How is being overweight related to thyroid function? Endocrine function of parafollicular K-cells of the thyroid gland. Hormonal functions of the thyroid gland and their disorders

I talked about why it is useful to conduct a regular examination of the thyroid gland using ultrasound. After that, a lot of letters came to the mail with questions about what the norms of the thyroid gland should be.

Therefore, I decided to write a separate article so that everyone can get acquainted with the information.

The thyroid gland is an organ located in the neck, in front, under the larynx. It has the shape of a butterfly and consists of two symmetrical lobes and an isthmus. Since the gland is located directly under the skin, deviations in its structure or structure can be detected even with initial examination at the endocrinologist by palpation.

The thyroid gland of normal size in most cases is not palpable, except in cases where excessive thinness or the anatomical structure of the patient's neck allows this.

However, with a noticeable increase in the size of the gland during palpation, it is easy to determine:

the shape of the organ, the size and symmetry of its lobes, the total volume;
mobility and localization of the gland;
density and consistency of gland tissue;
the presence of nodes and volumetric formations.

Unfortunately, the manipulation does not allow to detect formations while maintaining or reducing the normal size of the organ, therefore, the main method for reliable diagnosis of the state of the thyroid gland is ultrasound.

On ultrasound thyroid is defined as a rounded organ, vaguely resembling a butterfly in shape, with symmetrical lobes and a homogeneous structure.

The volume of the gland: in women - from 15 to 20 cm3, in men - from 18 to 25 cm3.
Dimensions of the lobes of the gland: length - 2.5-6 cm, width - 1.0-1.8 cm, thickness - 1.5-2.0 cm.
Isthmus thickness: 4 to 8 mm.
Parathyroid glands with a diameter of 2–8 mm, from 2 to 8 units.

In different medical sources of the border normal indicators the size of the lobes and the volume of the organ differ. Studies among the population have shown that the average values of the norm are relative - for example, the population of regions with a constant iodine deficiency is different general change the size of the thyroid gland in a big way, and this is not a pathology.

Often there is an asymmetry of the organ - the right lobe is usually larger than the left, but it happens vice versa - as idiosyncrasy organism. There were cases when in healthy people one of the lobes was underdeveloped or completely absent.

The difference in the volume of the thyroid gland in men and women is not associated with gender, but with the difference in the physical and physiological parameters of the body.

Normal thyroid size

Although during the menstrual cycle in women there are some fluctuations in the data of ultrasound of the thyroid gland, nevertheless, specialists during the examination take into account, first of all, the age and weight of the patient. In adults, the normal size of the thyroid gland can vary within:

weight up to 40 kg - up to 12.3 cm3;
41–50 kg - up to 15.5 cm3;
51–60 kg - up to 18.7 cm3;
61–70 kg - up to 22 cm3;
71–80 kg - up to 25 cm3;
81–90 kg - up to 28.4 cm3;
91–100 kg - up to 32 cm3;
101–110 kg - up to 35 cm3.

As the data of the list show, the concept of the norm in a healthy person is very relative and often goes beyond the average indicators. In addition, it is allowed to exceed these norms by 1 cm3 or more, provided that the function of the thyroid gland is not impaired.

There are cases of individual underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the organ with the preservation of its full functionality.

In about 1/6 of the population, the thyroid gland has a pyramidal lobe - an additional structural unit with a base in the middle of the isthmus - which is also one of the variants of the individual norm. Specialists of diagnostic rooms periodically observe the absence of an isthmus between the lobes of the organ in some patients.

To detect pathological changes, complex analysis thyroid ultrasound data:

The contours of the gland - a healthy organ has clear, even contours, the change of which indicates the development of the inflammatory process.
Structure - homogeneous glandular tissue is an indicator of the norm and has a characteristic granularity. With the development of immune inflammatory diseases - autoimmune thyroiditis, diffuse toxic goiter– the structure becomes heterogeneous. Sometimes heterogeneous structure glandular tissue also occurs in healthy older people age groups at increased production antibodies to certain enzymes of thyroid cells.
Echogenicity is a certain value of the general acoustic response characteristic of the tissue under study. Echogenicity should be normal, i.e. meet the standards for that body. If echogenicity is reduced, the doctor may suspect the development of an inflammatory process. An increase in echogenicity may indicate acute inflammation or the development of pathological changes.
Foci of changes are areas characterized by a decrease (hypoechogenicity), absence (anechoicity) or an increase (hyperechogenicity) of the acoustic response of ultrasound. Such formations should not normally be, although the presence of small, up to 4 mm, anechoic areas is allowed - single enlarged follicles of the glandular tissue. Pathological foci, identified in the structure of the tissue, are nodes of the thyroid gland. Nodes can be single or multiple. Solitary small nodules (1-3 mm) are usually not treatable and often disappear on their own over time. Formations larger than 3 mm, as a rule, require clarification of the diagnosis.
The state of the lymph nodes - the latter should have clear, even contours, the absence of cysts and normal size(not enlarged).

What does a thyroid ultrasound show?

colloid nodes- formations, which are overgrown follicles. These are benign lesions that almost never degenerate into malignant tumors.

Adenoma – benign tumor, subject to surgical removal. The presence of a fibrous capsule allows it to be differentiated from other pathologies. It develops with age, mainly in women.

Cyst- fluid-filled formation. Usually observable.

thyroid cancer- a dangerous single node that does not have clear boundaries and a shell. Is different rapid growth, is subject to immediate removal along with the lymph nodes.

When a neoplasm is detected, the patient undergoes an additional study - Dopplerography or elastography, to assess changes in the intensity of the blood flow of the vessels of the organ, and the cellular and tissue structure of the existing formations. If necessary, a needle biopsy is performed to histological analysis under ultrasound supervision.

Diffuse toxic goiter- a disease manifested by an increase in the volume of the gland and the heterogeneity of its structure due to the formation of multiple nodes.

Inflammatory diseases (thyroiditis)- Distinguish between acute and subacute thyroiditis infectious and viral origin, arising as complications after tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, SARS; fibrous thyroiditis - inflammation of the tissue as a result of the abundant growth of its fibrous component; autoimmune chronic thyroiditis- a feature of the body to perceive thyroid cells as foreign, as a result of which an inflammatory process occurs.

Goiter of the thyroid gland- an increase in volume due to tissue growth. Euthyroid goiter does not affect the function of the organ, hypo- and hyperthyroid goiters are associated with corresponding dysfunctions. Perhaps the development of endemic goiter among the population of areas with reduced content iodine in the environment, as well as some hypertrophy of the thyroid gland during pregnancy.

Hypoplasia of the thyroid gland- congenital underdevelopment of the organ due to endocrine disorders during pregnancy of the mother or insufficient intake of iodine in the body.

Thyroid atrophy- a decrease in its size as a result of the gradual replacement of the glandular tissue with connective tissue, combined with the development of hypothyroidism, requiring constant replacement therapy.

