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For the final end of the Time of Troubles, it was necessary not only to elect a new monarch to the Russian throne, but also to ensure the safety of the Russian borders from the two most active neighbors - the Commonwealth and Sweden. However, this was impossible until a social consensus was reached in the Moscow kingdom, and a person appeared on the throne of the descendants of Ivan Kalita who would fully suit the majority of the delegates of the Zemsky Sobor of 1612-1613. For a variety of reasons, 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov became such a candidate.

CONTRIDENTS TO THE MOSCOW THRONE

With the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, the zemstvo people got the opportunity to proceed with the election of the head of state. In November 1612, the nobleman Filosofov told the Poles that the Cossacks in Moscow were in favor of electing one of the Russian people to the throne, “and they were trying on Filaret’s son and the thieves’ Kaluga one,” while the elder boyars were in favor of electing a foreigner. The Cossacks remembered "Tsarevich Ivan Dmitrievich" in a moment of extreme danger, Sigismund III stood at the gates of Moscow, and the surrendered members of the Seven Boyars could at any moment again go over to his side. Behind the back of the Kolomna prince stood the army of Zarutsky. The chieftains hoped that at a critical moment, old comrades-in-arms would come to their aid. But the hopes for the return of Zarutsky did not materialize. In the hour of trials, the ataman was not afraid to unleash a fratricidal war. Together with Marina Mnishek and her young son, he came to the walls of Ryazan and tried to capture the city. Ryazan governor Mikhail Buturlin came forward and put him to flight.

Zarutsky's attempt to get Ryazan for the "Vorenka" failed. The townspeople expressed their negative attitude towards the candidacy of "Ivan Dmitrievich". Agitation in his favor began to subside in Moscow by itself.

Without the Boyar Duma, the election of the tsar could not have legal force. With a thought, the election threatened to drag on for many years. Many noble families claimed the crown, and no one wanted to give way to another.

SWEDEN PRINCE

When the Second Militia stood in Yaroslavl, D.M. Pozharsky, with the consent of the clergy, service people, settlements, feeding the militia with funds, entered into negotiations with the people of Novgorod about the candidacy of the Swedish prince for the throne of Moscow. On May 13, 1612, letters were written to Metropolitan Isidore of Novgorod, Prince Odoevsky and Delagardie and sent to Novgorod with Stepan Tatishchev. For the sake of the importance of the matter with this ambassador, the Militia went and the elected ones - from each city, one person. It is interesting that Metropolitan Isidore and the voivode Odoevsky were asked how the relations between them and the Novgorodians with the Swedes were? And Delagardie was informed that if the new Swedish king Gustav II Adolf releases his brother to the throne of Moscow and orders him to be baptized in the Orthodox faith, then they are glad to be with the Novgorod land in council.

Chernikova T. V. Europeanization of Russia inXV-XVII centuries. M., 2012

ELECTION TO THE KINGDOM OF MIKHAIL ROMANOV

When quite a lot of authorities and elected officials gathered, a three-day fast was appointed, after which councils began. First of all, they began to talk about whether to choose from foreign royal houses or their natural Russian, and decided not to elect the Lithuanian and Swedish king and their children and other German faiths and none of the states of the non-Christian faith of the Greek law on the Vladimir and Moscow state, and Don’t want Marinka and her son in the state, because the Polish and German kings saw in themselves a lie and a crime of the cross and a peaceful violation: the Lithuanian king ruined the Muscovite state, and the Swedish king Velikiy Novgorod taken by deceit. They began to choose their own: here intrigues, unrest and unrest began; everyone wanted to do according to his own thought, everyone wanted his own, some wanted the throne themselves, bribed and sent; sides formed, but none of them prevailed. Once, says the chronograph, some nobleman from Galich brought a written opinion to the cathedral, which said that Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the closest in kinship with the former tsars, and he should be elected tsars. Dissatisfied voices were heard: “Who brought such a letter, who, from where?” At that time, the Don ataman comes out and also submits a written opinion: “What did you submit, ataman?” - Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky asked him. “About the natural tsar Mikhail Fedorovich,” answered the ataman. The same opinion, submitted by the nobleman and the Don ataman, decided the matter: Mikhail Fedorovich was proclaimed tsar. But not all of the elected were in Moscow; there were no noble boyars; Prince Mstislavsky and his comrades left Moscow immediately after their liberation: it was embarrassing for them to remain in it near the liberators; now they sent to call them to Moscow for a common cause, they also sent reliable people around the cities and counties to find out the people's thoughts about the new chosen one, and the final decision was postponed for two weeks, from February 8 to February 21, 1613. Finally, Mstislavsky and his comrades arrived, the belated elected representatives also arrived, envoys from the regions returned with the news that the people gladly recognized Michael as king. On February 21, the week of Orthodoxy, that is, on the first Sunday of Great Lent, there was the last council: each rank submitted a written opinion, and all these opinions were found to be similar, all the ranks pointed to one person - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Then the Archbishop of Ryazan Theodorit, the Trinity cellar Avraamy Palitsyn, the Novospassky Archimandrite Joseph and the boyar Vasily Petrovich Morozov went up to the Lobnoye Mesto and asked the people who filled Red Square who they wanted to be king? "Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov" - was the answer.

1613 CATHEDRAL AND MIKHAIL ROMANOV

The first thing the great Zemsky Sobor, which elected the sixteen-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne, was to send an embassy to the newly elected tsar. When sending an embassy, ​​the cathedral did not know where Michael was, and therefore in given to the ambassadors the order said: "To go to Sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia in Yaroslavl." Arriving in Yaroslavl, the embassy here only found out that Mikhail Fedorovich lives with his mother in Kostroma; without delay, it moved there, along with many Yaroslavl citizens who had already joined here.

The embassy arrived in Kostroma on March 14; On the 19th, having convinced Mikhail to accept the royal crown, they left Kostroma with him, and on the 21st they all arrived in Yaroslavl. Here, all Yaroslavl residents and noblemen who had gathered from everywhere, boyar children, guests, merchants with their wives and children met the new tsar with a procession, brought him images, bread and salt, and rich gifts. Mikhail Fedorovich chose the ancient Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery as the place of his stay here. Here, in the cells of the archimandrite, he lived with his mother, nun Martha and the temporary State Council, which was composed of Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky with other nobles and the clerk Ivan Bolotnikov with stewards and solicitors. From here, on March 23, the first letter from the tsar was sent to Moscow, informing the Zemsky Sobor of consent to accepting the royal crown.

A little background. The first ruling dynasty in Russia was the Rurikovichs. Without going into details of the Norman theory of the ruling elite of Russia, we note that, despite its disgusting form for the Russian spirit, it was confirmed both during the choice after the "distemper" and during the three hundred year rule of the Romanov dynasty. In the 17th century there were purely Russian tsars (the assumption that it was originally a Prussian family is not confirmed by anything, except for the statements of some court historians). In the XVIII century, starting with Peter III and Catherine II, the German "spirit" began to prevail. What can we say about the 19th century, when the heirs to the throne married exclusively German princesses, having an ever-decreasing share of Russian blood. But an interesting and very important point is the influence of the Russian spirit and the whole Russian. Being almost 100% German by blood, they acted like almost 100% Russian. And just like the Russians, they could love Russia, hate it, or be rather indifferent to everything, but they lived and worked for the good of Russia.

The Romanov dynasty and the history of Russia

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 as a compromise figure due to his young age and not very distant mind. A common political move for all times and peoples to achieve at least some kind of agreement and a temporary cessation of conflicts in an open form. But the dynasty took place due to the circumstances, as the Russian people strove for peace and order, wisdom and influence of Father Michael I Filaret - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, as well as the efforts of subsequent Romanovs.

The first to name himself Romanov was the father of Mikhail I in honor of the names of his grandfather and father, who respectively bore the name Roman and patronymic Romanovich. But in general they were Zakharyins or Zakharyins-Yurievs. The surnames are also clearly taken from the names of the ancestors, so there was nothing strange or special for that time in Fyodor Nikitich's act. The history of the Romanovs can be reliably traced back to the reign of Ivan Kalita, and he went from the son of the Moscow boyar Andrei Kobyla (Kambila) - Fyodor Koshka.

Line of succession

The direct line of succession was interrupted with the death of Empress Elizabeth I. Starting with Peter III, declared by her heir, this was already the dynasty of the Romanovs of Holstein-Gottorp.

