Natural and socio-economic factors affecting human health. Socio-economic factors of health and disease at the present stage

The health of an individual and society as a whole is determined by a number of factors that affect the human body, both positively and negatively. According to the conclusions of experts from the World Health Organization, four main groups of factors determining human health have been identified, each of which has a positive and negative impact, depending on the points of application:

genetic inheritance;
Medical support;
Lifestyle;
Environment.

The influence of each factor on human health is also determined by age, gender, individual characteristics of the organism.

Genetic factors that determine human health

A person's capabilities are largely determined by his genotype - a set of hereditary traits embedded in the individual DNA code long before birth. However, genotypic manifestations do not appear without certain favorable or negative conditions.

Critical terms of fetal development are due to violations of its gene apparatus during the laying of organs and body systems:

7 weeks of pregnancy: cardiovascular system - manifested by the formation of heart defects;
12-14 weeks: nervous system - incorrect formation of the neural tube leads to congenital pathology, most often as a result of neuroinfection - cerebral palsy, demyelinating diseases (multiple sclerosis, BASF);
14-17 weeks: musculoskeletal system - hip dysplasia, myotrophic processes.

In addition to genetic changes, epigenomic mechanisms are of great importance as factors determining human health after birth. In these cases, the fetus does not inherit the disease, but, being exposed to harmful effects, perceives them as the norm, which subsequently affects his health. The most common example of such a pathology is maternal hypertension. Elevated blood pressure in the mother-placenta-fetus system contributes to the development of vascular changes, preparing a person for living conditions with high blood pressure, that is, the development of hypertension.

Hereditary diseases are divided into three groups:

Gene and chromosomal abnormalities;
Diseases associated with a violation of the synthesis of certain enzymes in conditions that require their increased production;
hereditary predisposition.

Genetic and chromosomal abnormalities, such as phenylketonuria, hemophilia, Down syndrome, appear immediately after birth.

Fermentopathies, as factors that determine human health, begin to affect only in those cases when the body cannot cope with the increased load. This is how diseases associated with metabolic disorders begin to appear: diabetes mellitus, gout, neurosis.

Hereditary predisposition appears under the influence of environmental factors. Unfavorable environmental and social conditions contribute to the development of hypertension, gastric and duodenal ulcers, bronchial asthma and other psychogenic disorders.

Social factors of human health

Social conditions largely determine the health of people. An important place is occupied by the level of economic development in the country of residence. Sufficient money plays a dual role. On the one hand, all types of medical care are available to a rich person, on the other hand, health care is replaced by other things. Low-income people, oddly enough, are more likely to strengthen the immune system. Thus, the factors of human health do not depend on his financial situation.

The most important component of a healthy lifestyle is the correct psychological attitude aimed at a long life expectancy. People who want to be healthy exclude factors that destroy human health, considering them incompatible with the norms. Regardless of place of residence, ethnicity, income level, everyone has the right to choose. Being isolated from the benefits of civilization, or using them, people are equally able to observe the elementary rules of personal hygiene. In hazardous industries, the necessary personal safety measures are provided, the observance of which leads to positive results.

The widely known concept of acceleration belongs to the social factors of human health. The child of the 21st century in terms of development is much superior to his peers of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The acceleration of development is directly related to the achievements of technological progress. The abundance of information encourages the early development of intelligence, skeleton and muscle mass. In this regard, in adolescents, there is a lag in the growth of blood vessels, which leads to early diseases.

Natural factors of human health

In addition to hereditary and constitutional features, environmental factors influence human health.

Natural effects on the body are divided into climatic and urban. The sun, air and water are far from the most important components of the environment. Energy impacts are of great importance: from the electromagnetic field of the earth to radiation.

People living in areas with a harsh climate have a greater margin of safety. However, the expenditure of vital energy in the struggle for survival among northerners is not comparable with those people who live in conditions where favorable natural factors of human health are combined, such as the action of a sea breeze, for example.

Environmental pollution due to the development of industry is capable of affecting at the gene level. And this action is almost never beneficial. Multiple factors that destroy human health contribute to the shortening of life, despite the fact that people try to lead a correct lifestyle. The impact of harmful substances in the environment today is the main problem for the health of residents of megacities.

Constitutional factors of human health

Under the constitution of a person is meant a feature of the physique, which determines the tendency to certain diseases. In medicine, these types of human constitution are divided:

The most favorable body type is normosthenic.

