Glands and the role of hormones in the body. Hormones, their properties and role in the body

Hormones are far from unimportant in all processes occurring in the human body, so you should pay attention to which hormones are responsible for certain processes in our body so that you can fully appreciate and understand the role of hormones in the human body and his life. The main role of hormones is to ensure that the body is fine-tuned so that it functions properly.

Testosterone

Testosterone refers to the main male sex hormone, androgen. Its secretion is carried out by testicular cells. In not large quantities it is produced in women by the ovaries, and also by the adrenal cortex in both sexes. Testosterone is biologically inactive, and it weakly binds to androgen receptors. This hormone is responsible for sexual desire. The more testosterone a woman has, the faster her muscles build up, but in case of its excess, the character becomes more aggressive, acne may appear on the skin.

Progesterone

Progesterone is a hormone corpus luteum ovaries. In my own way chemical structure it refers to steroid hormones. Progesterone is produced by the ovaries. During pregnancy, a woman has a large amount of progesterone, thanks to which the placenta of the fetus is produced, there is a progressive increase in the amount of progesterone produced by the placenta from the 1st to the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, after which it sharp drop a few days before giving birth. The basis of the action of progesterone is to ensure that the uterus is at rest, preparing it for pregnancy. Progesterone is capable of reducing feelings of hunger and thirst, as well as influencing the emotional state.

Estrogens

Estrogens belong to the subclass of steroid hormones, produced mainly in women by the ovarian follicular apparatus. Estrogens are produced in small amounts in males by the testicles and in both sexes by the adrenal cortex. The production of estrogen in women by the ovaries begins from the moment of their puberty and ends with the onset of menopause. Estrogen accelerates cell renewal, protects blood vessels from cholesterol deposits, increases skin density, promotes hydration, and regulates activity. sebaceous glands, maintains bone strength and stimulates the formation of new bone tissue. If the body contains an excess amount of estrogen, then this leads to the fullness of the lower abdomen and thighs, this provokes development. In case of its lack of hair on the arms, face, legs, enhanced growth, rapid aging.

Oxytocin

Oxytocin is produced by the adrenal glands. This hormone is released into the blood in large numbers. It contributes to the contraction of the uterus, there are manifestations of mother's attachment to the child.

Insulin

Insulin is a peptide hormone. They have a multifaceted effect on the metabolism that occurs in almost all tissues. Insulin reduces the concentration of glucose in the blood, increases the permeability plasma membranes for glucose, key enzymes of glycolysis are activated, the formation of glycogen in the muscles and liver is stimulated, and the synthesis of fats and proteins is enhanced. In case of insufficient production of insulin develops diabetes.

Progestins

Progestins are hormones produced by the corpus luteum. They prepare the woman's body for pregnancy, ensure the formation of the mammary glands. In the case of an excess amount of progestin, kidney problems and the formation of ovarian cysts can be caused. If the amount of progestins is reduced, then this entails the threat of miscarriage.

Androgens

In the body of a woman, androgens ensure the development of the skeleton and the appearance sexual attraction. In the case of an excess amount of androgens, tumors appear.

Knowing your hormonal background is just as important for a woman as keeping track of weight, pressure and hemoglobin. Hormone levels affect how you look and how you feel. Let's take a closer look at the role hormones play in a woman's body.

What are hormones?

Hormones are substances of an organic nature with high physiological activity, designed to control the functions and regulate the main systems of the body. They are secreted by the endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream of the body and through the bloodstream they reach their "destinations", namely, to the organs to which its action is directly directed. The same hormone can have several organs to which its action is directed.

AT healthy body there must be a hormonal balance of the entire endocrine system as a whole (between the endocrine glands, the nervous system and the organs on which the action of hormones is directed). If one of the components of the endocrine system is disrupted, the work of the whole organism changes, including reproductive system consequently, the ability to conceive is reduced.

