Definition of the concept of physical development. The essence and definition of the concepts of "physical development", "physical perfection", "physical fitness", and their relationship

Physical development- this is the process of changing the forms and functions of the human body under the influence of living conditions and education.

In the narrow sense of the word physical development understand anthropometric indicators: height, weight, chest circumference, foot size, etc. The level of physical development is determined in comparison with the normative tables.

In the textbook Kholodov Zh.K., Kuznetsova B.C. "Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Sports" determined that physical development- this is the process of formation, formation and subsequent change during the life of an individual of the morphological and functional properties of his body and the physical qualities and abilities based on them.

The physical development of a person is influenced by heredity, environment, socio-economic factors, working and living conditions, nutrition, physical activity, and sports. Features of the physical development and physique of a person largely depend on his constitution.

At each age stage, continuously occurring biological processes, which are characterized by a certain complex of morphological, functional, biochemical, mental and other properties of the body related to each other and to the external environment and due to this uniqueness of the supply of physical strength.

A good level of physical development is combined with high levels of physical fitness, muscular and mental performance.

Physical development is characterized by changes in three groups of indicators.

1. Indicators of physique (body length, body weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, the amount of fat deposition, etc.), which primarily characterize the biological forms, or morphology, of a person.

2. Indicators (criteria) of health, reflecting the morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. Of decisive importance for human health is the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc.

3. Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed abilities, endurance, etc.).

Physical development is determined by the laws of: heredity; age gradation; the unity of the organism and the environment (climatogeographic, social factors); the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of the forms and functions of the body. Indicators of physical development are of great importance for assessing the quality of life of a particular society.

Up to about 25 years of age (the period of formation and growth), most morphological indicators increase in size and body functions improve. Then, until the age of 45-50, physical development seems to be stabilized at a certain level. In the future, with aging, the functional activity of the body gradually weakens and worsens, body length, muscle mass, etc. may decrease.

The nature of physical development as a process of changing these indicators during life depends on many reasons and is determined by a number of patterns. Successfully managing physical development is possible only if these patterns are known and they are taken into account when building the process of physical education.

Physical development is to a certain extent determined laws of heredity, which should be taken into account as factors that favor or, conversely, hinder the physical improvement of a person. Heredity, in particular, should be taken into account when predicting a person's ability and success in sports.

The process of physical development is also subject to the law of age gradation. It is possible to intervene in the process of human physical development in order to manage it only on the basis of taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the human body in different age periods: in the period of formation and growth, in the period of the highest development of its forms and functions, in the period of aging.

The process of physical development is subject to the law of unity of organism and environment and, therefore, significantly depends on the conditions of human life. The conditions of life are primarily social conditions. The conditions of life, work, upbringing and material support to a large extent affect the physical condition of a person and determine the development and change in the forms and functions of the body. The geographic environment also has a certain influence on physical development.

Of great importance for the management of physical development in the process of physical education are the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of the forms and functions of the organism in its activity. These laws are the starting point when choosing the means and methods of physical education in each case. Therefore, choosing physical exercises and determining the magnitude of their loads, according to the law of exercise capacity, one can count on the necessary adaptive changes in the body of those involved.

When doing physical exercises, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the physique of those involved. Body type - sizes, shapes, proportions and features of body parts, as well as features of the development of bone, fat and muscle tissues. There are three main body type. For an athletic person normosthenics) is characterized by well-defined muscles, it is strong and broad in the shoulders. Astenik- This is a person with weak muscles, it is difficult for him to build strength and muscle volume. Hypersthenic has a strong skeleton and, as a rule, loose muscles. These are people who tend to be overweight. However, in its pure form, these body types are rare.

The size and shape of the body of each person is genetically programmed. This hereditary program is implemented in the course of successive morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations of the organism from its inception to the end of life. This is the constitutional body type of a person, but this is not only the body itself, but also a program for its future physical development.