People of the asthenic type of constitution are more prone to infections, weakly resistant to stress, therefore they more often develop diseases associated with innervation disorders: peptic ulcer, bronchial asthma.

Persons of the hypersthenic type are more prone to the development of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders.

According to the WHO, the main (50-55%) factor influencing a person's health is his lifestyle and living conditions. Therefore, the prevention of morbidity in the population is the task of not only medical workers, but also government agencies that ensure the level and life expectancy of citizens.

Human health depends on many factors: climatic conditions, the state of the environment, the provision of food and its value, socio-economic conditions, as well as the state of medicine.

It has been proven that approximately 50% of a person's health is determined by lifestyle.

Lifestyle- The totality of material conditions, social and social attitudes (culture, customs, etc.) and natural factors that all together determine the behavior of the individual, as well as its inverse influence on these factors. The active participation of a person in the process of forming living conditions is an indispensable element of the concept of "way of life", since the way of life of a person is an adequate reaction to his environment as a whole.

Lifestyle is of great importance for human health and consists of four categories:
1) economic (standard of living);
2) sociological (quality of life);
3) socio-psychological (lifestyle);
4) socio-economic (way of life).

So, the lifestyle of a person includes: active participation of a person in the process of forming living conditions, its adequate response to changing environmental conditions, as well as work, life, satisfaction of material and spiritual needs in public life, norms and rules of behavior.

Its negative factors are bad habits, unbalanced, malnutrition, unfavorable working conditions, moral and mental stress, sedentary lifestyle, poor material conditions, disagreement in the family, loneliness, low educational and cultural level, etc.

The formation of health is also negatively affected by the unfavorable environmental situation, in particular air, water, soil pollution, as well as difficult natural and climatic conditions (the contribution of these factors is up to 20%).

The tendency to hereditary diseases is essential. This is about 20% more, which determine the current level of public health.

Only 10% of the "contribution" to the level of public health that we have today is directly related to health care with its low quality of medical care, the ineffectiveness of medical preventive measures.

The cause of a violation of the normal functioning of the body and the occurrence of a pathological process can be abiotic(properties of inanimate nature) environmental factors. There is an obvious connection between the geographical distribution of a number of diseases associated with climatic and geographical zones, altitude, radiation intensity, air movement, atmospheric pressure, air humidity, and the like.

Human health is affected biotic(properties of living nature) a component of the environment in the form of metabolic products of plants and microorganisms, pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc.), toxic substances, insects and animals dangerous to humans.

Human pathological conditions can be associated with anthropogenic environmental pollution factors: air, soil, water, industrial products. This also includes pathology associated with biological pollution from animal husbandry, the production of microbiological synthesis products (fodder yeast, amino acids, enzyme preparations, antibiotics and etc.).

Factors that have a significant impact on the health status of the population social environment: demographic and medical situation, spiritual and cultural level, financial situation, social relations, mass media, urbanization, conflicts and the like.

In addition, a person as a social being acquires certain habits in the process of life.

habits is a form of human behavior that appears during training and repeated repetition in various life situations, the components of which are performed automatically. The psychophysiological basis of habits is a dynamic stereotype, that is, a program of action is well learned and fixed by temporary connections. With regard to human health and lifestyle, habits can be beneficial and harmful.

Useful, for example, is the habit of observing the daily routine. It promotes health, increased efficiency, and in the end - longevity. The earlier this habit was formed, the more organized the person, the stronger his health, and the easier it gets rid of troubles.

Harmful habits, on the other hand, disorganize a person, weaken his will, reduce efficiency, impair health and shorten life expectancy. The earlier they form, the more destructive they are and the more difficult it is to get rid of. These habits bring a lot of trouble and suffering. The most common factors that negatively affect a person's health are such bad habits as alcohol, smoking, and drugs.

Alcohol- an insidious and very dangerous enemy that destroys health, destroys a person morally and physically. Due to the frequent use of alcohol, a disease arises - alcoholism.

Alcohol in its psychotropic properties belongs to narcotic substances, but is not a drug. According to the World Health Organization, about 6 million people die every year from alcoholism, which is more than die from such a terrible disease as cancer.

Most crimes are committed under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol has a negative effect on the central nervous system, affecting all organs, leading to the degradation of the individual. Alcohol abuse leads to mental disorder. The most common mental disorders such as delirium tremens, alcoholic hallucinosis, epilepsy.

