Viral lesions of the female genital organs. Viral diseases of the female genital organs

Inflammation in the female part is a serious and common problem. After all, the reproductive system is a very vulnerable part of the female body. It is prone to many inflammatory and infectious diseases. Each of them can lead to serious consequences - up to ectopic pregnancies and infertility. If you want to know how to recognize inflammation of the female organs in time and how to treat them, read our article!

What organs can be affected?

In order not to get confused in terms, we have prepared a convenient table. It indicates the organs of the female reproductive system and how their inflammations are called.

In general, female inflammations rarely occur alone. Due to the anatomically close location of organs, inflammations are often complex.

In addition, in almost half of the cases, the disease also affects the urinary system - the kidneys, bladder, urethra.

Therefore, infectious diseases of the female organs are best treated immediately after they occur. This greatly reduces the chance of spreading the disease.

Female inflammations rarely occur alone. Due to the anatomically close location of organs, inflammations are often complex.

Causes of inflammation in women

The main cause of any inflammation is pathogenic or pathogenic microorganisms. They can enter the female reproductive system through the vagina or through the blood.

Infection through the blood occurs if the body has a so-called "center of infection" - that is, another organ that has become inflamed due to a pathogenic microorganism. Pathogens from the focus enter the bloodstream and with its current are carried throughout the body.

Infection, which is transmitted through the vagina, most often occurs during sex without a condom.

The main causes of female inflammation are:

Sexually transmitted diseases;
Violation of the rules of personal hygiene;
Intrauterine contraceptives, that is, spirals;
The presence of chronic infectious diseases;
Operations on female organs - abortions, curettage, cauterization of erosions;
Childbirth in a natural way;
Hypothermia, low immunity;
Diseases of the endocrine system.

Venereal disease is a leader in the field of causes of infectious diseases of the female organs. Gonococci, trichomonas, chlamydia and other pathogens of sexual diseases without treatment affect the reproductive organs.

Due to the fact that in recent years people have often taken antibiotics uncontrollably, venereal infections often occur insidiously, without symptoms. This, however, does not prevent diseases from developing and affecting various organs.

Symptoms of inflammation in women

There are a number of signs by which one can suspect the presence of inflammation of the female organs:

Heaviness in the lower abdomen, pain, similar to pain during menstruation;
painful menstruation;
Menstrual irregularities;
Abundant, or vice versa - very meager menstrual flow;
Bloody discharge not during menstruation;
Change in the color of vaginal discharge;
Sharp and unpleasant odor of vaginal discharge;
Discomfort or pain during sex;
Itching and burning sensation in the vagina and vulva;
Increased body temperature, weakness, feeling of weakness - with acute inflammation.

Which doctor should I go to with female inflammations?

Suspicions of diseases of the female organs are a reason to immediately visit a doctor. The gynecologist is engaged in the treatment of such inflammations. If the case is in sexual infections, or the disease affects the urinary system, consultations with a venereologist, urologist and nephrologist may be necessary.

In order for the doctor to understand whether there is inflammation and where exactly it is located, he will need to conduct additional studies and take tests.

The main method of diagnosis is a gynecological examination. Thanks to him, the doctor gets the opportunity to examine the organs and notice the characteristic symptoms of inflammation. Moreover, by the nature, color and smell of some secretions, one can even guess which microorganism is the cause of the disease.

If the examination is not enough, the gynecologist prescribes ultrasound pelvic organs. It can be carried out both externally and transvaginally - that is, through the vagina.

Frightened by transvaginal ultrasound not worth it - this procedure is unpleasant, but does not cause pain.

It is important to remember that if a woman is a virgin, it is imperative to warn the doctor about this. This will help to avoid injury or rupture of the hymen.

If a girl under 15 years old comes to see a doctor, the examination and all manipulations are carried out in the presence of parents or guardians.

The main method for diagnosing inflammation is a gynecological examination. Thanks to him, the doctor gets the opportunity to examine the organs and notice the characteristic symptoms of inflammation.

What tests may be needed

For women's diseases in gynecology, it is imperative to take tests before treating inflammation.

In order to find out the degree of inflammation and its cause, the doctor may prescribe the following studies:

Type of analysis	What determines
General blood analysis	Presence or absence of inflammation
General urine analysis	Has inflammation affected the urinary system?
Gynecological smear	Determines the microflora of the vagina, the presence of pathogens, oncological markers
Blood test for antibodies to infections	Detects the presence in the blood of antibodies to pathogens of various diseases
Blood test for female hormones	Determines the presence or absence of endocrine disorders
Pregnancy test	It is carried out to exclude or confirm pregnancy, as it can affect the course and treatment of inflammation

How to treat inflammation in a feminine way?

Inflammatory diseases are treated primarily with antibiotics. Without them, it is impossible to completely and reliably cope with bacteria. If fungi are the cause of the disease, antimycotic drugs are prescribed, if viruses are antiviral.

Antibiotics can be given as tablets, injections, or suppositories. It is often necessary to combine several options for taking medications. In order to choose the right drug, a gynecological smear is examined by bacterial culture.

This makes it possible to test with antibiotics. In this way, it is precisely determined which medicine will be most effective for treatment.

Another important point of treatment is to strengthen the immune system. This helps the female body to cope with inflammation on its own.

If the inflammation has become chronic, physiotherapy is prescribed. The doctor prescribes warming procedures, ultrasound treatment and electrotherapy.

When diseases lead to serious consequences - for example, the formation of adhesions, or severe purulent inflammation, surgical intervention is required. Today, such operations are trying to perform the least traumatic. For this, the laparotomy method is used. With it, very small incisions are made, and all manipulations are carried out using special equipment. In order for the doctor to see the organs and understand what he is doing, special cameras are used.

