X-ray examination of the genitourinary system. What does a bladder x-ray show? Where is this research done?

x-ray Bladder- a type of contrast study. The study allows you to detect changes in shape and pathological formations (x-ray syndrome "minus-shadow"). It has a high degree of reliability. It is used in urology and surgery.

An alternative replacement for this radiodiagnosis can only be magnetic resonance angiography. These research methods have different goals and purposes, so they should not be compared.

What does a contrast x-ray of the urinary system show?

X-ray of the bladder and kidneys with contrast agent

Contrast x-ray urinary system shows the following diseases:

stones;
foreign bodies;
tumors;
diverticula;
chronic cystitis;
pathological narrowing;
fistulas (artificial passages between organs);
vesicoureteral reflux.

Contrast radiography of the bladder is performed to evaluate the causes of urinary incontinence. It allows you to analyze the excretory function of the kidneys. 24 minutes after contrast injection, physiologically at normal operation of the renal excretory system in the projection of the pelvis and calyces, only the remains of iodine radiopaque urographin can be traced. If a lot of the substance is retained, a slowdown in urine excretion can be suspected.

Should a child be afraid of cystography with contrast

Cystography is prescribed for children starting from the 5th month. Some parents are afraid of the procedure, as it involves radiation and contrast injections.

Cystography is prescribed to detect a serious pathology, therefore it is necessary if recommended by a doctor.

In order not to be afraid, we describe the stages of the procedure to parents:

A urinary catheter (a tube for injecting contrast) is inserted through the urethra.
A contrast agent is given before and after urination.
If x-rays are performed on small children, anesthesia is administered.
Preparation requires fasting and cessation of fluid intake 3 hours before the examination.
The duration of the cystography is 10 minutes.
After 20 minutes, the child can be given food and drink (when he wakes up from anesthesia).

Doctors observe the baby for 2 hours after X-ray diagnostics. During this time, the bladder should empty, the removal is carried out urinary contrast.

At home, the child should be given furagin to drink to prevent inflammation.

Obviously, there is nothing to be afraid of, since side effects are rare.

How is an x-ray of the urinary system done?

An x-ray of the urinary system and bladder can be:

ascending;
descending.

An ascending x-ray is taken after contrasting urinary tract. For these purposes, 150-200 ml of the substance is enough. The patient is advised to bend the knees and hip joints.

The vertical direction of the central beam during exposure allows a clear visualization of the bladder. So that the shadows of the pubic bones do not overlap, it is necessary to conduct a study in three intersecting planes: right and left oblique, axial.

Ascending is carried out using urinary catheter(as in the above example).

Descending urography is performed simultaneously with excretory urography 30 minutes to 1 hour after the contrast enters the bloodstream. By this time, the substance densely fills the bubble and provides a clear visualization of the contours of the organ.

A descending study is used when, for certain reasons, a catheter should be inserted into the bladder, showing the structure of the urethra, bladder, and the location of the prostate gland.

What does the bladder look like in the picture

In the picture, the normal bladder is characterized the following indicators:

pyramidal or oblong shape;
oval or rounded contours.

What does the genitourinary system look like on x-rays in women, men and children:

In women, the shape of the bladder is oval. His transverse dimension more longitudinal. On the cystogram, the concavity of the outer contour is visualized.
In children, the organ is pear-shaped. It is turned with a narrowed part to pubic bones. Physiologically, the bubble shadow is located at the level of the pubic symphysis.

When cystography with liquid contrast, tumors of the small pelvis (adenoma, calculi, diverticula) are clearly visible. On the axial radiograph in men, a triangular shape of the organ can be traced. Saccular protrusions at the same time look like areas of enlightenment against the background of an intense metallic shadow.

Fibromyomas and an increase in the size of the uterus during contrasting take a saddle shape. Depending on the position of the uterus, the compression may be located in the middle part of the bladder.

Asymmetric deformation causes the most bizarre forms, which the radiologist classifies as a sign of pathological changes.

Cystocele - pathological displacement bladder, in which the lower contour is below the pubic symphysis. X-ray in this disease is valuable before planning surgical operation.

Contraindications for radiodiagnosis of the urinary tract

Contraindication for X-ray diagnostics urinary tract are:

Acute inflammatory processes urethra.
Diseases of the seminal vesicles and prostate.