First Romanovs

Consider the history of the first Romanovs. Michael I was a poorly educated man, susceptible to the influence of close relatives, a kind person by nature. Despite poor health, he reigned for 32 years. Under him, the possibility of repeating the "troubled" time had already disappeared, the borders were expanded, the state and army were strengthened, and the so-called "Kukui" was founded, which had a huge influence on the self-education of the future Emperor Peter I.

Consider the story of Alexei Romanov. Aleksey I Mikhailovich, although he was nicknamed the Quietest, annexed Ukraine, and the colonization of Siberia continued. A passionate lover of falconry and dog hunting, a good-natured and gentle person, nevertheless, did not succumb to the demands of Patriarch Nikon on the "sharing" of power and won this confrontation, however, causing a split in society by actions to continue the church reform, which gave rise to such a phenomenon as "schismatics". His monetary reform led to the "Copper" riot. Father of 16 children, three of whom reigned, and Sophia was the ruler. He died in 1676, appointing his son Fyodor as his successor.

Fedor III reigned a little less than six years, left neither an heir, nor a will, nor a noticeable trace in the history of the Romanov family, except for the legal annexation of Left-Bank Ukraine and Kyiv to Russia. Under him, the courtiers began to shave their beards and dress in Polish, which his brother Peter clearly saw.

Two tsars sat on the throne - the elder Ivan V (he was weak in mind, but formally ruled equally with Peter I until his death) and the younger Peter I. They even made the throne double. But the regent and the actual sovereign ruler under two kings for 7 years was their very ambitious and domineering elder sister Sophia is the first woman in power in this dynasty. This is all the more surprising because it was not the “enlightened” 18th century, but the century preceding it, if not “housing”, then at least strict “Moscow” mores and customs. Of her deeds, the most memorable is the “dispute” with the ideologues of the schism, her victory in it and the subsequent repressions against the schismatics. Peter I, having reached the age of majority, took advantage of the circumstances and deposed the regent, sending her to a monastery, where she was subsequently tonsured a nun and accepted the “great schema”.

Tsar Peter

Consider the story of Peter Romanov. The Tsar, and from 1921 the All-Russian Emperor, Peter I Alekseevich (reigned 1789-1825) is a very controversial figure. Possessing an unbridled character, an “iron” will and an explosive temperament, he did not even allegorically, but actually went to his goals “over the corpses”, breaking the established orders, morals and destinies of people throughout Russia. Yes, he often scattered over trifles, fell into pettiness, regulated everything and everything, sometimes crossing the line of reason, but he achieved his main goal - to make Russia a great modern power. And he is famous for this. Many of his deeds predetermined the fate of our, and not only our, country for centuries. We feel and honor them even now, in the 21st century. People of such a magnitude as Peter the Great are born once in a century, or even two.

What happened next?

Consider the history of the Russian Romanov dynasty after Peter I. Catherine I, who was crowned during her lifetime, became empress only thanks to the favorite of Peter I, His Serene Highness Prince Menshikov. The age has begun palace coups, in which the main thing was who the guards would support. As always, during his reign, Peter the Great himself brought confusion, who issued a decree that the ruling emperor indicated the heir, and who himself did not leave a written order, but managed to say only in words: “Give everything ...”. His grandson, the future Emperor Peter II, had every chance, but Menshikov had more guardsmen in this place and at this time. Catherine I ruled for two years under the supervision of the Supreme Privy Council (Verkhovnikovs), which included only one well-born family - the Golitsyns, and the rest were like Menshikov - "chicks" of Petrov's nest.

Also, under the supervision of the leaders, for a little less than two years, the son of the murdered Tsarevich Alexei, Peter II Alekseevich, ruled. His greatest act was the removal from power for "theft" and the exile of the almighty Menshikov, which neither Peter I nor Catherine I could do. However, in practice this only led to a redistribution of power in the Supreme Privy Council in favor of Dolgoruky. Soon the emperor died of smallpox.

John V

What was the life story of the Romanovs from the branch of Tsar John V? Believing in their omnipotence, the leaders decided to introduce a limited monarchy in Russia. For this purpose, the Prince of Holstein (the future Emperor Peter III) and the “daughter of Petrov” Elizabeth, indicated in the will of Catherine I, were not suitable. Not giving a damn about the will of some “port-washer”, they made an offer to become the empress of Ivan V’s daughter Anna, but with the conditions (conditions) that her power would be partially limited by the Supreme Privy Council. She gladly agreed and signed them. But here the well-born and not well-born nobility were indignant, but everything was decided, again, by the guard, who supported not the leaders, but Anna Ioannovna. On March 1, 1730, the empress broke her “conditions” and ruled as an autocrat for ten years. The Supreme Privy Council was disbanded (its place was taken by Biron, beloved of Anna Ioannovna), and the Governing Senate was restored. Biron controlled everything, and she amused herself with shooting, and very well-aimed, outfits and antics of jesters.

Brunswick family

Consider the history of the Romanov family from the Brunswick family. Despite the fact that everything happened during the reign of the Romanovs, as, indeed, in the history of foreign reigning families, the tragic fate of the infant emperor Ivan VI and his family is the most sad and terrible. Anna Ioannovna really wanted to consolidate the "branch" of the Romanovs in power, coming from her father Ivan V. Therefore, in her will, she not only indicated as the heir a two-month-old baby (1940), born to her niece Anna Leopoldovna and Prince Consort Anton Ulrich of Brunswick, but and her children by seniority, if any (regent, of course, beloved Biron). But her hopes were not destined to come true. First, Field Marshal Minich overthrew Biron and himself became the de facto regent (formally, the emperor’s mother was appointed regent), and a year later, in November, according to the old style, Elizabeth I overthrew him. years) - in a solitary cell in the Shlisselburg fortress as an unknown prisoner (like a character in the famous novel by Dumas, only without an iron mask on his face). His suffering can only be imagined, since no evidence of this remains. He was killed according to the instructions of Catherine II, during an attempt to free him by Lieutenant Mirovich and soldiers subordinate to him. The story is very murky and looks like a set-up provocation, where Mirovich was "played out" in the dark.

The fate of close relatives of Ivan VI is no less sad and causes deep compassion. Although only his parents died in custody in Kholmogory, and two brothers and two sisters were allowed, after almost forty years of very strict imprisonment, to leave for their father's homeland in Denmark, the circumstances of their existence in Kholmogory plunge one into horror and at the same time into admiration for the strength of their spirit. . The niece of the empress, the generalissimo of the Russian army, the princes and princesses lived like commoners and prepared their own food (mainly porridge and pickled cabbage, which they themselves fermented), were dressed in very poor patched and patched clothes, they had freedom of movement only inside the former bishop's farmstead very much like a fortress. The children really wanted to pick up and smell the flowers that were sometimes seen in the meadow near their “home”, but they never had to do this. The mother died early after the next birth, and the father supported them in every possible way and raised them as persistent and courageous people. He guessed about the fate of his eldest son and, showing an extreme degree of courage, refused Catherine II, when in 1776 she nevertheless decided to let go, but only him alone - without children.

Elizabeth I and Peter III

We continue to study the history of the Romanovs. The guard brought to power the daughter of Peter the Great, Elizabeth. As a girl, she was married to the Bourbons, but they politely refused, the groom who arrived in Russia died a little before reaching the altar. So the future Empress Elizabeth I Alekseevna will remain unmarried.

Dressed in the uniform of the guards, she entered the Winter Palace at the head of three hundred guardsmen. Little blood was shed, but she gave herself a vow in her reign not to execute anyone and fulfilled it even in relation to her main rival, Emperor Ivan VI.

It was rumored that she was in a secret morganatic marriage with Alexei Razumovsky (Princess Tarakanova is one of the impostors based on these rumors). She chose Peter the Great's grandson Ulrich, a representative of the family of the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp, as her heir. In 1742 he arrived in Russia, where he was named Peter Fedorovich. She did not have a soul in him, and Ulrich did not like everything Russian and, adoring the military genius of the Prussian king Frederick the Great, preferred to be his general than the Emperor of All Russia. Easy to communicate to familiarity, cursing obscenely, being angry, Elizabeth I was usually kind and hospitable. She did not skimp on state affairs and delved into everything quite deeply. In 1744, she invited Princess Anhalt Zerbskaya Fike to Russia as a bride for Peter, who was named Ekaterina Alekseevna. She, unlike her husband, really wanted to become an empress and did everything for this. Russia, under the leadership of Mother Elizabeth, had already practically won the Seven Years' War against Prussia when the Empress passed away. Peter III, who ascended the throne in December 1761, immediately made peace and gave away everything that the Russians had won earlier, which negatively set the Russian military and especially the guard against himself. It was the age of palace coups. It was enough for Catherine to make acquaintances in the guard, dress in her uniform, give a signal and lead the coup. The deposed emperor, who ruled for less than a year, was “accidentally” killed in Ropsha by the favorites of Empress Catherine II.