Smoking is the cause of many severe diseases. The interest in smoking is rampant. This is a bad habit not only for men, but also for women.

Ukraine is ahead of most European countries in terms of the number of smokers. According to statistics, the number of smokers is 12 million people - this is 40% of the working-age population (of which 3,600,000 are women, 8,400,000 are men). Every 3-4 women of reproductive age (20-39 years) smoke. According to experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), this bad habit causes more than 100,000 deaths in Ukraine every year.

Public opinion, unfortunately, little or almost no condemnation of this addiction, which, in fact, is one of the forms of drug addiction. It was revealed that tobacco smoke contains about 8% carbon monoxide, nicotinic, hydrocyanic, formic, butyric, sulfuric acids, sulfuric lead, benzapyrene, arsenic trioxide, the radioactive element polonium, tobacco tar and other toxic substances. One of the most harmful to human health is nicotine. The smoke from 25 cigarettes contains about two drops of pure nicotine, which is enough poison to kill a dog. In the world, 2,500,000 people die every year from smoking, and, according to experts, this figure will reach 12 million by 2050. On average, each cigarette reduces the life of a regular smoker by 5.5 minutes.

Addiction- a real evil for all countries of the world. This is a disease caused by the systematic use of drugs, most of which are of plant origin (morphine, cocaine, heroin, pantopon, Indian hemp and their derivatives in the form of hashish, marijuana, marijuana, etc.). Drug addiction turns out to be a syndrome of mixed reaction, mental and physical dependence, as well as some mental and social phenomena. Drug addiction also includes the abuse of sleeping pills. Social danger of drug addiction:

Drug addicts are poor workers, their efficiency (physical and mental) is reduced;
- drug addiction causes great material and moral damage, is the cause of accidents at work;
- drug addicts degrade physically and morally, are a burden on society;
- drug addicts are at risk of spreading AIDS;
- drug addiction in all its manifestations is socially dangerous, mental illness threatens the future of the nation, in this regard, the problem is of global importance.

AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is an infectious disease that affects the immune system, in particular suppresses cellular immunity. For the first time, mankind encountered this disease at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries. In recent years, this socially dangerous disease in Ukraine has become rampant, especially among young people.

socio-economic factor (depending on the degree of socio-economic development of countries, there are differences at the level of public health);

Introduction

A person throughout his life is under the constant influence of a whole range of environmental factors - from environmental to social.

The structure of the environment can be conditionally divided into natural (mechanical, physical, chemical and biological) and social elements of the environment (work, life, socio-economic structure, information). The conditionality of such a division is explained by the fact that natural factors act on a person in certain social conditions and are often significantly changed as a result of the production and economic activities of people. The properties of environmental factors determine the specifics of the impact on a person. A change in the levels of exposure to any of these factors can lead to health problems. Changes in the state of health of the population, caused by the influence of environmental factors, are methodologically difficult to study, since this requires the use of multivariate analysis.

The purpose of the abstract is to consider the influence of various factors on the body and human life.

2. Influence of social and environmental factors on human health

Man as a social being initially had two kinds of needs: biological (physiological) and social (material and spiritual). Some are satisfied as a result of labor costs for the production of food, material and spiritual values, others, a person is used to satisfy for free; these are the needs for water, air, solar energy, etc. Let's call the latter ecological, and the former socio-economic needs. Human society cannot refuse to use natural resources. They have always been and will be the material basis of production, the meaning of which lies in the transformation of various natural resources into consumer goods. The issue of "greening" consumption can be approached from different positions: physiological, moral, social, economic. For any society, the management of the value orientation of consumption is one of the most difficult social tasks. At present, civilization is going through a crucial period of its existence, when habitual stereotypes are being broken, when it is understood that the satisfaction of the countless demands of modern man comes into sharp conflict with the fundamental needs of everyone - the preservation of a healthy living environment. The difficulties generated by the development of civilization, the growing degradation of the natural environment and the deterioration of people's living conditions give rise to the need to act, to look for new concepts of social development.