The main components of body weight are muscle, bone and adipose tissue. Their ratio largely depends on the conditions of motor activity and nutrition. Age-related changes, various diseases, increased physical activity change the size and shape of the body.

Among the dimensions of the body, total (whole) and partial (part) are distinguished.

Total(general) body measurements - main indicators physical development person. These include body length and weight, as well as chest circumference.

Partial(partial) dimensions of the body are terms of the total size and characterize the size of individual parts of the body.

Most anthropometric indicators have significant individual fluctuations. The total dimensions of the body depend on its length and weight, chest circumference. The proportions of the body are determined by the ratio of the size of the trunk, limbs and their segments. For example, to achieve high sports results in basketball, high growth and long limbs are of great importance.

Body dimensions are important indicators (along with other parameters characterizing physical development) are important parameters of sports selection and sports orientation. As you know, the task of sports selection is to select children who are most suitable in connection with the requirements of the sport. The problem of sports orientation and sports selection is complex, requiring the use of pedagogical, psychological and biomedical methods.

Physical development is a complex of morpho-functional indicators that are closely related to physical performance and the level of the biological state of the individual at a given particular moment in time.

The assessment of physical development is based on the parameters of growth, body weight, the proportions of development of individual parts of the body, as well as the degree of development of the functional abilities of his body (vital capacity of the lungs, muscle strength of the hands, etc.; muscle development and muscle tone, posture, musculoskeletal apparatus, development of the subcutaneous fat layer, tissue turgor), which depend on the differentiation and maturity of the cellular elements of organs and tissues, the functional abilities of the nervous system and the endocrine apparatus]. Historically, physical development has been judged mainly by external morphological characteristics. However, the value of such data immeasurably increases in combination with data on the functional parameters of the organism. That is why for an objective assessment of physical development, morphological parameters should be considered together with indicators of the functional state.

Aerobic endurance is the ability to perform moderate work for a long time and resist fatigue. The aerobic system uses oxygen to convert carbohydrates into energy sources. With long sessions, fats and, in part, proteins are also involved in this process, which makes aerobic training almost ideal for fat loss.

Speed endurance is the ability to withstand fatigue in submaximal speed loads.

Strength endurance - the ability to withstand fatigue with sufficiently long loads of a power nature. Strength endurance shows how much the muscles can create repeated efforts and for how long to maintain such activity.

Speed-strength endurance is the ability to perform sufficiently long-term exercises of a power nature at maximum speed.

Flexibility - the ability of a person to perform movements with a large amplitude due to the elasticity of muscles, tendons and ligaments. Good flexibility reduces the risk of injury during exercise.

Speed - the ability to alternate between muscle contraction and relaxation as quickly as possible.

Dynamic muscle strength - the ability to maximize the rapid (explosive) manifestation of effort with heavy weights or body weight. In this case, a short-term release of energy occurs, which does not require oxygen, as such. The growth of muscle strength is often accompanied by an increase in muscle volume and density - the "building" of muscles. In addition to the aesthetic value, enlarged muscles are less prone to damage and contribute to weight control, since muscle tissue requires more calories than fat, even during rest.

Dexterity is the ability to perform coordination-complex motor actions.

Body composition is the ratio of fat, bone and muscle tissues of the body. This ratio, in part, shows the state of health and fitness depending on weight and age. Excess adipose tissue increases the risk of heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, etc.

Height-weight characteristics and body proportions - these parameters characterize the size, body weight, distribution of body mass centers, physique. These parameters determine the effectiveness of certain motor actions and the "suitability" of using the athlete's body for certain sports achievements.

An important indicator of a person's physical development is posture - a complex morpho-functional characteristic of the musculoskeletal system. As well as his health, an objective indicator of which are positive trends in the above indicators.

Physical development is characterized by changes in three groups of indicators.

