Information stuffing: how and why it is done. Psychological techniques for influencing the interlocutor Techniques for attracting attention in an oral presentation

Many words cease to be used in speech due to obsolescence, but the language is constantly and quite intensively replenished with new terms and expressions.

Over the past 10-15 years, historical transformations have taken place in Russia: in the economic, cultural, political systems, scientific and legal fields, in the mentality of the people, which was also reflected in the vocabulary of our language. New (words and expressions) that did not exist either in literary or everyday language, or in social ones, or are called neologisms. About one of these terms - about "stuffing" - and will be discussed in the article. What is this concept? What does it mean? In what areas is it applied?

The concept of stuffing

In our time, the Internet has become an integral part of life, many have completely abandoned televisions and other media, receiving information, news from the Internet. And here it is appropriate to understand: what is stuffing? This is a slang word that comes from the word "throw". Means the term "to throw on the World Wide Web any information that should cause a strong and massive discussion, and best of all public condemnation." That is, stuffing is information, most often false, which causes heated debate and discussion on the Internet.

If your stuffing was successful, then young people usually say: "they ate the stuffing." Often, false information is placed on an Internet resource in order to increase traffic, which leads to an increase in views of commercials and, accordingly, an increase in profits.

Slang

Throwing is youth slang, and the word is used in three meanings: compromising evidence, lies, insult. For example, “it doesn’t look like a stuffing, it’s probably true.” The word began to be used not only in colloquial speech, but also in poetry, and even songs. For example, in the lyrics of Lizzka's song "Diss on Ateva": "You're just a poser. I was waiting for stuffing ”- the term is most likely used in the meaning of“ lie ”, since“ poser ”means“ schmuck ”, and by“ stuffing ”it means the expectation of some kind of sensational false information.

The term is used not only in colloquial speech, but also in Internet slang. In fact, the World Wide Web is full of various kinds of information, the reliability of which remains in great doubt. And here the stuffing is fictional stories or stories, false information with unreliable facts or without them at all. But then a number of questions arise. How can you tell if this is fake or true? Is it really impossible to trust anything on the Internet?

Stuffing signs

To distinguish reliable information from fictitious, there are several signs. So, if this is a fictional story, then:

It is stated without facts and evidence.
It is very believable and realistic, and sometimes even super-realistic.
She is beyond doubt. Moreover, the Internet source from where the information was taken is often indicated.

You should always think with your own head and understand that more than 85% of the information in the media and the Internet is stuffing. But at the same time, it should not be treated negatively - it's just a term that means "fictitious information." You just need to change your attitude to what is read and heard, and have your own opinion.

The meaning of the concept

In general, recently the term is very often used in the meaning of "inaccurate information", but there are other meanings:

Throwing, adding something somewhere. For example, "You can do without stuffing grain into the domestic market of the country."
Publication of some information. For example, "stuffing data about a candidate for mayor."
Neologism is used in the political environment when it comes to adding unaccounted votes in order to change the results (in elections), that is, to fake or falsify votes. For example, "tired of stuffing ballots and bribing voters."

Synonyms of the term are the following words: deceit, forgery, falsification.

Throwing information

Distinguish between intentional and unintentional stuffing. An example of unintentional ones are reposts of unverified information in social networks. Or, for example, when unverified data is published (without intent).

Intentional:

Carousels. The essence of this type is that there are at least 2-3 promoted and well-known sites. The information is posted on the first site, the second rewrites it in his own words and links to the first site, the third to the second, and the first makes a link to the third. The information is looped. The scheme is simple and designed for ordinary readers who do not analyze or check anything.
An authoritative site writes news and links to major news agencies, and makes a link not to the source of this news, but to the site itself. To check the authenticity of the news, you need to go to this site and manually search for it, and if it is not there, then it was a stuffing.
Link to authoritative people. The same scheme as with news agencies. Indicate the name of a famous person as a source of news. Such information is very difficult to verify, you must independently look for an interview with this person.

There is also such a scheme: reliable news is created, and then through several other sites it gradually changes and ultimately acquires a completely different meaning.
Certain data is deliberately distorted. For example, information is written that is quite reliable, but the quantitative characteristics are deliberately changed.

These are the main ways to create stuffing in the information space. Before discussing something, it is necessary to check the reliability of this or that information, analyze it and find the original source.

Another area in which this expression is used is the political environment, in particular when it comes to elections, and more specifically to ballots.

Ballot stuffing is an electoral violation that consists of placing more than one ballot in a ballot box by one person. This illegal act is carried out in order to influence the results of the voting.