The above conditions are not contraindicated in ascending cystography.

In conclusion, I would like to note that an X-ray of the urinary tract of a child is performed when urgent need, as it has a radiation load on the pelvic organs. Cystography for adults is carried out on the basis of the study.

Research of the urinary system by X-ray methods remains the most high-quality and promising. Over the long period of existence of this diagnostic method, its gradual development can be noted.

To establish the correct diagnosis for problems with the urinary system, the doctor may prescribe an examination such as cystography of the bladder and kidneys. What kind of technique is this and how cystography is done in children, as well as adults, we will consider in the article.

Cystography is a method of examining the bladder using x-rays. It is used in the urological field of medicine in order to detect pathology in the urinary tract of the body. Its essence is to fill the organ with a special contrast. An x-ray diagnostic tool, together with a contrast solution, it gives a certain amount of radiation to the body, therefore, cystography is prescribed strictly according to indications.

On this moment V medical science There are three types of cystography:

ascending (retrograde) cystography;
descending or intravenous cystography;
voiding cystography.

The best method is the ascending variant of cystography, because. when descending - urine with contrast accumulates in the reservoir only after 60 minutes.

Doctors sometimes use anesthesia when performing a cystogram.

Features of the types of cystography

The principle of ascending cystography is that a solution with a contrast property is injected into the bladder using a catheter. It stains the organ, and the doctor can see the outline of the organ, its volume, the presence of reflux, trauma. The normal bladder in men is round, in women it is oval, and in children it is pear-shaped.

With the descending (excretory) version of the procedure, the contrast agent is injected intravenously and it enters the kidneys with the blood stream, and the bladder with urine.

The micturition view is based on radiography during urination. At this moment, the contrast fills the urination canal, so the doctor can see all its defects. The contrast is injected through a catheter into the urinary tract, then the person needs to urinate. During this, a series of shots are taken, the last one upon completion of the emptying of the bladder.

With ascending urography, all the same pathologies are determined as with the descending variant, but the picture will be clearer, and vesicoureteral reflux is also determined.

Application area

The cystographic technique is most often used to confirm the existing diagnosis. Its indications are very broad. It is prescribed for infants to identify abnormalities in the development of the urinary tract (double bladder, atresia). For an adult patient, cystography is prescribed in a situation where the doctor suspects neoplastic diseases, tuberculosis urinary organs, diverticula of the bladder and other diseases of the urinary system. The presence of stones and sand, nephrotic syndrome are also indications for such a study. Shows cystography and the presence of reflux, rupture, various complications after infections, tuberculosis, prostate cancer. Do it with urinary incontinence. Be sure to carry out cystography for traumatic injuries, with fistulous openings between the intestine and the bladder.

Radionuclide cystography is used to detect vesicoureteral reflux, it is based on the introduction of labeled proteins injected with contrast

Contraindications

To minimize dangerous consequences cystography, it should be remembered that there are situations in which it is not permissible to use it. Most often this concerns ascending cystography due to the method of contrast injection (namely, into the bladder itself). This examination cannot be carried out if:

the presence of blood in the urine (the diagnostician may mistake clots for stones);
formations and inflammation in the urinary organs (cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, prostatitis).

With hematuria, examination is prohibited due to the fact that the accumulation of blood in the picture is very similar to the tumor process in the organ. And the contrast also changes the shade of urine, which complicates the diagnosis of hematuria.

The descending type of cystography has almost the same contraindications as the ascending one.

How to prepare?

Preparation depends on the technique of cystography. If this is a retrograde variation of it, then such a study needs to follow a diet; for good visualization of organs, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of gas-producing foods (legumes, cabbage, confectionery, soda) for two days before cystography. It is recommended to drink tea with fennel or dill water. It is forbidden to drink liquid that can change the color of urine.

It is important to observe the hygiene of the external genitalia, from this in to a large extent depends on the likelihood of complications.

In addition, you need to make sure that the child has a bowel movement. If he has a tendency to constipation, then laxatives should be taken.

Lactulose is ideal as a laxative

And with a descending patient, you only need contrast and a syringe to administer it. Both can be freely bought at the pharmacy.

