What are stab neutrophils in dogs? Change in total protein
According to clinical analysis, blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) are studied. Thanks to this analysis, the general health of the animal can be determined.
red blood cells
red blood cells: the normal number of erythrocytes is: in dogs 5.2-8.4 * 10 ^ 12,
in cats 4.6-10.1 * 10^12 per liter of blood. In the blood, there can be both a lack of red blood cells and an increase in their number.
1) Lack of red blood cells is called erythropenia.
Erythropenia can be absolute or relative.
1.Absolute erythropenia- violation of the synthesis of red blood cells, their active destruction, or large blood loss.
2.Relative erythropenia- This is a decrease in the percentage of red blood cells in the blood due to the fact that the blood thins. Usually, such a picture is observed when, for some reason, a large amount of fluid enters the bloodstream. The total number of red blood cells in this condition in the body remains normal.
In clinical practice, the following classification of anemia is most common:
- iron deficiency
- aplastic
- Megaloblastic
- sideroblastic
- chronic diseases
- Hemolytic
- Anemia due to increased destruction of red blood cells
a. aplastic anemia - a disease of the hematopoietic system, expressed in a sharp inhibition or cessation of growth and maturation of cells in the bone marrow.
b. Iron-deficiency anemia considered as a symptom of another disease or as a condition, rather than as a separate disease, and occurs when there is an insufficient supply of iron in the body.
c. Megaloblastic anemia- a rare disease caused by malabsorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid.
d. Sideroblastic anemia- with this anemia, there is enough iron in the animal's body, but the body is not able to use this iron to produce hemoglobin, which is needed to deliver oxygen to all tissues and organs. As a result, iron begins to accumulate in red blood cells.
2) Erythrocytosis
1. Absolute erythrocytosis- an increase in the number of red blood cells in the body. This pattern is observed in sick animals with chronic diseases of the heart and lungs.
2. Relative erythrocytosis- observed when the total number of erythrocytes in the body is not increased, but due to blood clotting, the percentage of erythrocytes per unit volume of blood increases. The blood becomes thicker when the body loses a lot of water.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobinis part of red blood cells and serves to carry gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) with the blood.
Normal amount of hemoglobin: in dogs 110-170 g/l and in cats 80-170 g/l 
1.
A decrease in hemoglobin in erythrocytes indicates
anemia.
2. Elevated hemoglobin may be associated with diseases
blood or increased hematopoiesis in the bone marrow with some
diseases: - chronic bronchitis,
bronchial asthma,
congenital or acquired heart defects,
Polycystic kidney disease and others, as well as after taking certain medications, for example,
steroid hormones.
Hematocrit
Hematocritshows the percentage of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and
platelets) of the blood.
1. An increased content of formed elements is observed during dehydration of the body (vomiting, diarrhea) and
some diseases.
2. A decrease in the number of blood cells is observed with an increase in circulating blood - such
can be with edema and when a large amount of fluid enters the bloodstream.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Normally, in dogs and cats, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 2-6 mm per hour.
1. A faster settling is observed in inflammatory processes, anemia and some other diseases.
2. Slow sedimentation of erythrocytes occurs with an increase in their concentration in the blood; with an increase in bile
pigments in the blood, indicating liver disease.
Leukocytes
In dogs, the normal number of leukocytes is from 8.5-10.5 * 10^9 / l of blood, in cats 6.5-18.5 * 10^9 / l. There are several types of leukocytes in the blood of an animal. And in order to clarify the state of the body, a leukocyte formula is derived - the percentage of different forms of leukocytes.
1) Leukocytosis- an increase in the content of leukocytes in the blood.
1. Physiological leukocytosis - an increase in the number of leukocytes for a little and not for a long time, usually due to the entry of leukocytes into the blood from the spleen, bone marrow and lungs during eating, physical activity.
2. Medicamentous (protein-containing serum preparations, vaccines, antipyretic drugs, ether-containing drugs).
3.Pregnant
4.Newborn(14 days of life)
5. Reactive (true) leukocytosis develops during infectious and inflammatory processes, this happens due to increased production of leukocytes by hematopoietic organs
2) Leukopenia- this is a decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood, develops with viral infections and exhaustion, with lesions of the bone marrow. Usually, a decrease in the number of leukocytes is associated with a violation of their production and leads to a deterioration in immunity.
