Ultrasound examination of the bladder. Bladder: indications for ultrasound and preparation for examination

ultrasound Bladder is an important part of the evaluation of a patient with suspected kidney disease and urinary tract. This is a minimally invasive diagnostic method that has no contraindications for use. Approved for use by children, adults, pregnant women, as it is completely safe.

Women

How is an ultrasound of the bladder done in women? To receive you need to reliable results examination, the patient must adhere to all recommendations of the doctor, in particular, to proper training to diagnostics.

This will provide reliable data with which to establish accurate diagnosis and appoint effective treatment. Manipulation is mainly carried out transabdominally. However, in some cases, transvaginal access using a special probe may be indicated.

men

Ultrasound of the bladder in men is performed through the wall of the abdomen. And only with severe obesity, ascites, or suspected prostate tumor, it is advisable to use transrectal access.

To the peculiarities of preparing men for this study include a cleansing enema or micro-enemas a few hours before diagnosis. This will clear the intestines from stool and provide access of the sensor to the required depth in the rectum.

The main rule for a successful ultrasound is a full bladder. This can be done in two ways:

Physiological. It consists in the natural filling of the organ with urine for several hours. This method can only be used when the study is scheduled for early morning because the bladder will fill overnight. However, this method is not suitable for all people, since many immediately after waking up experience a strong need to empty. Alternatively, you can set an alarm for 3:00-4:00, go to the toilet and be ready for the study by the appointed time.
Use a large number liquids. 1-1.5 hours before the diagnosis, the patient should drink at least 2-3 glasses of pure still water. Tea or compote is allowed, only milk is banned. If there is quite a lot of time left by the appointed hour, but there is already a strong urge to urinate, the patient can drain a small amount of urine until relief. However, after that, you should immediately drink another 1 glass of liquid.
The use of diuretics. It is used quite rarely, when within a few hours after drinking 500-700 ml of liquid there is no feeling of filling the bladder. This method It is not recommended to use on your own, only in consultation with a specialist.

Ultrasound diagnostics consists in the ability of ultrasound waves to pass through tissues human body. However, in some cases, for example, when severe flatulence, the results of the study may be distorted, since ultrasound does not pass through air and gases.

To avoid this, with a tendency to increased gas formation you should follow a certain diet for 2-3 days before the diagnosis. To do this, you need to remove daily menu brown bread, legumes, raw fruits and vegetables, milk, sweets, muffins, and carbonated drinks.

During this period, it is necessary to exclude fried, spicy and salty foods. Steam cooking is recommended. The diet should include dietary meat, lean fish, cereals, eggs.

The last meal should be at least 8 hours before the diagnosis. Therefore, dinner should be planned for 18:00-19:00 in the evening. In the morning you can only drink non-carbonated water, you can’t eat. The exception is people who need to eat regularly due to certain diseases.

Research results

What does an ultrasound of the bladder show? By using this method diagnostics, it is possible to determine the shape, dimensions, external and internal contours, the nature of the contents, the thickness of the walls, their integrity, traumatic injuries organ. Thanks to these data, it is easy to establish a diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment.

At acute cystitis Ultrasound can show the presence of small echogenic particles in the cavity of the organ (clusters of red blood cells, white blood cells and other elements). With absence timely treatment the contours of the bladder become uneven, the walls thicken. This indicates the transition of cystitis to the chronic stage.

Detection of echogenic formations is quite large sizes, which are tightly soldered to the wall, indicates stones, polyps, ureterocele or prostate hypertrophy in males.

If the formations differ in mobility, one can suspect the presence of stones, a foreign body, blood clot. Cause this phenomenon there is also air that enters the bladder through the fistula or during the placement of the catheter.

With an increase in the size of the organ, it is necessary to exclude prostate hyperplasia, neurogenic bladder, the presence of a large number of calculi, impaired urine outflow in the urethra in men and injuries urethra among women.

Ultrasound examination of the bladder will help to make a completely painless diagnosis. However, you cannot independently decipher the results, only a specialist can do this. By following the doctor's recommendations, you can quickly get rid of unpleasant symptoms diseases.

Bladder ultrasound is an examination that is based on special properties ultrasonic waves are reflected from the organ, forming its image on the hardware monitor. Since women are more susceptible to diseases affecting the urogenital area, they are much more likely to be referred for the procedure. ultrasound.

