Emotion is emotion If in cases where children's emotions are affected, the law of identity is violated, then a sense of perfectionism awakens in children. This happens in spite of following the best methods of raising children. When the father of an angry girl is indignant:

“Romantic” (1st Emotion) As already mentioned, one of the main signs of the First function is its redundancy. No exception here and the 1st Emotion. The envious statement of the artist Bryullov comes to mind that when Pushkin laughs, he has “guts to see.” Of course,

“Actor” (2nd Emotion) Although the holder of the 2nd Emotion is called an “actor”, it should be clarified that the movie actor is primarily meant. Particular emphasis is placed on the cinema because the theater, due to the significant distance between the viewer and the stage, even with a “realistic”

“Cracker” (3rd Emotion) “Cracker” is easy to describe - the name itself suggests the colors for the palette. However, in this case it would be completely wrong to use exclusively cold, solid colors. Like any Third, the 3rd Emotion feels constrained, but powerful

“Onlooker” (4th Emotion) The 4th Emotion received the title of “onlooker” because it not only produces, but consumes art products. Although among the "onlookers" - artists are not uncommon (the example of the great Goethe will be quite expressive here), nevertheless, in

Love is more than an emotion Love as a value is not an emotion. Emotions flare up and blunt. Love as a value is permanent. It is true dedication, an expression of deep participation, commitment and joyful awareness. In other words, when we talk about love

The Emotion of Self-Awareness: Pride A study a few years ago showed that pride, as a basic human emotion, deserves more attention than ever before. Pride is generally an interesting thing, because it has two faces: on the one hand, there is

Usually this condition develops against the background of uncomfortable situations that do not allow the realization or satisfaction of basic physiological and social needs. Researchers have identified a number of causes that can trigger psycho-emotional stress, including:

• feeling of fear;
• difficult circumstances;
• cardinal changes due to relocation, job change, etc.
• anxiety.

Various situations that cause negative feelings can contribute to the emergence of this state. The resulting emotions and emotional stress can be most pronounced in the child. Children have a hard time enduring their failures, conflicts with peers, divorce of parents, etc. The intensity of emotions in this social group usually does not decrease for a long time, which contributes to the development of severe stress.

The appearance of psycho-emotional overstrain is often observed against the background of situations that pose a potential threat to life. Strong emotions and stress, as their continuation, can also appear under the influence of external stimuli, for example, excessive physical exertion, infections, various diseases, etc. Against the background of these conditions, the effect of psychological stress appears. Some physiological causes can also provoke psycho-emotional stress. These factors include:

• disorders in the work of the nervous system;
• insomnia;
• hormonal changes in the body;
• chronic fatigue;
• endocrine diseases;
• adaptation reaction;
• personal decompensation;
• unbalanced diet.

All factors that provoke stress can be divided into external and internal. It is very important to identify what exactly led to strong experiences. The first group of factors includes conditions or conditions of the external environment, which are accompanied by strong emotions. The second can be attributed to the results of mental activity and human imagination. They usually have no connection with real events.

Risk groups of people exposed to emotional stress

Each person encounters this state many times, and its manifestations quickly disappear when the conditions in which they arose softened or the body adapted to them. However, scientists distinguish certain groups of people who have some features of psychological regulation that make them more susceptible to the effects of factors that cause an increase in emotional tension. They are more prone to stress, which manifests itself in them in a more pronounced form. People at risk include:

Those who constantly experience psychological discomfort and pressure caused by a combination of different circumstances often experience their emotions in themselves without showing them. This contributes to the accumulation of emotional fatigue and can cause nervous exhaustion.

Classification of forms and stages of emotional stress

The appearance of this state can be observed under a variety of conditions. There are 2 main varieties. Eustress is the result of a reaction that can activate the adaptive and mental abilities of the human body. Usually it occurs with any positive emotions. Distress is a kind of pathological condition that causes disorganization of a person's behavioral and psychological activity. It negatively affects the entire body. Usually this condition is caused by emotional stress in conflict situations. Various psychotraumatic situations can also cause the development of this disorder.

Psycho-emotional stress usually proceeds in 3 main stages. The first phase was called perestroika. First, with increased psychological stress, a series of biological and chemical reactions are triggered. During this period, there is an increase in the activity of the adrenal glands and the release of adrenaline. This contributes to increased excitation, leading to impaired performance and reduced reactions.

This is followed by a stabilization phase. The adrenal glands adapt to the existing situation, which causes the stabilization of hormone production. If the stressful situation does not disappear, its third stage begins. The last phase is characterized by the development of exhaustion of the nervous system. The body loses the ability to overcome psycho-emotional stress. The work of the adrenal glands is severely limited, which causes the failure of all systems. Physically, this stage is characterized by a critical decrease in glucocorticosteroid hormones with an increase in insulin levels. This causes a weakening of immunity, a decrease in working capacity, the development of mental maladaptation, and sometimes various pathologies.

