. It's not a disease, but physiological phenomenon- the so-called gynecomastia. It may be due to obesity.

Alarm symptoms:

• Pubic hair in girls in the absence of other secondary sexual characteristics can be caused by a malfunction of the adrenal glands, such as an adrenal tumor. This is a serious reason for contacting an endocrinologist.
• Lagging behind peers. In this case, it is necessary to conduct a compliance check bone age biological.
• Obesity in boys can also contribute to the pathology of the development of the genitals.
• Endocrine deviation - cryptorchidism, when one or both testicles do not descend in time into the scrotum, but remain in the abdominal cavity.
• Underdevelopment of the genitals, if, for example, a boy at the age of 13 began to have hair growth (axillary and in the pubic area), and the size of the genitals is still childish, the child is taken under the supervision of endocrinologists.
• Children of both sexes may experience precocious puberty. This alarm symptom if secondary sexual characteristics appear in boys under 9 years of age or in girls under 8 years of age. In any case, it is necessary to show an endocrinologist at least once a year, even in the absence of pronounced deviations.

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Endocrine diseases in a newborn child occur due to violations in the operation of this system. This pathology is classified into several types, has a high degree of danger and poses a threat to the life of the child. But it is thanks to the hormones that a healthy endocrine system secretes that the baby’s body calmly adapts to external conditions.

All ailments of the endocrine system in babies manifest themselves in their own way, however, there are several characteristic symptoms that indicate its defeat:

Symptoms of endocrine diseases in newborns depend on which organ is affected in the system.

• constant drowsiness of the newborn and increased fatigue;
• a decrease or a sharp increase in body weight above the normalized levels;
• the baby can be capricious for a long time without an obvious reason;
• arrhythmia occurs and the pressure in the newborn rises;
• increased sweating and thirst in the baby.

All these manifestations require mandatory diagnostics in a medical institution. To clarify the diagnosis and confirm lesions in the endocrine organs, it is necessary to collect tests from the baby: blood, urine, puncture biopsy and ultrasound examination.

Functions of the endocrine system

The endocrine system of newborns is responsible for the development of endocrine and exocrine glands. Any tissue in the baby's body has some amount endocrine cells. WITH medical point of vision, it should be noted that this vital apparatus plays the following roles:

• preserves the general homeostasis (self-regulation of the body) of the child, if his environment changes;
• along with other responsible systems (nervous, circulatory) forms the correct growth, development, puberty;
• working in tandem with the nervous system, it allows you to save emotional and mental reactions.

The functions of the endocrine system are to secrete hormones for different organs.

If the endocrine system in newborns is working properly, it sends hormonal enzymes directly into the blood and lymph.

look educational video about how endocrine diseases occur in children.

Types of endocrine diseases in infants

Some newborns are born with a predisposition to endocrine diseases, such as insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, thyroid damage, hypothyroidism, and others. When these pathologies develop, hyperfunction and hypofunction of the endocrine glands are noticed.

Moms take note! Endocrine diseases in newborns are a complex of diseases associated with dysfunction of the secretion glands (thyroid, pancreas, adrenal). You can identify them by common features from the next section.

Hypothyroidism in infants

This disease in newborns is characterized by a prolonged lack of hormones in thyroid gland child up to one year old.

Hypothyroidism in infants is caused by the suffering of the thyroid gland

It is customary to subdivide it into primary, secondary, tertiary. The disease has no severe symptoms therefore, it can often be confused with manifestations of other chronic or psychiatric disorders.

Diabetes mellitus in infants

Frequent urge to urinate, the smell of acetone from the mouth of a newborn are signs that make parents think. Usually this type of endocrine disease in infants is caused by hereditary causes. Pathology in newborns should be treated by practicing additional introduction insulin.

Gigantism

Gigantism is a rare disease among newborns, but quite frightening. The disease is characterized overgrowth bones, muscles and the whole body. This happens due to the hyperfunction of the endocrine system, when there are more than enough hormones released by secretion in the body.

diffuse goiter

Diffuse goiter in infants develops against the background of thyroid dysfunction

Known as hyper- or hypothyroidism in newborns. Such a pathology in a baby can develop during pregnancy due to iodine deficiency in the body of the expectant mother. It is replenished with the help of specialized medicines that are acceptable for newborns, or by changing the place of residence to an area where this deficiency can be eliminated (that is, closer to the sea).

The kids are talking! Danya (3 years old) is watching a cartoon about Lulu the penguin. There was a phrase: "we will be happy with one child." Danya turns to me and angrily says:
- And you're not enough!