Catherine II and Paul I

Like Peter I, Catherine deservedly received her title of "Great". Purposefully, with German perseverance and diligence, she, seeking her enthronement, also recent years of her life she personally worked for the good and greatness of the Russian state, forcing everyone to do it, to the best of her ability, of course. She put her ill-wishers in the highest positions if they could do their job better than anyone else, meticulously delved into state affairs and always listened to different opinions, even to her personally unpleasant. Not everything and not always worked out, as it seemed to her rational and pedantic mind (after all, this is Russia, not Germany), but she persistently pursued her goals, attracting all possible forces and means in her position. Under her, the problem of the Wild Field and the Crimea was finally resolved. The subjugation and division of the territory of the primordial enemy of Russia - Poland was repeatedly made. She was a great educator, she did a lot for the internal arrangement of Russia. Having given a charter to the nobility, she still did not dare to free the peasants. The Damocles sword of illegitimacy hung over her all the time, and she was afraid of losing power as a result of the discontent of the nobles and the guard. At first, let him be in solitary confinement, but Ioann Antonovich is alive. The Pugachev uprising only reinforced these fears. Nearby was a son who had rights to the throne, but she did not. It's good that he didn't like the guards. Even the sun has spots. And she had flaws, like all people, regardless of positions and titles. One of them are favorites, especially at the end of her life. But in Russia, in the history of the Romanovs, Catherine II remained in the memory as Mother Empress, taking care of all her subjects.

Pavel I Poor

What was the story of the Romanov Tsar Paul I Poor? He was not loved by his mother, who was not entitled to the throne, while he was. Of the 46 years he lived as emperor, he happened to be less than 5. He was a romantic and an idealist who believed that life can be changed by decrees. A little eccentric (although he was far from Peter I), he quickly made decisions and just as quickly canceled them. Paul I quickly set the guard against himself, not attaching importance to the lessons that life gave, including the example of his father. And when he left the zone of influence of British politics, realizing that they would not help him with Malta and the Order of Malta, to which he swore to help, stopped the war with France and was about to send an expeditionary force to India (through Central Asia and Afghanistan), to live he didn't have long to go. The conspiracy was led by the head of the secret police, and the last favorites of Catherine II, the Zubov brothers (their sister was the mistress of the English ambassador), commanders and officers of the guards regiments, participated. He knew about the conspiracy, did not participate, but Pavel's eldest son Alexander did not interfere with it either. On a March night in 1801, the conspirators, either with a heavy blow to the temple or with a scarf, killed Emperor Paul I. In the coming century, there will be no more successful coups.

The Romanovs: the history of the Russian dynasty in the 19th century

Emperor Alexander I Pavlovich the Blessed, an aristocrat, a liberal and a very indecisive person who “discovered” the 19th century, was tormented by pangs of conscience throughout his reign for his tacit participation in the murder of his father, left no heir. By this, after his death in 1925, he provoked the uprising of the "Decembrists" about whose activities he knew, but, again, he did nothing but encourage espionage and denunciation of the conspirators. Proclaiming the need for reforms, he found thousands of excuses not to engage in them. Having accomplished his greatest deed - the defeat of Napoleon's Great Army, he did not heed the advice of the old and wise commander Kutuzov (do not go to Europe and leave the enemy a little alive to intimidate England) and continued to drag chestnuts from the fire for England, Austria-Hungary and even Prussia. His innate talent to please everyone crystallized into the idea of ​​a sacred union of the monarchs of Europe. While the Russian emperor, hovering in the clouds, was giving balls in Vienna and talking about serving the highest interests, his more practical "colleagues" were pulling Europe to pieces. In his last years on the throne, he fell into mysticism and his death (or departure from the duties of the emperor) is shrouded in mystery.

Having come to power after the refusal of his brother Konstantin and the execution of the rebellious parts of the "Decembrists", Nicholas I Pavlovich Unforgettable ruled for almost thirty years. The owner of a name unprecedented in the royal house, popularly nicknamed Palkin, was a pedant and a pedant. Taking his brother’s idea of ​​a sacred union of monarchs literally, passionately loving Russia and imagining himself as the arbiter of European affairs, he participated in the suppression of a number of revolutions and so got everyone in Europe that he received intervention from 4 countries and lost Crimean War, including because of the huge technical backlog of Russia. The state based on the containment of reforms, which, according to his understanding, should have been replaced by discipline, order and proper execution of instructions by the military and officials, was cracking at the seams and falling apart. Nicholas I did not live to see the end of the war, he was depressed by what had happened, and a cold only gave him the opportunity to leave, since he could no longer change, but it was still impossible to rule.

The great reformer Alexander II Nikolaevich the Liberator drew conclusions from his father's dying instructions and "attempts" to reform his uncle. He had a completely different character than Peter I, and the time was different, but his reforms, like those of Peter the Great, were designed for action over many decades. He carried out reforms in almost all areas of life, but the most fundamental and effective were reforms in the military field, zemstvo and judicial reforms and, of course, the abolition of serfdom and a set of reforms regarding land use. And the prepared constitutional reform could not be carried out because of his assassination by the Narodnaya Volya.

Emperor Alexander III Alexandrovich the Peacemaker, who began to rule after the assassination of his father in 1881, reigned for thirteen years and during all this time did not wage a single war. A little strange for a politician who proclaimed the official course of curtailing his father's reforms, openly "conserving" society and proclaiming that Russia has only two allies - its army and navy, which, by the way, occupied 3rd place in the world through his own efforts . In foreign policy made a sharp turn from the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, to an alliance with Republican France.

No less controversial than Peter I is the figure of the last Emperor of Russia, Nicholas II Alexandrovich. True, the scale of their personalities is incomparable. And the result of their activities is the opposite: the birth of Russia as an empire in one and the collapse Russian Empire- from another. In general, the Russian people are sharp on the tongue and labels in nicknames. Nicholas II the Bloody is the nickname of the last emperor. "Khodynka", " Bloody Sunday”, the suppression of the first Russian revolution of 1905 and the rivers of blood in the First World War. Our natural allies, the German and Japanese empires, became forever our enemies, and the centuries-old enemy and rival, the British Empire, became our ally. True, we must pay tribute, not only Nicholas II is to blame for this. A wonderful family man, skillfully splitting logs for firewood, he turned out to be no “owner” of the Russian land.

20th century

In short, the history of the Romanovs in the 20th century was as follows: under the strongest pressure from the military elite and Duma members, the Emperor of All Russia on March 2 (according to the old style), 1917, decided to abdicate the throne for himself and his son (which he did not in law) in favor of brother Michael. He abdicated and called to submit to the Provisional Government of Russia only the next day, thereby formally becoming Emperor Michael II for one day.

Innocently murdered by the Bolsheviks in Yekaterinburg, the last de facto emperor and his entire family are canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) as martyrs. A month earlier, near Perm, the Chekists also killed Michael II (canonized in the host of the Russian New Martyrs).

What does the book by Grebelsky and Mirvis "The House of the Romanovs" say about the history of the Romanovs? After February Revolution 48 members of the Russian Imperial House emigrated to the West - this is without taking into account those who entered into morganatic marriages. In our century, this house is headed by the Grand Duchess Maria I Vladimirovna, and the Tsarevich and Grand Duke Georgy Mikhailovich (branch of the Kirillovichs). Their supremacy is disputed by the prince of the imperial blood, Andrei Andreyevich Romanov, who is supported by all branches of the Romanov family, except for the “Kirillovichs”. This is what the history of the Romanovs was like in the 20th century.

The Romanovs, whose dynasty dates back to the sixteenth century, were simply an old noble family. But after the marriage concluded between Ivan the Terrible and a representative of the Romanov family, Anastasia Zakharyina, they became close to the royal court. And after the establishment of kinship with the Moscow Rurikovich, the Romanovs themselves began to claim the royal throne.

The history of the Russian dynasty of emperors began after the elected great-nephew of the wife of Ivan the Terrible, Mikhail Fedorovich, became the ruler of the country. His offspring were at the head of Russia until October 1917.

background

The founder of some noble families, including the Romanovs, is Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose father, as records show, Divonovich Glanda-Kambila, who received the name Ivan in baptism, appeared in Russia in the last decade of the fourteenth century. He came from Lithuania.