For getting accurate results You need to be well prepared for the examination. This method is widely used to diagnose various diseases.

Indications for carrying out

The ultrasound method is characterized as simple and operational. It has no contraindications and does not cause complications. A study is prescribed if the following symptoms are present:

The presence of pain in the lumbar region;
Pain in cystitis, located in the lower abdomen;
Changing the color of urine, its turbidity and the appearance of flakes, the presence of streaks of blood and sediment;
Frequent or less frequent urination;
Night diuresis prevails over daytime, the appearance of urinary incontinence;
Sudden increase in body temperature in the absence of other symptoms;
The appearance of edema different localization and intensity;
Changes in indicators clinical analysis urine.

Ultrasound of the bladder allows you to determine a number of diseases and pathologies of the body, which include:

Various kinds of tumor neoplasms that occur in the bladder;
The presence of stones in the organs urinary system;
Inflammatory processes in acute or chronic phases;
The presence of blindly ending invaginations (diverticulum) of the bladder walls.
all sorts of foreign bodies in the bladder;
Pathologies of the structure of the urinary organs excretory system;
Entry of urine from the bladder into the ureters.
The occurrence of blockage with calculi and the appearance of obstructions to the exit of urine.

In addition, ultrasound genitourinary system allows you to determine the presence of diseases such as cystitis or chronic pyelonephritis.

Ultrasound examination in women is carried out in order to detect diseases of the pelvic organs. In some cases, ultrasound of the genitourinary system includes an examination of the uterus and appendages. Sudden increase in temperature, accompanied by the appearance of sharp pain, is also an indication for research, as it may be a symptom of any disease of the excretory system. Experts recommend resorting to the procedure also for preventive purposes.

In addition to diagnosing different kind pathologies, ultrasound examination is carried out if necessary, a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of treatment.

Used after a course of chemotherapy or after surgery.

Video How to prepare for an ultrasound examination

How to Prepare for a Bladder Ultrasound

The procedure for examining the bladder in women is carried out on a full bladder, therefore, ultrasound must be prepared in a certain way.

Some time before the appointed time, you need to drink a significant liter of water, compote or tea. It is important to remember that water should not contain gases. You can not replace the liquid with milk. You can't urinate to keep your bladder full. If it is impossible to endure the urge to urinate, you can empty the bladder, but then again you need to drink a few glasses of water and by the appointed time the bladder will be filled to the desired level;
You can not drink water, but wait for the bubble to fill on its own. To do this, do not empty it for three to four hours. Often the procedure is scheduled for the morning hours. At the same time, you can prepare for an ultrasound if you do not urinate in the morning. If this is too hard, you can go to the toilet a few hours before the final awakening, and after getting up you should not do this anymore.

It is important to take into account the fact that a gas-filled intestine can interfere with the correct procedure for diagnosing the bladder. For those people who suffer from bloating or constipation, it is recommended to follow a diet a few days before the appointment, in which fresh fruits and vegetables, legumes, gasy drinks and alcoholic products.

If even before the start of the ultrasound it becomes known that the procedure will be carried out through the rectum, a cleansing enema should be done a few hours before visiting the office or special candles should be used.

How is an ultrasound of the bladder done in women

Ultrasound examination of the bladder is usually performed in one of the following ways:

Abdominally. With this type of examination, the examination is carried out from the front abdominal cavity. Is an external type of study;
transurethral. The study is performed through the urethra;
transrectal. The study of the body is carried out through the rectum.

The first method is the most commonly used, since the other two are used when it is necessary to confirm or refute the problems identified during external examination and examination. Which of the ultrasound methods will be applied to each patient is determined by the attending physician, who prescribes this procedure. In what position during the study the patient will be determined during the procedure. Usually the patient lies on his back or side, sometimes the doctor may ask the patient to stand up in order to examine the organ for formations inside it.

In addition to the bladder, women additionally examine the uterus and ovaries. Ultrasound provides the ability to measure the size of these organs, determine pathologies in their structure and location, as well as shape. In some cases, women do ultrasound transvaginally. This method is used for the most complete overview of the state internal organs and the most accurate diagnosis of certain diseases. For the procedure, pregnancy and the period of menstruation are not a hindrance, however, you should warn the doctor in advance so that he correctly chooses the method of conducting the examination.