More about hormones

Estrogen produced in the ovaries. Before adolescence this hormone is secreted in small amounts. With the onset of puberty, sudden jump estrogen production - breasts are formed in girls, the figure acquires pleasant rounded shapes. Estrogen accelerates the process of body cell renewal, reduces sebum secretion, maintains skin elasticity and youthfulness, and gives shine and splendor to our hair. Among other things, this important hormone for the female body is the protector of blood vessels from deposits. cholesterol plaques and therefore prevents the development of atherosclerosis.

Excess estrogen can cause excessive fullness in the lower abdomen and thighs. In addition, various benign tumors doctors associate with an excess of this female hormone.

Its deficiency often causes increased hair growth in unwanted places: on the face, legs, arms. In the case of a lack of this hormone, a woman ages faster: the skin is more prone to wrinkles and fading, the hair becomes dull and lifeless, etc.

This hormone is taken on the 3rd-7th (depending on the purpose of the study) day of the cycle. The study is carried out on an empty stomach.

Estradiol- affects everything female organs, contributes to the development of secondary sexual characteristics: the formation of mammary glands, the distribution of subcutaneous fat, the appearance of libido. Especially important is its role in the development of the uterine mucosa and its preparation for pregnancy - the growth of the functional layer of the uterus, which reaches its maximum thickness by the middle of the cycle. This hormone is secreted by the maturing follicle, the corpus luteum of the ovary, the adrenal glands and even adipose tissue under the influence of FSH, LH and prolactin. In women, estradiol provides the formation and regulation menstrual function, the development of the egg. Ovulation occurs 24-36 hours after a significant peak of estradiol. After ovulation, the level of the hormone decreases, a second, smaller in amplitude, rise occurs. Then comes the decline in the concentration of the hormone, which continues until the end of the luteal phase. Estradiol is responsible for the accumulation of fat in female body, including during childbearing.

Insufficient production of estradiol in a woman childbearing age may present with flushes autonomic disorders, increase blood pressure, as is the case with physiological menopause. In addition, the lack of this hormone threatens excessive hair growth along male type, coarsening of the voice, absence of menstruation.

However, an excess of estradiol is a bad sign. A sharp increase in estrogen can lead to the formation tumor processes in the organs of the female reproductive system. That is why regular monitoring of this hormone is necessary, and you can take it throughout hormonal cycle depending on medical indications.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates the activity of the gonads: promotes the formation and maturation of germ cells (eggs and sperm), affects the synthesis of female sex hormones (estrogens). If there is a deficiency in the production of this hormone, then diseases of the pituitary gland and inability to conceive are noted.

The maximum concentration of FSH is observed in the middle of the cycle, which leads to ovulation. This hormone is taken on the 2nd-8th (depending on the purpose of the study) day of the cycle. At the same time, to determine the growth of the follicle, it is more expedient to take this hormone on the 5-7th day of the cycle. The study is carried out on an empty stomach. 3 days before the study, you need to exclude strong physical exercise, within 1 hour before him - smoking and emotional stress.

luteinizing hormone (LH)- ensures the completion of the process of maturation of the egg in the follicle and ovulation (the release of a mature female egg from the ovary), the formation of a "yellow body" with the secretion of the hormone progesterone.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is given in the same way as FSH on days 3-8 of the menstrual cycle. The study is carried out on an empty stomach.

Progesterone- this hormone is involved in the maturation and preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, under its influence, the uterine mucosa is “loosened” and “moisturized”. In general, progesterone is the "hormone of pregnant women", it is actively involved in the development of the egg and its placement in the uterus. In addition, progesterone affects nervous system, sebaceous and mammary glands.

With a decrease in its level in the second half of the menstrual cycle, a woman experiences certain discomfort: pain in the lower abdomen and in the mammary glands, irritability, tearfulness, and sometimes depression may appear.

When progesterone levels are low, there is a lack of ovulation. There may be long delays, problems with conception and gestation. An increase in progesterone can provoke the formation of a corpus luteum cyst, menstrual irregularities. This hormone is examined on days 19-21 of the menstrual cycle. The study is recommended to be carried out on an empty stomach.