Recovery after laparotomy is quick and usually uneventful.

Medicinal suppositories for inflammation in the female part

If the inflammation affects the vagina, suppositories are the best treatment. Gynecological suppositories contain anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial substances. Since there are many blood vessels in the vagina, the medicine enters the bloodstream very quickly. In addition, candles destroy inflammation and pathogens right where they are.

Such a local treatment is very effective and does not harm the rest of the body. But in order to choose the right type of candles, you need to know exactly the location of the inflammation and the infection that caused it. After all, if you make a mistake with the choice, then you can cause a violation of the beneficial microflora, without getting rid of the pathogenic one. Then it will be even more difficult to cure the disease, and bacterial vaginosis or thrush will be added to the main cause.

How much can the treatment of inflammation in a woman's way cost?

The price of treatment depends on the degree of inflammation and whether surgery is needed.

If a woman is being treated in a state medical institution - a hospital, a antenatal clinic - under the policy CHI, all tests, procedures and examinations of doctors are free for her.

The costs in this case are reduced only to the purchase of drugs. If a woman is treated in a hospital, then they are provided by a medical institution.

Paid gynecology saves time and effort, but at the expense of money.

Taking into account all the tests, the need to regularly consult a doctor and the cost of medicines, the course of treatment may require 10,000 - 15,000 rubles.

Operations will seriously affect the final account, increasing it to 60,000 - 100,000 rubles.

As can be seen from the "price list", it is better not to bring gynecological diseases to serious consequences.

Complications of female inflammation

Without treatment, any disease gradually progresses, and can also become chronic. Over time, changes in internal organs become stronger, and sometimes completely irreversible.

Inflammation in the female part mainly affects the reproductive function - that is, the ability of a woman to conceive and bear a child.

The most common consequences of female diseases are:

Ectopic pregnancy - due to adhesions in the fallopian tubes, the fertilized egg cannot enter the uterus and is introduced into the tissues of the fallopian tube.
Infertility - scars on the uterus and chronic inflammation make it impossible to attach an egg. Inflammation of the ovaries disrupts the release of the egg, which also makes conception impossible.
Amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea - that is, the cessation of menstruation or a serious violation of their course.
Hormonal disorders - since both the uterus and the ovaries produce female hormones, they disrupt this function because of the disease. Due to the fact that all hormones in the body are related to each other, hormonal disorders in the female part affect the entire endocrine system.
Miscarriage, that is, miscarriages - changes in the uterine mucosa, scars and adhesions make it impossible to fully bear the fetus.
Frozen pregnancy - pathogens can damage the fetus and stop its development. In addition, a missed pregnancy can be provoked by hormonal disorders.
Fetal pathologies - some microorganisms can cross the placenta and damage the developing fetus.

Women often tend to take inflammation of their reproductive system lightly. They often occur in a latent or lubricated form and do not cause much inconvenience. However, this is a false calmness - inflammation is silent, but inevitably harmful to health. It is necessary to identify and treat them at the earliest stage, so as not to struggle later, painfully and hard, with consequences and complications.

The best prevention of female inflammation is regular preventive examinations by a gynecologist.

Timely diagnosis and proper treatment is the key to women's health.

Inflammations often occur in a latent or lubricated form and do not cause any particular inconvenience. To detect inflammation in time, you need to visit a gynecologist regularly.

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Recently, viral female diseases have increased significantly. Of the many types of viral infection, the genitals of a woman are more often affected by the herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and papillomavirus. Most often, a viral infection is localized in the lower parts of the genitals, and only during pregnancy does a tendency to its generalization appear.

Genital herpes

Genital herpes is one of the most common human viral diseases. The causative agent of herpetic infections of the genital organs is the herpes simplex virus, which infects over 90% of people. The characteristic features of genital herpetic infection are the long-term residence of the pathogen in the body and the tendency to relapse.

The clinical picture of this viral female disease is characterized by local and general symptoms. Local changes are expressed by the appearance of multiple vesicles in the area of the affected area against the background of hyperemic, edematous mucous membrane. Vesicles subsequently (in 2–3 days) open and ulcers with a yellowish coating are formed, healing in 2–3 weeks. In cases of accession of a secondary infection, the ulcers increase in size and exist for a longer time. In the affected area, itching, burning, soreness is noted. There may be an increase in regional lymph nodes. Common symptoms include headache, myalgia, nausea, subfebrile temperature, irritability, sleep disturbance. As the ulcers heal and other local manifestations of the disease disappear, so do the general symptoms.

Stages of genital herpes

Taking into account the localization of the lesion and the severity of clinical symptoms, three stages of genital herpes are distinguished:

1) damage to the external genitalia;

2) herpetic colpitis, cervicitis;

3) herpetic endometritis, salpingitis.

Viral female diseases are localized in the labia, vulva, clitoris, then spread to the vagina and cervix. Deeper lesions are more often observed with relapses of the disease. Relapses of genital herpes can be observed from 1-2 (with mild form) to 4-5 times a year (with moderate severity) and even monthly exacerbations (severe clinical course).

papillomavirus infection of the genitals- diseases caused by papillomavirus infection (HPV). To date, more than 60 types of human papillomaviruses are known. HPV is transmitted primarily through sexual contact. Mostly young women who have an active sex life with different partners suffer from this pathology.

Clinically, HPV infection manifests itself in several variants: genital warts, flat warts with endophytic growth, and papillary warts with exophytic growth. The incubation period lasts from 1 to 9 months, on average 3 months.