Be sure to consult a specialist before cystography, the doctor must give a conclusion that there is no allergy to contrast. Also, parents should explain to their baby before doing the procedure that there may be pain during its execution.

Stages and principle of carrying out

All moms and dads are wondering how cystography is done in children, is such a study dangerous? Parents must give written permission before using this method of disease detection.

There are several steps in the procedure:

a test is made that excludes an allergic reaction in a child to contrast (in children, contrast is usually used, which has a liquid consistency due to their greater resistance to destruction);
First of all, you need to remove all jewelry;
if necessary, remove underwear;
the bladder is emptied;
the child is placed with his back on the x-ray machine;
contrast is injected through a catheter for retrograde cystography, which is then clipped so that the contrast agent does not leak out (for children early age the amount of contrast is not more than 50-100 ml, children over 12 years old are injected with about three hundred milliliters);
carry out the introduction of contrast through a vein with excretory cystography;
if cystography is performed in a male, then a protective plate is placed at the location of the testicles
take a picture of the kidneys, bladder, ureters in order to determine the clarity of the image and the location of the organs;
a number of pictures should be taken in the position on the side, on the back at the time of the introduction of the substance and later;
after the catheter is removed, urination occurs and a picture is also taken;
after the procedure is completed, the child must be supervised medical staff, he should also observe bed rest during the day.

X-rays are used during cystography

Boys are most often prescribed excretory (descending) cystography, this is due to the peculiarity of the structure of the urethra, which makes it difficult to place a catheter.

For newborns, such a procedure is prescribed only in the most extreme cases. This is due to the fact that exposure to x-rays has a very detrimental effect on the baby's body.

Typically, the physician precise setting diagnosis in addition to cystography prescribes general analyzes blood and urine, as well as blood biochemistry.

It is important that the exact amount is calculated contrast agent. It is determined by the special Tischel formula.

Some features of the procedure through the eyes of the patient

Perhaps the most unpleasant moment for those who are afraid of injections will be the introduction of contrast into the vessel. But this is only with excretory variation.

And with retrograde, the procedure will begin with the fact that the patient will be catheterized. This is the most painful moment in this case.

As a rule, the doctor, when inserting a catheter into the urethra, uses an anesthetic, which also facilitates its passage. They mostly use Kathejel.

After the water contrast, the catheter tube is removed. At this moment, there is a sharp urge to urinate, it must be restrained.

You need to know that the introduction of contrast and the placement of a catheter in a descending procedure, as well as the implementation of images, is the responsibility of the nursing staff. The doctor evaluates the result.

With retrograde cystography, the doctor himself puts a catheter, injects a contrast agent.

Regarding the duration of the procedure, the descending option is longer, it is carried out for at least an hour. It is during this time that the contrast solution enters from bloodstream into the bladder. On average, everything takes about 120 minutes. This is taking into account preparatory phase and deciphering the result.

Retrograde procedure requires no less time. This is due to the long preparation for the installation of the catheter.

Evaluation of results

After receiving images and test results, the doctor can give an accurate conclusion about the presence or absence of pathology. Based on the diagnosis made by the doctor, the patient can be referred to a hospital or can be treated on an outpatient basis. If tumor formations, ruptures are found, then surgical treatment will be prescribed.

Possible Complications

The consequences of cystography are often. This is especially true of the excretory. The most common is allergy. Such a reaction manifests itself in the form of hives or an attack of lack of air. With such a complication, the patient needs immediate administration hormonal agent, which stops the attack.

It may also develop toxic effect on the kidneys. This condition will make itself felt with a headache, acetone smell mouth, weakness. In this case, you need to place the subject in the intensive care unit and carry out infusions and detoxification.

And with ascending, such complications do not develop, because. contrast is injected into the urethra. Most often, urinary tract infections are observed, but if the doctor is inexperienced, then damage or rupture of the mucous membrane of the organs under study may occur. Elderly men often have acute delay urine. This happens due to the fact that the receptor apparatus in the bladder is excited when the solution is injected, this leads to a spasm of the sphincter. Such a complication is defined by the inability to urinate after the end of the study.

It is important to know that cystography is far from safe procedure, so before it is necessary to conduct an ultrasound urinary system, it is likely that the above examination is simply not needed.