Leukogram- the percentage of various forms of leukocytes (eosinophils; monocytes; basophils; myelocytes; young; neutrophils: stab, segmented; lymphocytes)
|
Eoz |
Mon |
baz |
Mie |
Yun |
Pal |
Seg |
Lymph |
|
|
cats |
2-8 |
1-5 |
0-1 |
0 |
0 |
3-9 |
40-50 |
36-50 |
|
Dogs |
3-9 |
1-5 |
0-1 |
0 |
0 |
1-6 |
43-71 |
21-40 |
1.Eosinophils
are phagocytic cells that absorb antigen-antibody immune complexes (mainly immunoglobulin E). In dogs, it is normal 3-9%, in cats 2-8%.
1.1.Eosinophilia
- this is an increase in the number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood, which may be due to the stimulation of the proliferation of the eosinophilic germ of hematopoiesis under the influence of the resulting antigen-antibody immune complexes and in diseases accompanied by autoimmune processes in the body.
1.2. eosinopenia
- this is a decrease or complete absence of eosinophils in the peripheral blood. Eosinopenia is observed in infectious and inflammatory-purulent processes in the body.
2.1.Monocytosis - an increase in the content of monocytes in the blood is most common with
A) infectious diseases: toxoplasmosis, brucellosis;
b) high blood monocytes are one of the laboratory signs of severe infectious processes - sepsis, subacute endocarditis, some forms of leukemia (acute monocytic leukemia),
c) also malignant diseases of the lymphatic system - lymphogranulomatosis, lymphomas.
2.2 Monocytopenia- a decrease in the number of monocytes in the blood and even their absence can be observed with damage to the bone marrow with a decrease in its function (aplastic anemia, B12 deficiency anemia).
3. Basophils filled with granules that contain various mediators that cause inflammation when released into the surrounding tissue. Basophil granules contain large amounts of serotonin, 
histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes. It also contains heparin, thanks to which basophils are able to regulate blood clotting. Normally, cats and dogs have 0-1% basophils in the leukogram.
3.1 Basophilia- this is an increase in the content of basophils in the peripheral blood, observed when:
a) decreased thyroid function,
b) diseases of the blood system,
c) allergic conditions.
3.2 Basopenia- this decrease in the content of basophils in the peripheral blood is observed when:
a) acute inflammation of the lungs,
b) acute infections,
c) Cushing's syndrome,
d) stressful influences,
e) pregnancy,
f) increased function of the thyroid gland.
4. Myelocytes
and metamyelocytes- precursors of leukocytes with a segmental nucleus (neutrophils). They are localized in the bone marrow and, therefore, are normally determined by the clinical analysis of blood. Appearance
Precursors of neutrophils in a clinical blood test is called a shift of the leukocyte formula to the left and can be observed in various diseases accompanied by absolute leukocytosis. High quantitative indicators myelocytes and metamyelocytes seen in myeloid leukemia. Their main function is protection against infections by chemotaxis (directed movement to stimulating agents) and phagocytosis (absorption and digestion) of foreign microorganisms.
5. Neutrophils as well as eosinophils and basophils, belong to granulocytic blood cells, since a characteristic feature of these blood cells is the presence of granularity (granules) in the cytoplasm. Neutrophil granules contain lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, neutral and acid hydrolases, cationic proteins, lactoferrin, collagenase, aminopeptidase. It is thanks to the contents of the granules that neutrophils perform their functions. 
5.1. Neutrophilia- an increase in the number of neutrophils (stab is normal in dogs 1-6%, in cats 3-9%; segmented in dogs 49-71%, in cats 40-50%) in the blood.
The main reason for the increase in neutrophils in the blood is the inflammatory process in the body, especially with purulent processes. By increasing the absolute number of neutrophils in the blood during an inflammatory process, one can indirectly judge the extent of inflammation and the adequacy of the immune response to the inflammatory process in the body.
5.2 Neutropenia- decrease in the number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood. The reason for the decrease in neutrophils in the peripheral blood, there may be inhibition of bone marrow hematopoiesis of an organic or functional nature, increased destruction of neutrophils, depletion of the body against the background of long-term diseases.
The most common neutropenia occurs when:
a) Viral infections, some bacterial infections (brucellosis), rickettsia infections, protozoan infections (toxoplasmosis).
b) Inflammatory diseases that are severe and acquire the character of a generalized infection.
c) Side effects of certain medications (cytostatics, sulfonamides, analgesics, etc.)
d) Hypoplastic and aplastic anemia.
e) Hypersplenism.
f) Agranulocytosis.
g) Severe underweight with the development of cachexia.