Genital warts are more often located in the vulva, vagina, cervix, as well as around the urethra, anus and perineum. They look like small neoplasms of a pale pink color, sit on an unchanged base and resemble cauliflower or a cockscomb. They can be single or multiple, sometimes reaching the size of large tumors. Genital warts are pink or intense red in color, ulcerate, secrete a fetid liquid. In the process of their growth, symptoms are often absent, and only with maceration and ulceration do itching, burning and an unpleasant odor occur. Viral female diseases and their course can be prolonged with the addition of a secondary infection.

Flat (intraepithelial or endophilic) warts often affect the cervix. In connection with pseudo-invasive penetration into the underlying stroma, morphologically, they resemble intraepithelial carcinoma (hidden capillary network, vasodilation).

Papillary warts with exophilic growth are benign tumors (warts) in the form of hard gray nodules located on the labia or around the entrance to the vagina.

HPV infection occurs in the form of clinical (visible to the eye with certain symptoms), subclinical (invisible to the naked eye and detected only by colposcopic or histological examinations) and latent (detected only by methods special for HPV) forms.

There is a wealth of data linking HPV to the development of dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. The participation of HPV in malignant transformation depends on the form of the virus and the addition of chemical or physical carcinogenic factors.

Cytomegalovirus infection

Cytomegalovirus infection can affect various organs and proceed clinically from latent to severe forms. The causative agent of the disease is a virus belonging to the herpes virus family. The source of infection is a sick person. The pathogen is transmitted through saliva, blood, women's milk, semen, secretions from the vagina and cervix, feces. It requires close contact to transmit it. Perhaps intrauterine infection, infection during childbirth, blood transfusion and organ transplantation.

More often cytomegalovirus is in the body for a long time in the form of a latent or chronic infection, persisting in various organs, more often in the presence of another infection.

Clinically, the disease occurs in an acute or chronic form, although both latent and severe course is possible. It affects the central nervous system (encephalitis, myelitis), urinary organs (endocervicitis, endometritis), organs of the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine glands. Cytomegaly virus in high concentrations is detected in the urine and genitals of a woman, causing a number of chronic diseases of this system: vulvovaginitis, colpitis, cervicitis, adnexitis and endometritis. These diseases are subclinical, almost asymptomatic. There may be complaints of pain in the genital area. Locally, the disease is manifested by symptoms of sluggish inflammatory processes - colpitis, cervicitis. Depending on the prevalence of clinical syndromes and according to morphological studies, a number of forms of generalized cytomegaly are distinguished: pulmonary (diffuse interstitial inflammation of the lungs, often with abscess formation); intestinal (vomiting, diarrhea with minor morphological changes in the intestines); cerebral (like encephalitis with foci of necrosis in the cortex and subcortical centers); hepatolienal (in the form of cholestatic or parenchymal hepatitis with jaundice, hepato- and splenomegaly, damage to the circulatory system).

Tuberculosis of the female genital organs- this viral female disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is not an independent disease, but one of the manifestations of tuberculosis infection of the body. The defeat of the genital organs occurs a second time, as a result of the introduction of infection mainly by the hematogenous route, more often from the lungs, less often from the intestines and other foci. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can exist for a long time in the regional lymph nodes and show the ability to spread with a decrease in the immunological resistance of the body.

The clinical picture of genital tuberculosis is very diverse. In most patients, the process proceeds against the backdrop of poor symptoms, is characterized by a long course, frequent exacerbations and the absence of the effect of conventional anti-inflammatory therapy. Often the only complaint of patients is infertility or menstrual dysfunction. Often disturbed by short-term or prolonged pain in the lower abdomen of a aching or pulling nature, periodic fever. Less common is an acute onset of the disease with signs of intoxication, characterized by high fever, weight loss, and night sweats.

With tuberculosis of the uterine appendages, clearly-shaped thickenings along the fallopian tubes, their extensive dense adhesions to the pelvic peritoneum and slight pain on palpation can be determined, small beaded nodules are determined in the area of the sacro-uterine ligaments. Saccular tumors or nodular lesions of the fallopian tubes occur with the exudatively productive form of tuberculosis.

Caseous forms of tuberculosis of the uterine appendages are accompanied by high body temperature, bleeding and are often combined with lesions of the uterus, visceral and parietal peritoneum, in the chronic stage they sometimes occur without pronounced clinical manifestations.

In uterine tuberculosis, the mucous membrane is predominantly affected, less often the myometrium.

Forms of tuberculous endometritis

There are three forms of tuberculous endometritis:

1) productive with the formation of disseminated tubercles in the endometrium;

2) miliary tuberculosis of the entire endometrium;

3) caseous decay with the transition to the muscle layer.

Tuberculous endometritis proceeds without pronounced clinical manifestations. The main complaint of patients is a violation of menstrual function.

With a long course of the disease, the uterine mucosa is replaced by connective tissue, the formation of adhesions (synechia), which deform the uterine cavity, lead to its partial or complete obliteration, resulting in the development of persistent amenorrhea.

Tuberculosis of the cervix usually develops as a result of the spread of a specific endometrial process (descending process). The mucous membrane of the cervical canal is more often affected, less often the vaginal part of the cervix.

Viral female diseases distinguish between productive and ulcerative forms, which are the final stage of the productive process. The productive form is characterized by the formation of tubercles under the epithelium of the vaginal part of the cervix. Ulcers are irregular, undermined edges, bleed easily when touched; their bottom is covered with a whitish coating. The ulcerative form of endocervix can lead to narrowing of the lumen of the cervical canal or its atresia.

Tuberculosis of the vagina is manifested by the formation of painful ulcers, resembling cervical, usually localized on the posterior fornix and posterior wall of the vagina.