Testosterone It is a male sex hormone produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands in women. Decreased testosterone levels can cause menstrual irregularities, excessive sweating and oily skin. When it is overabundant, they appear purely male signs: hair on the face and chest, lowering the timbre of the voice. Women with increased testosterone usually have a male physique: average height, narrow pelvis, broad shoulders.

An excess of this hormone is dangerous for pregnant women, as it can cause early miscarriage. The maximum concentration of testosterone is determined in the luteal phase and during the period of ovulation, that is, in the first half of the menstrual cycle. The study is recommended to be carried out on the 3-7th day of the menstrual cycle, on an empty stomach.

Hormone prolactin secreted by the pituitary gland. It ensures the growth and enlargement of the mammary glands, the production of milk during breastfeeding. The level of prolactin during the day experiences a clear periodic change: an increase at night (associated with sleep) and a subsequent decrease. An increase in prolactin is also observed in a number of physiological states such as eating, muscle tension, stress, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, postpartum period, breast stimulation. To determine the level of this hormone, it is important to do an analysis in the follicular (2-6 days of the cycle) and the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (21 days of the cycle) strictly on an empty stomach and only in the morning. Immediately before taking blood, the patient should be at rest for about 30 minutes, since prolactin is a stress hormone: excitement or even a slight physical exertion can affect its level.

In the luteal phase, the level of prolactin is higher than in the follicular phase. Elevated levels of the hormone prolactin can cause pain in the mammary glands before and during menstruation, and even the development of mastopathy. Pathological increase This hormone blocks ovulation and thus interferes with conception.

Androgenic hormones- predominantly male hormones, but are also produced in small amounts in women, being responsible for libido and the development of bone and muscle tissue, maturation of follicles in the glands of the ovaries. With an increase in the concentration of androgenic hormones, ovarian dysfunction and infertility often occur, increased growth hair on the body of a woman, hair on the "male type", lowering the timbre of the voice. With androgen deficiency in the female body decreases vitality.

All androgenic hormones are taken on the 2nd-8th day of the menstrual cycle. The study is carried out on an empty stomach.

It must also be remembered that in addition to reproductive hormones, other hormones also take part in the regulation of the menstrual cycle, because. in the body there is a functional interdependence between many glands internal secretion. These connections are especially pronounced between the pituitary, ovaries, adrenals and thyroid glands. In women with severe hypo- and hyperfunction thyroid gland there is a violation of menstrual function, and sometimes completely suppressed menstrual cycle.

The thyroid gland produces two important hormone Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodithyronine (T3). These hormones regulate the processes of metabolism, carbohydrates, proteins, mental and sexual function. But the intensity of the production of these hormones regulates the hormone Thyrotropic (TSH), which, like sex hormones, is produced by the pituitary gland. Changes in its concentration is a marker of thyroid disease.

With violations of the concentration of thyroid hormones, a woman becomes irritable, tearful, quickly gets tired. Deviations of hormonal indicators of the thyroid gland for pregnant and lactating women are extremely dangerous.

Diagnosis of diseases of the thyroid gland is carried out on an empty stomach. 2-3 days before blood collection for analysis, it is recommended to stop taking iodine-containing drugs and 1 month before thyroid hormones (except for special instructions attending endocrinologist), as well as limit physical activity and psycho-emotional stress prior to the study.

All of these hormones...

Usually women remember hormones only once a month - during " critical days”, when there is a mood swing, increased appetite and other unpleasant symptoms. But hormones control almost all aspects of the activity of our body, so even small imbalances in their balance affect the entire body. The sharpness of thinking and the physical ability of the body to cope with diverse loads on the body depend on them. It is they who affect growth and physique, hair color and voice timbre. They control their behavior and sex drive. Very strong impact on psycho-emotional state(Mood volatility, tendency to stress). Insufficient and overproduction these substances can cause various pathological conditions because they regulate the function of all body cells.