Physique indicators (body length, body weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, fat deposition, etc.), which primarily characterize the biological forms, or morphology, of a person. physical development organism ontogeny

2. Indicators (criteria) of health, reflecting the morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. Of decisive importance for human health is the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc.
3. Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed abilities, endurance, etc.).

The process of physical development obeys the law of the unity of the organism and the environment and, therefore, essentially depends on the conditions of human life. The conditions of life are primarily social conditions. The conditions of life, work, upbringing and material support to a large extent affect the physical condition of a person and determine the development and change in the forms and functions of the body. The geographic environment also has a certain influence on physical development.

Of great importance for the management of physical development in the process of physical education are the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of the forms and functions of the body in its activity. These laws are the starting point when choosing the means and methods of physical education in each case.

Choosing physical exercises and determining the magnitude of their loads, according to the law of exercise capacity, one can count on the necessary adaptive changes in the body of those involved. This takes into account that the body functions as a whole. Therefore, when choosing exercises and loads, mainly of selective effects, it is necessary to clearly imagine all aspects of their influence on the body.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT is a natural process of age-related changes in the morphological and functional properties of the human body during its life.

The concept of physical development includes the morphofunctional constitution of a person. The human constitution is a complex of individual physiological and anatomical features of the human body, which are formed on the basis of hereditary and properties acquired under the influence of social and natural conditions.

Physical development depends on genetic factors, while heredity plays a significant role in the characteristics of the dynamics of physical development and physique, and environmental conditions (social, climatic, geographical, etc.).
To determine physical development, anthropometric measurements are carried out, and various indices are used to evaluate it. Indices are indicators of physical development, which are ratios of individual anthropometric features expressed in a priori mathematical formulas.

The study of the level of physical development of children and adolescents is carried out according to the method of determining sigma deviations. The use of this method is based on comparing the indicators of the physical development of the subject (height, weight, OGK, etc.) with the arithmetic mean values of these signs (M) taken from the table of standards.

ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS is a complex of morphological and functional data characterizing the age and sex characteristics of physical development.

The following anthropometric indicators are distinguished:

Somatometric;

Physiometric;

Somatoscopic.

The somatometric indicators are:

· Growth- body length.

The greatest body length is observed in the morning. In the evening, as well as after intensive physical exercises, growth may decrease by 2 cm or more. After exercise with weights and a barbell, height may decrease by 3-4 cm or more due to compaction of the intervertebral discs.

· The weight- it is more correct to say "body weight".

Body weight is an objective indicator of health status. It changes in the course of physical exercises, especially at the initial stages. This occurs as a result of the release of excess water and the burning of fat. Then the weight stabilizes, and in the future, depending on the direction of the training, it begins to decrease or increase. It is advisable to control body weight in the morning on an empty stomach.

To determine the normal weight, various weight and height indices are used. In particular, it is widely used in practice Brock index- Brugsha:, according to which normal body weight is calculated as follows:

For people 155-165 cm tall:

optimal weight = body length - 100

For people 165-175 cm tall:

optimal weight = body length - 105

For people 175 cm tall and above:

optimal weight = body length - 110

More accurate information about the ratio of physical weight and body constitution is given by a method that, in addition to growth, also takes into account the circumference of the chest:

Body weight (weight) for adults is calculated by the Bernhard formula:

Weight \u003d (height x chest volume) / 240

The formula makes it possible to take into account the features of the physique.

· circles- volumes of the body in its various zones.

Usually they measure the circumference of the chest, waist, forearm, shoulder, hip, etc. A centimeter tape is used to measure the circumference of the body.

The circumference of the chest is measured in three phases: during normal quiet breathing, maximum inhalation and maximum exhalation. The difference between the values of the circles during inhalation and exhalation characterizes the excursion of the chest (ECC). The average value of EGC usually ranges from 5-7 cm.

Waist circumference, hips, etc. are used, as a rule, to control the figure.

The physical parameters are:

· Vital capacity (VC)- the volume of air received at the maximum exhalation made after the maximum inspiration.