Tuberculosis of the vulva is the rarest form of genital tuberculosis. It is revealed in the form of lupus, ulcerative or miliary-ulcerative form with the most frequent localization of ulcers on the inner surface of the large and small labia and around the urethra.

Tuberculous pelvioperitonitis can occur in an exudative, adhesive or caseous form. The exudate is always transparent, yellowish or greenish in color, sometimes serous-bloody. Exudative pelvioperitonitis occurs with mild clinical manifestations. The adhesive form of the disease is characterized by high fever, abdominal pain, severe dyspeptic disorders and intoxication. In the caseous form of pelvioperitonitis, a severe course of the disease is noted with the formation of purulent or caseous foci in the organs of the small pelvis and abdominal cavity.

With the appearance of trouble in the reproductive system, the entire body is involved in the pathological process.

Causes of inflammatory diseases in women

Inflammation is most often caused by an infection brought into the urogenital tract from the outside.

In this case, there may be several ways of penetration of pathogens.

Sexual way - during sexual contact from an infected person to a healthy one.
Ascending path - with poor personal hygiene, microbes penetrate deep into the vulva and anal area.
Mechanical way - in the presence of damage to the mucous membrane, the use of untreated tips for douching, inept setting of barrier contraceptives, etc.
The medical way - with insufficiently professional setting of intrauterine devices, carrying out medical manipulations with a non-sterile instrument.
Endogenous way - in the presence of inflammatory foci with menstrual blood, during childbirth, etc.
Spontaneous way - with a decrease in protective barriers in the genital organs (acidic environment of the vagina, violation of the mucous plug in the cervical canal, etc.

Causative agents of inflammatory diseases in women

Pathological processes in the urogenital tract are divided into specific and nonspecific. They are determined by the type of infectious pathogens that caused inflammation.

Specific ones are due to the penetration of microflora, which reproduces mainly in the genital organs - gonococci, trichomonads, chlamydia, mycoplasmas, etc.

Nonspecific can affect many other body systems (oropharynx, digestive tract, respiratory tract, etc.). These are staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, etc.

Since the latter often act as a united front, they are called mixed bacteria.

The reaction of the body in inflammatory diseases in women

Inflammation, which many people habitually call a disease, is actually a defensive reaction of the body. This natural mechanism is called immunity. It is the immune cells that, attacking the enemies that have appeared, try to destroy them by increasing the temperature regime at the site of introduction and thus prevent their spread further.

The outcome of defense depends on the activity of killer cells, their number, strength and diversity. If the uninvited guests are successfully neutralized, the disease will not develop. If there are more pathogenic pathogens than defenders, they will win, cause intoxication of the body and lead to illness.

This "warfare" between microbes and immune cells has been defined by the medical profession as immunological reactivity, which can be strong or weak. It is to increase the number of cells-defenders that the activities called strengthening the immune system are aimed.

Often, when a pathological focus appears in the genital organs, the nervous, vascular, endocrine systems suffer, which determines the clinical picture of the disease.

Localization of inflammatory diseases in women

Gynecologists make a diagnosis in accordance with the place where the inflammation occurred. In fact, such a division for a woman practically does not matter, since several organs are involved in the pathological process at once.

Nevertheless, it is useful to know the decoding of the diagnosis.

Features of inflammatory diseases in women

Vulvitis occurs due to trauma or insufficient hygiene of the perineum. In girls, vulvitis is associated with a weakness of specific immunity, the presence of other inflammatory foci and anatomical features of the structure of the external genital organs (thin skin, weak epithelial cover, numerous glands, etc.)

Vulvovaginitis more often develops in older women, which is due to endocrine diseases, nutritional errors, hormonal imbalance.

Middle-aged women rarely suffer from inflammation of the external genitalia due to the characteristics of epithelial tissues, which eventually become resistant to infections.

Colpitis belongs to the most common gynecological pathologies. The disease is usually associated with a violation of the barrier function of the vagina, a decrease in its ability to self-cleanse, which allows microbes to freely penetrate deep into the genital organs.

cervicitis is a consequence of inflammation of the vaginal mucosa, if there are microdamages in the mucous membrane of the canal and cervix. Cervicitis can lead to cervical erosion (epithelial ulceration). With the formation of erosion, the site of damage is covered with mucus with an alkaline reaction. And the alkaline environment, unlike the acidic one, serves as an excellent incubator for the reproduction of pathogenic microflora, which will later cause inflammation of the mat!

endometritis as an independent disease can occur after childbirth. However, most often the infection is introduced during the setting of uterine spirals, operations and other medical (surgical and diagnostic) procedures. Among the causes of endometritis and sexual relations during menstruation.

Salpingitis begins after endometritis: the infection from the uterus spreads to the fallopian tubes. Salpingitis is dangerous due to the formation of adhesions in the tubes that prevent the passage of the egg into the uterine cavity. This is one of the most common causes of female infertility.

Oophoritis rarely primary, since the ovaries are quite reliably protected from microbes by a dense membrane. But with the invasion of an abundance of pathogenic flora from the fallopian tubes, the ovaries also become inflamed, causing adnexitis.

Signs and symptoms of inflammatory diseases in women

How do inflammatory processes in the urogenital tract of a woman make themselves felt? Most often, itching, burning, discharge and pain in the lower abdomen appear, sometimes menstrual function and libido (sexual desire) are disturbed.

Beli- the release of a viscous transparent secret of the gonads in moderation is the norm for the female body. However, sometimes whites differ in a yellow-greenish tint, which indicates the presence of pus in the focus of inflammation, and have an unpleasant odor.

The smell may be diagnostic. So, the smell of fish is given by Trichomonas and gardnerella. A sour smell with curdled discharge occurs with candidiasis (thrush of fungal etiology). A sharp unpleasant odor can signal vaginal dysbacteriosis.