Manifestations of emotional stress

The presence of this disorder cannot proceed without any symptoms. Thus, if a person is in this state, it is extremely difficult not to notice it. Developing emotional stress and regulation of emotional states are always accompanied by a number of characteristic psychological and physiological signs.

These manifestations include:

• increased respiratory rate;
• tension of individual muscle groups;
• tears;
• increased irritability;
• increased heart rate;
• decreased concentration;
• sharp jumps in blood pressure;
• general weakness;
• increased sweating.

Often, emotional stress is manifested by severe headaches, as well as bouts of lack of air (oxygen deficiency). There is a sharp increase or decrease in body temperature. Often a person under stress may show inadequate reactions. Against the backdrop of a surge of emotions, the ability to think and act rationally is often lost, so the subject cannot sometimes reasonably assess his behavior and adequately respond to the current situation. Usually, physical manifestations as a reaction to stress are observed over a short period of time.

What is the danger of emotional stress?

The influence of psychological factors on overall health has already been proven. Many pathological conditions can be caused precisely by stress. Against the background of various psycho-emotional failures, an increase in the level of adrenaline is observed. This can cause sudden spikes in blood pressure. This phenomenon often leads to spasm of blood vessels in the brain. This can lead to the development of a stroke. There may be damage to the walls of blood vessels. Due to these physiological features of such a psychological condition, the risk of developing diseases such as:

• hypertension;
• malignant tumors;
• heart failure;
• arrhythmia;
• angina;
• heart attack;
• cardiac ischemia.

Severe and prolonged stress can cause severe consequences. Neurosis, heart attacks and mental disorders can be observed. Emotional stress can lead to exhaustion of the body and lower immunity. A person begins to suffer more often from viral, fungal and bacterial diseases, and they proceed in a more aggressive form. Among other things, medical workers have found that against the background of emotional stress, there is often an exacerbation of such conditions as:

• migraine;
• asthma;
• disorders of the digestive system;
• decreased vision;
• ulcers of the stomach and intestines.

It is very important for people who have a predisposition to these pathological manifestations to constantly monitor their psychological state. In a child, severe stress can lead to even more serious consequences. In children, against the background of psychological overstrain, a variety of chronic diseases develop.

Methods for managing emotional stress

In psychology, a lot is already known about the dangers of this condition. Many modern people also have the concept of emotional stress, as they face a similar problem quite often due to increased psychological stress, including when dealing with work issues. The accumulation of negative emotions and tension can have the most negative impact on all aspects of a person's life, so this must be dealt with by all possible methods.

If stressful situations are a constant companion of life, or a person experiences any troubles too acutely, it is best to immediately contact a psychotherapist. Working with a specialist allows you to learn to get rid of negative emotions. When emotional stress is manifested and the regulation of emotional states by a person is impossible on his own, it is necessary to use auto-training. They improve emotional stability. In some cases, a psychotherapist may recommend the use of certain sedatives and medicinal herbs that have a pronounced calming effect. This allows you to reduce the manifestations of stress.

If a person is difficult to tolerate psychological discomfort, physiotherapy is also recommended. In addition, learning meditation techniques that allow you to quickly eliminate all existing negative emotions can bring significant benefits. It is necessary to learn to be distracted from unpleasant thoughts and in any adverse situations not to become discouraged, but to look for ways to solve existing problems.

Prevention of emotional stress

In order to suffer less from the manifestations of this psychological state, it is necessary to correctly schedule your day. Some people experience emotional stress precisely because they do not have time to do something and are constantly forced to rush somewhere. In this case, the prevention of the development of this condition should be given special attention. Be sure to get at least 8 hours of sleep. Naturally, you need to use your own relaxation methods in life. This moment is personal. For some people, dancing or going to the gym helps to get rid of unpleasant emotions, while others do yoga, listen to music or draw.

Certain prevention is also necessary to prevent the development of emotional stress in children. This age category is characterized by strong experiences in a different range of problems, but it is very important that parents have contact with their children and be able to provide timely support and suggest the right ways out of this or that situation. This will avoid the development of many somatic disorders of this condition.