Thus, when making an accurate diagnosis by an endocrinologist, the results of ultrasound examination (ultrasound) are analyzed in combination with other indicators of the patient's health. The combination of complaints, individual symptoms, general well-being, blood tests and functional diagnostic data allows the doctor to determine the individual boundaries of the norm and pathology and choose the best means of treating the patient.

Dear readers, if you have any questions, then ask them in the comments, I will try to answer them in detail.

Enlargement of the thyroid gland is a sign of the development of pathological processes. Often, with the onset of menopause, women are faced with tissue proliferation, the appearance of nodes, and inflammation of an important organ.

It is useful to know how the size of the thyroid gland in women changes with age. The norm in the table is a benchmark with which doctors compare the results of ultrasound. Timely attention to the signs of hormonal failure prevents serious consequences.

Structure, function and size of the thyroid gland

An important endocrine organ is located in the neck, on the front surface. The thyroid gland consists of the left and right lobe. An isthmus is located in front of the trachea, uniting the two parts of the gland.

Normally, the width of each lobe is about two centimeters, the length is from 2 to 4 cm, the thickness of the elements is from 1 to 2 cm. It's important to know: allowable values may vary slightly depending on the ecology of the region and the nature professional activity(in the presence of harmful factors in production). In the absence of diseases, the thyroid gland is practically not palpable.

The average volume of the endocrine organ in women is about 18.6 cm 3. The weight of the thyroid gland ranges from 15-40 g (more in men). With the onset of menopause, the organ often increases, which often indicates a change in the structure, a violation of the functions of the thyroid gland. The growth of tissues gives women discomfort, negatively affects their well-being and performance.

A change in the usual state of the gland is a sign of the disease. It is important to find out the cause and nature of the pathology: disruption of the thyroid gland, excess or deficiency and negatively affect the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, sexual and reproductive function. Hypo- and hyperthyroidism, goiter - diseases with a complex negative signs: the heart, blood vessels suffer, the metabolic rate decreases, in the presence of provoking factors, malignant degeneration of cells is possible.

Body size norm in the table

Permissible dimensions of the thyroid gland - an important indicator in the diagnosis various pathologies endocrine organ. Palpation provides preliminary information about the structure and volume of the gland, for accurate diagnosis certainly do . Based on the results of the study, it is possible to determine the exact volume of an important organ.

The optimal volume of the thyroid gland in women is in the region of 16-18 cm 3. Girls in early adolescence(up to 14 years) The thyroid gland grows more actively than in boys. During menopause, the endocrine organ often increases (optimally, it should decrease). During pregnancy and in the second phase of the cycle, the size of the organ is also higher than standard indicators, but in the absence negative symptoms pointing to hormonal disbalance, tumors, inflammation of the gland, you should not worry.

The volume of the thyroid gland often changes depending on the weight. It is important to know that against the background of obesity, the size of the endocrine organ often increases.

On a note! In countries where people often eat seafood and other foods rich in iodine, the size of the thyroid gland is less than average. It is important to know: iodine deficiency is the main cause of goiter (pathological growth of gland cells).

The degree of pathological changes

Modern endocrinology classifies pathological changes:

1 degree. It is visually easy to determine a slight increase in the size of the organ, deviations can be detected by probing the element;
2 degree. During swallowing, anterior examination organ nodes and overgrown tissues are easy to identify;
3 degree. Thickening of the neck is pronounced, even without palpation it is easy to see the excess size of the thyroid gland;
4 degree. The pathological process affects the functionality of other organs, systemic signs of thyroid dysfunction appear;
5 degree. The volume of the endocrine gland is so enlarged that it is difficult for patients to swallow, shortness of breath appears and against the background of constant pressure on the trachea. There are complaints of discomfort from the sensation of a foreign body in the esophagus.

The thyroid gland is enlarged, what diseases develop

Women are more likely to experience breast cancer than men. Many diseases develop after the age of 40, with the approach of menopause and during menopause. The more negative factors act, the higher the risk of pathological changes, including malignant ones.

Common diseases of the thyroid gland with an increase in the volume of the organ:

. The thyroid gland produces more than the norm of triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Significant activation of metabolic processes provokes a complex of disorders. In advanced cases of hyperthyroidism, poisoning with thyroid hormones occurs, develops thyrotoxic crisis;
. The primary form of pathology is associated with destruction processes in the thyroid gland. Secondary hypothyroidism develops against the background of an excess of thyrotropin (pituitary hormone), with hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency, a tumor process in the elements endocrine system. A decrease in thyroid activity causes a breakdown, dysfunction of many organs, weakness, deterioration of the skin, hair, problems with conception;
. Euthyroid goiter - a consequence of an increase in the gland during menopause, during pregnancy or in puberty. Despite exceeding the standard sizes, the level of hormones remains normal: the body uses internal mechanisms to compensate for iodine deficiency. The pituitary gland produces an increased volume to support the performance of the thyroid gland;
. The growth of thyroid tissues is uniform (formed diffuse goiter) and uneven, focal, with the appearance of specific formations (). In the second type of pathology, the pituitary hormone cannot cope with the complete elimination of iodine deficiency, the accumulation of thyrocyte cells leads to the appearance of nodes. This type of goiter is more common in women over the age of fifty.

Reasons for the increase

It is important to know the factors that provoke an increase in the thyroid gland:

deficiency of iodine, magnesium, selenium, fluorine;
long-term receipt of certain drugs that contain substances that suppress the secretion of thyroid hormones;
frequent use of soy, turnips;
bacterial infections that reduce the functionality of the thyroid gland;
deficiency of vitamins, including group B and calciferol;
difficult environmental situation;
stressful situations, chronic fatigue;
diseases of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, against which the secretion of hormones that control and regulate the functions of the thyroid gland is disturbed;
genetic predisposition to endocrine pathologies.

Signs and symptoms

It is important to pay attention to the signs of thyroid damage in a timely manner:

violation of body weight;
apathy, lethargy, loss of strength;
aggression, irritability, panic attacks, anxiety, nervousness;
frequent mood swings, tearfulness;
decrease in heart rate or the development of tachycardia (rapid heartbeat);
loss of appetite;
fragility and dryness of the epidermis, nails, hair loss;
intolerance to heat or cold;
decrease or increase in body temperature, chills, fever;
swelling of the limbs, eyelids, face;
tingling in the hands;
accumulation of bad cholesterol in the blood;
increased sweating, flushes of heat to the face;
decreased libido;
irregular menstruation;
deterioration of memory, vision, intellectual abilities, hearing problems;
lacrimation, protrusion of the eyes;
development of hypertension;
sleep disorder;
violation of reproductive function;
anemia either elevated level hemoglobin;
hand trembling;
muscle weakness.

Diagnostics

The first stage is to clarify the size and contours of the thyroid gland during the initial examination. Palpation of the organ in two positions helps the endocrinologist to identify nodules, areas of seals, to establish the structure of each lobe and isthmus.