Allocations in women may not have a pathological origin. So, an increase in secretion often occurs with nervous tension - stress, for example. Such whites stop by themselves after the disappearance of the cause. In girls of puberty, whites signal hormonal changes.

Each woman usually determines for herself that whites have deviations from the norm. This is an occasion for an immediate appeal to a gynecologist, since sometimes they talk not about an inflammatory, but an oncological process.

Pain is a common symptom of distress. Dull and aching, sharp and pulling, temporary and permanent, aggravated by colds and stress, physical fatigue and sexual intercourse, local and spilled, premenstrual and accompanied by headache along with insomnia - all of them sharply reduce life comfort, disrupt work capacity and sometimes bring a woman down to depression.

Itching and burning occur exclusively with pathology in the reproductive system, normally this does not happen.

In most cases, the cause lies in infection, less often - in violation of hygiene rules, even less often - in mechanical damage (for example, when rubbing with underwear). Sometimes this result is given by the use of certain drugs and rarely by the use of inappropriate intimate hygiene products.

Often itching and burning accompanies disturbances in other body systems. They appear with diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, abnormalities in the functioning of the endocrine glands, a sharp change in hormonal levels (for example, with menopause), mental illness, etc.

specific infection

The same and even more acute manifestations bring with them specific inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs. Their appearance is associated with infections that are predominantly sexually transmitted, but still this variant of infection is far from the only one. These include chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, gardnerellosis, genital herpes, trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, etc., as well as venereal gonorrhea and syphilis.

Inflammations caused by one pathogen are called monoinfections, a combination of microorganisms provokes mixed infections.

Mixed infections occur due to the latent course of many diseases, a longer incubation period that some strains of microbes acquire, due to self-treatment (especially antibiotics) at the first sign of trouble.

Mixed infections are difficult to diagnose, take longer to heal, and produce more complications.

Find to defuse

Patient question

Doctor's answer

It is necessary because it helps to identify hidden pathogens and disarm (treat) them before pregnancy.

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a very accurate diagnostic method in which the DNA of pathogenic microflora is scanned, which allows you to accurately determine the type of pathogenic microorganism.

PCR diagnostics has proven itself well, therefore it deserves the respect of gynecologists, who often have to deal with disguised sexually transmitted diseases (asymptomatic chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, genital herpes, etc.).

The reliability of the method approaches 100% accuracy.

PCR diagnostics is also used in pulmonology (for lung diseases) to determine viral and bacterial pathogens of pneumonia, and to detect tuberculosis. In hematology, PCR helps to determine the presence of cytomegaloviruses and oncoviruses. And infectious disease doctors use the express PCR method in their practice to diagnose diphtheria, viral hepatitis B, C and G, salmonellosis.

For diagnostics by PCR, biological material is taken - blood, saliva, urine, a piece of human tissue.

Prevention of vaginal infections

To avoid vaginal infections, and if they occur, reduce the time of treatment, girls and women should follow certain rules.

You should try not to constantly wear tight synthetic tight-fitting panties. Such underwear does not provide air circulation in the genital area, does not absorb moisture. Since infectious agents, and especially fungal flora, multiply most actively in a humid environment, with a greenhouse effect, preference should be given to breathable fabrics. Panties made of cotton or at least with a cotton insert will prevent the formation of an alkaline environment on the vaginal mucosa. The unpleasant putrid smell of natural secretions, which even healthy women often complain about, indicates the formation of an alkaline environment favorable for a fungal infection.
You should not walk for a long time in a wet swimsuit. In addition to creating greenhouse conditions for microbes, as discussed above, there is another risk. You can chill the pelvic organs. Your immune system will drop and bacteria will multiply to cause inflammation.
After water procedures, it is necessary to carefully wipe the perineum with a dry towel, and be sure to move it from front to back in order to avoid the introduction of intestinal bacteria from the anal area into the genitals.
It is very important to use your own toiletries.
It is necessary to pay attention to the choice of intimate hygiene products: avoid flavored tampons, colored toilet paper, soaps, gels and sprays with fragrances and other substances that can irritate the mucous membranes.
To avoid discomfort during menstruation, it is better to use cotton tampons instead of synthetic ones. Super absorbent tampons and those that stay in the vagina for more than 12 hours interfere with drainage and promote the growth of fungal microorganisms.
Those women who are accustomed to using tampons during menstruation should use them only during the day. At night, preference should be given to pads.
If you experience any discomfort in the urogenital tract, you should immediately consult a doctor. If it is an infection, you need to start treating it immediately in order to avoid big trouble.
If an infectious agent is detected during the examination, the sexual partner will also have to be treated. Even if he was not the cause of the disease, the pathogenic microbial flora migrated to him.
With candidiasis, it is useful to refuse an excess of sweets. Refined sugar, according to many doctors, is able to maintain a chronic fungal infection.
For the same reason, it is necessary to limit the consumption of bread, mushrooms, alcoholic beverages, canned food and spicy food.
The menu should include more dairy products, fish, potatoes, citrus fruits and legumes. Eat at least 2 glasses of fermented milk products (especially enriched with bifidobacteria) a day. This contributes to the prevention of dysbacteriosis in the external genitalia.

Conservative therapy for inflammation of the appendages

Acute inflammation of the appendages and exacerbation of the chronic process requires hospitalization, especially if the relapse is caused by a sexual infection.

With a sharp pain, the patient is prescribed bed rest with Cold procedures (ice pack) to dampen the inflammatory process.

On the first day, while tests have not yet been carried out and the type of pathogen is unknown, a woman is prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics, since it is urgent to localize the inflammation.