Shabanova Vika

Abstract research work

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MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION GYMNASIUM №1

Stress

Abstract - research work

Performed:

Shabanova Victoria Andreevna,

10th grade student

Supervisor:

Khizhnyak Natalya Lvovna,

biology teacher

Khabarovsk

2012

Introduction 3

"Characteristic of stress" 5

1.1. Concept and history of the term 5

1.2. Forms of stress 6

1.3. Stages of stress as a process 7

1.4. Stress concepts 8

1.5. Phases of development of stress 9

1.6. Emotional intensity 11

1.7. Stress hormones 13

1.8. The effect of stress on the human body 14

1.9. What are the possible reactions of the human body

to stress? fifteen

1.10. What happens in the body during stress

2.1. Student survey 17

2. 2. Which person is more stressed? eighteen

Chapter 3

3.1. Causes of Stress 19

3.2. Methods that mobilize intellectual

Opportunities for students in preparation for the exam

Exams 20

3.3. How to get rid of stress 21

3.4. Medical help for stress 22

Conclusion 23

References 24

Introduction

Relevance.

Each person is exposed to stressful situations, losing their strength and nerves, many of them do not think about the fact that this adversely affects their body. Many people are exposed to stressful situations, from which you need to be able to find a way out correctly, having fully explored stress, you can most competently deal with a stressful state.

Already the great philosopher of antiquity Socrates 2,400 years ago said: "There is no bodily disease apart from the soul." These words resonate with what the famous Russian doctor M.Ya. wrote in the 19th century. Mudrov: "Knowing the mutual action of the soul and body on each other, I consider it my duty to note that there are spiritual medicines that heal the body and are drawn from the science of wisdom, more often from psychology."

Indeed, the human body is a unity of soul and body. And any disease is a problem of the entire personality of a person, consisting not only of the body, but also of the mind, feelings and emotions. That is why one of the founders of Russian oncology, Academician N.N. Petrov, drew the attention of oncologists to the fact that it is important to understand the suffering of the patient as a person and treat the patient, not the disease.

Physicians are well aware that the effectiveness of medical treatment largely depends on the patient's belief in recovery and trust in the attending physicians. An optimistic attitude towards life and a positive inner attitude are sometimes more effective than drugs in promoting recovery.

Negative emotions, caused, as a rule, by various psychological stresses, contribute to the development of various diseases. Moreover, in recent decades, the role of psychological and social factors in the origin of diseases of Russian citizens has increased dramatically. This is especially true of the so-called psychosomatic (from the Greek words psyche - soul, soma - body) diseases, in the development of which, along with biological factors, the so-called psychological stress takes part.

Target - to reveal the essence of the concept of stress and find ways to relieve stress in high school students.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

• Examine the scientific literature on stress as a physiological phenomenon.
• Make a course of dealing with stressful situations.

The research project used the following methods :

1. collection of information
2. study of popular science literature,
3. interviewing
4. analysis
5. generalization

An object - are teenagers studying at our school.

Subject stress in high school students.

Chapter 1. Review of scientific literature on the topic:

"Characterization of stress"

1. Concept and history of the term

Stress (from the English stress - pressure, pressure, pressure; oppression; load; tension) - a non-specific (general) reaction of the body to an impact (physical or psychological) that violates its homeostasis, as well as the corresponding state of the nervous system of the body (or the body as a whole ).

Stress is a complex process, it certainly includes both physiological and psychological components. With the help of stress, the body, as it were, mobilizes itself entirely for self-defense, for adaptation to a new situation, and activates non-specific defense mechanisms that provide resistance to the effects of stress or adaptation to it.

"Stress" is a state of severe emotional overstrain associated with a mental disorder, with an inability to think clearly and make decisions.

The Canadian physiologist Hans Selye was the first to define stress. According to his definition, stress is everything that leads to rapid aging of the body or causes disease.

The Encyclopedic Dictionary gives the following interpretation of stress: "A set of protective physiological reactions that occur in the body of animals and humans in response to various adverse factors."

Walter Cannon first introduced the term "stress" into physiology and psychology in his classic work on the universal "fight or flight" response.

1. Forms of stress

Stress is divided intopositive form and negative.

positive form- this is the state of a person who is able to feel the presence of problems around him and be able to solve them; positive stress, reverse stress.

negative form- stress associated with pronounced negative emotions and having a harmful effect on health.

1. Stages of stress as a process

The well-known foreign psychologist Hans Selye, the founder of the Western doctrine of stress and nervous disorders, defined the following stages of stress as a process:

1) direct reaction to the impact (anxiety stage);

2) maximum effective adaptation (resistance stage);

3) violation of the adaptation process (depletion stage).

Stress is an integral part of everyone's life, it cannot be avoided. The stimulating, creative, formative influence of stress in the complex processes of upbringing and learning is also important. But stressful influences should not exceed the adaptive capabilities of a person, since in these cases there may be a deterioration in well-being and diseases - somatic and neurotic.

1. Stress concepts

The beginning of the creation of the concept of stress was laid by G. Selye accidentally discovered in an experiment in 1986 by the “damage response syndrome as such, called the “triad”:

Increase and increase in the activity of the adrenal cortex;

Reduction (wrinkling) of a thymus (thymus) and limf. Glands, pinpoint hemorrhages and bleeding ulcers in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines.