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland is prescribed when detecting visual changes in the size of the organ and signs of an increase of more than 1 cm. Tests for thyroid hormones are required, if indicated, a level determination. If you suspect a malignant process, you need to donate blood for and HE 4.

All types of diagnostic measures for suspected goiter, euthyroidism, hypothyroidism and are carried out in women strictly in the first phase of the cycle. In another period, it is permissible to examine the problematic gland in identifying advanced stages.

If deviations from the norm are detected, the profile specialist directs the woman for an ultrasound of the thyroid gland. The use of ultrasound for scanning an organ allows you to determine the structure, size of all elements, types of pathological formations.

To clarify the volume of the endocrine organ, the formula is used: (volume of one lobe x EC of ellipsoidity) + (volume of the second lobe x EC). The ellipsoid coefficient is 0.479. Same indicator used for patients of any age and gender.

General rules and methods of treatment

The treatment regimen depends on the type of pathology and the degree of damage to the gland. In severe stages of the disease, hormonal drugs are prescribed, with small changes in the structure and functions of the gland, proper nutrition and elimination of provoking factors (stress, lack of sleep, work in hazardous production, excessive consumption of sweets and fatty foods)., Thiamazole, ;

partially or completely, if indicated;

radioiodine therapy for patients over 40 years of age. Non-surgical technique also shows high efficiency in the fight against cancer cells in the thyroid gland. The affected areas actively accumulate iodine - 131, which leads to their death, while healthy tissues are practically not affected during the treatment.

Thyroid surgery is prescribed:

with large nodes (the size of the formations is 2.5 cm or more);
revealed;
a malignant tumor process develops;
ultrasound revealed cysts with a diameter of more than 3 cm;
the retrosternal location of the nodular form of goiter was revealed.

Hypothyroidism:

hormonal preparations to compensate for the deficiency of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, necessarily, with an individual dosage. , Triiodothyronine, ;
normalization of the daily routine and nutrition, elimination of causes for stress and chronic overwork;
at endemic goiter and primary hypothyroidism, the level of thyrotropin is controlled; in the secondary form of the pathology, the concentration of free T4 is periodically specified.

For the prevention of hypo- and hyperthyroidism, goiter, euthyroidism, it is necessary to avoid the influence of negative factors. With a genetic predisposition to thyroid pathologies, you need to monitor the state of the body, control the hormonal background, especially against the background of approaching menopause. It is important to regularly consume foods that contain iodine: germinated cereals, seaweed, wholemeal bread, seafood, sea fish. It is important to know the measure: excess iodine is dangerous to health. At the first signs of a hormonal failure, an increase in the thyroid gland, you need to contact an endocrinologist.

The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ that performs several important tasks:

responsible for the preservation of iodine in the body; produces hormones containing iodine; regulates metabolism; participates in various body processes.

The thyroid gland is responsible for the synthesis of two hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine, occurs in epithelial cells. They are called follicular. Another synthesis process forms a peptide hormone. All actions are aimed at maintaining bone mass, bone tissue strength.

It is important for everyone to understand what the thyroid gland is, its importance for the life of the body. Iron is part of the endocrine process. body related to internal secretion located in front of the larynx. Two types of gland cells produce for the body Iodum, an amino acid (tyrosine), calcitonin. The functioning of the human body is impossible without these components. In addition, any deviation from the norm leads to the emergence of pathologies.

Organ structure explains possible violations in its normal state. The two lobes are connected by an isthmus. Located at the trachea. Isthmus at the level of about 2-3 rings. The lateral parts are attached to the trachea. The shape is compared with the letter H, with the wings of a butterfly. The upper parts of the lobes are taller and narrower, while the lower parts are wider and shorter. In some cases, an additional lobe appears - the pyramidal.

The main functions include:

ensuring cell growth;
tissue development;
support of internal systems;
stimulation of the central nervous system;
activation of mental activity;
regulation mental state;
control of compliance with the norm of metabolism;
contributing to the positive functioning of reproductive processes.

The hormonal level has precise requirements. It must be strictly within the boundaries of this level. Negative for the body is both an excess and a lack of their content. The symptoms of deviations are different.

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) are hormones produced by the thyroid gland. They activate the metabolism of trace elements in the body. thyroid deficiency the amount of hormones medical term hypothyroidism. It worsens the condition of a person, makes him weak and tired. Excess leads to a disease called hyperthyroidism. On the contrary, it makes a person overly excitable. The weight of a person depends on the amount of hormones, their norm or deviations.

The reasons for a sharp asymptomatic weight loss, as well as a sharp increase in weight, come from the work of the thyroid gland. The treatment of the organ is based on the characteristics of the dysfunction. The method of therapeutic effect is determined after tests that show the hormonal background.

It is impossible to ignore the noticeable symptoms of changes in the body. The development of the disease proceeds at different speeds, it can go into a dangerous stage for a person - malignant tumor.

Thyroid diseases

The most common diseases are: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter.

One pathology is hypothyroidism (decrease in hormones). The disease disrupts the functioning of the body.

Symptoms of this pathology:

depression;
downgrade blood pressure;
temperature deviation;
muscle spasms;
disturbances in the quality of sleep;
failure in the cyclogram of menstruation in women.

Another pathology is hyperthyroidism (increased amount of hormones).

Signs of this deviation are:

Sharp weight loss.
Heat body.
excessive sweating.
Tremor of hands and feet.
Weak soft muscles.
Change of state of mind frequent irritability.
Feelings of danger and fear.
Sleep loss.

The main symptom of the disease is the allocation and enlargement of the eyeballs.

Goiter is a pathology in which the thyroid gland increases in size, seals appear on its surface.

Everyone should be aware of the possibility of the appearance of the disease. Prevention of the disease will help to avoid problems and health disorders. Especially dangerous for those who are prone to defeat. The thyroid gland occurs more often by heredity, due to wrong image life.

Goiter is characterized by an increase in the thyroid gland in size.

The disease is classified according to several parameters:

Connections with produced hormones. Hypothyroid type - low hormonal level; hyperthyroid type - increased hormonal levels. Endemic type - unrelated to hormones, its cause is iodine deficiency.
The intensity of the development of the disease. Increases gradually and evenly-diffuse type. Manifestations are uneven, different in size - nodal type. The development of the disease has both previous signs - mixed view.
The degree of development of pathology. Medical sources offer 5 degrees. There are no goiter manifestations at the zero level. At the first degree, the organ is palpable. There are no external changes. The second level - violations become visible. On the third, the neck becomes thicker. In the fourth degree, the goiter appears brighter, clearly expressed symptoms, changes in the contours and volumes of the neck. At the fifth level, the goiter puts pressure on the organs located nearby.