Commonly used are oxacillin sodium, ampiox, or ampicillin. Then drugs are connected, taking into account the type of microbes, purposefully developed against this type of microorganisms.

Effective cephalosporins - cephaloridine, cephalexin, cefazolin, as well as antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group - sulfates of neomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin. Levomycetin is also used.

Antibiotic therapy should not be stopped even after the acute symptoms of inflammation have subsided. The course is usually 10-14 days, and with chlamydial infection - up to 3 weeks.

With obvious resistance of pathogens to antibiotics, nitrofurans are added to the treatment regimen. Although this group of antimicrobial drugs is inferior in clinical effectiveness to most antibiotics, at high concentrations they have a fairly wide spectrum of action and suppress both anaerobic flora and bacteria, and in addition, fungi that cause catdidiasis. Furazolidone and nifuratel are actively fighting Trichomonas and Giardia.

In parallel with antibacterial drugs, drugs are prescribed to prevent the development of fungal infections, since against the background of antibiotic therapy there is a threat of candidiasis and dysbacteriosis. Usually it is nystatin and levorin.

If inflammatory processes in the ovaries and tubes give high temperature, fever, chills, the doctor prescribes drug detoxification with rheopolyglucin, gemodez, glucose solution with vitamins administered intravenously.

With a strong pain syndrome, analgesic drugs are prescribed (analgin, butadione, amidopyrine, etc.), with drug allergies, desensitizing agents (diphenhydramine, suprastin, tavegil). If the adhesive process is pronounced, enzymes are used - ronidase, lidase, as well as the vitreous body, aloe that stimulate the protective reactions of the body.

For the resorption of adhesions, physiotherapeutic procedures are widely used: pulsed currents, magnetic field, UHF. During the recovery period, chloride, sodium, sulfide sitz baths benefit.

Therapeutic mud, ozocerite (a natural mineral substance of the oil group), paraffin are used for local effects in the form of applications.

To restore functional disorders, acupuncture is often prescribed.

With proper treatment in a hospital, as well as patient and careful implementation of doctor's prescriptions during the home rehabilitation and recovery period, it is possible to cope with inflammation in the reproductive female organs. But if persistent infertility has formed during the chronicization of the process, the prognosis is not so favorable. In some cases, it is not possible to get rid of adhesions in the abdominal cavity.

Medical preventive measures

In order to reduce the risk of developing gynecological diseases, it is necessary:

visit a gynecologist 2 times a year;
regularly do histological analysis in order to detect atypical cells;
go to an appointment with the same doctor who will be able to monitor the state of health in dynamics;
if possible, choose the most qualified doctor;
for any discomfort in the genital area, immediately seek medical advice;
carefully and in a timely manner to comply with the assigned recommendations.

Are vaginal infections a sexually transmitted disease?

Patient question

Is a vaginal infection a sexually transmitted disease and can a woman infect her partner with it?

Doctor's answer

Among the three most common vaginal infections (bacterial vulvovaginitis, trichomoniasis, and thrush), only trichomoniasis has recently been classified as a sexually transmitted disease, and even then conditionally.

However, doctors believe that the development of bacterial vulvovaginitis is almost always closely related to sex, since most women acquire pathogenic microflora through contact with a sexual partner.

How are these states different? The fact that the bacteria that cause inflammation of the lower urogenital tract in women are most often harmless to men and do not lead to the development of an inflammatory process in their genitourinary organs.

But the causative agents of venereal diseases affect both partners equally.

Overdiagnosis

Patient question

Gynecologists working in medical centers are convinced that every woman of the childbearing period should be examined every six months for the presence of genital infections. Many paid analyzes and diagnostic methods are prescribed. Is it always justified?

Doctor's answer

Detection of sexually transmitted infections is carried out only for certain indications. If a woman lives in marriage and there are no symptoms of an inflammatory process in the urogenital tract, the childbearing function is not impaired, there is no point in additional examinations to detect infections.

Some microorganisms are saprophytes, that is, they live in the body almost constantly. Any analysis will detect their presence, but such flora should be dealt with only if it is activated, which threatens with disease.

Sometimes, to make an accurate diagnosis, you really need to undergo a series of examinations. For example, with chlamydia, before making a diagnosis, it is necessary to confirm the presence of the disease by two or three diagnostic methods.

If information about the presence of an infectious agent is obtained by one method, this does not mean that the woman has developed chlamydia. Nevertheless, one insufficiently reliable study often makes a diagnosis and prescribes the strongest doses of antibiotics. And this leads to genital candida and other undesirable consequences.

The trend towards unreasonable examinations, towards overdiagnosis of infections, unfortunately, exists in the medical world. Overdiagnosis, i.e. excessive appointment of additional, sometimes completely unnecessary tests and examinations, often leads to an erroneous medical conclusion.

Usually, indications for an infectious examination are symptoms of an inflammatory process in the urogenital tract, infertility, or recurrent miscarriage.

Gynecological fees

Patient question

Will phytotherapy help? Tell me, what herbal remedy can be bought at the pharmacy for inflammation of the vagina?

Doctor's answer

Pharmacies sell special gynecological collections of medicinal herbs that have antiseptic properties, selected according to their composition in certain proportions. There, yarrow, chamomile, St. John's wort, sage, and sometimes nettle are added. You can buy such fees and, according to the prescription indicated on the package, use them to douche the vagina. But, herbal medicine can not always remove the inflammatory process.

In this case, you need to find out what is causing the inflammation. If this is a banal colpitis and there are no pathogenic (infectious) microorganisms, then it makes sense to use decoctions of herbs. Although it is necessary to warn: you should not get carried away with douching, because in this case, the normal flora of the vagina is washed out.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a whole group of diseases that have a negative impact on the genitourinary, reproductive and other body systems. The danger is represented by pathogenic microorganisms that can be transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person during sex, through blood, and in very rare cases, by household means.