G. Selye compared these reactions with symptoms characteristic of almost any disease, such as feeling unwell, diffuse pain and aches in the joints and muscles, gastrointestinal disorders with loss of appetite and weight loss. Combining them into a single system was justified only if there was a single mechanism for managing these reactions and a common cumulative development process.

G. Selye proposed to distinguish between "superficial" and deep adaptive energy. The first one is available “on demand” and is replenishable at the expense of the second one - “deep”. The latter is mobilized by adaptive restructuring of the body's hollostatic mechanisms. Its depletion is irreversible, according to Selye, and leads to death or to aging and death.

The assumption of the existence of 2 mobilization levels of adaptation is supported by many researchers.

With the ongoing action of a stress factor, the manifested “stress triads” change in intensity.

Extreme situations are divided into short-term, when response programs are updated, which are always “ready” in a person, and long-term, which require an adaptive restructuring of a person’s functional systems, sometimes subjectively extremely unpleasant, and sometimes unfavorable for his health.

Short-term stress is like a comprehensive manifestation of the onset of long-term stress.

Under the action of stressors that cause prolonged stress (and only relatively light loads can withstand for a long time), the onset of stress development is erased, with a certain number of amusing manifestations of adaptive processes. Therefore, short-term stress can be considered as an enhanced model for the onset of long-term stress. And although short-term and long-term stress differ from each other in their conspicuous manifestations, nevertheless, they are based on identical mechanisms, but operating in different modes (with different intensities). Short-term stress is the rapid expenditure of “surface” adaptive reserves and, along with this, the beginning of the mobilization of “deep” ones. If the “surface” reserves are not sufficient to respond to the extreme demands of the environment, and the rate of mobilization of the “deep” reserves is insufficient to compensate for the expended adaptive reserves, then the individual may die with completely unused “deep” adaptive reserves.

Prolonged stress is the gradual mobilization and expenditure of both “superficial” and “deep” adaptive reserves. Its course can be hidden, i.e. be reflected in the change in adaptation indicators, which can be recorded only by special methods. Maximum tolerated long-term stressors cause severe symptoms of stress. Adaptation to such factors can be provided that the human body manages to “adjust” to the level of long-term extreme environmental requirements by mobilizing deep adaptive reserves. The symptomatology of prolonged stress resembles the initial general symptoms of somatic, and sometimes severe disease states. Such stress can turn into illness. The cause of long-term stress can be a repetitive extreme factor. In this situation, the processes of adaptation and readaptation are alternately “turned off”. Their manifestations may seem merged. In order to diagnose and predict the course of stressful conditions, it is proposed to consider as an independent group the conditions caused by long-term intermittent stressors.

At present, the 1st stage of stress development is well studied - the stage of mobilization of adaptive reserves (“anxiety”), during which the formation of a new “functional system” of the organism, adequate to the new extreme requirements of the environment, basically ends.

With a long stay in extreme conditions, a complex picture of changes in the physiological, human and socially human characteristics of a person arises. The variety of manifestations of prolonged stress, as well as the difficulties of organizing experiments with many days, many months, etc. human being in extreme conditions are the main reasons for its insufficient knowledge. A systematic experimental study of long-term stress was initiated in connection with preparations for long-term space flights. Research was originally conducted to determine the limits of human tolerance of certain adverse conditions. At the same time, the attention of experimenters was drawn to physiological and psychophysiological indicators. An important direction in the study of long-term stress was social research.

1. Phases of stress development (stress subsyndromes).

Psychological and psychophysiological studies of stress under experimental factors of different nature and duration made it possible to identify a number of forms of adaptive activity, i.e. forms of the “general adaptation syndrome”, which can be considered as subsyndromes of stress. With a long course of stress, its subsyndromes can alternate, repeat or combine with each other with alternate dominance of individual symptoms. Under conditions when maximum tolerable stress factors act on a person for a long time, these subsyndromes one after another in a certain order, i.e. become phases of stress development. The differentiation of these subsyndromes was possible due to the fact that during the development of stress under these conditions, various forms of adaptive activity became manifest (mostly pronounced and noticeable, both for researchers and subjects) in turn. It can be noted that under stress factors that are subjectively assessed as maximally tolerable, the change in the manifested stress subsyndromes indicated a consistent transition from the dominance of the subsyndrome, which marks a relatively low functional level of adaptation, to the subsyndrome, the symptoms of which are witnesses of the mobilization of a hierarchically higher level of adaptation.