3. Influence of social and environmental factors on human health

The artificial environment, created by man himself, also requires adaptation to itself, which occurs mainly through diseases. The causes of diseases in this case are as follows: physical inactivity, overeating, information abundance, psycho-emotional stress. From the medical and biological standpoint, social and environmental factors have the greatest impact on the following trends:

1) acceleration process

Acceleration is the acceleration of the development of individual organs or parts of the body compared to a certain biological norm (an increase in body size and earlier puberty). Scientists believe that this is an evolutionary transition in the life of the species, caused by improving living conditions: good nutrition, which “removed” the limiting effect of food resources, which provoked selection processes that caused acceleration.

2) violation of biorhythms

Violation of biological rhythms - the most important mechanism for regulating the functions of biological systems - in urban life can be caused by the emergence of new environmental factors. This primarily applies to circadian rhythms: a new environmental factor, for example, was electric lighting, which extended daylight hours. Chaotization of the former biorhythms occurs, and a transition to a new rhythmic stereotype occurs, which causes diseases in humans and in representatives of the city's biota due to a violation of the photoperiod.

3) allergization of the population

Allergization of the population is one of the main new features in the changed structure of human pathology in the urban environment. Allergy is a perverted sensitivity or reactivity of the body to a particular substance, the so-called allergen (simple and complex mineral and organic substances). Allergens in relation to the body are external (exoallergens) and internal (autoallergens). The cause of allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, urticaria, drug allergy, lupus erythematosus, etc.) is a violation of the human immune system, which was evolutionarily in balance with the natural environment. The urban environment is characterized by a sharp change in dominant factors and the emergence of completely new substances - pollutants, the pressure of which the human immune system has not experienced before. Therefore, an allergy occurs without the body's resistance and it is difficult to expect that it will become resistant to it.

Conclusion

No society has been able to completely eliminate the dangers to human health arising from age-old and new environmental conditions. The most advanced modern societies have already markedly reduced the damage from traditional deadly diseases, but they have also created a lifestyle and technology that poses new threats to health.

All forms of life arose as a result of natural evolution, and their maintenance is determined by biological, geological and chemical cycles. However, Homo sapiens is the first species able and willing to significantly change the natural systems of life support and striving to become the preeminent evolutionary force acting in its own interests. By mining, producing and burning natural substances, we disrupt the flow of elements through soils, oceans, flora, fauna and atmosphere; we are changing the biological and geological face of the Earth; we are changing the climate more and more, faster and faster we are depriving plant and animal species of their familiar environment. Humanity is now creating new elements and compounds; new discoveries in genetics and technology make it possible to bring to life new dangerous agents.

Many changes in the environment have made it possible to create favorable conditions conducive to an increase in life expectancy. But mankind has not conquered the forces of nature and has not come to their full understanding: many inventions and interventions in nature occur without considering the possible consequences. Some of them have already caused disastrous returns.

The surest way to avoid insidious environmental changes is to reduce ecosystem changes and human intervention in nature, taking into account the state of his knowledge of the world around him.

1/ the impact of social environmental factors on human health

The natural environment is now preserved only where it was not available to people for its transformation. An urbanized or urban environment is an artificial world created by man, which has no analogues in nature and can only exist with constant renewal.

The social environment is difficult to integrate with any environment surrounding a person, and all the factors of each of the environments are “closely ^ interconnected and experience the objective and subjective aspects of the “quality of the living environment” (Reimers, 1994).

This multiplicity of factors forces one to be more cautious in assessing the quality of a person's living environment in terms of his health. It is necessary to carefully approach the choice of objects and indicators that diagnose the environment. They 1 can be short-lived changes in the body, which can be used to judge different environments - home, production, transport, and long-lived in this particular city; environment, -- some adaptations of the acclimatization plan, etc. The influence of the urban environment is quite clearly emphasized by certain trends in the current state of human health.

From the medical and biological standpoint, the environmental factors of the urban environment have the greatest influence on the following trends: 1) the process of acceleration; 2) violation of bio-rhythm; 3) allergization of the population; 4) an increase in oncological morbidity and mortality; 5) an increase in the proportion of overweight people; 6) lag of physiological age from the calendar one; 7) "rejuvenation" of many forms of pathology; 8) abio-logical tendency in the organization of life, etc.

Acceleration is the acceleration of the development of individual organs or parts of the body in comparison with a certain biological norm. In our case - an increase in body size and a significant shift in time towards earlier puberty. Scientists believe that this is an evolutionary transition in the life of the species, caused by improving living conditions: good nutrition, which “removed” the limiting effect of food resources, which provoked selection processes that caused acceleration.