Types of genital infections

There are 20 major types of sexually transmitted infections, all of which pose a health risk. Very often, the patient does not even realize that he is infected, since such diseases have a latent incubation period, during which no symptoms are detected. This situation leads to the transition of the initial stage of the disease into a chronic one.

All infectious diseases are divided into three types according to the type of pathogen:

Diseases caused by microbes - syphilis, gonorrhea, soft chancre, inguinal lymphogranulomatosis.
Diseases provoked by the protozoan protozoan species of microorganisms, the most common of which is trichomoniasis.
Viral lesions - HIV, hepatitis, herpes, cytomegaly.

Each ailment has its own symptoms and ways of introducing the infection:

Syphilis. It is transmitted, both sexually and domestically, through blood, saliva and seminal fluid, possibly placental infection of the child from the mother. The main symptoms are skin rashes, ulcers, myalgia, headache, an increase in white blood cells and a decrease in hemoglobin. Read about the analysis for syphilis.
Chancroid (soft chancre). Infection occurs only during sexual contact. The disease is characterized by the development of purulent processes covering the nearest lymph nodes. External signs - non-healing ulcers with serous contents and edema around the circumference. The lesion covers the area of the prepuce in men, the labia in women. With non-traditional types of sex, damage to the oral cavity and anus is possible.
Trichomoniasis. Infection occurs during sexual intercourse, less often during household contacts. In women, the disease manifests itself in the form of hyperemia and itching of the mucous tissues of the vagina, discharge with an admixture of foam and an unpleasant odor. In men, this is difficult, painful urination, frequent false urge to go to the toilet.
Gonorrhea. The infection is transmitted during sex, through personal items of the patient, when the baby passes through the birth canal. In men, the main symptoms are inflammation of the urethral canal, pain during urination, and purulent discharge. If the pathogen penetrates the prostate gland, erection may decrease. Gonorrhea in women is manifested by profuse discharge of pus, pain and burning when emptying urine. Read more about gonococcal infection (gonorrhea).
. It differs by the latent nature of the course and, in fact, has no external manifestations. The main symptoms appear only when the form is advanced and are expressed in pain, itching of the genital organs in a woman, and the same symptoms in a man during urination. Ways of infection - sexual contact, the use of linen and hygiene items of a sick person, transmission from mother to child during gestation and childbirth.
Candidiasis. It has typical manifestations in the form of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the genital organs and mouth, severe itching, intense secretions of a cheesy nature. The infection can develop as a result of sexual intercourse, with prolonged use of antibiotics.
Human papillomavirus. For infection, penetration into the body by sexual and domestic means is typical. External signs - genital warts and warts on the mucous tissues of the reproductive organs and anus. Some varieties are especially dangerous - they lead to oncology of the breast and cervix in women.
Ureaplasmosis. It is transmitted to the baby during childbirth, sexually. Expressed signs are often absent; in men, the infection provokes the development of prostatitis with typical symptoms - pain, pain, difficulty urinating.
Cytomegalovirus. Infectious agents are introduced into tissues through sperm, female, vaginal secretions, and are capable of infecting a child during fetal development. Symptoms are mostly absent.
Inguinal lymphogranulomatosis. Spread occurs through sexual contact. In men, the head of the penis is affected, in women, the labia and vagina. Bubbles and ulcers appear at the sites of infection. As the pathology develops, the cervical, inguinal and submandibular lymph nodes increase.
Gardnerellosis. It is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, although in some cases the virus can be introduced by household means. Since the pathogen actively suppresses the vital activity of lactobacilli, a person may experience problems with digestion and disruption of normal defecation.
Mycoplasmosis. It is more common in women during unprotected sex, causing kidney dysfunction, inflammation of the urethra and vagina.
Hepatitis (B and C). The infection has different ways of penetration - through blood, saliva, semen, breast milk. Symptoms of infection can be a decrease in appetite, fatigue, pain in the liver, aching joints, dark urine, bouts of nausea.
. A common, practically incurable disease, transmitted both sexually and by domestic means. Due to the fact that the pathogen not only has the ability to penetrate human DNA, it is introduced into the nerve fibers of the spine, where it remains, becoming inaccessible to interferons and antibodies of the immune system. Being in a latent state, the virus is activated with any signs of a decrease in the body's defenses. Rashes are localized on the lips, mucous membrane of the cheeks, eyes, in the genital area, on the genital genitalia in women and men. Rashes disappear, most often, after 20-30 days.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ways of infection - through the blood, sexual intercourse (see more details about). Symptoms of an infection in the acute phase are high fever, chills, joint and muscle pain, swollen lymph nodes, rash, intestinal upset, vomiting, and headache. For some time, the disease may not progress, continuing to destroy the immune system, after which the patient's well-being worsens.
AIDS. A serious sexually transmitted disease. The main routes of transmission are oral and anal intercourse. The immunodeficiency syndrome has the following primary symptoms - high fever, general weakness, increased sweating, regular headaches, myalgia. Often there are signs of intoxication - nausea, urge to vomit, difficulty in breathing.
Pubic pediculosis. The peculiarity of the disease is the transmission not only through sexual contact, but also through underwear and bed linen. Typical symptoms are severe itching, skin hyperemia in the area of the scalp.
Molluscum contagiosum. In addition to sexual relations, the disease is transmitted through underwear, bed linen, household items, when applying a tattoo, through microtrauma in close contact. Skin disease is expressed in the form of rounded papules - nodules, which eventually increase in size and merge with each other, forming a vast affected surface.
Epidermophytosis (inguinal fungus). Ways of infection - intimacy, close household contacts, the introduction of infection through cosmetics and personal hygiene. A typical symptom of the disease is severe itching, rashes in the form of pink papules in the scrotum, penis in men, in the armpits, genitals, buttocks, the inside of the knee and under the breasts in women.
Scabies. The introduction of the scabies mite occurs with prolonged contact, including during coitus, when the patient's skin comes into contact with healthy epidermis. The main manifestations are intense itching, which becomes unbearable in the evening and at night, when the activity of the pathogen increases. Localization of rashes - genitals, lumbar, buttocks, chest, feet, inner thighs, armpits.