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Thyroiditis causes destruction of thyroid tissue. It is called autoimmune because of the ability of protective immune cells to destroy thyroid cells when they are recognized as foreign. The disease should be treated conservative methods under the supervision of qualified professionals.

Adrenal insufficiency

Acute adrenal insufficiency in newborns has its own complications. If you delay with her treatment, the baby develops an adrenaline crisis, accompanied by the imminent death of the child. This condition is treated in a hospital, in special cuvettes for babies.

Note! You can familiarize yourself with all the details about anomalies of an autoimmune nature in newborns and infants.

Causes of endocrine diseases

All diseases are caused by obvious negative factors. Endocrine ailments are provoked by:

• poor ecology and pathological heredity;
• unbalanced diet and improper diet;
• deficiency of the required amount of vitamin;
• bad habits of the mother before and during pregnancy;
• birth trauma of the brain;
• development of tumors.

Bad habits of the mother during pregnancy often cause endocrine diseases in newborns

All this is due to incorrect operation endocrine glands, and, as a rule, dysfunction of the work of hormones directed in an unnecessary direction. Stop this process will help experienced specialist, which, even in the maternity hospital, may suspect endocrine diseases in infants.

The kids are talking! The sister promised her son to bake pancakes. She went to the kitchen, looked, but there was no flour. Speaks:
- Danyushka, there will be no pancakes, the flour is over.
To which the son replies:
- And you mark the bottom of the barrel ..

Treatment of endocrine pathologies

How endocrine pathology will be treated depends on its type and complexity of manifestation. Usually, specialists limit themselves to conservative combined treatment, which includes the use of drugs, the use of hormonal drugs, vitamin therapy, massages, acupuncture therapy, as it stimulates the correct reaction of nerve cells therapeutic gymnastics. Biguanides and sulfonylureas may be prescribed for treatment.

Insulin for infants is used in the progression of diabetes in the appropriate dosage

In diabetes mellitus, insulin is used, and in the case of adrenal glands, glucocorticosteroids are used.

Moms take note! Each drug is prescribed by a doctor, so it is forbidden to use it to treat a baby on its own. This attitude can harm your baby even more. Diagnosis must be made narrow specialist according to the results of a general examination and analysis.

Complications and prevention

All endocrinopathies that manifest themselves in a baby in the future are chronic in nature, complicating the life of a child. They can cause difficulties during puberty, damage to other important systems in the body of a child with his growing up. Pathology of the cardiovascular system may also occur, the function of the central nervous system is impaired.

hardening procedures help the baby prevent the occurrence of endocrine diseases

Preventive measures that prevent endocrine diseases in infants are to follow the right diet, regular procedures hardening. It should also be excluded negative emotions with a child, not to be stressed during pregnancy. If you strictly follow these tips, parents have all the chances for the birth and development of an absolutely healthy child.

This type of pathology is characterized by dysfunction of the endocrine glands. They produce hormones that control the functioning of organs, systems, and affect the entire body. Deviation can be manifested as hyper- and hypofunction. The main components of the endocrine system include: thymus, thyroid and pancreas, adrenal glands, pineal gland, pituitary gland. In men, this group includes the testicles, in women - the ovaries.

What underlies endocrine diseases

This is a class of diseases that are associated with a malfunction of one, several endocrine glands. The deviation can be characterized by increased or decreased production of certain hormones, dysfunction certain bodies systems. Endocrinology is the study of disease and treatment. According to statistics, doctors are more likely to encounter thyroid pathologies, for example, hyperthyroidism, and pancreatic diseases (diabetes mellitus). Endocrine disorders are based, as a rule, on one or more main causes, for example:

• excess of some hormone (hyperproduction);
• deficiency of one or more hormones (hypofunction);
• production of an abnormal (abnormal) hormone by the gland;
• disruption of rhythm, metabolism, secretion and delivery;
• resistance to the action of the hormone;
• simultaneous failure in several hormonal systems.

Causes of the development of diseases associated with hormone deficiency

Endocrine disorders occur against the background of other disorders within the human body. Exist the following reasons associated with a lack certain hormones:

• the presence of autoimmune lesions;
• iatrogenic causes (caused by medical intervention);
• pathology of the endocrine glands due to infectious diseases, for example, tuberculosis;
• congenital diseases that provoke hypoplasia (underdevelopment), which leads to the inability of the endocrine glands to produce required amount substances;
• insufficient blood supply to organs, hemorrhages in tissues that are involved in the production of hormones;
• tumors of the endocrine glands;
• inflammatory phenomena that affect work endocrine organs;
• exposure to radiation, toxic substances;
• malnutrition, lack nutrients necessary for the production of hormones.