So, 4 subsyndromes of stress were identified:

1. Emotional-behavioral syndrome.

2. Vegetative syndrome (subsyndrome of preventive-protective vegetative activity).

3. Cognitive subsyndrome (subsyndrome of changes in mental activity during stress).

4. Socio-human subsyndrome (subsyndrome of changes in communication under stress).

It should be said about the conditionality of such a division of stress subsyndromes. It may be different. In this case, predominantly human grounds were chosen to analyze the manifestations of stress that occur at a relatively constant level of subjective extremeness of the stressor.

1. Emotional tension

One of the stress factors is emotional tension, which is physiologically expressed in changes in the human endocrine system. For example, in experimental studies in patient clinics, it was found that people who are constantly in nervous tension are more difficult to tolerate viral infections. In such cases, the help of a qualified psychologist is needed.

The main features of mental stress:

1) stress - the state of the body, its occurrence involves the interaction between the body and the environment;

2) stress - a more tense state than the usual motivational one; it requires the perception of a threat in order to occur;

3) stress phenomena occur when the normal adaptive response is insufficient.

Since stress arose mainly from the perception of a threat, its occurrence in a certain situation may arise for subjective reasons related to the characteristics of a given person.

In general, since individuals are not similar to each other, a lot depends on the personality factor. For example, in the "man-environment" system, the level of emotional tension increases as the differences between the conditions in which the mechanisms of the subject are formed and those newly created increase. Thus, certain conditions cause emotional tension not because of their absolute rigidity, but as a result of the inconsistency of the individual's emotional mechanism with these conditions.

With any violation of the “man-environment” balance, the insufficiency of the mental or physical resources of the individual to meet actual needs or the mismatch of the system of needs itself is a source of anxiety. Anxiety, referred to as

Feeling a vague threat;

Feeling of diffuse apprehension and anxious expectation;

vague anxiety,

represents the most powerful mechanism of mental stress. This follows from the already mentioned sense of threat, which is the central element of anxiety and determines its biological significance as a signal of trouble and danger.

Anxiety can play a protective and motivational role comparable to that of pain. An increase in behavioral activity, a change in the nature of behavior, or the inclusion of intrapsychic adaptation mechanisms are associated with the onset of anxiety. But anxiety can not only stimulate activity, but also contribute to the destruction of insufficiently adaptive behavioral stereotypes, replacing them with more adequate forms of behavior.

Unlike pain, anxiety is a signal of danger that has not yet been realized. The prediction of this situation is probabilistic in nature, and ultimately depends on the characteristics of the individual. In this case, the personality factor often plays a decisive role, and in this case, the intensity of anxiety reflects the individual characteristics of the subject rather than the real significance of the threat.

Anxiety, which is inadequate in intensity and duration to the situation, prevents the formation of adaptive behavior, leads to a violation of behavioral integration and a general disorganization of the human psyche. Thus, anxiety underlies any changes in mental state and behavior due to mental stress.

1. stress hormones

Under stress, the level of activity of the functional systems of the body changes - cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, digestive, genitourinary ... An important role in maintaining this new status is played by hormones, the release of which is under the control of the hypothalamus. The most active gland of internal secretion during stress are the adrenal glands.

Hormones released by the adrenal glands during stress:

The hormones of the adrenal medulla are catecholamines.

Catecholamines are biologically active substances, they include

• Adrenalin . A hormone whose secretion increases sharply in stressful conditions, borderline situations, a sense of danger, anxiety, fear, trauma, burns and shock conditions. The action of adrenaline is associated with the effect on α- and β-adrenergic receptors and largely coincides with the effects of excitation of sympathetic nerve fibers. It causes vasoconstriction of the abdominal organs, skin and mucous membranes; to a lesser extent, it constricts the vessels of the skeletal muscles, but dilates the vessels of the brain.
• Norepinephrine. The action of norepinephrine is associated with a predominant effect on α-adrenergic receptors. Norepinephrine differs from adrenaline in a much stronger vasoconstrictor and pressor effect, a significantly less stimulating effect on heart contractions, a weak effect on the smooth muscles of the bronchi and intestines, and a weak effect on metabolism (the absence of a pronounced hyperglycemic, lipolytic and general catabolic effect).
• Dopamine. An increase in the level of dopamine in the blood plasma occurs with shock, trauma, burns, blood loss, stressful conditions, various pain syndromes, anxiety, fear, and stress. Dopamine plays a role in the adaptation of the body to stressful situations, injuries, blood loss, etc.

Corticosteroids - hormones of the adrenal cortex:

• Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone). Start protein metabolism to fight stress. The hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropin) travels with the blood stream through the adrenal gland, where it triggers the release of cortisol. Cortisol causes an increase in blood sugar levels and speeds up the metabolic process in various ways.

• Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

Doctors consider cortisol to be a key stress hormone and use the amount of cortisol in the blood as a measure of stress levels.

1.8. The effect of stress on the human body

Stress has a negative impact on both the psychological state and the physical health of a person.

Stress disorganizes a person's activity, his behavior, leads to a variety of psycho-emotional disorders (depression, neurosis, emotional instability, low mood, or, conversely, overexcitation, anger, memory impairment, etc.).

Stress, especially if it is frequent and prolonged, has a negative impact not only on the psychological state, but also on the physical health of a person. They are the main risk factors for the manifestation and exacerbation of many diseases. The most common diseases of the cardiovascular system (angina pectoris, hypertension), gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum), decreased immunity.

Hormones that are produced during stress, which are necessary in physiological quantities for the normal functioning of the body, in large quantities cause many undesirable reactions leading to illness and even death. Their negative effect is exacerbated by the fact that modern man, in contrast to primitive man, rarely uses muscle energy during stress. Therefore, biologically active substances circulate in the blood for a long time in high concentrations, not allowing the nervous system or internal organs to calm down.

In muscles, glucocorticoids in high concentrations cause the breakdown of nucleic acids and proteins, which, with prolonged action, leads to muscle dystrophy.

In the skin, these hormones inhibit the growth and division of fibroblasts, which leads to thinning of the skin, its easy damage, and poor wound healing. In bone tissue - to the suppression of calcium absorption. The end result of the prolonged action of these hormones is a decrease in bone mass, an extremely common disease - osteoporosis.

The list of negative consequences of increasing the concentration of stress hormones above the physiological ones can be continued for a long time. Here and degeneration of cells of the brain and spinal cord, growth retardation, decreased secretion of insulin ("steroid" diabetes), etc. A number of very reputable scientists even believe that stress is a major factor in the occurrence of cancer and other oncological diseases.

Not only strong, acute, but also small, but long-term stressful effects lead to such reactions. Therefore, chronic stress, in particular, prolonged psychological stress, depression can also lead to the above diseases. There was even a new direction in medicine, called psychosomatic medicine, which considers all kinds of stress as the main or concomitant pathogenetic factor of many diseases.

1.9. What are the possible reactions of the human body to stress?

1. Stress reaction. Adverse factors (stressors) cause a stress response, i.e. stress. A person consciously or subconsciously tries to adapt to a completely new situation. Then comes alignment, or adaptation. A person either finds balance in the situation and stress does not give any consequences, or does not adapt to it - this is the so-called maladaptation (poor adaptation). As a result of this, various mental or physical abnormalities may occur.

In other words, stress either lasts long enough or occurs quite often. Moreover, frequent stress can lead to the depletion of the body's adaptive defense system, which, in turn, can cause psychosomatic diseases.

2. Passivity. It manifests itself in a person whose adaptive reserve is insufficient and the body is not able to withstand stress. There is a state of helplessness, hopelessness, depression. But such a stress response can be transient.

The other two reactions are active and subject to the will of man.

3. Active protection against stress. A person changes the field of activity and finds something more useful and suitable for achieving peace of mind, contributing to the improvement of health (sports, music, gardening or gardening, collecting, etc.).

4. Active relaxation (relaxation), which increases the natural adaptation of the human body - both mental and physical. This reaction is the most effective.

1.10. What happens in the body during stress.

Under normal conditions, in response to stress, a person experiences a state of anxiety, confusion, which is an automatic preparation for active action: attacking or defensive. Such preparation is always carried out in the body, regardless of what the reaction to stress will be - even when there is no physical action. The impulse of automatic reaction can be potentially unsafe and puts the body in a state of high alert. The heart begins to beat faster, blood pressure rises, muscles tense up. Regardless of whether the danger is serious (threat to life, physical violence) or not so much (verbal abuse), anxiety arises in the body and, in response to it, a willingness to resist.

Chapter 2. Research part

2.1 Student survey

Usually, students are most susceptible to stress during the exam, since this time is the most difficult, since everyone understands that their future life depends on the exams, writing tests comes second, and usually students do not succumb to stressful situations during the holidays.

2.2. Which person is more stressed?

Adults are usually the most stressed, as their lives are more difficult and responsibility and care fall on their shoulders.

In second place are teenagers, it is during this period that puberty occurs. An increased capacity for critical reflection on developing personality and one's future may appear to increase the risk of depression when adolescents fixate on possible negative outcomes. Poor school performance, of course, leads to the development of depression and behavioral disorders in adolescents.

In third place are children, as they are usually not stressed at all.

Chapter 3

3.1. Causes of stress

Main sources of stress:

Conflicts, or communication with unpleasant people;

Obstacles that prevent you from achieving your goal;

Pipe dreams;

Or too high requirements for yourself;

Noise;

monotonous work;

Constant accusation, reproach to yourself that you did not achieve something, or missed something;

Hard work;

Strong positive emotions;

Quarrels with people and especially with relatives (observation of quarrels in the family can also lead to stress).

3.2. Methods that mobilize the intellectual capabilities of students in preparation for exams

During stress, severe dehydration occurs. This is due to the fact that nervous processes occur on the basis of electrochemical reactions, and they require a sufficient amount of liquid. Its deficiency sharply reduces the speed of nervous processes. Therefore, it is advisable to drink a few sips of water during exams. For anti-stress purposes, drink water 20 minutes before or 30 minutes after a meal. Mineral water is best because it contains potassium and sodium ions.. Organize your workspace properly. Put objects or a picture in yellow-violet tones on the table, as these colors increase intellectual activity.

How to prepare mentally:

1. Start preparing for exams in advance, little by little, in parts, keeping calm;

2. If it is very difficult to gather strength and thoughts, you should first try to remember the easiest, and then move on to studying difficult material;

3. Daily perform exercises that help relieve internal tension, fatigue, and achieve relaxation.

4. Perform auto-training before exams, saying the following phrases:

• I know everything.
• I studied well all year.
• I'll do well on the exam.
• I am confident in my knowledge.
• I am calm.

How to memorize a large amount of material

• Repeat material for questions. First, remember and be sure to briefly write down everything you know, and only then check the correctness of the dates, the main facts.
• When reading a textbook, highlight the main thoughts - these are the strong points of the answer. Learn how to write a short answer plan separately for each question on small pieces of paper.
• On the last day before the exam, look at the short answer sheets.
• The best way to relieve stress in students is the holidays.

3.3. How to get rid of stress

Seek help from a psychotherapist who will help you understand how you entered this state, and what to do so as not to end up in it again; remove psychological and emotional clamps;

Seek help from a doctor who will prescribe you the necessary tranquilizers, antidepressants and other medications;

Drink a soothing complex of herbs (chamomile, valerian, motherwort, hawthorn, peony);

Take daily walks in the fresh air;

Visit the bathhouse, swimming pool;

Harden the body.

3.4. Medical help for stress

Stress is a protective reaction of the body to environmental influences. Excessive stress can destroy the body. One stress can be superimposed on another, so frequent stress loads are especially dangerous.

At first, under the influence of stress, a disease called neurosis can occur. Neurosis also serves as the beginning for a number of other diseases, the main of which are:

Hypertonic disease

Atherosclerosis

Cardiac ischemia

heart attack

Stroke

Ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.

If symptoms of stress do not improve within a few weeks, a diagnostic test should be performed.
In the absence of any obvious physiological causes of stress, educational psychotherapy is recommended, which will help to master the skills of overcoming difficult life situations and extract useful developmental experience from them.

Antistress programis a set of techniques to help cope with the negative effects of stress. It can also be a preventive measure.

The purpose of the antistress complex- help a person to remain calm and balanced in any life situations. Designed for a modern person living in a tense rhythm. Program components: Breathing exercises, sauna, massage, relaxation, aromatherapy.

Conclusion

The most powerful manifestation of emotions causes a complex physiological reaction - stress. It turned out that the body responds to adverse effects of various kinds - cold, fatigue, fear, humiliation, pain, and much more - not only with a protective reaction to this effect, but also with a common, uniform complex process, regardless of which particular stimulus acts on it. Currently. It is important to emphasize that the intensity of developing adaptive activity does not depend on the physical force of the impact, but on the personal significance of the acting factor.

Stress is not only evil, not only trouble, but also a great blessing, because without stress of a different nature, our life would become like some kind of colorless and joyless vegetation.

Activity is the only way to end stress: you can’t sit it out and you won’t oversleep it. A constant focus on the brighter sides of life and on actions that can improve the situation, not only preserves health, but also contributes to success.

Nothing discourages more than failure, nothing encourages more than success.

Bibliography

1. Aizman R.I. Physiological bases of health. - Novosibirsk, 2002. - 62p.

2. Buyanova N.Yu. I know the world: an encyclopedia. - M.: AST, 2005. - 398s.

3. Degterev E.A., Sinitsyn Yu.N. Modern school management. Issue 8. - Rostov-on-Don: "Teacher", 2005. - 224p.

5. Fedorova M.Z., Kuchmenko V.S., Voronina G.A. Human Ecology: Culture of Health. - M .: "Ventana-Count", 2006. - 144 p.

6. Fedorova N.A. Home medical reference book. - M .: "Publisher Press", 1995. - 520p.

Emotions and emotional stress

Emotions are the subjectively experienced attitude of a person to various stimuli, facts, events, manifested in the form of pleasure, joy, displeasure, grief, fear, horror, etc. The emotional state is often accompanied by changes in the somatic (facial expressions, gestures) and visceral (changes in heart rate, breathing, etc.) spheres. The structural and functional basis of emotions is the limbic system, which includes a number of cortical, subcortical and stem structures of the brain.