6. Lymphocytes- These are blood cells, one of the types of leukocytes that are part of the immune system. Their function is to circulate in the blood and tissues in order to provide immune protection against foreign agents that enter the body. In dogs, the normal leukogram is 21-40%, in cats 36-50%
6.1. Lymphocytosis - this increase in the number of lymphocytes is usually observed in viral infections, pyoinflammatory diseases.
1. Relative lymphocytosis called an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes in leukocyte formula n at their normal absolute value in the blood.
2. Absolute lymphocytosis, in contrast to the relative one, is connected With an increase in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood and occurs in diseases and pathological conditions accompanied by increased stimulation of lymphopoiesis.
The increase in lymphocytes is most often absolute and occurs in the following diseases and pathological conditions:
a) Viral infections,
b) Acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia,
c) Lymphosarcoma,
d) Hyperthyroidism.
6.2. Lymphocytopenia- decrease in lymphocytes in the blood.
Lymphocytopenia, as well as lymphocytosis, is divided into relative and absolute.
1. Relative lymphocytopenia - this is a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes in the leukoformula at a normal level of the total number of lymphocytes in the blood, it can occur in inflammatory diseases accompanied by an increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood, for example, in pneumonia or purulent inflammation.
2.Absolutelymphocytopenia is a decrease in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood. It occurs in diseases and pathological conditions accompanied by inhibition of the lymphocytic hematopoietic germ or all hematopoietic germs (pancytopenia). Also, lymphocytopenia occurs with increased death of lymphocytes.
platelets
Platelets are essential for blood clotting. Tests can show an increase in platelets - this is possible with certain diseases or increased bone marrow activity. There may be a decrease in the number of platelets - this is typical for some diseases.
Maybe it was just curiosity that got the best of me, but most likely the concern about the condition of my four-legged friend made me then sort out this “Egyptian cuneiform”. So, what can the results of the tests of his pet tell the owner of a dog? I would like to emphasize that this entire note is purely educational in nature and cannot be used in any way to make a diagnosis. Only a veterinarian can diagnose your pet and cure it!
And it should also be remembered that the values \u200b\u200bof the indicators that are considered to be the “norm” are averaged. Normal values may differ significantly depending on the sex, age, size of the animal. In addition, the individual characteristics of the dog should be taken into account: the diseases she has suffered, the medications she takes, her diet, etc. - all this also has a significant impact on the results of the analyzes. In other words, only a qualified specialist can correctly interpret the results of the analyzes. And we will just try to figure out which indicators are measured during the analysis, what are the norms for these indicators, and what the deviation of the values from the norm in one direction or another may indicate.
General urinalysis in dogs
When conducting a general analysis of urine, indicators such as color, transparency, urine reaction and its relative density (specific gravity) are evaluated.
Fine urine color yellow, it is determined by the concentration of substances dissolved in the urine. If the urine acquires a lighter color (polyuria), then this indicates a decrease in the concentration of dissolved substances, if the concentration increases, then the urine acquires a rich yellow hue (diuresis). The color of urine may change under the influence of certain drugs.
A significant change in the color of urine may indicate serious diseases, such as hematuria (urine color red-brown), bilirubinemia (urine the color of beer), myoglobinuria (urine black), leukocyturia (milky white urine).
Urine of an absolutely healthy dog is completely normal transparent. If the conclusion says that the urine is cloudy, then this may indicate the presence of a large amount of salts, bacteria or epithelium in it.
Urine reactionis its acidity level. Fluctuations in this indicator are due to the animal's diet: a meat diet gives an acidic urine reaction, and a vegetable one gives an alkaline one. If the diet is mixed, then predominantly acidic metabolic products are formed, therefore, a slightly acidic reaction of urine is considered the norm. It should be borne in mind that the reaction of urine must be determined immediately upon delivery to the laboratory, since urine decomposes rather quickly and its pH shifts to the alkaline side due to the release of ammonia.
Specific gravityurine is determined by comparing the density of urine with the density of water. This indicator reflects the functional ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, based on which the renal function of the animal is assessed. The normal value is the density of urine in the range of 1.02-1.035.
Chemical analysis of urine
When conducting a chemical analysis, the level of protein, glucose, ketone bodies, bilirubin and urobilinogen in the urine is assessed.