The causes of hormonal imbalance can be different: from the presence serious illnesses organs and systems before the influence of external factors. Such external factors consider stress, chronic fatigue, frequent shift climatic zones, etc. Often enough hormonal disorder provoked by irrational hormonal drugs.

Diseases that can be a consequence and cause of the development of hormonal imbalance: uterine fibroids, atherosclerosis, polycystic ovaries, fibrocystic formations in the mammary gland, migraines, early attack menopause.

Speaking of young women, hormonal disbalance- this is, as a rule, a violation of the body's activity, and it must be treated. Quite often, hormonal failure occurs after childbirth, and in most cases, these deviations return to normal without additional intervention. But hormonal imbalance after an abortion requires special attention, the consequences of it can be the most unpredictable.

Special category- women over forty years of age, when violations of the cyclic production of hormones are due to the approach physiological menopause. During this period, the formation of eggs gradually stops, and the concentration of the hormone estrogen decreases significantly. These deviations usually appear night sweats, irritability, severe fatigue, hot flashes. This condition is well compensated by hormone replacement therapy, against which clinical manifestations are reduced to a minimum. In this case, the hormonal failure itself is due natural factors so it cannot be cured.

The role of hormones cannot be overestimated, but many do not know what functions they perform. This information will help to cure diseases of the endocrine system in time, so the article will tell you what hormones do.

These substances in the human body are needed in scanty quantities, but there are so many functions they perform that it is even difficult to imagine. Hormones and their derivatives regulate metabolic processes, stages of synthesis and transformation, growth and division of cells, development of organs and much more. These signaling regulatory substances are produced endocrine system human, which includes the lobes of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, pancreas, and other organs. slightest violation in hormonal background leads to unpleasant symptoms or diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to know what is the role of hormones in the body, what are the main organs that produce vital active substances.

General information

The human body produces more than 100 major hormones, as well as a dozen activator hormones. These substances are released into the bloodstream or lymph, and then go to a specific organ or tissue. There they act on every cell. Protein substances work on their membranes, and fatty substances penetrate inside and interact with organelles.

It is impossible to say in general what role hormones play for a person, because the regulation of each group occurs in its own way on certain bodies. But it can be said for sure that the significance of the functions performed is difficult to overestimate, because only when hormonal balance the human body can live and develop normally. For example, a failure in the synthesis of insulin negatively affects the entire body, although its main role is to lower blood sugar levels.

In total there are 5 groups of hormones:

regulatory and growth (pituitary hormones);
sex (substances produced by the ovaries or testicles);
stress (substances of the adrenal medulla);
corticosteroids (hormones of the adrenal cortex);
metabolic (produced by the pancreas, thyroid and other glands).

This does not include various activating hormones that are produced, for example, by the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland, because they only “turn on” the synthesis of other hormones without directly affecting the person.

Regulatory and growth

Synthesis regulators and growth hormones of the pituitary gland are responsible for the formation and development of tissue cells (especially bone, cartilage). Without their participation, a person could not live at all, because it is thanks to them that he acquires normal sizes, and its organs correspond to the dimensions of the body.

Any disease or injury to the pituitary gland can cause a violation, hormonal regulation goes astray, so dwarfism, gigantism or acromegaly develop.

Somatotropin

Of the entire mass of substances produced by the lobes of the pituitary gland, it is worth highlighting somatotropin. It affects the synthesis and development of cartilage tissue in the human body. The spine and limbs grow in childhood thanks to it and its derivatives. He has protein nature, therefore, binds to the cell membrane without penetrating into them.

The hormonal regulation of somatotropin is so strong that even in adulthood it causes a deviation in the development of cartilage tissue, although its growth mainly occurs before the age of 21-23. Due to the hyperfunction of the pituitary gland, gigantism develops in children, and acromegaly in adults.

Sexual

Substances of this group play a major role in the formation, development and operation of the human reproductive system. They are produced in women by the ovaries, and in men by the testicles and prostate. They affect the reproductive system, and at the same time change appearance human by developing secondary sexual characteristics.

female sex hormones

They are also called estrogens. Substances of fatty nature with many functions:

development of the uterus;
growth of eggs inside the follicles;
appearance of secondary sexual characteristics.