The formation of emotions is subject to certain patterns. Thus, the strength of emotion, its quality and sign (positive or negative) depend on the characteristics of the need and the probability of its satisfaction. The time factor also plays an important role in the emotional reaction; therefore, short and, as a rule, intense reactions are called affects, but long and not very expressive - sentiments.

A low probability of satisfying a need usually leads to negative emotions, increasing the probability - positive.

Emotions perform an important function of evaluating an event, an object, and annoyance in general. In addition, emotions are behavioral regulators, since their mechanisms are aimed at strengthening the active state of the brain (in the case of positive emotions) or weakening it (in the case of negative ones). And, finally, emotions play a reinforcing role in the formation of conditioned reflexes, and positive emotions play the main role in this.

A negative assessment of any impact on a person, his psyche can cause a general systemic reaction of the body - emotional stress(tension) caused by negative emotions. It can arise due to exposure, situations that the brain evaluates as negative, because there is no way to protect yourself from them, get rid of them. Consequently, the nature of the reaction depends on the person's personal attitude to the event.

Due to the social motives of behavior in a modern person, emotional stresses of tension caused by psychogenic factors (for example, conflict relations between people) have become widespread. Suffice it to say that myocardial infarction in seven cases out of ten is caused by a conflict situation.

A sharp decrease in physical activity had a noticeable effect on the mental health of a modern person, which violated the natural physiological mechanisms of stress, the final link of which should be movement.

When stress is applied, the pituitary and adrenal glands are activated, the hormones of which cause an increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn cause an increase in the work of the cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems - all this contributes to the growth of human performance. This initial stage of stress, the restructuring stage that mobilizes the body to act against the stressor, is called " anxiety". During this stage, the main systems of the body begin to work with great tension. In this case, in the presence of pathology or functional disorders in any system, it may not withstand, and a breakdown will occur in it (for example, if the walls of a blood vessel are affected by sclerotic changes, then with a sharp increase in blood pressure it may burst).

In the second stage of stress - " sustainability» - the secretion of hormones stabilizes, the activation of the sympathetic system remains at a high level. This allows you to cope with adverse effects and maintain high mental and physical performance.

Both first stages of stress are a single whole - eustress - this is a physiologically normal part of stress, contributing to the adaptation of a person to the situation that has arisen through an increase in his functional capabilities. But if the stressful situation lasts for a very long time or the stress factor turned out to be very powerful, then the adaptive mechanisms of the body are exhausted, and the third stage of stress develops, “ exhaustion”, when efficiency decreases, immunity falls, ulcers of the stomach and intestines form. This is a pathological form of stress and is referred to as distress.

Reduce stress or its unwanted effects can traffic, which, according to I.M. Sechenov, (1863), is the final stage of any brain activity. The exclusion of movement noticeably affects the state of the nervous system, so that the normal course of the processes of excitation and inhibition is disturbed, with the former predominating. Excitation, which does not find a “way out” in motion, disorganizes the normal functioning of the brain and the course of mental processes, due to which a person develops depression, anxiety, and a feeling of helplessness and hopelessness arises. Such symptoms often precede the development of a number of psychosomatic and somatic diseases, especially stomach and intestinal ulcers, allergies, and various tumors. Such consequences are especially characteristic of highly active people who capitulate in a seemingly hopeless situation (type A). And vice versa - if you resort to movement under conditions of stress, then there is a destruction and utilization of hormones that accompany stress itself, so that its transition to distress is excluded.

Another way to protect against the negative effects of stress is to change in attitude. To do this, it is necessary to reduce the significance of the stressful event in the eyes of a person (“it could have been worse”), which allows you to create a new focus of the dominant in the brain, which will slow down the stressful one.

At present, a particular danger to humans is information stress. The scientific and technological progress in which we live has given rise to an information boom. The amount of information accumulated by mankind is approximately doubling every decade, which means that each next generation needs to assimilate a much larger amount of information than the previous one. But at the same time, the brain does not change, which, in order to assimilate the increased amount of information, has to work with more and more stress, and information overload develops. Although the brain has enormous capabilities to assimilate information and protect itself from its excess, but in the conditions of a shortage of time for processing information, this leads to information stress. In the conditions of school education, the third factor often joins the factors of the amount of information and lack of time - motivation associated with high requirements for the student on the part of parents, society, and teachers. Diligent children experience particular difficulties. No less information overload is created by various types of professional activity.

Thus, the conditions of modern life lead to excessively strong psycho-emotional stress, causing negative reactions and conditions leading to disruptions in normal mental activity.