Despite this, a certain category of historians suggests that the beginning of the Romanov dynasty (briefly - the House of Romanov) comes from Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich had as many as five sons. Their names were Semyon Zherebets and Alexander Elka, Vasily Ivantai and Gavriil Gavsha, and also Fedor Koshka. They were the founders of as many as seventeen noble houses in Russia. In the first generation, Andrei Ivanovich and his first four sons were called the Kobylins, Fyodor Andreevich and his son Ivan - Koshkins, and the offspring of the latter - Zakhary - Koshkin-Zakharyin.

The emergence of the surname

The descendants soon discarded the first part - the Koshkins. And for some time now they began to be written only under the name of Zakharyin. From the sixth knee, the second half was added to it - the Yurievs.

Accordingly, the offspring of Peter and Vasily Yakovlevich were called the Yakovlevs, Roman - the roundabout and governor - the Zakharyins-Romanovs. It is from the children of the latter that the famous Romanov dynasty originates. The reign of this family began in 1613.

kings

The Romanov dynasty succeeded in placing five of its representatives on the royal throne. The first of them was the great-nephew of Anastasia - the wife of Ivan the Terrible. Mikhail Fedorovich - the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, he was raised to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor. But, since he was young and inexperienced, the old woman Martha and her relatives actually ruled the country. After him, the tsars of the Romanov dynasty were not numerous. This is his son Alexei and three grandchildren - Fedor, and Peter I. It was on the latter in 1721 that the royal dynasty Romanovs.

Emperors

When Peter Alekseevich ascended the throne, a completely different era began for the family. The Romanovs, whose dynasty history as emperors began in 1721, gave Russia thirteen rulers. Of these, only three were representatives by blood.

After - the first emperor of the Romanov dynasty - as an autocratic empress, the throne was inherited by his legal wife Catherine I, whose origin is still hotly debated by historians. After her death, power passed to the grandson of Peter Alekseevich from his first marriage - Peter the Second.

Due to strife and intrigue, his grandfather's line of succession was frozen. And after him, the imperial power and regalia were transferred to the daughter of the elder brother of Emperor Peter the Great - Ivan V, while after Anna Ioannovna, her son ascended the Russian throne from the Duke of Brunswick. His name was John VI Antonovich. He became the only representative of the Mecklenburg-Romanov dynasty to take the throne. He was overthrown by his own aunt - "Petrov's daughter", Empress Elizabeth. She was unmarried and childless. That is why the Romanov dynasty, whose board table is very impressive, ended in the direct male line precisely on it.

Introduction to history

The accession of this family to the throne took place under strange circumstances, surrounded by numerous strange deaths. The Romanov dynasty, a photo of whose representatives is in any history textbook, is directly related to the Russian chronicle. She stands out for her unwavering patriotism. Together with the people, they experienced hard times, slowly raising the country out of poverty and poverty - the results of constant wars, namely the Romanovs.

The history of the Russian dynasty is literally saturated with bloody events and secrets. Each of its representatives, although he honored the interests of his subjects, at the same time was distinguished by cruelty.

First Ruler

The year of the beginning of the Romanov dynasty was very turbulent. The state did not have a legitimate ruler. Mainly due to the excellent reputation of Anastasia Zakharyina and her brother Nikita, the Romanov family was respected by everyone.

Russia was tormented by wars with Sweden and practically non-stop internecine strife. At the beginning of February 1613, in Veliky, left by foreign invaders along with a pile of dirt and debris, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty was proclaimed - the young and inexperienced Prince Mikhail Fedorovich. And it was this sixteen-year-old son that marked the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. He entrenched himself in the reign for as much as thirty-two years.

It is with him that the Romanov dynasty begins, the genealogy table of which is studied at school. In 1645 Mikhail was replaced by his son Alexei. The latter also ruled for quite a long time - more than three decades. After him, the order of succession to the throne was associated with some difficulties.

Since 1676, Russia was ruled for six years by Mikhail's grandson, Fedor, named after his great-grandfather. After his death, the reign of the Romanov dynasty was adequately continued by Peter I and Ivan V - his brothers. For almost fifteen years they exercised dual power, although in fact the entire government of the country was taken over by their sister Sophia, who was known as a very power-hungry woman. Historians say that a special double throne with a hole was ordered to hide this circumstance. And it was through him that Sophia gave instructions to her brothers in a whisper.

Peter the Great

And although the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty is associated with Fedorovich, nevertheless, almost everyone knows one of its representatives. This is a man who can be proud of both the entire Russian people and the Romanovs themselves. The history of the Russian dynasty of emperors, the history of the Russian people, the history of Russia are inextricably linked with the name of Peter the Great - the commander and founder of the regular army and navy, and in general - a person with very progressive views on life.

Possessing purposefulness, strong will and great capacity for work, Peter I, like, indeed, the whole, with a few exceptions, the Romanov dynasty, whose representatives are photographed in all history textbooks, studied a lot during his life. But he paid special attention to military and naval affairs. During the first trip abroad in 1697-1698, Peter took a course in artillery sciences in the city of Koenigsberg, then worked for half a year at the Amsterdam shipyards as a simple carpenter, studied the theory of shipbuilding in England.

This was not only the most remarkable personality of his era, the Romanovs could be proud of him: the history of the Russian dynasty did not know a more intelligent and inquisitive person. His whole appearance, according to contemporaries, testified to this.

Peter the Great was invariably interested in everything that somehow affected his plans: both in terms of government or commerce, and in education. His curiosity extended to almost everything. He did not neglect even the smallest details, if they could later be of some use.

The business of Peter Romanov's life was the rise of his state and the strengthening of its military power. It was he who became the founder of the regular fleet and army, continuing the reforms of his father, Alexei Mikhailovich.

The state transformations of the Petrine rule turned Russia into a strong state, which acquired seaports, developed foreign trade and a well-established administrative system.

And although the beginning of the rule of the Romanov dynasty was laid almost six decades earlier, not a single representative of it managed to achieve what Peter the Great achieved. He not only established himself as an excellent diplomat, but also created the anti-Swedish Northern Alliance. In history, the name of the first emperor is associated with the main stage in the development of Russia and its formation as a great power.

At the same time, Peter was a very tough person. When at the age of seventeen he seized power, he did not fail to hide his sister Sophia in a distant monastery. One of the most famous representatives of the Romanov dynasty, Peter, better known as the Great, was known as a rather heartless emperor, who set himself the goal of reorganizing his uncivilized country in a Western manner.

Nevertheless, despite such advanced ideas, he was considered a wayward tyrant, quite a match for his cruel predecessor - Ivan the Terrible, the husband of his great-grandmother Anastasia Romanova.

Some researchers reject the great significance of Peter's restructuring and the emperor's policy in general during his reign. Peter, they believe, was in a hurry to achieve his goals, so he moved the most shortcut sometimes using even obviously clumsy methods. And this was precisely the reason that after his untimely death, the Russian empire quickly returned to the state from which the reformer Peter Romanov tried to bring it out.

It is impossible to radically change one's people in one fell swoop, even by building a newly-made capital for them, shaving the boyars' beards and ordering them to gather for political rallies.

Nevertheless, the policy of the Romanovs, and in particular, the administrative reforms that Peter introduced, meant quite a lot for the country.

New branch

After the marriage of Anna (the second daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine) with the nephew of the Swedish king, the beginning of the Romanov dynasty was laid, which actually passed into the Holstein-Gottorp family. At the same time, according to the agreement, the son born from this marriage, and he became Peter III, nevertheless remained a member of this royal House.

Thus, according to the genealogical rules, the imperial family began to be called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovsky, which was reflected not only on their family coat of arms, but also on the coat of arms of Russia. Since that time, the throne was passed in a straight line, without any intricacies. This happened due to a decree issued by Paul. It spoke of succession to the throne through the male direct line.

After Paul, the country was ruled by Alexander I - his eldest son, who was childless. His second descendant, Prince Konstantin Pavlovich, renounced the throne, which, in fact, became one of the reasons for the Decembrist uprising. The next emperor was his third son, Nicholas I. In general, since the time of Catherine the Great, all heirs to the throne began to bear the title of crown prince.

After Nicholas I, the throne passed to his eldest son, Alexander II. At the age of twenty-one, Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich died of tuberculosis. Therefore, the next was the second son - Emperor Alexander III, who was succeeded by his eldest offspring and the last Russian ruler - Nicholas II. Thus, since the beginning of the Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, eight emperors have come from this branch, including Catherine the Great.

nineteenth century

In the 19th century, the imperial family greatly expanded and increased. Special laws were even adopted that regulated the rights and obligations of each member of the family. The material aspects of their existence were also discussed. A new title was even introduced - prince of imperial blood. He assumed too distant offspring of the ruler.