This may include:

estrogen;
progesterone;
prolactin;
oxytocin and others.

The first affects the growth of the breast and the outer part of the reproductive system (small, large labia and more), normalizes the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is one of the hormones of pregnancy, and its main function is to thicken the walls of the uterus for the attachment of the embryo and the development of the placenta.

Prolactin and its derivatives begin to be synthesized at the beginning of the growth of the baby in the womb, play important role in the growth and development of the mammary glands for breastfeeding. The main function of FSH is to stimulate the growth of eggs in the follicles. Oxytocin - normalizes the basic metabolic processes in women, and also reduces pain during labor.

male sex hormones

Men's reproductive system compared to the female, it is much simpler, because the stronger sex is involved only in the fertilization of eggs, therefore there are fewer hormones. Androgens are produced in the testicles and prostate, and their hormonal regulation consists in the synthesis of sperm, the development of secondary genital organs (growth of the penis, enlargement of the shoulders and back, the appearance of body hair, coarsening of the voice). One of the functions of the active substances of the prostate is the normalization of erection, therefore, due to a decrease in their synthesis, impotence develops with age.

stressful

This group includes epinephrine and norepinephrine. Their hormonal regulation begins during stress in the body, and the main function is to accelerate the work of the cardiovascular system:

constrict blood vessels;
rising pressures;
accelerate breathing and heartbeat;
increase muscle tension.

Failures in the synthesis of adrenaline or noradrenaline adversely affect health, because chronically high blood pressure and accelerated heartbeat wear out the heart and blood vessels.

Corticosteroids

The main function of corticosteroids is to maintain mineral balance in the body. These substances are synthesized in the adrenal cortex, and their hormonal regulation is not limited to one organ or tissue. They affect metabolic processes throughout the body, maintain a constant mineral composition blood, support the excretion of excess substances. Corticosteroids help treat viral hepatitis, arthritis, arthrosis, bronchial asthma and other diseases.

Exchange

This group is the most national team, because it includes various substances but they all have in common common function- regulation of metabolic processes in the body. They are produced by the pancreas (insulin, glucagon), thyroid (tyrosine, calcitonin), parathyroid (parathyroid hormone), pineal gland (melatonin) and others. endocrine organs. Their hormonal regulation extends to the entire body.

The metabolic hormones are:

Insulin, which lowers blood sugar.
Glucagon is an insulin antagonist that raises glucose.
Tyrosine, which regulates iodine levels.
Calcitonin - maintains a constant level of calcium in the blood.
Parathyroid hormone - releases calcium and phosphorus from bone tissue if their level in the blood decreases.
Melatonin - accelerates metabolic processes, affects the biorhythm of the body, gives the skin a tan shade.
Melanin - determines skin color.
Vasopressin regulates urinary function.

This list can be continued for a very long time, because there are more than 50 species.

Hormones perform various functions in the body, not only human health, but also his life depends on their work. Therefore, it is necessary to know what influence various groups active substances, because then it is much easier to recognize the violation and start its treatment in time. Follow hormonal composition, once every few years taking tests in order to avoid various diseases.

Text: Evgeniya Bagma

The functions of hormones are different. But all of them are a kind of tuners for such a complex and amazing instrument as the human body. By itself, the work of our body is subtle, difficult process, and it is the hormones that take Active participation in the full functioning of the body.

Functions of hormones: what are they caused by?

Hormone Functions dedicated to a lot of books, scientific articles, research - there is a lot of information, the main thing is not to get confused in it. So hormones are chemical substances, which are produced by the endocrine system of the body, which includes the endocrine glands. These glands got this name because the products of their work are not released to the outside, but straight into the blood. Once in the blood in a microscopic size, hormones affect tissues and cells. human body and their metabolism. The functions of hormones include, for example, processes such as glucose storage, increased heart rate, muscle tissue growth, and much more.