Causes of the development of diseases associated with excessive production of hormones

This is one of the forms that manifests itself in the hyperproduction of substances from the side hormonal system. The reasons for excess production are the following factors:

• The production of hormonal substances by tissues that should not do this.
• Increased stimulation of the endocrine glands due to natural factors, pathologies, including congenital.
• The formation of hormones on the periphery from the previous substances that are contained in human blood. For example, estrogen can be produced adipose tissue.
• iatrogenic causes. These are diseases caused by medical interventions with undesirable or adverse consequences.

Causes of pathologies of a different nature

Another factor that can provoke endocrine diseases is a mutation in the genes. This leads to the production of abnormal substances that are unusual for the human body. This condition is rare in medical practice. In some cases, the cause of endocrine diseases becomes resistance (resistance) to hormones. This phenomenon is associated with a hereditary factor, manifested by a violation of hormonal receptors. Active substances do not get to the right parts of the body to perform functions. Allocate such hereditary diseases:

• metabolism;
• chromosomal;
• immunity disorders;
• blood diseases;
• pathology of the nervous system;
• digestive system;
• eye damage;
• kidney dysfunction.

Risk factors

Manifestation hormonal diseases may come as a surprise to a person, but there are reasons that can provoke them. There are whole groups of people with a tendency to this type ailments. Doctors identify the following risk factors:

• Obesity ( overweight) - 80% of people with this problem are faced with a malfunction of the endocrine glands.
• Age often causes a malfunction of the endocrine system, people over 40 are prone to this.
• Wrong nutrition. If the diet does not contain necessary substances, then failures develop in different systems organism, including endocrine.
• hereditary predisposition. Pathologies of this type can be inherited, for example, diabetes often develops in children whose parents also suffered from it.
• Little physical activity. In the absence of sufficient movement during the day, the metabolic rate decreases, which provokes obesity, deterioration of the blood supply to the glands of the endocrine system and deterioration of their work.
• Bad habits. Tobacco smoking, alcohol negatively affect the functioning of the endocrine glands.

Symptoms of endocrine disorders

All endocrine glands are part of the hormonal system, so deviations in its work affect many organs, which leads to the appearance of signs of a very different nature. Endocrine pathology often perceived by people as a symptom of fatigue, overeating, stress, and they miss the moment of its development. Among the most common manifestations of diseases of the hormonal system are:

• sweating, fever;
• a sudden change in weight (obesity or excessive weight loss without changing the diet);
• muscle weakness, fatigue;
• rapid heart rate, heart pain;
• drowsiness;
• unnatural excitability;
• constant feeling of thirst;
• frequent urination;
• diarrhea;
• memory impairment;
• headaches due to high blood pressure.

Signs in women

There are general symptoms of deviations in the work of the hormonal system, but there are also some manifestations that are characteristic of a particular sex. Endocrine diseases in women the following signs:

• Violation menstrual cycle.
• Subfebrile condition for a long period without typical inflammatory phenomena that provoke it.
• Very fast metabolism. Some girls are happy with this symptom, because you can eat any food, and at the same time weight is not added.
• Violation of the rhythm of the heartbeat. It manifests itself in the form of arrhythmias - extrasystole, tachycardia.
• Increased sweating. So strong that you have to go to the bathroom 3-4 times a day.
• Tremor of the fingertips. This is due to a violation of fine motor skills, but diseases of the nervous system are not detected.
• Bad, restless sleep, it becomes shallow, intermittent. It can be difficult for a person to wake up or fall asleep; after a night, lethargy is still felt.
• General nervousness, palpable mood swings.

In men

In addition to the general symptoms of endocrine system diseases in men, they have characteristic manifestations. For example:

• With the development of the disease in adolescence, early puberty or vice versa - a delay in the development of the reproductive system.
• Endocrine diseases in men aged 20-40 years can cause a decrease sexual attraction(libido), obesity, complete infertility. There are often disturbances in nervous system: depression, apathy, headaches, drowsiness, irritability.
• Characteristic features become lethargy, fatigue, sudden mood swings, lethargy.
• In adulthood, pathology leads to a decrease in self-esteem, tearfulness, and panic attacks.
• Appears pain syndrome V musculoskeletal system, heaviness during movement, stiffness of the joints, osteoporosis.
• At jump V hormonal background disruption occurs genitourinary system. There is pain when urinating, urinary incontinence. A decrease in testosterone production begins, which leads to a female prototype (effeminate appearance), fat deposition, cessation of facial hair growth.

Except typical manifestations pathologies of the hormonal system have common features. They appear in many other diseases:

• brittle hair;
• decreased physical endurance
• rise in blood sugar;
• dryness skin;
• trembling in the limbs;
• increased sweating;
• constant fatigue;
• feeling of hoarseness of voice;
• horse racing blood pressure;
• disruption of the cardiovascular system;
• increased fragility bones.