From the time when the beginning of the Romanov dynasty was laid, and until the beginning of the nineteenth century, four branches along the female line began to enter the Imperial House:

• Holstein-Gottorpovskaya;
• Leuchtenberg - descended from the daughter of Nicholas I, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, and the Duke of Leuchtenberg;
• Oldenburg - from the marriage of the daughter of Emperor Paul with the Duke of Oldenburg;
• Mecklenburg - originating from the marriage of Princess Catherine Mikhailovna and the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Revolution and the Imperial House

Since the beginning of the Romanov dynasty, the history of this family is full of death and bloodshed. No wonder the last of the kind - Nicholas II - was nicknamed the Bloody. It must be said that the emperor himself was not at all distinguished by a cruel disposition.

The reign of the last Russian monarch was marked by the rapid economic growth of the country. At the same time, there was an increase in social and political contradictions within Russia. All this led to the beginning of the revolutionary movement and, as a result, to the uprising of 1905-1907, and then to the February revolution.

The Emperor of All Russia and the Tsar of Poland, as well as the Grand Duke of Finland - the last Russian emperor from the Romanov dynasty - ascended the throne in 1894. Contemporaries characterize Nicholas II as a gentle and highly educated, sincerely devoted to the country, but at the same time a very stubborn person.

Apparently, this was the reason for the stubborn rejection of the advice of experienced dignitaries in matters of government, which, in fact, led to fatal mistakes in the policy of the Romanovs. The surprisingly devoted love of the sovereign for his wife, who in some historical documents is even called a mentally unbalanced person, became the reason for discrediting the royal family. Her authority was called into question as the only true one.

This was due to the fact that the wife of the last Russian emperor had enough weighty word in many aspects of government. At the same time, she did not miss a single opportunity to take advantage of this, while this did not suit many high-ranking persons in any way. Most of them considered the last reigning Romanov a fatalist, while others were of the opinion that he was simply completely indifferent to the suffering of his people.

End of reign

The bloody year of 1917 was the final year for the shaken power of this autocrat. And it all started with the First World War and the ineffectiveness of the policy of Nicholas II in this difficult period for Russia.

The antagonists of the Romanov family argue that during this period the last autocrat simply could not or failed to implement the necessary political or social reforms in time. The February Revolution forced the last emperor to abdicate after all. As a result, Nicholas II, together with his family, was taken under house arrest in his palace in Tsarskoye Selo.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the Romanovs ruled over more than a sixth of the planet. It was a self-sufficient, independent state concentrating in itself the greatest wealth in Europe. It was a huge era that ended after the execution of the royal family, the last of the Romanovs: Nicholas II with Alexandra and their five children. It happened in a basement in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 17, in 1918.

Romanovs today

By the beginning of 1917, the Russian Imperial House had sixty-five representatives, of which thirty-two belonged to the male half. Eighteen people were shot by the Bolsheviks between 1918 and 1919. It happened in St. Petersburg, Alapaevsk and, of course, in Yekaterinburg. The remaining forty-seven people fled. As a result, they ended up in exile, mainly in the United States and France.

Despite this, a significant part of the dynasty for more than a decade hoped for the collapse of the power of the Soviets and the restoration of the Russian monarchy. When, in December 1920, Olga Konstantinovna, the Grand Duchess, became the regent of Greece, she began to receive in this country many refugees from Russia, who were going to just wait it out and return home. However, this did not happen.

However, the House of Romanovs still for a long time had weight. Moreover, in 1942 two representatives of the House were even offered the throne of Montenegro. An Association was even created, which included all the living members of the dynasty.

February 21, 1613 at the Great Moscow Cathedral was sacked, that is acquired The founder of the new Royal Dynasty was the young boyar Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov. Spiritual difference between the volitional "collective" election majority and unanimous gaining the rightful Heir to the Throne through the conciliar test of God's will is very significant, although in historiographic literature it is customary to talk about the "election" of the Tsar by the Council. But the conciliar documents themselves testify only to a unanimous, unanimous appeal- the acquisition of a new Sovereign and Dynasty. The same documents call Tsar Michael the chosen one of God and not only a personal chosen one, but also according to the dignity of His Kind, chosen by God.

According to genealogical legends, the Russian boyar clan of the Romanovs originates from the voivode of the princely family Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who came from Veliky Novgorod around the 1330s to serve at the Court of Grand Duke John Danilovich Kalita. In some genealogical records, Andrei Kobyla is indicated as having arrived "from Prus", that is, from Prussia, or "from German". All these characteristics - from Lithuania, from Prussia or from the Germans do not contradict each other - they mean the same lands on the southeastern coast of the Varangian (Baltic) Sea.

Ancient Prussia - a vast region on the southeastern coast of the Baltic, in the first quarter of the XIII century was conquered by the German Teutonic Order and forcibly Germanized. But part of the lands of East Prussia at the same time was in the possession of the Principality of Lithuania, whose statehood, in turn, was based on the ancient Russian cultural tradition: until the first third of the 16th century, the written language of Lithuania was the Old Russian language, which was used for chronicling, legal and commercial office work.

These lands have been inhabited since ancient times by Japhetic Slavic and Baltic tribes, who lived in close cultural interaction. The surviving fragments of the Old Prussian language indicate its closeness, on the one hand, to the Slavic language, and, on the other hand, to the Baltic dialects, which then included the unwritten Lithuanian language.

Since ancient times, there has been a Prussian street in Veliky Novgorod. Located at the Zagorodsky End, it originated from the Pokrovsky Gates of the Novgorod Detinets (the central part of the Kremlin), and this was a place of settlement not for visiting foreigners, but for native Orthodox Novgorodians. The first mention of Prusskaya Street in the history of Novgorod dates back to 1218, when during the rebellion of the Trade Side and the Nerevsky End, Lyudin End and the inhabitants of Prusskaya Street supported the mayor Tverdislav. The name of the street is found in the Novgorod Chronicle and under 1230. But archaeological research indicates that long before 1218, a street already existed on this site as an urban structure, possibly with the same name, because the mention of 1218 does not refer to the foundation or name of this Prusskaya street. It’s just that the oldest reference to it that has come down to us belongs to this year. Another mention in the Novgorod chronicle dates back to 1230 - in connection with the temple of the Twelve Apostles on Propastekh, near which the Novgorodians who were dying of hunger in 1230 were buried en masse. It is also significant that the year 1218 testifies to the compact settlement of Orthodox Prussian Slavs in Novgorod even before the start of the capture of East Prussia in 1225 by the Teutonic Order.

Many noble primordially Novgorod families had their origin "from Prus". For example, the Prussian governor was famous Slavic origin Mikhail Prushanin, who arrived in Veliky Novgorod with his retinue at the beginning of the 13th century and then served the Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky. According to some legends, Mikhail Prushanin participated in the famous Battle of the Neva (1240), according to others, his son was a participant in the battle.

Mikhail Prushanin was the ancestor of the Russian noble and boyar families Shestov, Morozov, Saltykov. The mother of Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich Xenia Ioannovna - the Great Nun Martha, was the daughter of Ivan Vasilyevich Shestov.

According to family tradition, Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla was one of the sons of the Prussian prince Divon Aleksa (the Bear), a direct descendant of the Prussian Tsar Videvut, whose life time is attributed to the 4th century AD.

Prince Divon received in Novgorod the Great Holy Baptism named John. The famous Novgorodian, the hero of the Battle of the Neva, Gavrila Aleksich († 1241), according to legend, was the brother of Prince Divon-John, perhaps not a brother, but a cousin or second cousin. Gavrilo Aleksich also became the ancestor of many noble Russian families - the Pushkins, Akinfovs, Chelyadins, Khromykh-Davydovs, Buturlins, Sviblovs, Kamenskys, Kuritsyns, Zamytskys, Chulkovs and others.

Their common ancestor, the Prussian Tsar Videvut with his brother Prince Bruten, arrived along the Vistula or Neman on the coast of the Baltic and founded under their command an ancient Kingdom, which they apparently named Prussia after their ancestor Prus.