The functions of hormones differ depending on when and by which gland they are produced. The most important gland organism is the pituitary gland. Located in the brain, it is responsible for the production of all hormones, as it secretes statins and liberins - they affect the amount of hormones in the body. The pituitary gland also produces human growth hormone, somatostatin. The thyroid gland is responsible for basic metabolism and thermoregulation. So, for example, if the thyroid hormone thyroxine is produced too actively, then the person constantly experiences fever, has a rapid pulse, eats a lot, but does not get better. important function hormones are provided by the pancreas - it produces insulin, which is responsible for blood sugar levels. Its deficiency causes diabetes. thymus or thymus responsible for immune hormones parathyroid glands- for hormones that regulate the level of calcium in the body. In metabolism, as well as in the adaptation of the body to stress, the adrenal glands play an important role, for example, adrenaline is produced in them, as well as male sex hormones androgens. Gonads or gonads ( female ovaries and male testicles) are responsible for puberty person. The human body also contains many other endocrine cells.

Types and functions of hormones of various glands

Below is a list of some of the hormones produced by each gland and their main hormonal functions.

Tropic hormones. Responsible for the regulation of the thyroid gland, sex glands.

A growth hormone. Regulates human growth, is responsible for stimulating protein synthesis.

Vasopressin. Regulates water exchange.

Thyroid

thyroxin. Affects the intensity of the energy exchange of the body and its growth.

Calcitonin. Responsible for calcium metabolism in the body.

Parathyroid

Parathormone. Affects the concentration of phosphates and calcium in the blood.

Pancreas

Insulin. It affects the level of glucose in the blood, reducing it, as well as stimulating the liver to digest glucose and convert it into glycogen.

adrenal glands

Adrenalin. Increases heart rate, slows down the digestive process, releasing energy, dilates pupils, constricts blood vessels, is responsible for the reaction in stressful conditions.

Glucocorticoids. Responsible for the regulation of the metabolism of minerals and organic substances.

Aldosterone. Causes fluid retention by increasing the amount of sodium in the body.

gonads

Testosterone (produced by male gonads) and estradiol (female). Both hormones are responsible for the development of human secondary sexual characteristics and perform sexual function.

Remember that the functions of hormones in human body are so great that any disruption of the work of certain glands can lead to serious problems in health. Therefore, you should regularly visit the endocrinologist and check the hormonal level.

What are hormones
Hormones are biologically active signaling chemicals secreted by endocrine glands in the body remote influence on the body or certain of its organs and target tissues. Hormones play the role of humoral regulators of certain processes, they function in various bodies and systems.

In the human body, hormones are used to maintain homeostasis and regulate many functions such as growth, metabolism, development, response to changing conditions. environment. What are hormones? They not only manage all the processes that occur in the body, hormones are what is responsible for human behavior. In addition, love, affection, self-sacrifice, desire for intimacy, altruism, romance - all these feelings depend on hormones.

The role of different hormones
The human body contains huge variety hormones responsible for certain functions. The role of various hormones is to ensure that the body is fine-tuned and functions properly.

Human hormones are designed to control body functions, their regulation and coordination. Thanks to their work, our appearance is determined, activity and excitement are manifested. These biologically active chemicals have a powerful effect on the entire body, through interaction with receptors. Hormones transmit information from one organ to another, connect one organ to another. This allows you to achieve balance in the work of the whole organism.

pituitary hormones

Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) - Responsible for enhancing growth processes and physical development. It regulates the growth of the whole organism, stimulates muscle growth, and prevents the deposition of fat. Anomalies associated with this hormone include pituitary dwarfism (decreased pituitary function) and gigantism (excess GH). There is also a condition of acromegaly. It occurs with greater production of GH after maturity. Accordingly, only certain parts of the body grow, because. some bones lose their ability to elongate. Those. in a person, eyebrows, nose, jaw begin to protrude, feet increase, hands, nose and lips thicken.

Prolactin- responsible for breast enlargement during pregnancy and milk production (lactation). But with lactation, combined with the absence of menstruation, it speaks of a pituitary tumor.