Bladder x-ray or cystography- X-ray of the bladder, which is used to diagnose diseases associated with prostate and directly from bladder. The cystogram gives a complete picture of the described organs; an X-ray examination can show tumors, stones and sand, foreign bodies and chronic cystitis.

Indications

Indications for an x-ray of the bladder are following states: abdominal trauma, neurogenic bladder(violation of the innervation of the bladder), urinary incontinence, suspected neoplasm in the bladder, recurrent cystitis, urolithiasis disease, foreign bodies in the bladder, vesicoureteral reflux (reflux of urine from the bladder into the ureters).

Preparation

Special preparation before an X-ray examination of the bladder is required from the patient. Before the start of the X-ray examination the patient must observe for several days special diet. The diet should contain a minimum of carbohydrates. Before the actual bladder X-ray, the patient must have a complete bowel movement. Absolute contraindication- this is pregnancy. According to the indications, cystography for a child can be done at any age.

Price

The cost of cystography (bladder X-ray) in Moscow ranges from 900 to 13,550 rubles. average price is 4480 rubles.

Where to get a cystogram (x-ray of the bladder)?

Our portal contains all the clinics where you can do cystography (bladder X-ray) in Moscow. Choose a clinic that suits your price and location and make an appointment on our website or by phone.

For a detailed diagnosis of diseases of the urinary system, ultrasound is often not enough. IN urological practice Bladder cystography is successfully used - diagnostic method based on the integration of contrast and radiography. The examination belongs to the category of endoscopic, and has three types of conduct.

Prerogative aspects and disadvantages

Like any research method internal organs, cystography has certain advantages and disadvantages. The first are the absence age restrictions, minimal radiation exposure, prompt delivery of results, the availability of several examination options, and the ability to choose the optimal type individually, high information content. Modern equipment allows you to save the results of diagnostics on a digital medium.

The second category is the possible pain, allergic reactions to a contrast agent, complications from an illiterate examination, psycho-emotional discomfort. Certain difficulties exist during the procedure for children. First, the diagnosis is accompanied painful sensations Secondly, the child must be kept in a static state.

Where possible, physicians replace this study more comfortable method Ultrasound, but in case of urgent need, the procedure is carried out regardless of the age of the small patient (starting from six months). You can read more about pediatric cystography.

Diagnostic options

Urological examination is performed to identify possible pathologies organs of the urinary system and determine their stage. Diagnosis refers to radiological methods with a preliminary injection of a contrast agent into the body. The contrast may be in gaseous or liquid form. Its distribution in the examined area makes it possible to visualize the affected areas of the genitourinary sphere on an x-ray.

Cystography options are classified according to the method of introducing contrast and the technique of the procedure. Main types: retrograde cystography, otherwise ascending, excretory (descending), voiding cystography. The decision on the choice of the examination option is made by the urologist, depending on the individual indications of the patient.

excretory

This option is based on the introduction of a contrast agent into the blood. In natural circulation, the drug is delivered by the bloodstream to the kidneys, from where it enters the bladder with urine. The patient is intravenous injection contrast, x-rays are taken at hourly intervals. Descending cystography is prescribed less frequently than others due to the time duration of the study. This type of examination is recommended when, in addition to the ureters and bladder, it is necessary to assess the shape, outline and anatomical location of the kidneys.

Bottom-up technique

The retrograde method is more informative, while the diagnosis is shorter in time. This effect is achieved because the contrast agent is injected directly into the bladder through the opening in the urethra. Bypassing the bloodstream, the contrast is more quickly distributed throughout the urinary organs and gives a clear picture on the radiograph.

Voiding cystography

The survey takes place in three stages. Initially, contrast is introduced through urethra as in ascending endoscopy. Radiography is done in the process of emptying the bladder, this allows you to assess the performance of the organ. Next, a control image of an empty bladder is taken. The technique of voiding cystography is the most complex, but allows you to establish pathological changes in organs at the initial stage of development.8

With difficult diagnosis of diseases of the urinary system, it is possible to conduct a combined cystography (combination of methods).