The name "Prusius" occurs repeatedly in the famous dynasty of the Thracian Kings, who reigned from the 5th to the 1st century BC. in Bithynia (Asia Minor) and in the Balkans. And in the name of the Prince brutus hen, brother of King Videvut, the name "Prus" also sounds remotely. In Latin, "Prussia" is written as "Borussia" (Borussia) or as "Prutenia" (Prutenia). In turn, "The Tale of St. Spiridon-Sava" and "The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir" indicate the origin of the Grand Duke Rurik of Novgorod from Prince Prus, the brother of Emperor Augustus. Roman history knows no such sibling Octavian Augustus, but the juridical intermarriage, say, of the Emperor Augustus himself or his predecessor, the first consul Julius Caesar, with one of the descendants of the Bithynian Kings, who bore the name Prusius, could well have been, about which the news from ancient Russian tradition brought us. This indicates that, according to such genealogical legends, both the ancestors of the Grand Duke Rurik of Novgorod and the ancestors of the boyar Andrei Ivanovich Kobyly could have a common ancestor of royal origin.

Similar legends about the same and common roots in antiquity can be traced for most of the Royal European Dynasties, they are well known to specialists in the August genealogies. It is impossible to prove the documentary historical authenticity of such legends on the basis of strict written sources. But at the same time, history is not mathematics or classical physics, although it operates in the vast majority of historical material with fairly accurate chronological data and documented facts. Pointing to the understandable fragility of such genealogical traditions, which were recorded in writing only in the XIV-XVIII centuries, genuine historical science should not immediately reject them. On the contrary, it must testify to them and carefully preserve what the tribal memory of our ancestors has preserved and passed from mouth to mouth for many, many centuries, otherwise what is called "scientifically" will be rejected. human memory.

The very fact that Andrei Ioannovich Kobyla, who arrived from Veliky Novgorod in Moscow at the Court of the Moscow Grand Dukes John Kalita and Simeon Ioannovich the Proud, was boyar, indicates that this person at that time was famous for his nobility and nobility of origin. The boyar rank was the highest state rank in the hierarchy of that time, then at the same time, under the Grand Duke, the number of boyars rarely exceeded 5-6 people, such a high rank would simply not have been assigned to some obscure upstart in those days. Only really noble person the boyar Andrey Kobyla could have been sent in 1347 by the matchmaker of the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow Simeon Ioannovich Proud to the Court of Prince Vsevolod Alexandrovich of Tver for his bride, Princess Maria Alexandrovna. Moreover, that marriage contract was associated with the most important diplomatic mission, as a result of which Prince Vsevolod Alexandrovich of Tverskoy had to abandon the khan's label on the Tver inheritance and return to the reign in the hill near Tver, transferring the reign of Tver to Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Kashinsky. Such difficult questions of dynastic marriages and change of destinies could not be entrusted to people of the ignoble, who were not versed in the intricacies of grand ducal diplomacy.

The very concept of “knowing” does not at all mean being widely known, as many now believe. The ancient Russian concept of “to know” denotes the bearers of special, hereditary knowledge about the wisdom of the Supreme Power, knowledge that was not taught anywhere, but was transmitted only from older generations to the younger from generation to generation. Noble people were the descendants of the bearers of the Supreme Power. Know - the keepers of the most ancient power traditions, representatives of noble families themselves were a living tradition, a living tradition, which, due to the secret nature of that knowledge, was not recorded in detail in writing, but this special knowledge was highly valued by others, put noble people in a special position in ancient society.

The ancient Prussians, under the leadership of Tsar Videvut and Prince Bruten, developed the cult of the sacred white horse, known to the Baltic Slavs from ancient times, and the cult of the sacred oak in the village of Romov, whose name may indicate the archaic memory of Apennine Rome (Roma). The symbolism of these cults was displayed on the coat of arms of Prussia, which depicted Videvut themselves with Bruten, and a white horse, and an oak tree. According to Moscow genealogies, it is known that A.I. Kobyla had five sons - Semyon Zherebets, Alexander Yolka, Vasily Ivantey, Gavriil Gavsha and Fedor Koshka. In addition, the noble Novgorod families of the Sukhovo-Kobylins and Kobylins are known, the origin of which the Novgorod and Tver genealogies associate with A.I. Kobyla.

Semyon Zherebets became the ancestor of Russian noble families - Zherebtsovs, Lodygins, Konovnitsyns, Kokorevs, Obraztsovs. The Kolychevs, Neplyuevs and Boborykins originate from Alexander Yolka. From Fedor Koshka - Koshkins, Romanovs, Sheremetevs, Yakovlevs, Golyatievs, Bezzubtsevs and others.

"Horse" themes in nicknames Mare, Stallion, in surnames - Kobylins, Zherebtsovs, Konovnitsyns, toponym - Mare Settlement near Lake Peipsi not far from the place ice battle(1242), which, by the way, in 1556 was given by Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible to feed one of the Sukhovo-Kobylins, but according to written sources, known with that name since the middle of the 15th century (the city of Kobyla) - all this may indicate a family memory of "totem" white horse of the Prussian King Videvut. And the sacred oak from Romov is present on almost all the coats of arms of the above-mentioned noble families, originating from Andrei Kobyla.

Fedor Andreevich Koshka († 1407) was also a Moscow boyar; during the campaign of Grand Duke Dimitri Ioannovich to Kulikovo Field in 1380, the boyar Fedor Andreevich Koshka-Kobylin was entrusted with guarding Moscow. His eldest son Ivan Fedorovich Koshkin-Kobylin († 1427) was also very close to the Grand Duke Dimitry Donskoy (he is mentioned in this capacity in the will of Prince Dimitri), and then became a boyar under the Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich († 1425) and even then young Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich (1415-1462). His younger son Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin-Kobylin († 1461) also held a high boyar position at the Court of Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich.

At the same time, it should be noted that the boyar rank was never literally hereditary, although it was assigned only to the most noble people of the state, the boyar rank was necessarily earned by personal exploits and services to the Sovereign, although family ties along female lines were of no small importance. The service from generation to generation of the descendants of the boyar Andrei Kobyla to the Moscow Sovereigns in such high ranks meant the presence of high personal merits among representatives of this noble family. Unfortunately, no information has been preserved about the spouses of these four generations of statesmen, starting from Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla to Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin. But there is no doubt that some of these marriages were concluded with representatives of the highest Moscow aristocracy, most of whom at that time were either direct, albeit distant descendants of the Grand Duke Rurik, or their closest relatives. It is this that can additionally explain the stability of the boyar status of the Kobylin-Koshkin clan, when the degree of “competition” with direct Rurikovich could be mitigated precisely family ties.

Under Grand Duke John III Vasilievich, Yuri Zakharyevich Zakharyin-Koshkin († 1504) became governor, participated in standing on the Ugra in 1480, in the campaign against Veliky Novgorod (1480) and Kazan in 1485, from 1488 he became the Grand Duke's Governor in Veliky Novgorod , where he eradicated the heresy of the Judaizers, and received the boyar rank in 1493. The wife of Yuri Zakharyevich Koshkin was the daughter of the Grand Duke's boyar Ivan Borisovich Tuchkov. I.B. Tuchkov was not a representative of the Moscow aristocracy, but came from a Novgorod boyar family and entered the service of the Grand Duke of Moscow, John III Vasilyevich. In 1477, already as a grand-ducal boyar, he carried out an important military-diplomatic mission to annex Veliky Novgorod to Moscow. Apparently, these "Novgorod" family ties can explain why the Moscow governor Yuri Zakharyevich Zakharyin-Koshkin in 1488 became governor in Novgorod. The boyar Yuri Zakharyevich had six sons, the names of five of them are Ivan, Grigory, Vasily, Mikhail, Roman and daughter Anna. Mikhail Yuryevich (†1538) served as a boyar title in 1521, Grigory Yuryevich (†1558) became a boyar in 1543.

Apparently, the youngest of the brothers - Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Yuryev († 1543) rose "only" to the rank of okolnichik and governor. But the rank of roundabout - the second after the boyar - was extremely high in the old Russian hierarchy, the number of roundabouts in the government of the Grand Duke usually did not exceed three or four. The very fact that his brothers were boyars testifies to the preservation of the high status of the family in this generation. Roman Yuryevich is mentioned in the categories of 1533 and 1538, he was married twice, the second of the wives was named Uliana (†1579), presumably nee Karpova, children: Dolmat (†1545), Daniil (†1571), Nikita, Anna, Anastasia. Daniil Romanovich Zakharin-Yuriev became a boyar in 1548.

Anna Romanovna married Prince Vasily Andreevich Sitsky (†1578) from the Yaroslavl branch of the Rurikovich. And the youngest daughter, the beautiful Anastasia Romanovna (†1560), became in 1547 the first Russian Tsarina - the wife of the young Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. She gave birth to the Sovereign of six children, three Tsareviches - Demetrius, John and Theodore, and three daughters - Anna, Maria and Evdokia, Tsarevich Dimitri was negligently drowned in infancy, and three Daughters of the Russian Tsaritsa did not survive infancy.