Thyrotropin - education is stimulated thyroid gland thyroxine.

adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) - stimulates the work of the adrenal glands and the formation of cortisol in them. Excess ACTH leads to the disease Cushing's syndrome (weight gain, moon face, body fat in the upper body, muscle weakness).

Gonadotropins - follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates the development of eggs in the ovaries and sperm in the testes. Luteinizing hormone - the production of female sex hormones in the ovaries, as well as the secretion of testosterone.

Oxytocin- Responsible for tenderness, fidelity and reliability. It has a strong influence on the formation of maternal instinct in women. The more of this hormone, the stronger mother loves his child. Bananas and avocados stimulate oxytocin production

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) - Prevents fluid loss by the body by reabsorbing it into the kidneys and retaining water. When the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is destroyed, diabetes insipidus- the loss huge amount water.

Pancreatic hormones

Glucagon- increases the content of glucose in the blood (promotes gluconeogenesis - the breakdown of glycogen and the release of glucose from the liver).

Insulin- lowers blood sugar (promotes glucose into the cell, where it will be used as "fuel" for muscles or stored in fat cells).
With a lack of insulin production, diabetes mellitus occurs. Symptoms: intense thirst, copious excretion urine, pruritus. Further, it develops into pain in the limbs, blurred vision, loss of appetite, dry skin and the most severe complication- diabetic coma!

Thyroid hormones

thyroxine- accelerates the metabolism in the body, increases the excitability of the central nervous system.

Triiodothyronine - in many ways similar to thyroxin.

It is important to remember that a lack of thyroid hormones in children leads to a delay in mental and physical development. In adults with hypofunction of the thyroid gland, inhibition of neuropsychic activity is observed (lethargy, drowsiness, apathy); with an excess of hormones, on the contrary, excitation, insomnia are observed.

thyrocalcitonin - Regulates calcium metabolism in the body. Those. reduces the amount of calcium in the blood and increases in the bone tissue.

Parathyroid glands

Parathormone (Parathyrin) The parathyroid glands secrete this hormone. With a decrease in the level of calcium in the blood, parathyroid hormone increases. For example, with rickets (caused low content calcium in the blood) there is an increase in the activity of the parathyroid glands.

Adrenal hormones

The following hormones play a particularly important role:
Cortisol- produced in large quantities during stress. He runs immune mechanisms protection and protects against stress (activates the activity of the heart muscle, improves brain function). At elevated level cortisol begins increased deposition of fat on the abdomen, back, back of the neck. A decrease in cortisol leads to worsening immune system. The person gets sick often. This can lead to adrenal failure.

Adrenalin- activated in a state of fear, danger. In a person, blood sugar rises for muscle work, breathing quickens, tone increases blood vessels. Thus, a person is at the maximum of physical and mental abilities. But an excess of this hormone dulls the feeling of fear, which is fraught with bad outcomes.

Aldosterone - regulation of the water-salt balance of the body. It affects the kidneys, signaling what to leave in the body and what to excrete in the urine (potassium, sodium, chlorine, etc.).

Sex hormones (male and female)

Estrogens- are responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics, the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, in addition, estrogens cause a surge of strength, cheer up, give a joyful shine to the eyes, smooth the skin.

Progesterone - promotes gestation, increases appetite, promotes the deposition of fat, in large quantities has a sedative and analgesic effect.

Androgens- male sex hormones. These include testosterone. It is this hormone that is responsible for the development of male primary and secondary sexual characteristics. In addition, testosterone enhances protein synthesis (anabolic effect), which leads to an acceleration of growth processes, physical development, and an increase in muscle mass.

Thymus hormones ( endocrine gland which plays an important role in the formation of immunity)

thymosin- regulates the growth of the skeleton, participates in the management immune reactions during the first 10-15 years of life.

Pineal hormones

Melatonin- regulates the sleep cycle, body rhythms, increases appetite, promotes the deposition of fats (for example, before hibernation).