All types of diseases require the intervention of a specialist. Any ignoring of violations of functional activity, tissue damage, the appearance of neoplasms in the thyroid gland, leads to a malignant course. The problem is serious. The sooner it starts medical intervention, the easier the pathology passes. The disease, which has passed into an oncological form, often leads to death.

Signs of goiter compaction are divided into two groups: biochemical, mechanical. Biochemical manifestations occur when the rate of hormone production changes. Mechanical signs include symptoms from the pressure of an enlarged organ.

Recognize the inflammatory process according to certain indicators:

In the area of the thyroid gland, pain and discomfort are felt.
The appearance of dry cough and sore throat.
Change in voice pitch (hoarseness).
Violations in the puberty of the child (delay).
Failures of monthly cycles.
Decrease sexual attraction and opportunities.
Diseases of the internal systems and respiratory organs.
Deviations in the work of the digestive organs.
Feeling of hunger.

The specialist will determine the type and degree of any disease. Diagnostics will help to draw up the correct treatment regimen, carry out the whole range of therapeutic measures. Recovery depends on a timely visit to the endocrinologist.

For finding necessary funds and drugs need to be carried out special diagnostics, to hand over analyzes of a thyroid gland. Before the examination, the doctor visual inspection, palpation. The specialist will listen to all descriptions of the patient's ailments. Then, diagnostic procedures determined by the doctor are prescribed.

Analysis of the content of hormones in the blood:

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland;
biopsy;
x-ray;
tomography.

Each of the procedures gives an additional characteristic of the disease. A detailed picture of the pathology is created.

If the increase is small, then the main method of therapy is to choose a diet. Changing food is aimed at saturating the body with iodine. If necessary, the diet changes to reduce the intake of iodine. Another option to bring her work back to normal is the appointment of hormonal drugs.

Rapid increase requires drug treatment and surgical intervention.

Treatment of the thyroid gland according to folk recipes

Healers from the people used various recipes for tinctures and mixtures to treat disorders.

The thyroid gland is treated with the following compounds:

honey, walnuts, buckwheat grain. Nuts are crushed to a state of flour. Raw buckwheat, honey and nut flour are mixed. Honey - 1 cup, 0.5 tbsp. nuts and buckwheat. Eat the prepared composition during the day. Repeat the reception after 3 days during the entire course of treatment.
Walnuts, alcohol. Nuts are crushed (nuts and shells) practically into a flour mass. It will take 25 pieces of nuts for one serving. Pour 1.5 tbsp. alcohol (vodka). The tincture is prepared for a month, it is required to mix the liquid. Then the mixture is filtered, taken 3 times a day, 1 teaspoon before meals.
Sea buckthorn, olive oil, iodine. The berries of the medicinal shrub are passed through a juicer. Requires the remaining cake for the recipe. It is insisted on for two weeks sea buckthorn oil. The resulting mixture lubricates the seals on the neck. For the best result, an iodine grid is applied on top.

Folk recipes suggest using for food healthy foods. Chokeberry(juice, fruit drink, jam, tea are prepared from it); sea kale (in the form of salad, soup), potatoes (juice).

Treatment with folk remedies helps to get effective positive result, disease prevention. The advantage is that the recipes are inexpensive. This method is used with a small family budget. Plants, berries and herbs can be found independently, grown on the site. Prepared infusions and ointments will be environmentally friendly, will not harm the human body.

Formation on the surface of the thyroid gland in the form of a capsule with liquid - pathological disorder called a cyst. Its formation is associated with impaired circulation in the follicular tissues of the gland. The follicle expands in volume, a cystic seal is created.

Signs of pathology are as follows:

Constant feeling throat trouble.
Difficulties and obstructions in breathing.
Dry hard cough.
Hoarseness of voice.
Noticeable outward change vote.
Increase in body temperature.
Pain in the throat.
Enlarged lymph nodes.

Cysts in and of themselves are not dangerous. They can be cured, the main thing is to start on time therapeutic complex. The complications that a cyst leads to are dangerous if there is no treatment or it is incorrect. Girls and women are more often affected.

Methods for detecting gland cysts do not differ from those used for a general examination:

Analysis of the level of hormonal blood levels.
Ultrasound. To determine volumes and internal structure seals.
Tomography by computer.
Biopsy. Take for study inside the capsule.

The biopsy is performed by a professional in a hospital setting. The equipment is a special medical needle. The whole process is carried out under the control of ultrasound, under general anesthesia. Substances, elements of internal tissues and cells of the cyst are studied under professional microscopic magnification.

The cyst requires immediate intervention, so doctors proceed from the level of neglect. Often used for puncture analysis. This medical manipulation is comparable to taking a blood test from a vein. The liquid of the capsule is aspirated through the needle. The procedure takes place without anesthesia.

Puncture - the beginning of the treatment of cysts. After it, hormone-containing drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. If a pus cyst is found in the capsular fluid, a course of antibiotics is taken. If the patient has a rapid growth of the cyst, an increase in the number of pathological seals, proceed to surgical methods. If the cysts are small in size, the doctor prescribes control and monitoring. Detection of pathology in the early stages, enables a favorable prognosis. The patient avoids the appearance of cancer. A delay in complex therapy leads to dangerous complications. Therefore, one should not delay the start of treatment, hoping that the disease will pass without medical intervention.

The best method of disease prevention is considered to be a correct lifestyle, active position, proper nutrition.

There are a number of measures that positive influence:

positive emotions;
rejection stressful situations and nervousness;
control over nutrition, especially iodine and vitamin saturation;
avoidance of carcinogenic foods;
observance of personal hygiene, rules that protect against harmful substances;
choice of drink green tea;
natural removal of toxic substances;
introduction to the diet of healthy berries, fruits, vegetables in pure form or preparation of juices, fruit drinks from them.

Goiter, cyst, pathological seal, left without attention and treatment long time, leads to a transition to malignant stage. The first manifestations of the disease can be seen with the appearance of hoarseness, cough. signs cancerous tumor may not be noticed. They can appear at the stage of metastasis. A goiter is already a reason for an urgent visit to the doctor. Metastases appear quickly. They pass into the lungs, worsen the condition of the bones, cause headaches, and affect other systems. A positive prognosis is possible when examined at an early stage of development. Patients with health problems require a systematic, regular visit to an endocrinologist.

Cancer therapy is carried out by all possible methods:

operating;
chemotherapeutic;
radiation therapy;
hormone therapy.

Diseases of the thyroid gland have symptoms that vary in form. Therapy also includes different means and recommended drugs. The main goal is a positive outcome.

The thyroid gland is small in size and volume internal organ performing big circle tasks and functions. The course of most physiological processes depends on its actions. The basis of pathology is deficiency or excess of iodum.

Disorders in the work of the thyroid gland have become one of the most frequently diagnosed health disorders of our time. A dangerous and terrible consequence of a seemingly harmless increase in a small organ is the transition to the cancerous stage of the disease. It is important to know everything about the thyroid gland, not to miss its signs in yourself and your loved ones.

The thymus gland (thymus or thymus gland) is an organ of human immunity and hematopoiesis, responsible for the synthesis of certain types of white blood cells. The gland is located directly behind the sternum in the superior mediastinum. Rarely, an atypical location of thymus lobules in the thickness of the thyroid gland, in fatty tissue posterior mediastinum or between the muscles of the neck. This arrangement is called aberrant and occurs in a quarter of the world's population. A predisposing factor for aberrant thymus location is birth defects hearts.

The organ has a pinkish-gray color and a soft texture with a lobed structure. A healthy thymus consists of two large lobes and is shaped like a fork with two teeth, which gave rise to the second name of the organ. A damaged gland can change its shape. From above, the lobes are covered with a connective tissue capsule with bridges extending into the thickness of the gland. The bridges divide the lobes into smaller lobes. The mass of the gland in a newborn and infant is about 15-17 g, the size does not exceed 4-5 cm, and the thickness is 0.5 cm. The thymus reaches its maximum size by the onset of puberty - 8-16 cm in length, and the mass increases by two times. After that, in adults, the gland gradually undergoes a reverse development - involution - and practically merges with the fatty tissue surrounding it. Involution can be physiological (age-related) and accidental - under stressful effects on the body.

The thymus is supplied by branches of the internal thoracic artery, aorta, and thyroid arteries. outflow blood is coming along the internal thoracic and brachiocephalic veins. It is innervated by branches of the vagus nerves and the sympathetic trunk.

Histology of the thymus

The thymus develops from the ectoderm and contains cells of epithelial and hematopoietic origin. Conventionally, the entire substance of the thymus gland is divided into cortical and cerebral. The cortex contains:

cells that form the hemato-thymic barrier - supporting cells;
stellate cells that secrete hormones;
“nanny” cells, between the processes of which T-lymphocytes develop and mature;
T-lymphocytes - white blood cells;
thymic macrophages.

The medulla contains a large number of maturing T-lymphocytes. When these cells go through all the stages of their development, they are sent into the bloodstream through venules and veins, ready to carry out immune function.

Thus, the T-lymphocyte appears and begins to mature in the cortical substance, and then, as it matures, it passes into the medulla. This process lasts about 20-22 days.

As they move from the cortex to the medulla and from the medulla to the general circulation, T-lymphocytes undergo selection - positive and negative selection. In the course of it, the cells "learn" to recognize the alien and distinguish their own from the alien. According to scientists, only 3-5% of T cells pass both stages of selection and go into systemic circulation. Selection allows you to determine which of the cells fully perform their function, and which do not need to be released into the bloodstream.

What processes are regulated by the thymus?

The main role of the thymus is in the differentiation and maturation of cells T cell immunity- T-lymphocytes. Proper Development and the selection of these cells leads to the formation of many receptors for foreign substances and, as a result, to an immune response upon contact with them.

The second function of the thymus gland is the synthesis of hormones, such as:

thymosin;
thymulin;
thymopoietin;
insulin-like growth factor-1;
thymic humoral factor.

Thymus hormones affect the function of T-lymphocytes and the degree of their activity. A number of studies have shown an activating effect of thymic hormones on the central nervous system.

thymosin

This hormone is a polypeptide protein synthesized in epithelial cells stroma of the organ and performs such functions as:

regulation of development musculoskeletal system by controlling calcium metabolism;
regulation of carbohydrate metabolism;
increased synthesis of pituitary hormones - gonadotropins;
an increase in the synthesis of T-lymphocytes before puberty;
regulation of antitumor defense.

With insufficient activity or secretion in the human body, T-cell failure develops - up to absolute absence cells. Clinically, this manifests itself sharp decline protection against infections, the dominance of severe and atypical forms of infectious diseases.

thymopoietin

Thymopoietin is a 49 amino acid peptide hormone. It is involved in the differentiation and maturation of T cells in the cortex and medulla and determines in which of several types of T-lymphocytes one or another cell matures.

Another function of the hormone is to block neuromuscular transmission. It also has the property of immunomodulation - this is the ability of the hormone, if necessary, to suppress or enhance the synthesis and activity of T-cells.

Timulin

The protein hormone thymulin influences the final stages of T-cell differentiation. It stimulates cell maturation and recognition of foreign agents.

From common influences on the body, there is an increase in antiviral and antibacterial protection by increasing the production of interferons and enhancing phagocytosis. Thymulin also accelerates tissue regeneration. The determination of thymulin is decisive in evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment of thymus diseases.

Other hormones

In its own way chemical structure insulin-like growth factor-1 is similar to insulin. Regulates the mechanisms of differentiation, development and growth of cells, participates in glucose metabolism. In muscle cells, the hormone has growth-stimulating activity, is able to shift metabolism and promote increased fat burning.

Thymus humoral factor is responsible in the body for stimulating the reproduction of lymphocytes.

Thymus gland diseases

Diseases of the thymus practically do not occur in adults, most often the pathology is recorded in children under the age of one year. The most common and most studied diseases of the thymus are:

MEDAC syndrome;
DiGeorge syndrome;
myasthenia gravis;
various tumors.

Inflammation of the thymic stroma is rare.

Tumors of the thymus gland include the following:

thymomas and hyperplasia - benign neoplasms in which the gland is enlarged in size;
hypoplasia, or underdevelopment of the organ;
T-cell lymphoma;
pre-T-lymphoblastic tumors with transformation into leukemia or cancer;
neuroendocrine tumors.

Thymus diseases have a variety of clinical manifestations, but some symptoms are common to all:

respiratory failure;
heaviness of the eyelids;
chronic fatigue;
muscle weakness and rarely muscle pain;
decreased resistance to infections.

Most of the diseases of the thymus are dangerous for the life of the child, therefore, if a pathology of the thymus gland is suspected, urgent consultations of an immunologist and a hematologist are necessary.

The doctor's examination plan includes:

general and biochemical analyzes blood;
determination of the activity of thymus hormones;
immunogram;
Ultrasound of the gland.

What is a colloidal thyroid nodule?

Colloidal nodule of the thyroid gland, what is it? This is a pathology characterized by the appearance benign neoplasms. Their presence is not dangerous for human life, but plays an important role in the diagnosis of diseases of the endocrine system. Colloidal nodes in the thyroid gland are found in most patients of endocrinologists, but most often they are benign. A colloid is a viscous mass that fills the follicle of the gland, so it is not considered atypical for this body. Such a substance is formed in the tissues responsible for the production of thyroid hormones. Microscopic analysis reveals that the node consists of glandular cells, blood and colloid. It does not contain foreign inclusions, which means it is safe for health.

Reasons for the development of the disease

The role of the thyroid gland in the human body cannot be overestimated. The organ, which is relatively small, must produce many hormones that are distributed throughout the body. Chronic and infectious diseases, stress, unfavorable environmental conditions make the gland work at an accelerated pace, which leads to organic and functional disorders. Some parts of the body begin to produce hormones unevenly, which is accompanied by vasodilation and an increase in tissue density. This is how colloidal nodes of the thyroid gland are formed.

The main reasons for the appearance of colloid nodes in the thyroid gland are: unfavorable environmental conditions, stress, high physical exercise, chronic diseases, iodine deficiency in the body, malnutrition, puberty, pregnancy. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of nodular changes. All residents of our country are deficient in this element, with the exception of people living in the Crimea and the Far East. Iodine is considered the most important substance, without which the thyroid gland cannot produce hormones.

Clinical picture

In the early stages of node development, no symptoms appear. More often the reason for going to the doctor is a significant increase in the size of the gland. In this case, symptoms of the mechanical impact of the node on the surrounding tissues appear: pressure in the area of the organ, difficulty in swallowing and breathing, sore throat, cough. On the late stages the disease changes the timbre and volume of the voice. Constant squeezing of large vessels and nerve endings can affect the central nervous system: headaches, dizziness, tinnitus appear. Pain in the neck occurs with a rapid increase in the size of the node, the addition of hemorrhages or inflammatory processes.

Depending on the prevalence of the pathological process, the thyroid gland can increase both on one and on both sides. If the size of the node exceeds 1 cm, a person can detect it on their own. Depending on the degree of dysfunction of the thyroid gland, the clinical picture of the disease may vary. Symptoms of hypothyroidism appear when the colloidal mass begins to replace healthy cells glands. Appears general weakness, intellectual abilities decrease, appetite is lost. The patient's body swells, metabolic processes in the body slow down, weight begins to grow, the skin becomes dry.

When the thyroid gland begins to produce an increased amount of hormones, a person experiences symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This condition manifests itself in the form of irritability, fatigue, aggression. Appetite increases, but the person loses weight, digestive processes are disturbed, which manifests itself in the form of diarrhea. Body temperature may rise and tachycardia develop. If the process of hormone production is not disturbed, the only sign of the disease will be the compaction of the thyroid gland and its increase in size. Growing nodes compress large vessels and nerve endings, which leads to a feeling of a lump in the throat, problems with breathing and swallowing.

Diagnosis and treatment of the disease

It is possible to determine the nature of the nodes in the thyroid gland only after complete examination. It begins with palpation cervical area at which pathological changes are detected. Additional diagnostic methods include: biopsy, ultrasound of the thyroid gland, CT or MRI, blood test for hormones, radioisotope scanning. Based on the results of diagnostic procedures, the endocrinologist detects the presence of organic and functional changes in the thyroid gland. A biopsy is prescribed in the presence of large colloid nodes. Despite the fact that in most cases nodal changes are benign, it is necessary to study the structure of the largest of them.

With an asymptomatic course of the pathological process, treatment may not begin immediately. Neoplasm is recommended to be observed for several years. The doctor may prescribe iodine preparations to restore thyroid function. The patient may wish to get rid of the colloid node surgically, but doctors do not recommend such operations. After resection, the thyroid tissue begins to grow faster.

Surgery should be performed if there is absolute readings: compression by a knot of large vessels and nerve endings, production increased amount hormones. radical operations are also used in the malignant nature of the course of the pathological process. Depending on the size of the tumor and the presence of metastases, the thyroid gland can be partially or completely removed.

In other cases, the treatment of colloid nodes begins with the elimination of the cause of their occurrence. For example, if toxic goiter contributed to the accumulation of colloidal mass, it is necessary to regulate the production of thyroid hormones and restore the functions of all organs and systems. If the cause of the appearance of nodal changes is not clarified, symptomatic therapy is carried out aimed at eliminating discomfort associated with the mechanical impact of the colloid node on the surrounding tissue.

There are several ways of conservative treatment: drug therapy aimed at eliminating the dysfunction of the thyroid gland; minimally invasive surgical interventions — laser treatment or sclerosis of colloid nodes. Before prescribing a particular drug, a blood test for hormones should be performed to assess the functionality of the organ. The patient should be asked about the presence of allergic reactions to medicines. In most cases, derivatives of thyroxine and thyroidin are prescribed.

Properly chosen treatment regimen helps to avoid the development dangerous complications. Colloidal nodes are a fairly common phenomenon; there are no specific preventive measures. A person should carefully monitor their health, regularly visit an endocrinologist, eat right and take iodine preparations. It is necessary to avoid exposure to radiation and visiting places with unfavorable environmental situation. This will help maintain the health of the thyroid gland, normalize the structure of its tissues, improve general state organism.

Hormonal functions of the thyroid gland and their disorders

Location

Associating deviations from the norm in their condition with the pathology of the thyroid gland, patients are wondering where the thyroid gland is located, since the diagnosis begins with this - with palpation.

The gland is located under the larynx, at the level of the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra. It covers the top of the trachea with its lobes, and the isthmus of the gland falls directly into the middle of the trachea.

The shape of the gland resembles a butterfly with wings tapering upwards. The location does not depend on gender, in a third of cases there may be an insignificant additional part of the gland in the form of a pyramid, which does not affect its functioning, if present from birth.

In terms of mass, the thyroid gland reaches 25 grams, and in length no more than 4 cm. The average width is 1.5 cm, the same thickness. The volume is measured in milliliters and is up to 25 ml for men and up to 18 ml for women.

Functions

The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ responsible for the production of hormones. The functions of the thyroid gland are hormonal regulation through the production of certain types of hormones. Thyroid hormones include iodine in their composition, since another function of the gland is the storage and biosynthesis of iodine into a more active organic function.

Gland hormones

Patients who are referred for laboratory diagnosis of thyroid diseases mistakenly believe that they are examining thyroid hormones TSH, AT-TPO, T3, T4, calcitonin. It is important to distinguish which hormones are produced by the thyroid gland, and which are other organs of internal secretion, without which the thyroid gland simply will not work.

TSH is a thyroid-stimulating hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland, not the thyroid gland. But it regulates the work of the thyroid gland, activates the capture of iodine from the blood plasma by the thyroid gland.
Ab-TPO is an antibody to thyroperoxidase, a non-hormonal substance produced by the immune system as a result of pathological processes and autoimmune diseases.

Directly thyroid hormones and their functions:

Thyroxine - T4 or tetraiodothyronine. Represents thyroid hormones, is responsible for lipid metabolism, lowering the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood, supports the metabolism of bone tissues.
Triiodothyronine - T3, the main thyroid hormone, since thyroxine also tends to be converted to triiodothyronine by attaching another iodine molecule. Responsible for the synthesis of vitamin A, lowering the concentration of cholesterol, activating metabolism, accelerating peptide metabolism, normalizing cardiac activity.
Thyrocalcitonin is not specific hormones, since it can also be produced by the thymus and parathyroid glands. Responsible for the accumulation and distribution of calcium in bone tissue essentially reinforcing it.

Based on this, the only thing the thyroid gland is responsible for is the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. But the hormones produced by it perform a number of functions.

secretion process

The work of the thyroid gland does not even begin in the gland itself. The process of production and secretion, first of all, begins with the "commands" of the brain about the lack of thyroid hormones, and the thyroid gland implements them. The secretion algorithm can be described in the following steps:

First, the pituitary and hypothalamus receive a signal from the receptors that the blood levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine are low.
The pituitary gland produces TSH, which activates the uptake of iodine by thyroid cells.
Iron, capturing the inorganic form of iodine obtained from food, begins its biosynthesis into a more active, organic form.
Synthesis occurs in the follicles that make up the body of the thyroid gland, and which are filled with a colloidal fluid containing thyroglobulin and peroxidase for synthesis.
Received organic form iodine binds to thyroglobulin and is released into the blood. Depending on the number of attached iodine molecules, thyroxin is formed - four iodine molecules, or triiodothyronine - three molecules.
In the blood, T4 or T3 is released separately from globulin, and it is again captured by gland cells for use in further synthesis.
The pituitary receptors receive a signal about a sufficient amount of hormones, the production of TSH becomes less active.

Accordingly, having detected signs of thyroid disease, the doctor prescribes a study not only of the concentration of thyroid hormones, but also of the hormones that regulate it, as well as antibodies to an important component of the colloid - peroxidase.

gland activity

On the this moment Medicine divides all pathologies of the thyroid gland into three conditions:

Hyperthyroidism is a dysfunction of the thyroid gland, in which secretion activity increases and an excess amount of thyroid hormones enters the blood, metabolic processes in the body increase. Thyrotoxicosis is also included in the disease.
Hypothyroidism is a dysfunction of the thyroid gland, in which an insufficient amount of hormones is produced, as a result of which metabolic processes slow down due to lack of energy.
Euthyroidism - diseases of the gland, as an organ, which do not have any hormonal manifestations, but are accompanied by pathology of the organ itself. Among the diseases, this includes hyperplasia, goiter, nodular formations.

Diseases of the thyroid gland in women and men are diagnosed through the TSH index, a decrease or increase in which indicates the reactivity or hypoactivity of the gland.

Diseases

Women are more likely to experience symptoms of thyroid disease because hormonal fluctuations are reflected in the menstrual cycle, which makes the patient seek help from a doctor. Men are more likely to attribute typical thyroid symptoms to fatigue and overexertion.

The main and most common diseases:

Hypothyroidism;
Nodular, diffuse or mixed goiter;
Malignant tumors of the gland.

Each of these diseases is characterized by a particular clinical picture and stages of development.

Hypothyroidism

This is a syndrome of chronic decrease in the secretion of T3 and T4, which helps to slow down the body's metabolic processes. At the same time, the symptoms of thyroid disease may not make themselves felt for a long time, progress slowly, and disguise themselves as other diseases.

Hypothyroidism can be:

Primary - with pathological changes in the thyroid gland;
Secondary - with changes in the pituitary gland;
Tertiary - with changes in the hypothalamus.

The causes of the disease are:

Thyroiditis, which occurs after inflammation of the thyroid gland;
iodine deficiency syndrome;
Rehabilitation after radiation therapy;
Postoperative period of removal of tumors, goiters.

Hypofunctional thyroid disease symptoms are as follows:

Slow heart rate, heart rate;
dizziness;
pale skin;
Chills, trembling;
Hair loss, including eyebrows;
Swelling of the face, legs, hands;
Voice changes, its roughness;
constipation;
An increase in the size of the liver;
Weight gain despite decreased appetite;
Loss of strength, emotional inertia.

Hypothyroidism is usually treated hormonal drugs replenishing the lack of thyroid hormones in the body. But it should be understood that such treatment is advisable in a chronic case, which is diagnosed most often. If the disease is detected in the early stages, there is a chance to stimulate the work of the body by eliminating the root causes and temporarily taking another class of hormones.

This disease is called the lady's disease, since there are nine women for ten patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. Excessive production of hormones leads to an acceleration of metabolic processes, excitation of cardiac activity, disturbances in the work of the central nervous system and ANS. brightly pronounced signs disease and advanced form is called thyrotoxicosis.

Reasons for the development of pathology:

Graves', Plummer's syndrome - goiters of an autoimmune or viral nature;
Malignant tumors in the thyroid gland or pituitary gland;
Possible development due to long-term treatment arrhythmic drugs.

Often, the disease overtakes women after the onset of menopause due to hormonal imbalance, not being a consequence of tumors or goiters.

In this case, the main signs of thyroid gland in women:

accelerated heartbeat;
Atrial fibrillation;
Humidity, hotness of the skin;
Trembling of the fingers;
Tremor can reach amplitudes, as in Parkinson's disease;
Increased body temperature, fever;
increased sweating;
Diarrhea with increased appetite;
Decrease in body weight;
An increase in the size of the liver;
Irritability, irascibility, insomnia, anxiety.

Treatment involves taking thyreostatics - drugs that reduce the activity of the secretion of thyroid hormones. Thyreostatics include drugs Thiamazole, Diiodothyrosine, as well as drugs that prevent the absorption of iodine.

In addition, a special diet is prescribed, in which alcohol, coffee, chocolate, hot spices and spices that can excite the central nervous system are excluded. Additionally, adrenergic blockers are prescribed to protect the heart muscle from harmful effects.

The disease has vivid symptoms - already from the second stage of the goiter, the gland increases, which means that the entire neck area above the collarbone, where the thyroid gland is located, acquires distorted outlines.

Goiter can be nodular, diffuse and diffuse-nodular. The causes of the disease are sufficiently differentiated - it may be a lack of iodine, on its own developing syndrome and excess hormones.

Symptoms depend on the degree of goiter, of which there are five in medicine:

In the first degree, the isthmus of the gland increases, which can be felt when swallowing;
The second degree is characterized by an increase in both the isthmus and the lateral lobes of the gland, which are visible when swallowing and are well felt on palpation;
At the third stage, the gland covers the entire wall of the neck, distorting its outlines, visible to the naked eye;
The fourth degree is characterized by a clearly visible goiter, even visually, by a change in the shape of the neck;
The fifth degree is indicated by a huge goiter, which compresses the trachea, blood vessels and nerve endings of the neck, causes coughing, difficulty breathing, swallowing, tinnitus, memory and sleep disorders.

A characteristic, but non-specific symptom of this thyroid disease in women is severe protrusion of the eyes, amenorrhea up to six months or more, which is often confused with early menopause.

Treatment consists of hormonal therapy in the early stages, in the later stages it is offered surgical intervention to remove part of an organ.

In addition, treatment depends on the type of goiter, as Graves' syndrome, euthyroid goiter, Plummer's syndrome and Hashimoto's syndrome are subdivided. Accurate determination is possible only with complex diagnostics.

Malignant formations

Develop against the background chronic diseases thyroid glands that did not respond to treatment. The growth of cells in the gland can be provoked and unauthorized.

The prognosis is positive, since in most cases it is diagnosed on early stage and treatable. Vigilance requires only possible relapses.

Symptoms:

Pain in the neck;
Seals, the growth dynamics of which is noticeable even within two weeks;
Hoarse voice;
breathing difficulties;
bad swallowing;
Sweating, weight loss, weakness, poor appetite;
Cough of non-infectious nature.

At timely diagnosis enough drug therapy. In later stages, surgical removal is indicated.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of any disease of the thyroid gland begins with the collection of anamnesis. Then an ultrasound is prescribed for:

Timely detection of nodes, cysts, tumors of the thyroid gland;
Determining the size of an organ;
Diagnosis of deviations from the norm in size and volume.

Laboratory diagnostics involves the analysis of:

AT-TPO;
T3 - general and free;
T4 - general and free;
Tumor markers for suspected tumor;
General analysis of blood and urine.

In some cases, a biopsy of the tissues of the organ may be prescribed to clarify the diagnosis, if laboratory diagnostics was not enough. It is not recommended to independently interpret the test results and make a diagnosis, since the norm of thyroid hormones is different for each gender, age, disease, and the impact of chronic diseases. Self-treatment of autoimmune and even more so oncological diseases may result in a threat to health and life.

How safe is thyroid cancer surgery?

Treatment of thyroid hyperplasia

What does the appearance of a cough with a thyroid gland mean?

Features of the course of autoimmune thyroiditis

How to recognize and treat thyroid cysts

Reasons for the development of adenoma in the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea), being the largest endocrine gland in the human body, produces and accumulates iodine-containing hormones. Under their influence are all metabolic reactions and many processes that determine the supply and consumption of energy in the body.

Organ structure

The shape resembles a horseshoe with a concavity facing inward. If it is supplemented by a pyramidal lobe, then it is similar in shape to a trident pointing upwards. From external influences iron is protected by the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles and fascia of the neck (fascia cervicalis).

The fascia of the neck forms a connective tissue capsule (capsula thyroidea), which loosely closes with a fibrous capsule (capsula fibrosa) and fixes the gland to nearby muscles. Outside surface capsules closely fused with the larynx and trachea, with the pharynx and esophagus - the connection is loose. Above it (lateral lobes) limits the thyroid cartilage, below - 5-6 tracheal rings.

The gland consists of two lateral lobes of unequal size: the right (lobus dexter) and the left (lobus sinister), which are connected by the isthmus (isthmus glandulae thiroidea), sometimes this strip of tissue is absent.

In addition to the main structural links listed, this gland has another, irregularly occurring, lobe called the pyramidal (lobus pyramidalis), which departs either from the isthmus or from the lateral lobe - more often from the left and less often from the right. This additional part resembles a narrow tongue and is directed upwards, sometimes with its tip it can reach the body of the hyoid bone.

The thyroid gland is located inside a fibrous capsule. The layer enclosed between the connective tissue membranes of this organ is filled loose tissue intertwined by the arteries and veins of the organ. The fibrous capsule looks like a thin fibrous plate (inseparable from the parenchyma of the gland), which directs the processes into the body and crushes it into fuzzy single lobules (lobuli).

In the body of an organ, thin connective tissue layers rich in blood vessels and nerves form a supporting tissue - stroma. The layers contain C-cells (parafollicular) and B-cells (Ashkinazi cells), and the loops of the layers contain A-cells (follicular).

The growth of the thyroid gland is realized through the formation of follicles.

The body of the thyroid gland (parenchyma) is made up of two types of cells. The first is follicles (or thyrocytes) in the form of an oval, the cavity of which is filled with colloid (the main part of this mass is iodine-containing protein), they are prepared for the production of T3 and T4 hormones containing iodine molecules. The walls of the follicle are formed by a single-layer epithelium, creeping along basement membrane. The second type of cells are special parafollicular or C-cells designed to secrete the hormone calcitonin.

Location

The thyroid gland is located in the anterior region of the neck under the "Adam's apple" and is pressed against lower divisions larynx and upper section trachea, clasping it on the left and right. The angular points of the upper border of both lobes (lobi dexter et sinister) almost reach the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, and the lower points - V-VI tracheal cartilages. The posterior lateral lobes are in contact with the neurovascular bundles of the neck.

The shape and size of the shares are prone to significant fluctuations. Women are characterized larger size than for men. Pregnant women have larger glands than non-pregnant women.

The isthmus near the organ almost always covers the II or III tracheal cartilages. But another picture is also observed when it is located at the height of the 1st tracheal ring. The dimensions of both lobes are much larger compared to the size of the isthmus; the isthmus is very narrow, sometimes it is absent, and the right and left lobes are connected to each other by a connective tissue bridge.

Important! According to the anatomical structure, the thyroid gland is an unpaired organ.

A distinctive feature of the thyroid gland is the existence of vessels tightly wrapped around it. Such a dense network blood vessels contributes to the continuous supply of hormones in the blood. As a result of this process, the body actively responds to the signals of the pituitary gland and changes the production of hormones at the moment according to the needs of the body.

Normal activity or pathological changes in the thyroid gland are determined by scanning with an ultrasound machine.

A healthy thyroid gland without deviations has:

clear contours of the thyroid gland;
homogeneous tissue structure;
against the background of blood vessels and muscles, the gland has a significantly light background;
no nodes above 3 ml are detected;
the structure of the lymph nodes of the neck is clear.

Thyroid size and weight depending on sex and age

The average values of the normal weight of the thyroid gland (in grams):

in an adult individual \u003d 11.5 - 25
in a born child \u003d 2 - 3.5

The lateral lobes of the thyroid gland correspond to the sizes in the range (in centimeters):

length 2 - 4,
width 1 - 2,
thickness 1, 3 - 2, 2.

What is the normal size of the thyroid gland?

The norm for each individual person is dictated by the characteristics of the body, its weight category and age. The dimensions of the thyroid gland obtained during the study of the patient may not coincide with the accepted standards. Information about the average size of the organ is presented in the tables.

Table 1. Norm in adults depending on age and body weight

Table 2. The norm for men and women, depending on gender and age

The absence of changes in the shape and size of the thyroid gland, nodes and seals on ultrasound is considered the norm.

What is the main function of the thyroid gland?

Predetermined by its hormones, which determine the course of many processes in the body. Short list:

active stabilization of skeletal muscle tone,
blood pressure is maintained
exchange of vitamins
regulation of the immune system - the formation and activity of immune T-cells,
management of the process of hematopoiesis - thyroxine is involved.

A decrease in the amount of hormones slows down metabolic and regenerative processes and accelerates the aging process of the body. With signs of dysfunction of this important organ, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulates its activity, is determined.