Purpose of the procedure

Cystography is not performed for preventive purposes. This survey It has strict indications to conduct. IN childhood the procedure is performed only in the absence of objective results of other examinations (ultrasound, urography) or in case of developmental anomalies genitourinary system(congenital fusion of holes, double bladder, etc.). Endoscopy is performed to confirm the diagnoses suggested by the patient's complaints and in chronic diseases.

The main indications are:

traumatic injuries internal organs (ruptures);
tuberculosis of the genitourinary system;
urolithiasis (calculi or sand in the bladder and ureters);
neoplasms (cysts, polyps) and tumors (malignant and benign);
incontinence (urinary incontinence);
reflux of urine due to non-closing of the valve (vesicoureteral reflux or VUR);
abnormal deformation of organs;
fistula (fistula) in the walls of the bladder;
adenoma in men;
problems with urination (anuria, pollakiuria, stranguria);
the presence of red blood cells in the urine (microhematuria).

The procedure can be prescribed for chronic inflammatory diseases(in remission), the etiology of which could not be established through other studies

Contraindications

Regardless of the gender and age of the patient, general contraindication for all is the presence allergic reactions to the injected contrast agent. If you are prone to allergies, doctors recommend doing an allergy test before the study. Retrograde and voiding cystography is not performed with an anatomical defect of the genitourinary organs, when it is not possible to insert a catheter into the urethra.

In most cases, this prohibition applies to men and boys, due to the structure of the genitourinary organs. Other contraindications: chronic inflammatory diseases(cystitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis) in the recurrent stage, hematuria (presence of blood impurities in the urine), perinatal and lactation period for women.

Presence in urine blood clots when decoding a radiograph, it can be interpreted as calculi or neoplasms. As a result, the patient will be assigned the wrong therapy. If hematuria is suspected, an endoscopic minimally invasive examination, cystoscopy, is preliminarily performed.

Preparation for cystography

Long-term preparation for the study is not provided. The main preparatory activities are:

Elimination of foods that cause intense gas formation from the diet (cabbage, dishes from legumes, carbonated drinks). On proper nutrition need to move in 2-3 days.
Enema before examination. An enema is given two hours before the endoscopy.
Holding hygiene procedures. The external genitalia must be thoroughly washed.

Prohibited use alcoholic beverages. Patients with increased sensory (sensitivity) and unstable mentality are recommended to take sedative tinctures before the examination.

Carrying out diagnostics

The technique of carrying out all excretory and retrograde diagnosis similar. The difference lies in the way the contrast is introduced. The procedure algorithm includes the following steps:

The patient is released from jewelry, removes clothes from the lower part of the body and is placed on the couch.
The doctor takes a picture of the bladder and adjacent organs.
The healthcare professional injects contrast (into the urethra or vein). After the introduction of the drug, directly into the bladder, the catheter (tube) is clamped. At this point, it can be especially painful, so be patient. The contrast should not leak out, otherwise the procedure will be useless. With voiding cystography, after fixing the catheter, the patient empties the bladder, an x-ray is taken in the process of urination.
The filled organ with the help of an X-ray machine is removed in several projections. The patient is asked to raise lower part body at an angle of 90 degrees relative to the upper part, which is in a horizontal position.
On final stage, the catheter is removed and a control image is taken.

With an uncomplicated procedure, adult patients leave the clinic immediately after the procedure is completed, while children remain under the supervision of medical personnel for some time.

Negative consequences of the procedure are not uncommon, especially in children. Therefore, after the study, doctors recommend that you stay in bed during the day, do not eat salty, pickled and spicy food, drink more fluids (preferably water), do not lift weights. intimate life should be delayed by 1-2 weeks, depending on how you feel. Since the cystography technique involves the introduction of contrast into the body, mainly side effect is the body's response to a chemical.

With the excretory variant of the manifestation, most often, they are in the nature of an allergy:

dyspnea;
rash on the skin;
redness of the face.

In severe manifestations, a nephrotoxic effect (kidney poisoning) develops. The introduction of the drug through the urethra can cause infection, if the rules of sterility are not observed. An ill-placed catheter can mechanically damage the urethra. In men aged 50+, a complication such as ischuria (urinary retention) is possible. Complicated conditions require intervention medical professionals. In severe cases, rehabilitation is carried out in a hospital.