I quote:

Information typology.
Since rumors are always, to one degree or another, unreliable information, one of the most obvious ways of constructing a typology of rumors is to classify them according to the degree of reliability of the information they contain. From this point of view, rumors are divided into four types: absolutely unreliable, simply unreliable, reliable and close to reality. Although such a typology is subjective, it is often used to solve practical problems. When launching this or that positive or negative rumor, it is necessary to dose the degree of its unreliability. It used to be thought that the more improbable a rumor, the more effective it would be. So, for example, the canons of Goebbel's propaganda demanded that the lie be "huge" and even "monstrous" - then people are more easily inclined to believe it. Over time, it turned out that the development of consciousness protects people from excessive certainty.
Today, on the contrary, it is believed that disinformation launched through informal communication channels should be strictly dosed. Appearing as relatively plausible, it gradually gains confidence and only after that begins to "overgrow" with details. Slowly move towards the line of absolutely unreliable. A modern person has too blatant lies that cause doubts that do not allow him to blindly perceive and actively disseminate information.
It is extremely difficult to predict the success or failure of a campaign to launch rumors into the information space. Although there are several conditions for the effectiveness of functioning mechanisms. First of all, in the field of professional actions, a “media plan” is urgently needed. One cannot do without modeling what can be called units of rumors, i.e. hearing-forming modules, stereotypes, functioning in various socio-political and economic, demographic and psychological contexts. Finally, it is important to empirically describe the regularities of the dynamics of mass consciousness in similar circumstances. There is also a directly proportional and inversely proportional relationship between consumers of rumors and their level of education, social status, material well-being, age.
For example, there was a rumor at McDonalds for many years that then became a myth that helped keep restaurants clean. It was a story about how the company's founder, Ray Cross, visited one of the franchised restaurants. He found a single fly there. However, not even a single fly lived up to the McDonalds credo of quality, service, cleanliness and value. Two weeks later, the restaurant lost the right to use the McDonalds brand. After that, everyone employed at McDonalds discovered almost fantastic ways to drive flies - to a single one - from their stores.
"Emotional" typology.
In terms of emotional characteristics, there are three main types of rumors. Each of them corresponds to a certain emotional state that it causes and on which it “holds”.
"A rumor is a desire" is a rumor containing a strong emotional wish that reflects the current needs and expectations of the audience to which it is distributed. For example, a rumor within a company about a pay rise.
"Rumour-Scarecrow" is a rumor that carries and causes pronounced negative moods and an emotional state of fear and horror, reflecting some of the current, but highly undesirable expectations of the audience in which they arise and spread.
For example, Procter & Gamble, one of the largest US industrial firms with annual sales in excess of $11 billion, ran into an unexpected problem with the symbol the company had been using as its trademark since 1851. This stamp featured a man sitting on a moon and 13 stars representing the original 13 colonies. Suddenly, rumors arose in the western regions of the United States that this symbol of the company, which had served her for 131 years, meant love for the devil. The firm suddenly began receiving hundreds of calls and emails from people who said they had either seen one of the company's executives on a nationwide TV show claiming it was a symbol of the company's connection to the cult of Satan, or they had been told so in church. In response to these requests, the firm began a powerful campaign that included sending letters to all newspapers, television, radio. In addition, she contacted church leaders from various denominations and asked for their help in combating the rumours. Letters on behalf of the firm explained the origin of the symbol with a man on the moon.
"Aggressive Hearing"- this is a rumor not just causing negative moods and states that reflect undesirable expectations of the population, but quite specifically aimed at stimulating an aggressive emotional state and a corresponding behavioral “response” in the form of a tough aggressive action. Aggressive rumors are a continuation of "rumor-scarecrows". Their plots are based on a powerful emotional and energetic aggressive charge.
In early 1981, for example, Colgate-Palmolive's subsidiary in Malaysia began to be disturbed by reports in some newspapers that the company allegedly used lard in its toothpaste. These rumors, which immediately affected the sale of the firm's products in some areas, were particularly strong in certain rural communities and in some schools, where teachers advised Muslim students to refrain from using toothpaste.
In fact, a furious campaign has begun to get Muslims to stop using this toothpaste. The attention of the company was attracted by such circulars sent out by officials of some government organizations, in which the use of Colgate toothpaste was declared contrary to Islam.
1. conversations with Muslim leaders;
2. sending letters to directors of Muslim schools.
3. a limited series of publications with the support of the Islamic press.
"Ridiculous Rumors"- stand apart in all typologies. They can be both desirable, and frightening, and even aggressive, but the main thing in them is the obvious absurdity of what is being described. Rumors of this kind often appear spontaneously, as a result of the confusion inherent in ordinary consciousness.
On the basis of various sociological surveys, one can try to compile a hierarchical model of rumors according to the principle of their content: economics, politics, the criminal world, the sphere of social and domestic services, people involved - newsmakers from the art world, unsolved mysterious phenomena.
From the point of view of the texture of the genre device in the technology of creating artificial rumors, one can distinguish: myth-making, editing, threat, bluff, interception of someone else's information. The degree of intensity (recurrence) of rumors can influence an individual and groups of society, causing various phenomena. According to the degree of consequences, rumors can be divided into two groups: constructive and destructive.
Constructive should include mass consumer actions in the commercial market (promotion of goods and services), the creation of stabilizing socio-political stereotypes. To destructive - discomfort, phobias, mass disobedience disbelief.
Main technical media: print and electronic media, Internet, telephone. An analysis of the circulation assets themselves makes it possible to single out a number of subjects and motives for communication. Let's try to build
"technological chain", the general scheme of the life cycle of rumors.