Biological rhythms are the most important mechanism for regulating the functions of biological systems, formed, like Yravilo, under the influence of abiotic factors. In the conditions of urban life, they can be violated. This primarily applies to circadian rhythms: a new environmental factor was the use of electric lighting, which extended daylight hours. Desynchronosis is superimposed on this, chaotization of all previous biorhythms occurs and a transition to a new rhythmic stereotype occurs, which causes diseases in humans and in all representatives of the city's biota, in which the photoperiod is disturbed.

Allergization of the population is one of the main new features in the changed structure of human pathology in the urban environment. Allergy is a perverted sensitivity or reactivity of the body to a particular substance, the so-called allergen (simple and complex mineral and organic substances). Allergens in relation to the body are external - exoallergens and internal - autoallergens. Exo-allergens can be infectious - pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes, viruses, etc., and non-infectious - house dust, animal hair, plant pollen, drugs, other chemicals - gasoline, chloramine, etc., as well as meat, vegetables, fruits, berries, milk, etc. Autoallergens are pieces of tissues of damaged organs (heart, liver), as well as tissues damaged by burns, radiation exposure, frostbite, etc.

The cause of allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, urticaria, drug allergies, rheumatism, lupus erythematosus, etc.) is a violation of the human immune system, which, as a result of evolution, was in balance with the natural environment. The urban environment is characterized by a sharp change in the dominant factors and the emergence of completely new substances - pollutants, the pressure of which the human immune system has not experienced before. Therefore, an allergy can occur without much resistance from the body, and it is difficult to expect that it will become resistant to it at all.

Oncological morbidity and mortality is one of the most indicative medical trends of trouble in a given city or, for example, in a countryside contaminated with radiation (Yablokov, 1989; and others). These diseases are caused by tumors. Tumors (Greek "onkos") - neoplasms, excessive pathological growths of tissues. They can be benign - sealing or pushing apart the surrounding tissues, and malignant -

nym - growing into the surrounding tissues and destroying them. Destroying blood vessels, they enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, forming the so-called metastases. Benign tumors do not form metastases.

The development of malignant tumors, i.e. cancer disease, can occur as a result of prolonged contact with certain products: lung cancer in uranium miners, skin cancer in chimney sweeps, etc. This disease is caused by certain substances called carcinogens.

Carcinogenic substances (Greek: “cancer-producing”), or simply carcinogens, are chemical compounds that can cause malignant and benign neoplasms in the body when exposed to it. They are known not-\ how many hundred. By the nature of the action, they are divided into three groups: 1) local action; 2) organotropic, that is, affecting certain organs; 3) multiple action, causing tumors in different organs. Carcinogens include many cyclic hydrocarbons, nitrogen dyes, alkalizing compounds. They are found in industrially polluted air, tobacco smoke, coal tar and soot. Many carcinogenic substances have a mutagenic effect on the body.

In addition to carcinogenic substances, tumors are also caused by tumor-bearing viruses, b. also the action of certain radiations - ultraviolet, x-ray, radioactive, etc.

In addition to humans and animals, tumors also affect plants. They can be caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, low temperatures. They are formed on all parts and organs of plants. Cancer of the root system leads to their premature death.

In economically developed countries, mortality from cancer is in second place. But not all cancers are necessarily found in the same area. The confinement of individual forms of cancer to certain conditions is known, for example, skin cancer is more common in hot countries, where there is an excess of ultraviolet radiation. But the incidence of cancer of a certain localization in a person can vary depending on changes in the conditions of his life. If a person has moved to an area where this form is rare, the risk of contracting this particular form of cancer is reduced and, accordingly, vice versa.

Thus, the relationship between cancer and the environmental situation is clearly highlighted, i.e. the quality of the environment, including the urban one.

An ecological approach to this phenomenon suggests that the root cause of cancer in most cases is the processes and adaptations of metabolism to the effects of new factors other than natural, and in particular carcinogens. In general, cancer should be considered as the result of an imbalance in the body, and therefore it can be caused in principle by any environmental factor or a combination of them that can bring the body into an unbalanced state. For example, due to the excess of the upper threshold concentration of air pollutants, drinking water, toxic chemical elements in the diet, etc., i.e. when the normal regulation of body functions becomes impossible (Fig. 11 L).