Perhaps the most famous boyar from the direct descendants of Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla was his great-great-great-great-grandson Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev († 1586; before his death he took monastic vows with the name Nifont). He was one of the closest associates, advisers to Tsar John and educator of Tsarevichs John and Theodore. He became a roundabout in 1558, a boyar in 1562. The fame of the nobility of character and valor of Nikita Romanovich was so wide that the people composed songs about him that were sung centuries later.

Nikita Romanovich was married twice. His first wife was Varvara Ivanovna, née Khovrina († 1552). Khovrins came from the ancient Crimean Goth princely family of Gavras (in Tatar: Khovra). From his first marriage, Nikita Romanovich had two daughters - Anna Nikitichna († 1585), who married Prince Ivan Fedorovich Troekurov (from the Rurikovichi) and Evfimiya († 1602), married to a close relative of Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Sitsky.

After the death of Varvara Ivanovna in 1552, Nikita Romanovich married a second time to Evdokia Alexandrovna, nee Princess Humpback-Shuiskaya from the Rurik Family, from the Monomakhoviches through the line of the Suzdal Princes. Eleven more children of Nikita Romanovich are known from this marriage - the elder Fedor (in monasticism Filaret; †1633), Martha (†1610) - the wife of the Kabardian prince Boris Keibulatovich Chekrassky, Leo (†1595), Mikhail (†1602), Alexander (†1602 ), Nikifor († 1601), Ivan, nicknamed Kasha († 1640), Ulyana († 1565), Irina († 1639) - the wife of the roundabout Ivan Ivanovich Godunov († 1610), Anastasia († 1655) - the wife of the equestrian Boris Mikhailovich Lykov -Obolensky (†1646) and, finally, Vasily (†1602).

The eldest son of Nikita Romanovich Fyodor, who was born around 1554, became a boyar in the government of his cousin - Tsar Theodore Ioannovich - immediately after his father's death in 1586. Shortly before this, around 1585, Fyodor Nikitich married Xenia Ivanovna, nee Shestova from the Kostroma nobles, whose father Ivan Vasilievich Shestov was called in 1550 among the Tsar's Thousand to serve in Moscow. Let me remind you that the Shestovs traced their genealogy to the Novgorod boyar and governor of the early 13th century, Mikhail Prushanin. Fyodor Nikitich and Xenia Ivanovna had six children, four of whom died in infancy: Tatyana (†1612) - the wife of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Katyrev-Rostovsky (†about 1640), Boris (†1592), Nikita (†1593), Mikhail ( †1645), Leo (†1597), Ivan (†1599).

In the tsarist service, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich was successful, but far from being in the first positions: from 1586 he was governor of Nizhny Novgorod, in 1590 he participated in a victorious campaign against Sweden, then in 1593-1594. he was a governor in Pskov, negotiated with the ambassador of Emperor Rudolf - Varkoch, in 1596 he was the governor of the Tsar's regiment of the right hand, from the 1590s several local cases came down to us concerning the boyar Feodor Nikitich Romanov, indicating his rather influential position among Moscow boyars, some of his younger brothers were members of the expanded composition of the Sovereign Duma.

Before his death, boyar Nikita Romanovich bequeathed to Boris Fedorovich Godunov the care of his children, and according to well-known documents, the guardianship of the royal brother-in-law and the first boyar - in fact the ruler of Russia B.F. Godunov about Nikitich was quite sincere, and the Romanovs themselves considered themselves faithful allies of B.F. Godunov, family ties also contributed to this - Irina Nikitichna was the wife of I.I. Godunov. The sudden death of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich on January 7, 1598 did not change this situation in the relationship between B.F. Godunov and the Romanovs. Although the eldest son of the brother-in-law King John, cousin Tsar Theodore, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich had a certain advantage, if not closer, then more significant relationship over the brother-in-law of Tsar Theodore and brother Tsarina Irina Feodorovna († 1603) by the first boyar Boris Godunov, at the Great Moscow Cathedral in January-March 1598, the question of other contenders for the Royal Throne, except for the first boyar and ruler B.F. Godunov, was not even raised. There is no information about the nomination of other applicants and clear unofficial evidence of the same period.

There are no such indications even in diplomatic reports from Russia for January-March 1598, in which foreign ambassadors tried to reflect any rumors about palace political intrigues. However, for the Western European legal consciousness of that time, the advantage of the rights of Fyodor Nikitich Romanov to the Tsar's Throne over the similar rights of B.F. Godunov was incomprehensible. They could rather see applicants among the direct Rurikovichs, primarily the Shuisky princes, or they wanted to look for military reasons for intervening in internal politics Russia to impose applicants from the Dynasties of Europe than to compare the rights to the Throne of B.F. Godunov and F.N. Romanov.

One of the reports from the Polish ambassador in January or early February 1598 even contained a “forecast” that B.F. 1591, and put his man on the Throne under the guise of the son of Tsar John. This enigmatic intrigue, developed by the Poles in a completely different vein by 1604, indicates that at the end of February 1598, foreigners could not even foresee the real decision of the Great Moscow Council.

The decisive factor in the question of the acceptance of the Throne, obviously, was the position of St. Job, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, who believed that the brother of the Queen, in whose hands since 1586 were all the main reins of government of the state, who proved himself an experienced and courageous politician, a large-scale organizer The Russian land in urban planning, military, tax and economic affairs, like no other, was able to carry the heavy Royal Cross. Of course, His Holiness the Patriarch was well aware that the twelfth honored boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov also had some hereditary advantages, but his merits in state building since 1584 were immeasurably less than B. F. Godunov’s contribution to the prosperity of Russia and the Russian Orthodox Church, who did a lot to establish the Patriarchate in Russia. It is possible that such a firm position of the Patriarch, which led to the fact that other contenders for the Throne were not even discussed at the Council in advance, in the next two years the spiritual and political compromise will turn into a difficult state problem.

At the Council of 1598, for the first time in the history of Russia, a terrible oath of allegiance to Tsar Boris and His Heirs was taken. It must be that His Holiness the Patriarch, who was directly involved in the drafting of the text of the Sobor oath and the formidable spiritual prohibitions that were imposed on possible violators of this oath, was sure that believing Russian people would not violate such a Sobor oath. However, the secret opponents of the new Tsar, and possibly the opponents of peace itself in our Fatherland, who did not dare to raise their voice at the Council against the position of the Patriarch and the candidacy of B.F. CONSPIRACY. As a sign for such an obvious conspiracy or insidious hoax, the villains chose the Nikitich Romanovs, and first of all, the eldest of them, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich, as the heir to the Throne, closer to the Russian customs of the ladder right than Tsar Boris. Who was the main organizer of this conspiracy or its imitation, historians can only speculate, direct documents related to his investigation have not been preserved. Only one thing is clear, that the Romanovs themselves did not in any way belong to the initiators or organizers of the conspiracy, but they were nevertheless insidiously informed of this secret act, which drew them into the circle of those involved, into the circle of the guilty.

Instead of his closest associates and relatives, Tsar Boris saw in the Romanovs the main danger to himself and, more importantly, the main danger to peace in the Russian State. He was fully aware of what now, after the terrible Sobor oath of 1598, its violation threatens Russia and the Russian People. In order to rule out the very idea of ​​boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov claiming the Throne, he ordered his relative and his wife to be forcibly tonsured into monasticism and exiled the monk Filaret to the Antoniev-Siysky Monastery in the Russian North. And the rest of the Nikitichi Romanovs - Mikhail, Alexander, Nikifor, Ivan, Vasily were taken into custody and sent into exile, where they were kept in the most severe conditions, from which they died in 1601-1602. Only Ivan Nikitich survived. He was kept on a chain in the same pit with Vasily Nikitich. The death of the brothers caused the conditions of Ivan Nikitich's exile to be softened.

After the villainous ritual slaughter of the young Tsar Feodor Borisovich Godunov and his own Wedding in the Kingdom, False Dmitry I in 1605 returned all the surviving Romanovs and their relatives from exile, and the remains of the dead were also brought to Moscow and buried in the tomb of the Romanov boyars in the Novospassky Monastery. Monk Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) was ordained a priestly monk and soon consecrated as Metropolitan of Rostov. And Ivan Nikitich Romanov was given the boyar rank. The young Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was returned under the care of the Mother - the Great Nun Martha. The Romanovs, who suffered so much from the previous reign, accepted the benefits of the impostor, but did not show him any subservience during the whole time of the false reign that lasted less than a year. Tsar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, installed by the local Moscow Council in 1606, contributed to the election of a new Patriarch, Metropolitan Hermogenes of Kazan, who treated Metropolitan Philaret of Rostov with great respect, but Metropolitan Filaret did not arrive at the Moscow Penitential Council in early 1607 with the participation of Patriarch Job deposed by False Dmitry .