Protein
The norm is the content of protein in the urine in an amount of up to 0.3 g / l. An increased amount of protein in the urine is called proteinuria. The causes of proteinuria can be chronic infections or destructive processes in the kidneys, urinary tract infections or urolithiasis, as well as hemolytic anemia.
Glucose
In the urine of a healthy dog, glucose should not be normal. Glycosuria (the presence of glucose in the urine) may be due either to a high concentration of glucose in the blood or a violation of the processes of glucose filtration and reabsorption in the kidneys. This may indicate diseases such as diabetes and acute renal failure.
Ketone bodies
Ketone bodies are acetoacetic acid, acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid. On average, from 20 to 50 mg of ketone bodies are excreted in the urine of an adult dog per day, which are not detected in one-time analyzes, so the absence of ketone bodies in the urine is considered the norm. When detecting ketone bodies in the urine, it is necessary to determine the presence of sugar in the urine. If sugar is detected, the diagnosis of diabetic acidosis (or even coma, depending on the symptoms and condition of the animal) is usually made.
If ketone bodies are found in the urine, but there is no sugar, then the cause may be acidosis associated with starvation, or with gastrointestinal disorders, or with severe toxicosis.
Bilirubin and urobilinogen are bile pigments that can appear in the urine.
The urine of healthy dogs contains a minimal amount of bilirubin, it is not detected by the usual qualitative tests most often used in practice. Therefore, the absence of bile pigments in the urine is considered the norm. The presence of bilirubin in the urine indicates liver damage or impaired bile outflow, while direct (bound) bilirubin increases in the blood.
Urobilinogen is formed in the small intestine from bilirubin excreted in bile. A positive reaction to urobilinogen is not very informative for differential diagnosis, because observed not only with various liver lesions, but also with diseases of the gallbladder, as well as enteritis, constipation, etc.
Microscopy of urine sediment
In the urine sediment, both elements of organic origin (leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelial cells and cylinders) can be present - this is the so-called organized sediment, and elements of inorganic origin (salts) - this is an unorganized urine sediment.
The presence of red blood cells in the urine is called hematuria. If at the same time there is a change in the color of urine, then we are talking about macrohematuria; if the color of urine remains normal, and erythrocytes are found only under a microscope - about microhematuria. The presence of unchanged erythrocytes in the urine is characteristic of lesions of the urinary tract (cystitis, urethritis).
Hemoglobinuria called the presence of hemoglobin in the urine, which is due to intravascular hemolysis. Urine at the same time changes color to coffee. There are no erythrocytes in the urine sediment.
Leukocytes in the urine of a healthy animal are contained in a minimal amount - no more than 1-2 in the field of view of the microscope. Increased leukocyte count in urine pyuria) indicates inflammatory processes either in the kidneys (pyelonephritis) or in the urinary tract (cystitis, urethritis).
epithelial cellsalmost always present in the urine sediment. It is considered normal if their number in the field of view of the microscope does not exceed 5 pieces. The origin of epithelial cells is different. Squamous epithelial cells that enter the urine, for example, from the vagina, have no diagnostic value. But the appearance in the urine of a large number of transitional epithelial cells (they line the mucous membrane of the bladder, ureters, prostate ducts) may indicate inflammation of these organs, and even possible neoplasms of the urinary tract.
A cylinder is a protein that has coagulated in the renal tubules, as a result of which it takes the shape of the tubules themselves (a “cast” of a cylindrical shape is obtained). The absence of cylinders in the urine sediment is considered the norm, since single cylinders per day can be found in the urine of a healthy animal. Cylindruria(the presence of cylinders in the urine sediment) is a symptom of kidney damage.
Unorganized urine sediment consists of salts that precipitate either as crystals or as amorphous masses. The composition of salts largely depends on the pH of the urine. So, for example, with an acid reaction of urine, uric acid, urates, oxalates are found in it. If the urine reaction is alkaline, it may contain calcium, phosphates.
Normally, urine in the bladder is sterile. However, when urinating, microbes from the lower urethra enter the urine; in a healthy dog, their number does not exceed 10,000 per 1 ml. Under bacteriuria is understood as the detection of bacteria in an amount exceeding the norm, which indicates the presence of a urinary tract infection.
Complete blood count in dogs
Hemoglobin is a blood pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide. An increase in hemoglobin levels can occur due to an increase in the number of red blood cells ( polycythemia), may be due to excessive physical activity. Also, an increase in hemoglobin levels is characteristic of dehydration and thickening of the blood. Decreased hemoglobin levels indicate anemia.
Erythrocytes are non-nuclear blood elements containing hemoglobin. They make up the bulk of the blood cells. An increased number of red blood cells ( erythrocytosis) may be due to bronchopulmonary pathology, heart defects, polycystic or neoplasms of the kidneys or liver, as well as dehydration. A decrease in the number of red blood cells can be caused by anemia, large blood loss, chronic inflammatory processes, and overhydration.
Sedimentation rate of erythrocytes (SOE) in the form of a column when settling blood depends on their quantity, "weight" and shape, as well as on the properties of plasma - the amount of proteins in it and viscosity. An increased ESR value is characteristic of various infectious diseases, inflammatory processes, and tumors. An increased ESR value is also observed during pregnancy.
platelets are platelets formed from bone marrow cells. They are responsible for blood clotting. An increased content of platelets in the blood can be caused by diseases such as polycythemia, myeloid leukemia, inflammatory processes. Also, the platelet count may increase after some surgical operations. A decrease in the number of platelets in the blood is characteristic of systemic autoimmune diseases (lupus erythematosus), aplastic and hemolytic anemia.
Leukocytesare white blood cells produced in the red bone marrow. They perform a very important immune function: they protect the body from foreign substances and microbes. There are different types of leukocytes. Each species has a specific function. Diagnostic value has a change in the number of individual types of leukocytes, and not all leukocytes in total.
An increase in the number of leukocytes ( leukocytosis) can be caused by leukemia, infectious and inflammatory processes, allergic reactions, long-term use of certain medications.
Decrease in the number of leukocytes ( leukopenia ) may be due to infectious pathologies of the bone marrow, hyperfunction of the spleen, genetic abnormalities, anaphylactic shock.
Leukocyte formula is the percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood.
1. Neutrophils- these are leukocytes responsible for fighting inflammatory and infectious processes in the body, as well as for removing their own dead and dead cells. Young neutrophils have a rod-shaped nucleus, the nucleus of mature neutrophils is segmented. In the diagnosis of inflammation, it is the increase in the number of stab neutrophils (stab shift) that matters. Normally, they make up 60-75% of the total number of leukocytes, stab - up to 6%. An increase in the content of neutrophils in the blood (neutrophilia) indicates the presence of an infectious or inflammatory process in the body, intoxication of the body, or psycho-emotional arousal. A decrease in the number of neutrophils (neutropenia) can be caused by some infectious diseases (most often viral or chronic), bone marrow pathology, and genetic disorders.
3. Basophils- leukocytes involved in immediate type hypersensitivity reactions. Normally, their number is no more than 1% of the total number of leukocytes. An increase in the number of basophils (basophilia) may indicate an allergic reaction to the introduction of a foreign protein (including food allergy), chronic inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract, and blood diseases.
4. Lymphocytesare the main cells of the immune system that fight viral infections. They destroy foreign cells and altered own cells of the body. Lymphocytes provide the so-called specific immunity: they recognize foreign proteins - antigens, and selectively destroy the cells containing them. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) into the blood - these are substances that can block antigen molecules and remove them from the body. Lymphocytes make up 18-25% of the total number of leukocytes.
Lymphocytosis (an increase in the level of lymphocytes) may be due to viral infections or lymphocytic leukemia. A decrease in the level of lymphocytes (lymphopenia) can be caused by the use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, as well as malignant neoplasms, or kidney failure, or chronic liver disease, or immunodeficiency states.
5. Monocytes- These are the largest leukocytes, the so-called tissue macrophages. Their function is the final destruction of foreign cells and proteins, foci of inflammation, destroyed tissues. Monocytes are the most important cells of the immune system that are the first to encounter an antigen. Monocytes present antigen to lymphocytes for the development of a full-fledged immune response. Their number is 0-2% of the total number of leukocytes.
The average values of the norm of indicators determined by the general blood test of dogs are shown in the table.
|
Index |
Floor |
Up to 12 months |
1-7 years old |
7 years and older |
|||
|
Oscillation |
Avg. |
Oscillation |
Avg. |
Oscillation |
Avg. |
||
|
erythrocytes (million/µl) |
male |
||||||
|
Bitch |
|||||||
|
hemoglobin (g/dl) |
male |
||||||
|
Bitch |
|||||||
|
leukocytes (thousand µl) |
male |
||||||
|
Bitch |
|||||||
|
mature neutrophils (%) |
male |
||||||
|
Bitch |
|||||||
|
lymphocytes (%) |
male |
||||||
|
Bitch |
|||||||
|
monocytes (%) |
male |
||||||
|
Bitch |
|||||||
|
eosinophils (%) |
male |
||||||
|
Bitch |
|||||||
|
platelets x 109/l |
|||||||
Biochemical blood test of dogs
In a biochemical analysis of the blood of dogs, the content of certain substances in the blood is determined. The table below provides a list of these substances, average blood levels of these substances in dogs, and possible reasons for the increase and decrease in the amount of these substances in the blood.
| Substance | unit of measurement | Norm | Possible reasons for the increase | Possible reasons for the decline |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose | mmol/l | 4.3-7.3 | Diabetes Exercise stress Thyrotoxicosis Cushing's syndrome Diseases of the pancreas Liver or kidney disease | Starvation Overdose of insulin Tumors Hypofunction of the endocrine glands Severe poisoning Diseases of the pancreas |
| total protein | g/l | 59-73 | Dehydration multiple myeloma | Starvation Bowel disease kidney failure Increased consumption (blood loss, burn, inflammation) |
| Albumen | g/l | 22-39 | Dehydration | Same as for total protein |
| Bilirubin total | µmol/l | 0-7,5 | Liver cell damage Obstruction of the bile ducts | |
| Urea | mmol/l | 3-8.5 | Impaired kidney function Obstruction of the urinary tract Increased protein content in food | Protein starvation Pregnancy Malabsorption |
| Creatinine | µmol/l | 30-170 | Impaired kidney function |
Unfortunately, our pets sometimes get sick and we have to turn to specialists to help us cure our four-legged friend.
Complete blood count of a dog decoding
Often a blood test is ordered. But getting the result dog blood test the owners cannot always figure out what is what and what is written on the sheet, our site wants to explain to you, dear readers, what includes dog blood test.
Dog Blood Test Indicators
- Hemoglobin is a blood pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide. An increase in hemoglobin levels can occur due to an increase in the number of red blood cells (polycythemia), and may be the result of excessive exercise. Also, an increase in hemoglobin levels is characteristic of dehydration and thickening of the blood. Decreased hemoglobin levels are indicative of anemia.
- Erythrocytes are non-nuclear blood elements containing hemoglobin. They make up the bulk of the blood cells. An increased number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis) may be due to bronchopulmonary pathology, heart defects, polycystic or neoplasms of the kidneys or liver, as well as dehydration. A decrease in the number of red blood cells can be caused by anemia, large blood loss, chronic inflammatory processes and overhydration. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in the form of a column during blood settling depends on their number, "weight" and shape, as well as on the properties of plasma - the amount of proteins in it and viscosity. An increased ESR value is characteristic of various infectious diseases, inflammatory processes, and tumors. An increased ESR value is also observed during pregnancy.
- Platelets are platelets formed from bone marrow cells. They are responsible for blood clotting. An increased content of platelets in the blood can be caused by diseases such as polycythemia, myeloid leukemia, and inflammatory processes. Also, the platelet count may increase after some surgical operations. A decrease in the number of platelets in the blood is characteristic of systemic autoimmune diseases (lupus erythematosus), aplastic and hemolytic anemia.
- Leukocytes are white blood cells produced in the red bone marrow. They perform a very important immune function: they protect the body from foreign substances and microbes. There are different types of leukocytes. Each species has a specific function. Diagnostic value has a change in the number of individual types of leukocytes, and not all leukocytes in total. An increase in the number of leukocytes (leukocytosis) can be caused by leukemia, infectious and inflammatory processes, allergic reactions, and prolonged use of certain medications. A decrease in the number of leukocytes (leukopenia) may be due to infectious pathologies of the bone marrow, hyperfunction of the spleen, genetic abnormalities, anaphylactic shock. The leukocyte formula is the percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood.
Types of white blood cells in a dog's blood
1. Neutrophils are leukocytes responsible for fighting inflammatory and infectious processes in the body, as well as for removing their own dead and dead cells. Young neutrophils have a rod-shaped nucleus, the nucleus of mature neutrophils is segmented. In the diagnosis of inflammation, it is the increase in the number of stab neutrophils (stab shift) that matters. Normally, they make up 60-75% of the total number of leukocytes, stab - up to 6%. An increase in the content of neutrophils in the blood (neutrophilia) indicates the presence of an infectious or inflammatory process in the body, intoxication of the body, or psycho-emotional arousal. A decrease in the number of neutrophils (neutropenia) can be caused by some infectious diseases (most often viral or chronic), bone marrow pathology, and genetic disorders.
3. Basophils - leukocytes involved in immediate type hypersensitivity reactions. Normally, their number is no more than 1% of the total number of leukocytes. An increase in the number of basophils (basophilia) may indicate an allergic reaction to the introduction of a foreign protein (including food allergy), chronic inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract, and blood diseases.
4. Lymphocytes are the main cells of the immune system that fight viral infections. They destroy foreign cells and altered own cells of the body. Lymphocytes provide the so-called specific immunity: they recognize foreign proteins - antigens, and selectively destroy the cells containing them. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) into the blood - these are substances that can block antigen molecules and remove them from the body. Lymphocytes make up 18-25% of the total number of leukocytes. Lymphocytosis (an increase in the level of lymphocytes) may be due to viral infections or lymphocytic leukemia. A decrease in the level of lymphocytes (lymphopenia) can be caused by the use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, as well as malignant neoplasms, or kidney failure, or chronic liver disease, or immunodeficiency states.
Below is a table of the norms of indicators determined by a dog's blood test.
Laboratory studies are often prescribed by veterinarians to diagnose various diseases in dogs. It is difficult to figure out on your own what the numbers in the table with analyzes mean. In this article, you will find out how many blood types dogs have, and what are the normal values in a blood test.
Neutrophils and eosinophils are white bodies that are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream. They, like all leukocytes, perform a protective function. Their differences are as follows:
- Neutrophils. Granulocytic leukocytes, the main function of which is phagocytosis. They are the first to react to the ingress of a foreign agent into the body. Moving towards the source of inflammation, they capture and destroy foreign cells. There are several types of neutrophils: young, stab and segmented.
- Eosinophils. Granulocytic leukocytes, which are also capable of phagocytosis. However, their main function is to participate in allergic reactions. Eosinophils are able to absorb and release inflammatory mediators (histamine), thus acting on foreign agents.
Video "We take the dog's blood for biochemistry"
In this video, the veterinarian will share tips on how to take a blood test from a dog.
Reasons for the increase in performance
Since both eosinophils and neutrophils are leukocytes, the main reason for the increase in their level is inflammation.
An elevated level of neutrophils (neutrophilia, neutrophilic leukocytosis) most often indicates the presence of a bacterial infection. Moreover, it is impossible to assume the localization of infection only by the level of cells. Neutrophilia is just a marker that there is an infection somewhere in the body and, most likely, it is of a bacterial nature.
If the dog has elevated segmented neutrophils, and the young and stab forms are normal, then this indicates the presence of a chronic infection. Causes of an increase in stab neutrophils in dogs (leukocyte formula shift to the left):
- inflammatory process;
- acute infectious diseases;
- overexcitation;
- intoxication.
If a dog has elevated eosinophils, then most often this indicates the presence of an allergic reaction or helminthic invasion. Again, the number of eosinophils does not indicate the localization of the allergy or its type.
Another reason why eosinophils can increase is oncological pathology.
A biochemical blood test in dogs is aimed at identifying the location of the lesion and is more specific than a complete blood count. The material for research is venous blood. The decoding of blood biochemistry is as follows:
- Glucose (norm - 3.4-6.0 mmol / l). Indicates the state of carbohydrate metabolism. The indicator can increase with the pathology of the pancreas and the development of diabetes mellitus. A decrease in glucose levels may indicate a tumor of the pancreas (insulinoma). In addition, hypoglycemia can be the result of increased physical activity of the pet.
- Total protein and its fractions (55.1-75.2 g/l). Characterizes the state of protein metabolism. The level of protein increases with kidney failure or an excess of the meat component in the diet.
- Cytolytic enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) - 8.2-57.3; aspartate aminotransferase (AST) - 8.9-57.3. In a dog, elevated ALT occurs with liver diseases, very often with hepatitis in the cytolysis phase. AST in dogs is elevated in lesions of the heart and skeletal muscles. For example, if the dog has myocarditis, myocardial infarction or myositis.
- Creatinine (44.3-138.4), urea (3.1-9.2) - indicators of the renal complex. Their level rises when the kidneys are damaged, if they do not cope with the filtering function. In this case, there is an accumulation of products of nitrogen metabolism.
- Bilirubin (0.9-10.6). Increased level of direct bilirubin in case of obstructive jaundice. For example, with cholecystitis, the presence of a stone in the biliary tract. Indirect bilirubin may increase as a consequence of hemolytic anemia.
- Cholesterol, triglycerides (CS - 3.3-7.0, TG - 0.56). They are indicators of lipid metabolism. Their increased content indicates the risk of atherosclerosis in dogs.
- Alkaline phosphatase (10-150). An increase in the level of this enzyme may indicate damage to the bones, liver, and in males, the prostate gland.
A complete blood count is a type of laboratory test, the results of which show the state of the body as a whole. The material for research is venous blood. All indicators can be grouped into 4 categories:
1. Indicators of red blood. They indicate the level of blood filling and how much oxygen the body receives:
- hemoglobin (normal - 120-180 g / l). A decrease in hemoglobin indicates anemia of varying severity. This means that the red blood cells do not carry enough oxygen, and the cells of the body suffer from hypoxia;
- erythrocytes (norm - 5.5-8.5 million / μl). A decrease in the number of red blood cells also indicates the presence of anemia. The level of red blood cells can rise for several reasons: dehydration, burns, increased hematopoiesis. In addition, erythrocytosis can be observed with kidney damage, since it is this organ that synthesizes erythropoietin;
- hematocrit (37-55%). It is an indicator of the ratio of blood cells to plasma. Increases with dehydration (blood loss, diarrhea, vomiting), and decreases with anemia, pregnancy.
2. Indicators of white blood (leukocyte formula). Talks about the presence and nature of inflammation in the body.
| Index | Normal values |
||
adults | |||
| Hemoglobin | |||
| red blood cells | |||
| Hematocrit | |||
| Leukocytes | |||
| Neutrophils are stab | |||
| Neutrophils are segmented | |||
| Eosinophils | |||
| Basophils | |||
| Lymphocytes | |||
| Monocytes | |||
| Myelocytes | |||
| Reticulocytes | |||
| RBC diameter | |||
| platelets | |||
Hemoglobin. Increase: some forms of hemoblastosis, in particular erythremia, dehydration. Decrease (anemia): various types of anemia, incl. due to blood loss.
red blood cells. Increase (erythrocytosis): erythremia, heart failure, chronic lung disease, dehydration. Decrease (erythrocytopenia): various types of anemia, including hemolytic and due to blood loss. Hematocrit. Increase: erythremia, heart and lung failure, dehydration. Decrease: various types of anemia, including hemolytic. ESR. Increase: inflammatory processes, poisoning, infections, invasions, tumors, hemoblastoses, blood loss, injuries, surgical interventions.Leukocytes. Increase (leukocytosis): inflammatory processes, poisoning, viral infections, invasions, blood loss, trauma, allergic reactions, tumors, myeloid leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia.
Decrease (leukopenia): acute and chronic infections (rarely), liver diseases, autoimmune diseases, exposure to certain antibiotics, toxic substances and cytostatics, radiation sickness, aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis. Neutrophils. Increase (neutrophilia): inflammatory processes, poisoning, shock, blood loss, hemolytic anemia. Decrease (neutropenia): viral infections, exposure to certain antibiotics, toxic substances and cytostatics, radiation sickness, aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis. An increase in the number of stab neutrophils, the appearance of myelocytes: sepsis, malignant tumors, myeloid leukemia. Eosinophils. Increase (eosinophilia): allergic reactions, sensitization, invasions, tumors, hematological malignancies.
Basophils. Increase (basophilia): hematological malignancies. Lymphocytes. Increase (lymphocytosis): infections, neutropenia (relative increase), lymphocytic leukemia.
Monocytes. Increase (monocytosis): chronic infections, tumors, chronic monocytic leukemia.
Myelocytes. Detection: chronic myeloid leukemia, acute and chronic inflammatory processes, sepsis, bleeding, shock.
Reticulocytes. Increase (reticulocytosis): blood loss, hemolytic anemia. Decrease: hypoplastic anemia.
RBC diameter. Increase: B 12 - and folate deficiency anemia, liver disease. downgrade: iron deficiency and hemolytic anemia.
platelets. Elevation (thrombocytosis): myeloproliferative disorders. Decrease (thrombocytopenia): acute and chronic leukemia, cirrhosis of the liver, aplastic anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, intoxications, chronic infections.
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