The patient is assigned hormone therapy, a course of detoxification, with ischuria - forced urine collection through a catheter. Cystography is a painful examination, so the reviews of patients who have undergone the procedure do not differ positive emotions. However, it should be remembered that such a diagnosis gives the maximum exact information about the state of the urinary system, and may be the only chance to prescribe the correct treatment.

Cystography - difficult diagnostic procedure. The study of the bladder is carried out strictly according to indications, if other methods do not give an accurate answer to the question about the causes of pathological processes in urinary tract.

It is important to know the indications and contraindications for cystography in children. How is a bladder exam done with a contrast agent? Is there any discomfort during the procedure? What does the study show? Answers in the article.

general information

The procedure involves the introduction of a radiopaque substance into the cavity of the bladder. Doctors fill the cavity with a solution (from 50 to 200 ml depending on the age of the child) containing 10-30% Urografin, Iodamine, Triombrast.

At the beginning of the procedure and after filling all areas with a contrast agent, the doctor takes x-rays to assess the condition of the organs of the genitourinary system. Special drug stains tissues, all affected areas stand out well in the pictures. According to the results of the study, a clear radiographic picture of the bladder cavity is visible. The procedure, depending on the variety, takes from 30 to 60 minutes, with preparation - up to two hours.

Features and types of research

Cystography is carried out using two main methods:

ascending method. The X-ray contrast agent is injected into the bladder through the urethra using a catheter. To reduce discomfort, apply the Cathejel gel with analgesic effect;
descending method. The composition is injected into a vein, then the blood carries the substance throughout the body, after certain time the drug enters the bladder, stains the tissues. From this point on, x-rays can be taken. The method is less painful, but the penetration of contrast into the blood increases the risk of allergic reactions.

On a note:

with the development of non-contrast and small tumors, another type of study is required - pneumocystography. The main difference is that the introduction into the bladder cavity is not liquid form drug, but gas. The procedure uses oxygen carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide;
sometimes physicians combine gas and liquid to diagnose complex cases of disease, urinary tract abnormalities, and tumor process. Lacunar cystography is a highly informative method;
if the child has problems with urination, then the urologist may prescribe a voiding cystography. The study is carried out directly during the excretion of urine. The technique provides accurate data on the areas of leakage of the radiopaque substance. bad moment - psychological discomfort difficult for a child to deal with.

Advantages and disadvantages

Diagnostic studies using contrast have both strong and weak sides. Despite the high information content of cystography, the method has some negative points to which it is important to draw the attention of parents.

The doctor should explain how to prepare the child for the procedure to reduce the risk of complications and inaccurate results. Physicians must warn Negative consequences, exactly follow the rules of diagnosis, take into account the age of the patient, the condition of the patient's problematic organs.

Advantages:

on x-rays all deviations are noticeable, which are difficult to recognize at and;
for the most complete picture at difficult cases doctors can choose best method: lacunar or pneumocystography;
the result of the study is ready after a short period of time after the procedure. The doctor assesses tissue damage, gives a preliminary conclusion, and refers to a pediatric urologist;
New digital-resolution X-ray machines allow you to study the entire process, from bladder filling to urine excretion. With dynamic cystography, radiation exposure is significantly reduced, which is especially important when examining children.

Flaws:

psychological discomfort;
the child does not always understand the instructions of the doctor;
during the introduction of the catheter, painful sensations appear;
possible complications in the form of allergic reactions to the drug, nephrotoxic effect. With retrograde cystoscopy, the listed complications are absent, but other problems are possible: acute urinary retention against the background of sphincter spasm and injury to the urethral mucosa (more often in older patients);
when the walls of the bladder rupture, the penetration of a contrast agent into the bloodstream can provoke sepsis.

Indications for diagnostics

complex diagnostic study prescribed after a preliminary examination of a small patient. It is important to collect blood tests, urine, do an ultrasound scan, conduct.

The introduction of a radiopaque substance into the cavity of the bladder in childhood is undesirable, the child and parents are often afraid of the procedure, conditions are created for the development of stress. If, according to the results of other types of examination, there is no exact data on the causes negative symptoms, localization, severity pathological process in the urinary tract, it is necessary to carry out cystography.