VC is measured with a spirometer: having previously taken 1-2 breaths, the subject takes a maximum breath and smoothly blows air into the mouthpiece of the spirometer to failure. Measurement is carried out 2-3 times in a row, the best result is recorded.

Average indicators of VC:

In men 3500-4200 ml,

Women 2500-3000 ml,

Athletes have 6000-7500 ml.

· Breathing rate- the number of complete respiratory cycles per unit of time (eg, per minute).

Normally, the respiratory rate of an adult is 14-18 times per minute. When loaded, it increases by 2-2.5 times.

· Oxygen consumption- the amount of oxygen used by the body at rest or during exercise in 1 minute.

At rest, a person consumes an average of 250-300 ml of oxygen per minute. With physical activity, this value increases.

The largest amount of oxygen that the body can consume per minute during maximum muscular work is called maximum oxygen consumption (IPC).

· Dynamometry- determination of the flexion force of the hand.

The flexion force of the hand is determined by a special device - a dynamometer, measured in kg.

Right-handers have average strength values right hand:

For men 35-50 kg;

For women 25-33 kg.

Average strength values left hand usually 5-10 kg less.

When dynamometry, it is important to take into account both absolute and relative strength, i.e. correlated with body weight.

To determine relative strength, the arm strength result is multiplied by 100 and divided by the body weight.

For example, a young man weighing 75 kg showed the strength of the right hand 52 kg.:

52 x 100 / 75 = 69.33%

Average indicators of relative strength:

In men, 60-70% of body weight;

In women, 45-50% of body weight.

Somatoscopic parameters include:

· Posture- the usual pose of a casually standing person.

At correct posture in a well physically developed person, the head and torso are on the same vertical, the chest is raised, the lower limbs are straightened at the hip and knee joints.

At bad posture the head is slightly tilted forward, the back is stooped, the chest is flat, the stomach is protruding.

· body type- characterized by the width of the skeletal bones.

There are the following body types: asthenic (narrow-boned), normosthenic (normo-osseous), hypersthenic (broad-boned).

Determination of the thickness of skin-fat folds. To measure the thickness of the skin-fat folds, a special device called a caliper is used. When measuring, special attention should be paid to its calibration. The pressure of the caliper legs should not exceed 10 g per 1 mm 2 of the skin surface. The area captured by the fingers of the skin should be at least 20-40 mm 2 . Measurements must be carried out in strictly established places. Usually determine the thickness of 8 longitudinal skin-fat folds:

1. in the back area - under the lower angle of the scapula;

2. in the chest area - along the axillary edge of the pectoralis major muscle;

3. in the abdomen - on the right near the navel;

4. on the front surface of the shoulder - above the biceps muscle (approximately in the middle of the shoulder);

5. on the back of the shoulder - above the triceps muscle of the shoulder (approximately in the middle of the shoulder);

6. on the dorsum of the hand - in the middle of the ΙΙΙ of the metacarpal bone;

7. on the front surface of the thigh - above the rectus femoris, slightly below the inguinal ligament;

8. on the posterior surface of the lower leg in the region of the outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle.

To anthropometric tools include:

1. metal rod anthropometer of the Martin system, which can simultaneously serve as a rod compass;

2. wooden easel stadiometer;

3. large and small thick compasses;

4. sliding compass;

5. millimetric (metal, linen or rubberized) tapes up to 1.5-2 m long;

6. medical scales with measurement accuracy up to 50 g;

7. caliper;

8. dynamometers (carpal, deadlift);

9. goniometers;

10. stop meters.

Martin's metal rod anthropometer and wooden easel height meter make it possible to determine with a high degree of accuracy (up to 0.2-0.5 cm) the length of the subject's body in a standing or sitting position. In addition, using a metal anthropometer, you can determine the longitudinal dimensions of the body (the length of the shoulder, forearm, hand, entire upper limb, thigh, lower leg, entire lower limb, etc.), which cannot be done with a wooden stadiometer.

Thickness and sliding compasses are used to determine through dimensions, i.e. distances between two points projected onto a line parallel to the axis being measured. Thick compasses, in contrast to sliding, resembling rod compasses, have arcuately curved legs, allowing you to measure the distances between points of the body that lie deeper than the surrounding parts of the body, and which cannot be fixed by the straight legs of a sliding or rod compass.

Millimeter metal or rubberized linen tapes are used to determine the perimeters (circumferences, girths) of the body and its segments.

The caliper is used to measure the thickness of skin-fat folds. This device has a specially calibrated spring, which makes it possible in each case to produce identical pressure on the crease.

Dynamometers (carpal, deadlift) have recently been used to measure the strength not only of the flexor muscles of the hand and the extensor muscles of the body, but also of many other muscle groups (Fig. 7).

Goniometers (Mollison, Gamburtsev, Sermeev, Yatskevich) - devices for determining mobility in the joints in degrees. The total mobility in all the studied joints makes it possible to characterize such a physical quality of a person as flexibility.

Physical development- a biological process characterized at each age stage by certain anatomical and physiological features.

What is meant by "physical development"?

In anthropological terms, physical development is understood as a complex of morpho-functional properties that determine the stock of the body's physical strength. In the hygienic interpretation, physical development acts as an integral result of the impact of environmental factors on the body, and social factors are undeniably invested, united by the concept of "lifestyle" of the individual (housing and living conditions, nutrition, physical activity, etc.). Given the biological nature of the concept of "physical development", the latter also reflects the biological risk factors for its deviations (ethnic differences).

Disputes around the relationship between physical development and health status are mainly methodological in nature and are associated with the definition of what is primary in this combination: physical development determines the level of health, or the level of health - physical development. However, a direct relationship between these two indicators is absolutely unambiguous - the higher the level of health, the higher the level of physical development.

Today, the generally accepted definition of physical development should be considered as follows: "Physical development is a set of morphological and functional features in their relationship and dependence on environmental conditions that characterize the process of maturation and functioning of the body at any given moment in time." Such a definition covers both meanings of the concept of "physical development": on the one hand, it characterizes the development process, its correspondence to biological age, on the other hand, the morpho-functional state for each period of time.

The physical development of children and adolescents is subject to biological laws and reflects the general patterns of growth and development of the body:

The younger the child's body, the more intense the processes of growth and development proceed in it;

· the processes of growth and development proceed unevenly and each age period is characterized by certain anatomical and physiological features;

Gender differences are observed in the course of growth and development processes.

Monitoring the physical development of children and adolescents is an integral part of the work of both a doctor and a teacher, of any children's team. This is of particular relevance to the work of a physical education teacher who directly provides for the physical development of a child, so he must be proficient in the methodology of anthropometric measurements and be able to correctly assess the level of physical development.

As a rule, the complex level of physical development of children is checked during mandatory medical examinations. Such an examination should be preceded by an anthropometric examination of children with an assessment of the degree of their physical development.

The volume of mandatory anthropometric studies is differentiated depending on the age of the child: up to 3 years standing height, body weight, chest circumference at rest, head circumference; from 3 to 7 years old - standing height, body weight, chest circumference at rest, at maximum inhalation and exhalation.

The leading anthropometric features that carry evaluation information for determining the degree of physical development of the child are height, weight and chest circumference at rest. As for the indicators included in the anthropometric examination program, such as head circumference (in children under 3 years of age) and the chest perimeter on inhalation and exhalation (in schoolchildren), they carry therapeutic information and to assess the degree and harmony of the physical development of the relationship Dont Have.

To assess the physical development of children and adolescents, determine:

1. Somatometric signs - body length (height), body weight, chest circumference.

2. Somatoscopic signs - the condition of the skin, mucous membranes, subcutaneous fat layer, musculoskeletal system; the shape of the chest and spine, the degree of sexual development.