The information war is always aimed at manipulating people. This is the main goal - to push for some action or for refraining from action. The manipulated object must do what the manipulator wants. This is achieved in different ways, but from a technological point of view, this is the supply of the object of manipulation (or the target audience) with specially formed information. In other words, misinformation. The only question is how to make sure that the object is supplied with this misinformation.
One of the ways in professional slang is called sowing. This is nothing more than the mass dissemination of the same type or identical information. The goal is to "fill" the necessary sector of the Internet with specially prepared information so that the target audience (the object of manipulation) will definitely get acquainted with it in the first place. This is done with the help of virtual personalities - social network accounts created specifically for this purpose. To quickly cover the desired sector of the Internet, it is sometimes necessary to have a lot of such virtual personalities. This imposes some restrictions on the speed of such an event.
There is a slightly different way - to make sure that your material is repeatedly duplicated by the media and real people in social networks. To do this, in addition to the interestingness of the material itself, the original source of stuffing must have a certain authority. It takes time to create such a source, and usually there is no time. Especially when the information war is already underway and decisions need to be implemented quickly. In this case, existing sources with established authority are used. It can be an online media, a well-known blogger, an online version of an offline media or a TV channel. In general, a source that has been working on the Internet for a long time and has its own extensive audience. And of course, the more famous the name of this source, the wider the reach and the stronger the influence.
And this is where the problem of choice begins. You need to throw in false information. And after revealing its unreliability, the source will be discredited, and this cannot be allowed - it is very difficult to create a new authoritative source. What to do?
It is in such cases that they use the technique under the conditional name "stuffing-apology". Its meaning lies in the withdrawal from under the retaliatory strike of its source. After you have filled in the required information. Of course, the opinion about the source will be shaken, but not as radically as if it were just a stuffing. It seems that the agency acted according to this schemeCNNwhen the monument "Courage" in the memorial complex "Brest Fortress - Hero" was included in the rating of the ugliest monuments. The result was a plethora of headlines like "The ugliest monuments: The Courage Monument" or "the ugliest monuments" combined with a photo of the monument. On modern Russian youth, who perceive information fragmentarily, and who do not know much about history, this acts in the key of forming attitudes. This also applies to the Western layman, only there are no age restrictions. And when the accusations beganCNNThey immediately apologized and launched an internal investigation. Its results are known in advance, but "face is saved." A similar situation happened with Dozhd and their poll “whether Leningrad should have been handed over to the Nazis in order to save its inhabitants.” True, in both cases, we also need to talk about testing the audience, a kind of reconnaissance in battle - has the population mutated enough to start a new round of influence ...

For most of us, it is especially important that they listen to us, listen to our opinion and agree with it. Many believe that if you make the interlocutor want this or that, then you can conquer the whole world. For those who are able to take the place of another, understand his thoughts and desires, listen to the opponent, he can boldly look into the future without fear. A person who is able to motivate another to act can also lead people.

Rice. 6 methods of influencing and influencing the interlocutor

There are 6 tricks on how to influence and influence the interlocutor, which will be described in detail below. These simple tricks make up the most.

Methods of influencing the interlocutor

1. Always communicate with the interlocutor with great interest. The correct beginning of any dialogue will be an interest in the life of an opponent, and not stories about your problems and troubles. If you are interested in the life of another person, then the dialogue with him will always be successful and will endear you to the interlocutor.

2. Chinese wisdom teaches you to always give smiles to others. A smile on your face is a way to manage your own emotions and moods. It's also a way to make your opponent smile.

3. It is very important to pronounce the name of the interlocutor often enough, because psychologists say that the name for any person is the most pleasant sound.

4. It is important to be able to listen to others. You can awaken your opponent's sympathy for you if you carefully listen to his opinion. Few can resist the subtle flattery of interest and attention. It is known that people prefer a worthy listener to the best speakers. Friendliness and willingness to listen is such a rare occurrence these days. A person who talks only about his life, accordingly, thinks only about himself.