Main indications:

pathology of bean-shaped organs and bladder;
bladder rupture or reflux;
detection of a tumor of unknown etiology;
accumulation and salt stones;
anomalies in the development of the organs of the genitourinary system.

Contraindications

Ascending cystography is not performed in the following cases:

inflammation in the scrotum, urethra, bladder;
urinary excretion of blood clots or massive hematuria.

On a note! Descending cystography has the same limitations as excretory urography: severe pathologies liver and kidneys, allergy to iodine preparations, kidney failure, diseases thyroid gland, poor clotting blood.

In most cases, doctors avoid cystography, use other diagnostic methods. If descending or ascending cystography is indispensable, parents will have to explain to the child how the study will take place, and why you will have to suffer a little during the procedure.

Important psychological preparation, an accessible explanation of the essence of the method and the importance of the survey. The less parents panic, the lower the risk of developing fear in a son or daughter.

For getting reliable results You will have to change the diet of a young patient:

for a week, exclude from the menu all items that provoke increased gas formation in the intestine. You should not give legumes, carbonated drinks, muffins, fresh milk;
if the child suffers from constipation, then for two weeks before the procedure little patient takes a mild laxative;
babies receive tea that prevents the accumulation of gases or dill water;
two days before the examination of the bladder, the doctor categorically prohibits products that cause flatulence;
on the day of the study, an enema is required to maximize the removal of food debris and gases from the intestines.

How to treat ? Check out the selection effective options therapy.

About how it is done excretory urography kidney with the use of a contrast agent is written on the page.

How is the procedure carried out

All types of cystography cause psychological discomfort to the patient; with an ascending method of research, pain is felt when placing a urethral catheter. It is important to follow all the commands of the doctors in order to get the most exact result. After the procedure, the urine often changes color: a radiopaque substance comes out.

Study information:

after preparation, the patient lies down on the x-ray machine (position "on the back"). During the first phase, you need to lie still. The doctor does general shot organs of the genitourinary system;
then the doctor proceeds to the most unpleasant part - he inserts a catheter through which the bladder cavity is filled with liquid with a radiopaque substance or gas. Up to 12 years, 50-100 ml of the drug is enough, adolescents are supposed to adult norm- 200-300 ml;
during the introduction of contrast and during the examination, the doctor presses the catheter, which provokes soreness and the urge to urinate. You can’t do without this stage - it is important to hold the contrast inside the cavity so that the substance does not leak out of the bladder during the procedure;
after filling the bladder with a special substance, the radiologist takes several pictures in different projections: on the side, from the abdomen and from the back. A small patient should raise his legs to the level of 90 degrees, additionally raise his shoulders. In this position, the pictures are the most clear and informative;
at the end of the procedure, the doctor removes the catheter, takes a picture of an empty bladder;
after the examination, the doctor examines the finished images, analyzes the image. If fistulas or ruptures of the walls of the urethra or bladder are detected, hospitalization of the child is required to prevent sepsis: through the zones of ruptures, the contrast enters the blood;
after the procedure, in the absence of complications, a hospital stay is not required; most often, cystography is performed on an outpatient basis. Observation by doctors of the urological department is necessary if a small patient was previously admitted to a medical institution with severe pathologies of the urinary tract, and cystography is one of planned methods examinations.

Diagnostic results

What does a cystogram show? The procedure allows you to accurately determine the area of localization of the pathological focus, the severity of the changes and the spread of inflammation, the type of tumor process or the size of the stones. In the first picture, the radiologist sees the exact location of the kidneys and other organs of the urinary system. After filling the cavities with a radiopaque substance, pathologies that are difficult to recognize on ultrasound and cystoscopy can be detected.

In the stained organs, deviations are clearly distinguishable:

congenital defects of the bladder and bean-shaped organs;
and renal ureteral reflux;
stones in the urinary tract;
change in the structure and thickness of the bladder walls;
fistulas, traumatic injuries of the walls of the bladder and other parts of the urinary system;
tumors and calculi of any size;
inflammatory processes in natural filters, bladder, ureters, other pathologies.

At proper preparation, following the instructions of the radiologist, cystography in children provides accurate data on the nature, stage, localization of pathological foci in the urinary tract. Parents should properly prepare the child psychologically, change the diet to eliminate interference during the study.