3. Physiometric signs - vital capacity, muscle strength, blood pressure, pulse.

4. State of health.

Physical development is one of the most important features that determine the level of health of the population.

Physical development- a complex of morphological and functional properties of an organism that determine the mass, density, shape of the body, structural and mechanical qualities and are expressed by the reserve of its physical strength.

The level of physical development is influenced by a complex of socio-biological, medical-social, organizational, natural-climatic factors.

The main signs of physical development are:

1. Anthropometric, i.e. based on changes in the size of the body, human skeleton and including:

a) somatometric - the dimensions of the body and its parts;

b) osteometric - the size of the skeleton and its parts;

c) craniometric - the dimensions of the skull.

2. Anthroscopic, based on the description of the body as a whole and its individual parts. Anthroscopic signs include: the development of the fat layer, muscles, the shape of the chest, back, abdomen, legs, pigmentation, hairline, secondary sexual characteristics, etc.

3. Physiometric signs, i.e. signs that determine the physiological state, the functional capabilities of the body. Usually they are measured using special instruments. In particular, these include: vital capacity of the lungs (measured with a spirometer), muscle strength of the hands (measured with a dynamometer), etc.

The Importance of Growth Assessment:

ü Clinical and diagnostic significance of the assessment of physical development - determination of constitutional predisposition, risk of diseases and constitutional features of the course of the disease. In obstetrics, the measurement of a woman's pelvis allows you to determine the tactics of childbirth.

ü Anthropometric indicators are used to monitor the physical development of children and evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing recreational activities. They are necessary to determine the mode of life and physical activity of the child.

ü Assessment of biological age is important for determining school maturity, sports capabilities of a child, and is used in forensic medical practice.

ü In statistics, a number of anthropometric indicators are the most important criteria for defining such concepts as "live birth",

ü “stillbirth”, “prematurity”, “body weight at birth”, etc.

ü In hygiene, indicators of physical development help determine fitness for military service and the type of troops.

ü Medical and social significance: the definition of social well-being in society.

Disorders of physical development may indicate unfavorable conditions and lifestyle of the child and should be one of the criteria for determining the level of social risk of the family, highlighting the social disadvantage of families.

The study of physical development includes:

1) the study of physical development and its patterns in various age and sex groups of the population and shifts over certain periods of time;

2) dynamic monitoring of physical development and health in the same teams;

3) development of measures of regional age and gender standards for individual and group assessment of the physical development of children;

4) evaluation of the effectiveness of recreational activities.

Anthropometry tools: anthropometer, stadiometer, centimeter tape, thick and sliding compasses, compasses-caliers, etc. Anthroposcopy uses scales, dummies, schemes. Physiometry is carried out on special devices. Photography can also be used (the so-called stereophotogrammetry method).

Observation of the physical development of children begins from the moment of birth and continues regularly in children's clinics, preschool institutions, and schools within the time limits established by special orders. The results of the assessment are entered into the "History of the development of the newborn" (f. 097 / y), the "Medical record of the child" (f. 025 / y). In the adult population, regular assessment of physical development is not performed.

To study, analyze and evaluate physical development, generalizing and individualizing observation methods .

generalizing method. Calculation of average data of physical development in a group of children.

Individualizing method- monitoring the development of each individual child.

To obtain average indicators of physical development, a survey of large groups of practically healthy people of various ages and sexes is carried out. The obtained average indicators are the standards of physical development of the corresponding groups of the population.

There are no generally accepted standards for physical development (depending on location, climate ..). Local or regional physical development standards are determined. Local standards should be updated after about 5 years due to constantly changing conditions and lifestyles.

An assessment of the physical development of an individual is carried out by comparing his indicators with standards and determining the degree of deviation from the average values.

Assessment of physical development should be carried out on the basis of all morphological and functional characteristics, taking into account other health indicators. Children from the moment of birth, pre-conscripts, pregnant women and other categories of the population are subject to mandatory control over physical development.