In 1608, treacherous Cossack and Polish-Lithuanian gangs besieged Rostov the Great, and although Metropolitan Filaret tried to organize a defense, the traitors to Russia opened the gates of the Metropolitan Court, St. Philaret was captured and in a humiliating form was taken near Moscow to the Tushino camp of False Dmitry II. However, this impostor decided to honor his "relative" and even "elevated" St. Philaret to the "patriarch". Metropolitan Filaret did not recognize false orders, but he performed divine services in Tushino. In 1610, Metropolitan Philaret (Romanov) was recaptured from the Tushins and after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky during the Seven Boyars, he became the closest associate of His Holiness Patriarch Hermogenes. In 1611, Metropolitan Filaret was sent by the Moscow government at the head of a large embassy to Smolensk for negotiations with the Polish King Sigismund III. The entire embassy was captured by the Poles, in which Metropolitan Filaret stayed until 1619 - until the Deulino truce.

In the short period of the "seven boyars" the son of Metropolitan Filaret, young Mikhail Feodorovich, was elevated to the rank of boyar. The Poles, who captured Moscow and the Kremlin in 1611, kept Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov and his Mother under house arrest, from which he was released only on October 22, 1612, and after that, together with Mother, he left for his Kostroma estate Domnino.

Thus, none of the Romanovs influenced the decision of the Great Moscow Council on February 21, 1613. More precisely - a participant in the cathedral, brother of the Metropolitan and uncle of Mikhail Feodorovich - Ivan Nikitich Romanov was initially even against the nomination of his nephew as one of the candidates, saying: “... Mikhailo Fedorovich is still young ...» According to the researchers, at the very beginning of the Council, Ivan Nikitich supported the candidacy of the Swedish Prince Carl Philip. But when the Cossacks and representatives of the Home Guard began to reject any representatives of foreign dynasties, and the Don Cossacks and Russian provincial nobles nominated the young boyar Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov as the main candidate, naturally, my uncle agreed with this unanimous point of view.

The Great Council of 1613 took a terrible oath of allegiance inverted To Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich and his probable offspring. The new oath practically word for word, letter for letter, repeated the text of the Cathedral Oath of 1598, but this time the strength of this council decision was enough for three centuries and four years.

This excursion into the realm of ancient legends and genealogies is necessary in order to better understand the way of thinking of our ancestors, who, in the conciliar debate in February 1613, found out which of the possible contenders for the All-Russian Throne should take on themselves and their descendants the Royal Cross. The exceptional nobility of the origin of the Romanov family in this decision was of paramount importance.

Illustrations:

1. Crowning the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov

2. The legendary coat of arms of the Prussians (from the chronicle of Johannes Melman, 1548) Arma Prutenorums - Shield (coat of arms) of Prussia

Historically, Russia is a monarchical state. First there were princes, then kings. The history of our state is old and diverse. Russia knew many monarchs with different characters, human and managerial qualities. However, it was the Romanov family that became the brightest representative of the Russian throne. The history of their reign has about three centuries. And the end of the Russian Empire is also inextricably linked with this surname.

Romanov family: history

The Romanovs, an old noble family, did not immediately have such a surname. For centuries, they were first called Kobylins, a little bit later Koshkins, then Zakharyin. And only after more than 6 generations they acquired the name of the Romanovs.

For the first time, this noble family was allowed to approach the Russian throne by the marriage of Tsar Ivan the Terrible with Anastasia Zakharyina.

There is no direct connection between the Rurikoviches and the Romanovs. It has been established that Ivan III is the great-great-grandson of one of the sons of Andrei Kobyla - Fedor on the maternal side. Whereas the Romanov family became a continuation of another grandson of Fedor - Zacharias.

However, this fact played a key role when, in 1613, on Zemsky Cathedral the grandson of Anastasia Zakharyina's brother, Mikhail, was elected to reign. So the throne passed from the Ruriks to the Romanovs. After that, the rulers of this kind succeeded each other for three centuries. During this time, our country changed the form of power and became the Russian Empire.

Peter I became the first emperor. And last Nicholas II, who abdicated in the February Revolution of 1917 and was shot with his family the following July.

Biography of Nicholas II

In order to understand the reasons for the deplorable end of the imperial reign, it is necessary to take a closer look at the biography of Nikolai Romanov and his family:

1. Nicholas II was born in 1868. From childhood he was brought up in the best traditions of the royal court. From a young age he became interested in military affairs. From the age of 5, he took part in military training, parades and processions. Even before taking the oath, he had various ranks, including being a Cossack chieftain. As a result, the rank of colonel became the highest military rank of Nicholas. Nicholas came to power at the age of 27. Nicholas was an educated, intelligent monarch;
2. To the bride of Nicholas, a German princess who received Russian name- Alexandra Fedorovna, at the time of the marriage she was 22 years old. The couple loved each other very much and reverently treated each other all their lives. However, the environment treated the empress negatively, suspecting that the autocrat was too dependent on his wife;
3. There were four daughters in the family of Nicholas - Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and the youngest son Alexei was born - a possible heir to the throne. Unlike strong and healthy sisters, Alexei was diagnosed with hemophilia. This meant that the boy could die from any scratch.

Why was the Romanov family shot?

Nikolai made several fatal mistakes, which as a result led to a tragic end:

• The first ill-conceived oversight of Nikolai is considered a crush on the Khodynka field. In the first days of his reign, people went to Khodynskaya Square for gifts promised by the new emperor. As a result, pandemonium began, more than 1200 people died. Nicholas remained indifferent to this event until the end of all the events dedicated to his coronation, which lasted for several more days. The people did not forgive him for such behavior and called him Bloody;
• During his reign, there were many strife and contradictions in the country. The emperor understood that it was necessary to urgently take measures in order to raise the patriotism of the Russians and unite them. Many believe that it was for this purpose that the Russo-Japanese War was unleashed, which as a result was lost, and Russia lost part of its territory;
• After the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, on the square in front of the Winter Palace, without the knowledge of Nicholas, the military shot people who had gathered for a rally. This event was called in history - "Bloody Sunday";
• The Russian state also entered the First World War carelessly. The conflict began in 1914 between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. The sovereign considered it necessary to stand up for the Balkan state, as a result of which, Germany stood up to defend Austria-Hungary. The war dragged on, which ceased to suit the military.

As a result, a provisional government was created in Petrograd. Nicholas knew about the mood of the people, but could not take any decisive action and signed a paper about his abdication.

The Provisional Government placed the family under arrest, first in Tsarskoe Selo, and then they were exiled to Tobolsk. After the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917, the whole family was moved to Yekaterinburg and, by decision of the Bolshevik Council executed to prevent a return to royal power.

The remains of the royal family in our time

After the execution, all the remains were collected and transported to the mines of Ganina Yama. It was not possible to burn the bodies, so they were thrown into the mine shafts. The next day, the villagers found the bodies floating at the bottom of the flooded mines and it became clear that a reburial was necessary.

The remains were again loaded into the car. However, having driven off a little, she fell into the mud in the area of ​​the Porosenkov Log. There they buried the dead, dividing the ashes into two parts.

The first part of the bodies was discovered in 1978. However, due to the long obtaining of permission for excavations, it was possible to get to them only in 1991. Two bodies, presumably Maria and Alexei, were found in 2007 a little further from the road.

Over the years, many modern, high-tech examinations have been carried out by different groups of scientists to determine the involvement of the remains in the royal family. As a result, genetic similarity was proven, but some historians and the Russian Orthodox Church still do not agree with these results.

Now the relics are reburied in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Living members of the genus

The Bolsheviks sought to exterminate as many representatives of the royal family as possible so that no one would even have the thought of returning to their former power. However, many managed to escape abroad.

In the male line, living descendants descend from the sons of Nicholas I - Alexander and Mikhail. There are also descendants in the female line, which originate from Ekaterina Ioannovna. Most of them do not live on the territory of our state. However, representatives of the genus have created and are developing public and charitable organizations that carry out their activities, including in Russia.

Thus, the Romanov family is a symbol of the bygone empire for our country. Many are still arguing about whether it is possible to revive imperial power in the country and whether it is worth it. Obviously, this page of our history has been turned over, and its representatives are buried with appropriate honors.

Video: the execution of the Romanov family

This video recreates the moment of the capture of the Romanov family and their further execution: