Common disorders of the endocrine system. Symptoms that determine diseases of the endocrine system

About 5% of the world's population suffer from diseases of the endocrine system, and their number is constantly growing. Among the reasons are bad ecology, a state of constant stress, a sedentary lifestyle, eating disorders, food quality, etc. The question of how to restore the endocrine system is becoming more and more relevant every year. Despite the achievements of modern medicine, in many cases it remains unresolved. And then alternative methods come to the rescue, for example,.

What role does the endocrine system play in the human body?

Endocrine organs, which include glands of internal and mixed secretion, play the role of a coordinator:

regulating the functions of all organs and systems,
contributing to maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of our body under the influence of various factors,
responsible for the growth, development and reproduction of the individual, the consumption and accumulation of energy,
providing, what is especially important, us with emotions and controlling our mental activity.

How to check the endocrine system?

In practice, one often has to deal with late detection of hormonal disorders. Doctors make the correct diagnosis when the disease has already taken over the body, and it is much more difficult to help the patient. Therefore, the question of how to check the endocrine system should concern every person.

The first signs of a disease of the endocrine organs may be weakness, fatigue, apathy, drowsiness, or vice versa, increased excitability, excessive emotionality, palpitations, shortness of breath, headaches. An urgent check of the endocrine system is necessary in case of violation of appetite, it is dangerous, both its absence and excessive passion for food - bulimia. The combination of thirst, dry mouth with itching, fungal skin lesions indicate the development of diabetes.

Sharp fluctuations in weight, both up and down, require a mandatory examination. You should pay attention to the condition of the skin, signs of hormonal disorders may be dry or, conversely, oily skin, the appearance of pigmentation. Women need to strictly monitor the regularity of the menstrual cycle.

How to treat the endocrine system?

The question of how to treat the endocrine system worries all patients without exception who are faced with this problem. Traditional medicine offers hormonal drugs that have a large number of side effects and are difficult to tolerate by patients. In addition, the intake of hormones from the outside inhibits the function of one's own endocrine cells, creating and closing a vicious circle. Therefore, patients are striving with all their might to find ways to cure the endocrine system without drugs, but they do not always know how to do it correctly.

Meanwhile, our central nervous system, our thoughts, our feelings and emotions are actively involved in the regulation of hormone synthesis through the production of biologically active substances - mediators - in brain cells. Knowledge of the mechanisms of this regulation can open the way to healing.

How to restore the endocrine system?

Special course of the M.S. Norbekov "Healthy endocrine system" will help restore the endocrine system of each person. Having decided, you can learn how to manage your hormonal levels and heal your body on your own without drugs.

Endocrine diseases are accompanied by a disorder of normal work. They secrete hormones that affect the body and control the work of all organs and systems. Endocrine disruption is characterized by dysfunction, hyper- or. The most important components of this system are the pituitary, pineal, pancreas, thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands. In women, they also include the ovaries, in men - the testicles.

The causes of endocrine pathologies that are formed against the background of a lack of certain hormones are as follows:

damage to the endocrine glands due to infectious diseases (for example, with tuberculosis);
congenital pathologies causing (underdevelopment). As a result, such endocrine glands are not able to produce enough of the necessary substances;
hemorrhage in the tissue or, conversely, insufficient blood supply to the organs responsible for the production of hormones;
inflammatory processes that affect the failure of the endocrine system;
the presence of autoimmune lesions;
tumors of the endocrine glands;
nutritional problems, when the body does not receive enough substances necessary for the production of certain hormones;
negative impact of toxic substances, radiation;
iatrogenic causes and others.

Why do diseases caused by excessive production of hormones appear?

Causes of endocrine pathology, which causes excessive production of any hormones:

excessive stimulation of the endocrine glands, which is caused by natural factors or any pathologies, including congenital ones;
the production of hormonal substances by tissues that in an ordinary person are not responsible for this;
the formation of hormones in the periphery from their precursors, which are present in human blood. For example, adipose tissue is able to produce;
iatrogenic causes.

Why do pathologies of a different nature occur?

The latest report of foreign scientists contains information that diseases of the endocrine system often occur against the background of a violation of the transport of hormones or with their abnormal metabolism. Most often, the causes of this phenomenon are liver pathologies, pregnancy and others.

Also often there are hormonal diseases that are caused by a mutation in the genes. In this case, the production of abnormal hormones that are unusual for the human body is observed. This condition is quite rare.

Also, in some cases, human endocrine diseases are observed, which are associated with hormone resistance. The cause of this phenomenon is considered to be a hereditary factor. In this condition, pathologies of hormonal receptors are observed. Active substances produced by the endocrine glands in the right amount are not able to get to the right parts of the body, where they should perform their function.

Diseases of the endocrine system are often characterized by a wide range of associated disorders. Failures during the work of the body occur due to the fact that hormones affect many functions of various organs and systems. Their excess or lack in any case negatively affects a person.

Symptoms of endocrine disorders are:

loss or, conversely, excessive weight gain;
uncharacteristic for a person interruptions in the work of the heart;
causeless increase in heart rate;
fever and constant feeling of heat;
increased sweating;
chronic diarrhea;
increased excitability;
the appearance of headaches, which are most often caused by high blood pressure;
severe weakness, muscle adynamia;
inability to focus on one thing;
drowsiness;
pain in the limbs, cramps;
significant memory impairment;
inexplicable thirst;
increased urination, and others.

Specific signs that indicate the presence of a certain endocrine disease associated with hormones indicate an excess or vice versa - their deficiency.

Diagnosis of violations

To determine a specific endocrine disorder, some studies are carried out to determine the amount and type of missing hormones:

radioimmunological study using iodine 131. Diagnostics are being carried out, which allows you to determine the presence of pathologies in the thyroid gland. This happens on the basis of how intensively some area absorbs iodine particles;
x-ray study. Helps to determine the presence of any changes in the bone tissue, which is typical for certain diseases;
computer and magnetic resonance imaging. Aimed at complex diagnostics of endocrine glands;
ultrasound diagnostics. The state of some glands is determined - the thyroid, ovaries, adrenal glands;
blood test. Determines the concentration of hormones, the amount of sugar in the blood and other indicators that are important for setting a specific indicator.

Disease prevention

To prevent the development of diseases associated with the endocrine system, it is recommended to adhere to the following rules:

balanced diet. The intake of a sufficient amount of useful substances into the body helps to prevent the appearance of serious pathologies of different localization;
struggle with extra pounds. causes many disorders that can be eliminated only after losing weight;
exclusion of the negative impact on the body of toxic substances, radiation;
timely visit to the doctor. Having identified the first signs of any disease, a person should go to a specialized specialist (). In the initial stages, most diseases respond well to treatment.

Common diseases associated with pituitary dysfunction

Endocrine diseases that are associated with:

. The main manifestation is the excessive growth of a person, which can exceed 2 m. An increase in the size of internal organs is observed. Against this background, other disorders arise - disruption of the heart, liver, diabetes mellitus, underdevelopment of the genital organs and others;
. There is an incorrect (disproportionate) growth of body parts;

precocious puberty syndrome. Characterized by the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics at an early age (8-9 years), but the lack of appropriate psycho-emotional development;
. Appears against the background of excessive production of corticotropin, hyperfunction of the adrenal glands. Manifested by obesity, trophic processes on the skin, increased blood pressure, sexual dysfunction, mental disorders;

pituitary cachexia. There is an acute dysfunction of the adenohypophysis, leading to a serious disruption of all types of metabolism in the body and subsequent exhaustion;
. It is observed with a decrease in the production of somatotropin. Such a person has short stature, dry, flabby, wrinkled skin, sexual dysfunction;

. Dysfunction of the endocrine system is caused by insufficient production of sex hormones in both sexes. There is a loss of reproductive function, development of the body according to the type of the opposite sex and other disorders;
. It is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of urine (from 4 to 40 liters per day), which leads to dehydration, unbearable thirst.

Pathologies of the adrenal glands

Endocrine diseases associated with disruption of the normal functioning of the adrenal glands:

. Accompanied by a total lack of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. As a result, the activity of many organs and systems is disrupted, which is manifested by arterial hypotension, polyuria, muscle weakness, skin hyperpigmentation and other signs;
primary hyperaldosteronism. There is an increase in production. Against the background of such a violation, serious pathologies arise - hypernatremia, hypokalemia, alkalosis, hypertension, edema, muscle weakness, impaired renal function, and others;
hormonally active tumors of the adrenal glands. Characterized by the appearance of neoplasms (benign and malignant), which cause disturbances in the production of certain hormones.

Thyroid dysfunction

Endocrine diseases affecting the thyroid gland:

Other endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases that are associated with the pancreas, ovaries:

diabetes. A disease that is accompanied by a deficiency (pancreatic hormone);
exhausted ovary syndrome. Characterized by early menopause;
resistant ovary syndrome. It is characterized by insensitivity of the organs of the reproductive system to gonadotropic stimulation, secondary after the age of 35;
polycystic ovary syndrome. It is accompanied by a violation of the ovaries due to the formation of multiple cysts, dysfunction of the pancreas, adrenal glands, pituitary gland;
premenstrual syndrome. It occurs due to various reasons and is manifested by different symptoms a few days before menstruation.

The human endocrine system includes many elements that work as a single complex. Male and female organisms are equally susceptible to diseases in this area. Medical students have been studying this issue for years. To do this, they use many sources of information, after which they draw up a communication plan, according to which they make reports and scientific articles.

Bibliography

A guide for emergency physicians. help. Edited by V.A. Mikhailovich, A.G. Miroshnichenko. 3rd edition. St. Petersburg, 2005.
Anosova L. N., Zefirova G. S., Krakov V. A. Brief endocrinology. – M.: Medicine, 1971.
Ovchinnikov Yu.A., Bioorganic chemistry // Peptide hormones. - 1987. - p.274.
Biochemistry: Textbook for universities / ed. E. S. Severina, M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2003. - 779 p.;

The endocrine system, or the system of internal secretion, is made up of endocrine organs or glands. These are glandular formations rich in blood vessels that do not have excretory ducts and release their specific products directly into the blood, called hormones (Greek hormao - I excite). The following eight glands are generally recognized endocrine glands: 1) thyroid gland (glandula thyreoidea) - located on the front surface of the neck, its average weight is from 20 to 30 g; 2) parathyroid or parathyroid glands (gl. parathyreoideae) - several, usually 4 small glands located at the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, with a total weight of about 0.12-0.25 g; 3) goiter, or thymus gland (gl. thymus) - located in the upper part of the chest cavity, reaches its maximum development by the age of 12 (about 35-40 g) and then gradually atrophies; 4) pituitary gland, cerebral appendage or pituitary gland (gl. pituitaria s- hypophysis cerebri) - a small (weighing 0.5 to 0.65 g), but complex formation, consisting of glandular (anterior lobe) and nervous tissue (posterior lobe ), which is in direct connection with the brain and located at its base in the Turkish saddle; 5) the pineal (pineal) gland, or the epiphysis of the brain (gl. pinealis s. epiphysis cerebri) - a very small (weighing 0.1-0.2 g) glandular-nervous formation, located in the region of the quadrigemina and III cerebral stomach; 6) adrenal glands or adrenal glands (gl. suprarenales) - a paired organ with an average weight of 6-7 g, located above the upper pole of the kidneys, consists in fact of two different glands: one of them is of mesodermal origin and constitutes the adrenal cortex (substantia corticalis), and the other - ecto-dermal, from the rudiments of the sympathetic nervous system, and forms its brain substance (substantia medullars); 7) pancreas (pancreas), its own islet apparatus (insulae Langerhansii); 8) sex glands (gl. sexuales); in men - testicles (testes), in women - ovaries (ovaria), and in both organ proper endocrine is the so-called interstitial tissue or gland.

The general function of the endocrine system is reduced to the implementation of chemical regulation in the body, to establishing a connection between distant organs and maintaining their specific functions at a certain level. This goal is achieved through hormones, the chemical nature of which has not yet been fully studied, although some of them (thyroxine, adrenaline, individual sex hormones) have already been obtained synthetically. The action of hormones is characterized by the fact that they have an effect in minimal quantities, do not have species specificity, and that the final effect of their action depends not only on their specific properties, but also on the state of the cells and tissues on which they act, and on physical and chemical properties of the environment in which they operate. Internal secretion has the most significant influence on all basic life processes and, above all, on the development and growth of the organism, on metabolism, and on the excitability and tone of the nervous system.

The sex glands, the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland have the greatest influence on the growth and differentiation of the organism; Of the other endocrine glands, the thymus gland, the adrenal glands (their cortical substance) and the pineal gland undoubtedly influence the growth. Metabolism is affected in one part or another and to some extent by all the endocrine glands, but mainly by the thyroid gland, pancreas, gonads, pituitary and parathyroid glands. The third main function of the endocrine system - the regulation of neuropsychic excitability - is carried out mainly through the hormones of the thyroid gland, adrenal and parathyroid glands, as well as the pituitary and gonads. For individual glands, their main functions and their main deviations are presented in the following form.

Thyroid(its hormone is thyroxine), with an increase in its function (hyperthyroidism), it enhances growth, increases metabolism and excitability of the nervous system, and with a decrease in function (hypothyroidism), it has the opposite effect.

parathyroid glands with a decrease in their function, they cause a change in calcium metabolism (hypocalcemia) and an increase in neuromuscular excitability (tetany), with hyperfunction of these glands, hypercalcemia and increased excretion of calcium by urine and feces are noted.

The thymus gland regulates the general trophism of the body (its weight), its carbohydrate and mineral (calcium fixation in the backbone) metabolism, being a synergist of insulin and the adrenal cortex and an antagonist of the thyroid and parathyroid glands; stimulates puberty.

The pituitary gland is a complex intrasecretory organ that secretes a number of hormones (sex hormones, hormones that affect growth, metabolism, blood pressure, diuresis, etc.). Hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary gland entails an increase in growth or the whole body - gigantism, or (at the end of the growth period) of the distal parts of the body - acromegaly is a complex intrasecretory organ that secretes a number of hormones (sex hormones, hormones that affect growth, metabolism, blood pressure, diuresis, etc.). Hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary gland entails increased growth or the entire body - gigantism, or (at the end of the growth period) of the distal parts of the body - acromegaly; its hypofunction causes growth retardation (dwarfism) and sexual development, metabolic disorders; hypofunction of the posterior lobe is associated with a disorder of water metabolism - with diabetes insipidus.

The pineal gland inhibits the functions of the endocrine glands that cause puberty, i.e., genital, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal cortex and goiter; consequently, an increase in its activity leads to a delay, and a weakening - to an acceleration of puberty.

Adrenal medulla(hormone - adrenaline) increases the excitability of the sympathetic nervous system, constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure; with hyperfunction - arterial hypertension, with hypofunction - symptoms of the so-called addisonism.

Adrenal cortex(hormone - paintings) increases the excitability of the parasympathetic nervous system and lowers arterial blood pressure; influences in a stimulating way on physical development, the development of the genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics.

Pancreas, on the one hand, regulates carbohydrate metabolism (hormone - insulin), and on the other - lowers and regulates blood pressure (hormone - kallikrein); an increase in metabolic function leads to obesity, a decrease - to diabetes.

The gonads specifically affect sexual development, determining sex, in a stimulating way - on metabolism, increasing it, and in a tonic way - on the nervous system, exciting it.

Individual endocrine glands, for all their complexity, are only parts of a single whole, parts of a complex endocrine system. Their connection with each other within this system is revealed, on the one hand, in their final effect on the working organ in the sense of their influence in one direction - synergism, or in opposite directions - antagonism; on the other hand, in the direct influence of one gland on another in the sense of mutual excitation or inhibition. Of particular importance among other endocrine glands belongs to the pituitary gland. In addition to the large number and variety of hormones produced by it, in addition to its close anatomical and functional connection with the brain and, in particular, with higher autonomic centers, it is also secreted due to the fact that, as it is now becoming more and more clear, a number of special hormones that stimulate the function of other intrasecretory glands.

Symptoms of diseases of the endocrine system
Signs of endocrine disorders are very numerous, can be pronounced and affect all or almost all areas and functions of the human body.

Age, sex and constitutional type of an individual are under the control of his endocrine system; it also significantly affects the functions of metabolism and the autonomic and central nervous systems, and through them all other vital functions.

age signs. The natural course of age-related changes in the body can be sharply disturbed under the influence of disorders of internal secretion from one or more endocrine glands. So, puberty can occur much earlier than usual - premature puberty (pubertas praecox), starting, for example, already from 2-3 years of age. This phenomenon is observed most often in tumors of the gonads or adrenal cortex. After removal of the tumor, all phenomena develop back. There are also cases of premature aging (senilitas praecox), when all the signs of old age develop already at a young and even adolescence. The basis of this phenomenon is, in all likelihood, multiple insufficiency of the endocrine glands, mainly the thyroid, the anterior pituitary gland and the adrenal cortex. The lag in the overall development of the organism, characterized by a delay in growth, puberty and mental development, which do not correspond to the average degree of development for a given age, is called sexual infantilism (lat. infantilis - children's). The latter may have a different pathogenesis. Of the endocrine forms of infantilism, the most well-known are thyroid and genital - due to insufficient function of the corresponding glands, and pluriglandular, associated with dysfunction of many glands.

Sex characteristics. In the sexual differentiation of the body and the development of secondary sexual characteristics, the leading role belongs to the sex glands. The decrease or loss of their function entails the development of a special - eunuchoid - type of body structure, which is characterized by increased growth in length of the upper and lower extremities, in men - the female character of the pelvis, the absence of body hair, the deposition of subcutaneous fat according to the female type and the underdevelopment of the genital organs (eunuchoidism - from eunuchus - castrato).

Here we can also mention virilism (vir - man), i.e., the replacement of some female sexual characteristics by male ones in women: male-type hairiness appears, voice coarsening, male body shapes. In a mild degree, this symptom is often observed in menopause; in more pronounced cases (growth of a mustache, beard, abundant hair growth on the body, etc.), the cause is usually a tumor of the gonads or the adrenal cortex. The opposite phenomenon is feminism (femina - a woman), i.e., the presence of a number of female features in a man, as a manifestation of insufficient sexual differentiation, is due to a pluriglandular intrasecretory disorder.

constitutional signs. The endocrine glands have a very great influence on the development of growth and differentiation of the body, on the level and course of metabolic processes, on the excitability and tone of the nervous system. This effect is especially evident in cases of endocrine diseases. Therefore, it is natural that the individual features of the functioning of individual links of the endocrine system, even under physiological conditions, play, along with the influence of the external environment, an important role in the formation of the organism in general and its constitutional and individual characteristics in particular. Already the normal constitutional appearance of each person bears traces of the influence of the main endocrine glands, and from these traces one can to a certain extent imagine their relationship, that is, the so-called endocrine formula. If the normosthenic type is an example of a more or less stable balance and harmony in general, then it seems the same from the point of view of the endocrine formula. The hypersthenic and asthenic types, being characterized by opposite features, also give endocrine formulas of the opposite direction. Indeed, if we compare the characteristic morphological and functional features of the hypedsthenic and asthenic types of a person with the usual effect of certain hormonal effects on the body, then it is not difficult to see that the general endocrine formula of these two constitutional types in relation to the 4 most important endocrine glands (thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands and gonads) is formed as follows. In persons of the hypersthenic type, the thyroid gland and cerebral appendage are, compared with the average norm, in a state of some, but not yet completely physiological, decrease in function, and the adrenal glands and gonads are in a state of the same increase in function. On the contrary, in asthenics, as a rule, there is a relatively increased function of the thyroid gland and pituitary gland and a reduced function of the adrenal glands and gonads. The most constant and characteristic member of this formula is the thyroid gland; the second place is occupied by the pituitary gland. The role of the adrenal glands and sex glands is less constant and less pronounced. But in individual cases, each of these glands may, due to certain conditions, acquire a predominant influence and thereby leave its more or less characteristic imprint on the whole organism.

This "endocrine formula" of the two extreme constitutional types is, of course, a very rough diagram of a very complex relationship between the constitution of the organism and its internal secretion. This formula emphasizes only the well-known influence of the endocrine system on the structure and functions of the body, outlines a certain correlation in this sense, and provides a kind of outline for further more detailed observations in this direction.

Signs associated with growth. Human growth is undoubtedly strongly influenced by the endocrine glands. The latter largely determines both individual fluctuations within the physiological norm (139-195 cm) and pathological deviations beyond it. The growth processes are mainly influenced by the brain appendage and the thyroid gland, while the gonads and goiter are in a retarding way. In pathological cases, gigantic growth (more than 195 cm) depends either on hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary gland (acromegalic gigantism), or on loss of gonadal function and a secondary increase in pituitary function (eunuchoid gigantism). Dwarf growth (less than 135 cm) can have a diverse pathogenesis and is divided into two large groups: proportional and disproportionate dwarf growth. Of the endocrine-conditioned forms of dwarf growth, the pituitary form (preservation of childish body proportions, underdevelopment of the reproductive apparatus, absence of secondary sexual characteristics and age-appropriate psyche) and thyroidogenic (the same general picture, but in the presence of myxedema phenomena and a sharp lag in mental development) are most clearly outlined. to the point of complete idiocy). Both of them are associated with the loss of the corresponding intrasecretory function.

Signs associated with metabolic disorders. A number of signs of impaired metabolism originate in disorders of internal secretion and therefore should prompt the doctor to carefully examine the state of the endocrine apparatus. Thus, obesity may depend on the hypofunction of the thyroid gland, the pituitary gland (anterior lobe) or the gonads, and to a certain extent on the hyperfunction of the pancreas and adrenal glands. Emaciation, on the contrary, may be due to hyperfunction of the thyroid gland or loss of pituitary function [Simmonds disease (Simmonds)] and insular apparatus (diabetes).

Hyperglycemia and glycosuria should suggest hypofunction of the pancreas or hyperfunction of the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal medulla. Hypercalcemia may indicate hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands; hypocalcemia - on their hypofunction. Polyuria may be a symptom of hypofunction of the posterior pituitary gland. Skin hyperpigmentation is one of the characteristic signs of adrenal hypofunction.

Vegetative-nervous symptoms. There are very close relationships between the endocrine and vegetative-nervous systems, and schematically all endocrine glands can be divided into two groups: the group of sympathetic and parasympathetic glands. The first belongs to the thyroid gland, the adrenal medulla, the pituitary gland - they excite the sympathetic nervous system, causing symptoms of sympathicotonia; the second group includes the thymus, pancreas, adrenal cortex, gonads: they tone the parasympathetic nervous system, contributing to the development of vagotonic symptoms.

Methods for diagnosing diseases of the endocrine system
Inquiry. When questioning an endocrine patient, in addition to achieving the usual goals, i.e., identifying his complaints and underlying functional disorders and obtaining all kinds of anamnestic data, special attention should be paid to the patient's mental state, his emotiveness and other manifestations of temperament, on the one hand , and on hereditary and family history - on the other.

The first is necessary because internal secretion is directly related to temperament and psyche, and violations of it can have an equal effect on them. So, for example, in hyperthyroidism, one can easily note the excited state, anxiety and haste of patients, which is already reflected in the very nature of the lively, impetuous and stumbling speech of the Basedows. The exact opposite is represented by patients with hypothyroidism (myxedema); apathy, inviolable calm, lethargy and slowness, which is clearly manifested already in the monotonous and lingering speech of myxedematics, whose voice is often hoarse.

Mental retardation and its degree in infantilism, cretinism, etc. are also easily determined by questioning.

Hereditary and family history in endocrine diseases is important because the hereditary factor in their pathogenesis is sometimes important.

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Instruction

All violations in the work of the endocrine system should be given to you by a specialist. The doctor will conduct the necessary examination and prescribe medications that will help restore the normal functioning of all organs that are involved in its work. Please note that without an accurate diagnosis, even herbal infusions can be harmful.

negative effect on the endocrine system also have adverse external factors: ecology, radiation, chemical pollution, nervous stress and stress. Especially the radiation background that disrupts the balance of iodine. Try to exclude the influence of these factors on your health.

note

Check your first aid kit. Frequent use of certain medications can nullify all your efforts to restore the endocrine system. These are steroids that are taken for arthritis, diuretics and contraceptives. In case of malfunctions in the endocrine system, immediately exclude diets.

In the lives of athletes, dancers and the most ordinary people of all ages, unpleasant injuries sometimes appear, and one of them is a knee injury. can be both ordinary and very dangerous, and in all cases it is necessary to know how to properly care for the damaged knee and how to avoid the negative consequences of improper treatment.

Instruction

If you have hurt or injured your knee, the first thing you need to do is protect the joint from stress and sudden movements. Put cold on the bruise to reduce swelling and hematoma, relieve pain by taking any anti-inflammatory analgesic, apply a pressure bandage.

Pay special attention to applying a pressure bandage to the knee, such as an elastic bandage. The pressure bandage fixes the knee, reduces swelling, and prevents hemorrhages. Relax your legs, take a comfortable position and tightly bandage the knee joint, making several turns of the bandage first up and then down as many times.

Also, for the speedy recovery of the knee, it must be lubricated or with a therapeutic gel - for example, Diclofenac, Indomethacin, Voltaren-gel, Lyoton are suitable for this. The ointment will relieve local inflammation, pain syndrome, and also restore blood vessels and strengthen them.

Checking the thyroid gland at home

You can independently check the condition of the thyroid gland in two ways: visually, throwing your head back and examining your neck in the mirror, and using palpation.

Normally, the skin of the neck should be of the usual color, the neck itself should be symmetrical, and when swallowing, the movement of the Adam's apple should be observed.

But some changes are also possible, which indicate a pathological process in the endocrine gland. These are the following symptoms:

the lower part of the neck is enlarged, often to one side;
when swallowing, the movement of the isthmus is not observed;
puffiness and redness of the integument;
the presence of transverse folds.

These signs, combined with changes in a person's behavior, indirectly indicate the presence of a problem.

To detect changes in the gland, it is necessary to carefully feel the place of the isthmus. This is done as follows:

Place your fingers on the neck on both sides of the Adam's apple.
Swallowing, feel the top of the isthmus and place your fingers just below it.
Feel for small elastic seals inside, which should be no more than 4 cm wide, no more than 2 cm long.

In the presence of seals, irregularities on the surface of the gland, it is worth contacting the local therapist or immediately to the endocrinologist.

Palpation method at the endocrinologist

In the hospital, the endocrinologist, in addition to taking an anamnesis, feels and examines the patient's neck for painful lumps.

Palpation is performed in a sitting position with the head lowered forward, while the doctor is behind and feels the following parts of the thyroid gland:

right share;
left lobe;
isthmus.

Anterior examination and palpation is also carried out. In this case, the subject should tilt his head back.

Small seal measuring 8 mm. It is considered an abnormal formation that can be of the nature of both benign and malignant neoplasms.

If deviations from the norm are detected, the endocrinologist prescribes two types of studies: laboratory and instrumental.

Laboratory research method

Laboratory studies are taking a certain amount of the patient's blood to calculate the hormones of the thyroid gland and pituitary gland.

What hormones are usually tested for?

Usually, a check is assigned for (T3 and T4) and their ratio. But the most important is the pituitary gland (TSH). It regulates the functioning of the thyroid gland.

In rare cases, an examination for and for calcitonin is added. Such tests are clarifying if oncology or autoimmune thyroiditis is suspected.

The presence of e will indicate the presence of an autoimmune process in the body. For clarification, please refer to the following table:

What tests need to be taken - the endocrinologist decides.

Before examining a patient for hormonal status, a preparatory stage must be carried out. The check can take about 1 month if it occurs in the presence of an existing thyroid disease.

How to prepare for the examination?

The preparatory stage is necessary for a more accurate result of the analysis and to recreate a clear picture of the existing disease. Before taking the serum, it is necessary to carry out the following preparatory measures:

For a month, the use of drugs containing the hormones T3 and T4 is stopped.
For a week, you must stop using medicines and products that contain iodine.
The day before the study, it is necessary to refrain from unnecessary physical exertion and stress.

The study is carried out in the morning, on an empty stomach, after a 12-hour break in eating. Blood is taken from a vein with a sterile disposable syringe. There are two options for where to take the examination, you can choose:

State clinic.
Private laboratory.

In any case, the doctor should deal with the decoding.

Attention!

It is pointless to do a blood test during hormone replacement therapy.

An exception can only be the study of TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Its amount shows how effective this therapy is.

instrumental method

How to check the thyroid gland most completely? Use instrumental research methods. To detect malignant and benign changes, the following methods are used:

Ultrasound examination is the main method that gives an idea of the structure of the organ, its uniformity, size, as well as the state of the blood vessels in the area under study.

The subject lies on the couch, and the examiner runs a special sensor over the treated area of the neck, the signals from which are transmitted to the monitor. The procedure lasts 10-14 minutes.

- Examination with radioactive iodine.

Before the procedure, the patient drinks a special drug, from which iodine molecules are immediately absorbed by the thyroid gland.

After that, the functional state of the gland is recorded with a special sensor and the images are displayed on the monitor.

To visualize problem areas during the work of the thyroid gland, a red-blue color spectrum is used.

Computed tomography combines the advantages of ultrasound and X-ray.

Since this is an expensive procedure, it is prescribed to clarify the diagnosis if serious diseases are suspected.

Magnetic resonance imaging, as a rule, does not provide new information, but is a confirmatory study for a more accurate diagnosis of complex diseases.
A biopsy is taken when a node of unclear etiology is found, to exclude or confirm oncology.

There are two methods of taking a puncture: thick-needle and fine-needle. The first biopsy option is more informative, but it is more painful. The procedure lasts from 15 to 25 minutes.

Usually, the picture of the disease consists of several indicators, and it is not necessary to use all methods of instrumental examination.

In uncomplicated cases, preference remains with the method of ultrasound or scintography.