Regulation

organism

Area of possible

normal regulation

body functions

chemical

elements

in the diet

Rice. 11.1. Dependence of regulatory processes in the body on the content of chemical elements in the diet (according to V.V. Kovalsky, 1976)

Lower Upper

threshold threshold

concentration concentration

The increase in the proportion of overweight people is also a phenomenon caused by the peculiarities of the urban environment. Overeating, physical inactivity, and so on, of course, take place here. But an excess of nutrition is necessary to create energy reserves in order to withstand a sharp imbalance in environmental influences. Nevertheless, at the same time, an increase in the proportion of representatives of the asthenic type in the population is observed: the “golden mean” is eroding and two opposite adaptation strategies are outlined: the desire for fullness and weight loss (the trend is much weaker). But both of them entail a number of pathogenic consequences.

The birth of a large number of premature babies, and therefore physically immature ones, is an indicator of the extremely unfavorable state of the human environment. It is associated with disturbances in the genetic apparatus and simply with an increase in adaptability to environmental changes. Physiological immaturity is the result of a sharp imbalance with the environment, which is transforming too rapidly (Urban environment ..., 1990) and can have far-reaching consequences, including acceleration and other changes in human growth.

The current state of man as a biological species is also characterized by a number of medical and biological trends associated with changes in the urban environment: an increase in myopia and dental caries in schoolchildren, an increase in the proportion of chronic diseases, the emergence of previously unknown diseases - derivatives of scientific and technological progress: radiation, aviation, automotive, medicinal, many occupational diseases, etc. Most of these diseases are the result of anthropogenic environmental factors, which are discussed in the second part of the textbook.

Infectious diseases have not been eradicated in the cities either. The number of people affected by malaria, hepatitis and many other diseases is enormous. Many doctors believe that we should not talk about "victory", but only about temporary success in the fight against these diseases. This is explained by the fact that the history of combating them is too short, and the unpredictability of changes in the urban environment can negate these successes. For this reason, the “return” of infectious agents is recorded among viruses, and many viruses “break away” from their natural basis and move to a new stage that can live in the human environment - they become the causative agents of influenza, a viral form of cancer and other diseases (possibly, such a form is the HIV virus). According to their mechanism of action, these forms can be equated with natural focal forms, which also occur in the urban environment (tularemia, etc.).

In recent years, in Southeast Asia, people are dying from completely new epidemics - "SARS" in China, "bird flu" in Thailand. According to the Research Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology. Pasteur (2004) "to blame" for this is not only mutagenic viruses, but also the poor knowledge of microorganisms - in total, 1-3% of the total number have been studied. Researchers simply did not know before the microbes that caused the "new" infections. So, over the past 30 years, 6-8 infections have been eliminated, but over the same period, more than 30 new infectious diseases have appeared, including HIV infection, hepatitis E and C, which already account for millions of victims.

Abiological tendencies, which are understood as such features of a person's lifestyle as physical inactivity, smoking, drug addiction, and others, are also the cause of many diseases - obesity, cancer, cardiac diseases, etc. environment, when useful forms of the human living environment are destroyed along with the harmful ones. This is due to the fact that in medicine there is still a misunderstanding of the important role in the pathology of supraorganismal forms of living things, i.e., the human population. Therefore, a big step forward is the concept of health developed by ecology as a state of a biosystem and its closest connection with the environment, while pathological phenomena are considered as adaptive processes caused by it.

As applied to a person, one cannot separate the biological from the perceived in the course of social adaptation. For the individual, the ethnic environment, the form of labor activity, and social and economic certainty are important - it's only a matter of the degree and time of influence.

Health of people and features of the demographic situation in Russia. In Russia, over the past 10 years, the demographic situation has become critical: the death rate began to exceed the national birth rate by 1.7 times, and in 2000 its excess reached two times. Now the population of Russia is decreasing annually by 0.7-0.8 million people. According to the forecast of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, by 2050 it will decrease by 51 million people, or by 35.6% compared to 2000, and will amount to 94 million people (V. F. Protasov, 2001).

In 1995, Russia had one of the lowest birth rates in the world - 9.2 babies per 1,000 people, while in 1987 it was 17.2 (in the US it was 16). For simple reproduction of the population, the birth rate per family is 2.14-2.15, and in our country today it is 1.4; that is, in Russia there is a process of reduction in the size of the human population (the phenomenon of depopulation).