In children

Children at an early age are often diagnosed with hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus. Endocrine diseases may have different manifestations, but there are also common symptoms that require an immediate response from the parents. There are the following signs of problems with the hormonal system:

• the baby quickly gets tired, he tends to sleep, there is lethargy in behavior, lethargy;
• a change in the weight of the child, as a rule, a sharp (getting better or losing weight) while maintaining the usual diet;
• severe mood swings;
• brittle hair, dry skin;
• frequent colds;
• intense thirst, frequent and profuse urination;
• the baby either sweats a lot, or he does not sweat at all;
• stomach ache;
• too fast growth or stunting.

Diagnostics

With the timely detection of endocrine diseases, it is possible to stop the manifestations in time, to normalize the work of the hormonal system. To identify a specific violation, studies are carried out that help determine the type, amount of missing hormones:

1. X-ray examination. Helps identify violations bone tissue, which is inherent in some diseases.
2. Radioimmunoassay. For him, be sure to use iodine 131, which helps to identify pathological changes in the thyroid gland. For this, the rate of absorption of iodine particles by the tissues of the organ is estimated.
3. Ultrasound diagnostics. Helps to determine the condition of the following glands: adrenal glands, ovaries, thyroid.
4. CT and MRI. Magnetic resonance and computed tomography are performed complex diagnostics all endocrine glands.
5. Blood study. It is carried out to determine the concentration of hormones, sugar levels, electrolytes in the blood, and some other indicators.

Common diseases of the endocrine system

One of the most common pathologies in violation of the production of hormones is diabetes mellitus. It occurs when there is a lack of insulin, manifests itself in the form high level blood sugar excreted in the urine. Patients complain about constant thirst(polydipsia), increased amount of urine during urination (polyuria), dry mouth, weight loss, general weakness, tendency to infections. In violation of the production of growth hormone may occur:

1. Gigantism - manifests itself with an excess of somatotropic hormone in adolescents and children, leads to proportional high growth (above 190 cm).
2. Acromegaly - excess somatotropic hormone in adulthood provokes a disproportionate growth of soft tissues (feet, hands, ears, nose), internal organs.
3. With insufficient production of somatotropic hormone in adolescence or childhood, growth retardation, underdevelopment of internal and external organs is formed.

Itsenko-Kushigin's disease is a pathology of the hypothalamic-pituitary system. Manifested in excessive secretion of glucocorticoids. The main signs of the disease are:

• pink-purple stretch marks (stretch marks);
• obesity in the torso;
• osteoporosis;
• excessive hairiness;
• increased blood pressure;
• violation of the menstrual cycle.

Diabetes insipidus develops when there is insufficient production of vasopressin. TO characteristic symptoms applies allocation a large number urine with low density, thirst. When the thyroid gland malfunctions, hyperthyroidism occurs - diffuse toxic goiter. This pathology is also called thyrotoxicosis, because there is an excessive production of thyroid hormones. Signs of pathology include the following manifestations:

• tremor of fingers;
• sweating;
• increased irritability;
• cardiopalmus;
• violation of the functioning of the sex glands;
• rare blinking, eyes shining.

With insufficient production of thyroid hormones, hypothyroidism is diagnosed. It appears in the following form:

• bradycardia;
• excess body weight;
• puffiness around the eyes;
• puffy face;
• increase in diastolic pressure and decrease in systolic;
• lethargy, drowsiness.

Hypoparathyroidism - the disease manifests itself in insufficient production parathyroid glands parathyroid hormone. This leads to the development of hypocalcemia (decrease ionized calcium in the blood), resulting in a convulsive contraction of smooth, skeletal muscle. In rare cases, laryngospasm occurs, hepatic and renal colic, bronchospasm.

Women may develop Stein-Leventhal syndrome. With this pathology, a sclerocystic change in the ovaries occurs with endocrine disorders, menstrual disorders. There are many cysts ranging in size from 1 to 15 mm. Degenerative changes are found inside the follicles. As a rule, the syndrome affects both ovaries, the organ itself may remain of normal size.

Prevention of diseases of the endocrine system

Subject to simple rules can reduce the likelihood of developing diseases of the endocrine system. To do this, a person must:

• Fight extra pounds, because obesity often becomes a provoking factor.
• Eat rationally so that the body receives the necessary useful material preventing the development of pathologies.
• Eliminate exposure to the body of radiation, toxic substances.
• Consult a doctor in a timely manner if the first symptoms of any disease of the hormonal system appear (it is easier to cure the disease in the early stages).

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