5. Choose topics for conversation that are of interest to your opponent. The true and unmistakable way to the heart of the interlocutor is communication about what he honors and values above all. Very often business contacts can be established in this way.

6. You need to be able to convey to a person his significance and in no case turn it into open flattery, only sincerely and honestly. In this way, you can find not only an ally, but also a friend. This style of communication gives both participants moral satisfaction and a sense of respect for each other. It has been proven that a person in one way or another strives to be appreciated and recognized. Moreover, flattery and insincerity will not bring the expected result, but only a real assessment of all human virtues.

The material is not new. But in view of the number of stuffing and the enthusiasm with which these stuffing is scattered even further, I think it is not superfluous to re-read it again.

The aggression of the USA/West and their slaves, like today's Ukraine against the Russian World, is only intensifying, so learn to correctly recognize information stuffing, on which the work of all spheres of society may depend. Throwings are of two types: intentional and not intentional. Not intentional, these are most often social networks when subscribers click "repost" of this or that unverified information. Or when major news outlets erroneously, unintentionally publish unverified information. Therefore, before reposting any entry, always analyze it, first of all - try to go to the very initial source of information. Now let's talk about intentional stuffing.

1. Throw-ins - carousels.

This requires at least 2 sites, but in reality there may be more than 10. At the same time, the sites must be promoted and known. Technology: "News" is placed on 1 site. The second site writes this news, in slightly different words and refers to the first site. The third site links to the second, and so on. And the last site - refers to the first)). Thus, "News" turns out to be looped. Such a scheme is designed primarily for the most ordinary people who do not understand the analysis of information at all, they say, what they saw, they believed in it.

Some site or group in social networks writes "News", and, as the source indicates the RIA news agency, for example. And they write simply, the source is Ria-news http://ria.ru That is, they do not indicate a direct link to the text of the news from RIA itself. In this case, we go to the RIA website and manually look for this news. If it's not there, it's been thrown.

Such stuffing is most often created in large and reputable publications, even federal ones, such as Channel 1, Interfax, Itar-Tass, etc. "News" is created, and the source is indicated in it:

- "as we were told by a source in close circles ..."

- "as our man in the mine defense told us ..."

- "as we were told by a source in Sberbank, who wished to remain anonymous .."

- "as reported in the press service ..."

That is, the news is allegedly created from a source whose existence cannot be verified. Such news is the most difficult to verify, because its reliability is 50 to 50. Maybe the person really wanted to remain anonymous, or maybe stuffing. There is only one way to check such news - by finding this person, this "source".

4. Stuffing - "word of mouth".

This is when 100% true news is created, and then, through several other news agencies, it can gradually change + new things are added, and eventually moving to a completely different meaning. Example:

1. Vladimir Putin arrived in Vladivostok and got acquainted with the progress of the program for the implementation of the construction of the Far East.

2. V. Putin turned out to be dissatisfied with the program for the implementation of the construction of the Far East

3. During V.Putin's visit to Vladivostok, multibillion-dollar embezzlement of budgetary funds was revealed.

4. An SUV crashed in Vladivostok, which was driven by a businessman involved in the construction of the Far East.

5. How can one work in Russia when the Putin regime is killing entrepreneurs and private businesses in the Far East.

6. The US Department of State is extremely concerned about Vladimir Putin's pressure on the democratic rights of business in the Far East.

Etc. That is true news - V. Putin just flew to Vladivostok on a working visit and looked at how the construction was going. The final news - changed beyond recognition, so much so that even Psaki joined))).

5. Stuffing - fear has big eyes.

Here, I think everything is clear. This is when some nonsense or nothing at all is inflated to something global. Example: A boy was playing with a firecracker and burned his finger. The grandmother called an ambulance, saying that the child's finger had been torn off. The ambulance paramedic told her friend that the child's entire arm had already been torn off by the explosion. She wrote on social networks that there was an explosion in the city, the child was seriously injured. Local news wrote that there was a munitions destruction site near the city that killed one child. Channel 1 wrote that in the city, as a result of an explosion in military warehouses, 100,500 people were killed and half of the city was turned into ruins.

Jokingly, of course, but that's how stuff like this works.

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Summarize.

If you "like" the posts or, moreover, make a "repost" - you become a chain in the dissemination of information, and you are also responsible for its consequences.

Therefore, if you see some news, even on social networks on the page of a simple person, even if you hear it from the lips of the leading federal channels - ALWAYS do its analysis, and go to the source !! Do not forget, the aggression of the USA / West and Bandera Ukraine against us is only intensifying, do not lose vigilance!!

And the examples are countless. Only the freshest obscene "truth about 28 Panfilov's men" is worth something.