All this happened as a result of a sharp change in almost the opposite of most social factors in almost 90% of the population, which led 70% of the Russian population into a state of prolonged psycho-emotional and social stress, which depletes the adaptive and compensatory mechanisms that support health. This is also one of the reasons for the noticeable reduction in average life expectancy (by 8-10 years) for both men - up to 57-58 years, and women - up to 70-71 years, the population of Russia (the last place in Europe).

V.F. Protasov (2001) believes that if events continue to develop in the same way, then “a “terrible explosion” is possible on the territory of Russia in the foreseeable future, with a catastrophically decreasing population and a decrease in life expectancy”

Doctors of all countries involved in the problems of maintaining health have identified factors that affect human health.

1. socio-economic factor (depending on the degree of socio-economic development of countries, there are differences at the level of public health);
2. factor of the natural environment (climatic conditions, natural resources, ecology);
3. biological and psychological factors (heredity, resistance to stress, behavior, adaptive qualities, temperament, constitutional signs).

The influence of the environment on human health is quite significant. Many diseases arise from air pollution, poor drinking water, the consumption of chemically processed foods, adverse conditions

Nowadays, a huge amount of pollutants enter the environment from industrial sources, whether it be factory pipes, industrial waste dumped into rivers or huge garbage dumps. Industrial toxic emissions enter the atmosphere and return to the surface of the earth with rain and dust, gradually accumulating in the soil. A huge number of substances hazardous to health: arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel, copper, cobalt with groundwater enter drinking water sources. Together with water, these elements enter our body, slowly poisoning it and provoking serious diseases such as cancer, asthma, and various types of allergies.

A very important component of human adaptation to the environment is adaptation to adverse natural conditions. There are diseases that occur under the influence of certain weather (from an increase or decrease in atmospheric pressure, from an excess or lack of heat, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, etc.).

As a result of long-term exposure to a climate that is unfavorable for an individual organism, climatic diseases can occur. For example, the syndrome of polar tension, which develops in people who have moved to a permanent place of residence in the northern regions.

Today, the level of health is directly dependent on many economic and social factors. As established by the World Health Organization, human health depends on 4 main factors. 20% of the gene program embedded in the body, 20% of the environment, 10% of the medical service and 50% of the human lifestyle. It follows that a decisive influence on health is exerted by the way of life. That is, the main impact on health is exerted by social factors, such as way of life, culture, style and order of social life, as well as the conditions of work, rest, life and nutrition of a person. This is confirmed by differences in the levels of public health of people depending on the social and economic development of the country. Namely, in economically developed countries, the indicators of the health of citizens and public health are higher than in those with a low level of development.

As an example of the impact on health of social conditions, we can take the crisis and the fall of the economy. At that moment, a sharp drop in the health of the population was noted, in addition, the demographic situation could be described as a crisis. Therefore, it is recognized that health is socially determined. This means that the formation of group, individual and public health directly depends on social factors.

Social factors of health, first of all, depend on the actions of the state. For example, Russia is currently fighting drugs, smoking, drinking alcohol and promoting a healthy lifestyle. Work is underway to control the working conditions of people, support is provided to families with a low level of income, assistance is provided to mothers who alone raise children.

socio-economic factor (depending on the degree of socio-economic development of countries, there are differences at the level of public health);

Introduction

A person throughout his life is under the constant influence of a whole range of environmental factors - from environmental to social.

The purpose of the abstract is to consider the influence of various factors on the body and human life.

2. Influence of social and environmental factors on human health

3. Influence of social and environmental factors on human health

1) acceleration process

2) violation of biorhythms

3) allergization of the population

Conclusion

The surest way to avoid insidious environmental changes is to reduce ecosystem changes and human intervention in nature, taking into account the state of his knowledge of the world around him.

1/ the impact of social environmental factors on human health

Allergization of the population is one of the main new features in the changed structure of human pathology in the urban environment. Allergy is a perverted sensitivity or reactivity of the body to a particular substance, the so-called allergen (simple and complex mineral and organic substances). Allergens in relation to the body are external - exoallergens and internal - autoallergens. Exo-allergens can be infectious - pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes, viruses, etc., and non-infectious - house dust, animal hair, plant pollen, drugs, other chemicals - gasoline, chloramine, etc., as well as meat, vegetables, fruits, berries, milk, etc. Autoallergens are pieces of tissues of damaged organs (heart, liver), as well as tissues damaged by burns, radiation exposure, frostbite, etc.