Sometimes there is a defeat of several types of pathogens at once. This situation is typical for people who are promiscuous in their intimate relationships, who are addicted to drugs or alcohol. Lack of reliable contraceptives and weak immunity increase the risk of infection.

In this video, the venereologist talks in detail about the types of genital infections, how they affect the organs, what symptoms they have and how to deal with them effectively.

And these are only the most common infections provoked by various pathogenic microorganisms. Each case will require an individual approach to treatment and drugs that are effective for a particular pathogen.

Causes of infection

The reason for the development of genital infections is the penetration into the body of pathogenic viruses, bacteria, protozoa, unicellular organisms, fungi.

Basic prerequisites:

Lack of quality contraceptives.
Casual sexual relations with unfamiliar partners.
Insufficient personal hygiene.
Donation and blood transfusion in case of accidents, operations, transplantation.
Lack of timely treatment of infection before conception and during pregnancy.

However, there are always factors that contribute to infection. And, first of all, it is immunity weakened for various reasons. Alcohol abuse, an unbalanced diet, poor in the content of essential vitamins, mineral compounds and microelements, constant stressful situations, physical overload lead to the fact that the immune system cannot cope with the pathology on its own.

Sexual infections lead not only to poor health, but also to serious consequences - infertility, impotence, death.

Diagnostics

An accurate diagnosis requires laboratory tests and the use of medical equipment. But any visit to the doctor begins with the collection of anamnesis and examination of the patient. Today, there are so many varieties of pathogens that bacpose and smear studies are clearly not enough to get a reliable result.

Diagnosis in men is carried out using the following methods:

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a highly informative examination method that makes it possible to identify the type of pathogen by its DNA in the biomaterial from the secretion of the prostate gland, urethra, semen and blood. Also, the method allows you to choose the right antibiotic for this virus. For examination, the patient is taken material from the urethral canal.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a method by which antibodies to specific infectious organisms can be found in a blood test.
Immunofluorescence is a laboratory blood test that provides maximum information about the protective forces of the male body, autoimmune disorders, endocrine system failures, and hematopoietic pathologies.

For the examination of women, in addition to PCR and bacteriological culture, the following is carried out:

serological blood test to recognize antigens;
histological examination of the tissues of the uterine cavity and cervical canal;
a clinical blood test for hemoglobin content, the level of erythrocytes and leukocytes.

These methods are the main ones, but other diagnostic procedures are applied if necessary. Research allows you to choose an adequate, comprehensive treatment.

Complex treatment

Treatment of infectious diseases is individual for each patient and is complex. In addition, patients are registered in a venereal institution until they are completely cured. The course is assigned to both the patient and his partner.

Therapy of genital infections in men and women involves the rejection of sexual relations and the use of a complex of drugs:

antibacterial agents in the form of tablets and injections;
analgesics and antispasmodics for painful urination, headache, muscle, lumbar pain;
anti-inflammatory drugs to relieve swelling, irritation, hyperemia of the skin of the mucous membranes;
if necessary - antifungal medicines;
vitamins and immunomodulators to improve immunity;
medicines for external use in the form of ointments, creams for rashes and ulcers.

The most effective against pathogenic bacteria and viruses are antibiotics of groups:

Penicillins - Ampicillin, Amoxicillin.
Nitroimidazole - Trichopolum, Metronidazole.
Aminoglycosides - Neomycin, Spectinomycin.
Macrolides - Clarithromycin, Erythromycin.
Fluoroquinolones - Ofloxacin.
Tetracyclines - Doxycycline, Tetracycline.

Medicines are selected individually, as they can cause an allergic reaction. Antibiotics are used no more than 2-7 days in a row as directed by a doctor. In more detail about antibiotics that are used in the fight against sexual infections -.

Separately, it should be said about the treatment of papillomavirus infection. This is a lifelong disease and you can only drown out its manifestation. More about it.

Among other things, for sexual infections, rectal / vaginal suppositories are prescribed in combination with other agents that help relieve inflammation, reduce pain and swelling. These include:

antimicrobial suppositories Betadine, which stop inflammation;
with trichomoniasis, the antibacterial drug Metronidazole is effective;
Pimafucin is highly effective - vaginal suppositories for women with antifungal action.

Of the immunostimulating agents during general therapy, drugs such as Cycloferon, Genferon are used. For women, douching is prescribed, and for men - baths with a solution of potassium permanganate, Chlorhexidine.

In this video, the venereologist talks in detail about the treatment of genital infections. Which drugs are better, how to properly build a treatment system.

In severe conditions, inpatient treatment is indicated under constant supervision. In the early stages of the disease, the patient can be treated at home as directed by a specialist, observing the regimen of taking the necessary drugs, and sometimes bed rest.

Preventive measures

In order to prevent infection, the following rules should be followed:

use of condoms and contraceptives in women;
periodic examination by a gynecologist and urologist;
if necessary, vaccinations;
observance of intimate hygiene;
the use of antiseptic solutions for suspected infection within a few hours after intercourse;