In some cases, patients are prescribed an ultrasound with dopplerography. It is used when it is necessary to assess the parameters of urine flow through the ureters, the state of blood flow in them. Such a study may be required if the specialist suspects the development of vesicoureteral reflux, in which urine is thrown back into the ureters.

It is indispensable to use this method if it is necessary to diagnose tumor diseases.

Deciphering indicators

For the most correct assessment of the condition of the bladder, the doctor deciphers the results of the study. Together with the patient's complaints, ultrasound data allow the most accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.

The presence of a smooth and uniform bladder wall is considered the norm. During ultrasound in without fail the ureters are examined for the presence of neoplasms in them. The rest of the urine is checked for an empty bladder. In those cases when it is not indicated on the screen of the device, we can talk about the patient's preparation in bad faith and incomplete filling of the bladder. This requires re-holding analysis. Repeated repetition of the result indicates the presence of the disease.

Less informative may be the results of abdominal ultrasound in the presence of overweight, which can appear in various diseases ( diabetes, kidney failure). This is due to the fact that with an excess amount of subcutaneous fat, it is more difficult for a doctor to see a clear picture.

Depending on individual physiological indicators, the concept of the norm may change. The size and size of the bubble can vary depending on the amount of fluid that a person regularly consumes.

Video: Bladder ultrasound

Perhaps none diagnostic technique not widely used in medical practice like an ultrasound. This is dictated by several advantages at once, in particular, its simplicity, relatively low cost of equipment and sufficiently high information content. Especially for the readers of "Popular about Health" I will consider how it is carried out, what does an ultrasound scan show in women of the bladder?

Ultrasound examination (ultrasound), features of the technique

This technique originates around the middle of the last century. It was in those distant years that the first successful attempts were made to use ultrasound to assess the state of human internal organs.

The ultrasound technique is based on the use sound vibrations ultra high frequency, not perceived human ear. When these waves reach the boundaries of zones with different resistances, the beam changes (some of the waves continue to move in the original direction, while the other part is reflected).

Reflected waves are sent in the opposite direction and are recorded by a special sensor. After processing the received signal, the device software generates a picture, the interpretation of which is carried out by an ultrasound diagnostics specialist.

With help ultrasonic waves almost any organs can be examined: vessels of the head and neck, organs of the abdominal and chest cavity, pelvic organs, blood vessels lower and upper limbs, soft tissues and ligamentous apparatus, developing fetus during pregnancy, retroperitoneal organs (kidneys and pancreas) and so on.

bladder ultrasound

This technique is carried out in order to determine pathological processes in the bladder itself, as well as in adjacent anatomical formations: ureters, urethra, soft tissues.

Indications for an ultrasound examination in women:

Violations of the processes of urination;
The appearance of blood or other impurities in the urine;
Painful or difficult urination;
Pain in suprapubic area;
Trend Tracking medical process with tumors of this anatomical region;
Identification of stones in the bladder.

An ultrasound examination of the bladder may be performed to examine the condition of other pelvic organs, in particular, vessels, soft tissues and so on.

Techniques for the study of ultrasound of the bladder with urine

There are several methods to assess the condition of the bladder. They differ in the equipment used, the degree of information content and other indicators.

transabdominal

The most common technique is a transabdominal examination. A directed beam of ultrasonic waves is fed through the front abdominal wall. The patient is in the supine position. A prerequisite is the maximum fullness of the bladder. This type of study allows you to clearly visualize the state of the organ itself.

Transvaginal

In this type of ultrasound, a transducer is inserted into the vagina. The undoubted advantage of the method is a higher information content, in comparison with the previous method, as well as the absence of the need for careful preparation of the patient.

transrectal

Unlike the previous method, the sensor of the device is inserted into the rectum and therefore this research method is applicable for both women and men. The technique is also highly informative, but has one significant drawback - the need to prepare the patient (enemas and food restrictions the day before).

transurethral

In this type of study, the sensor is inserted into the urethra, which allows you to assess its condition, as well as determine the presence pathological changes in the bladder. A noticeable disadvantage is the rather high pain of the method, as well as the likelihood of injury to the urethra.

What allows you to determine ultrasound in women?

Using this technique, it is possible to determine a series of very important factors. First of all, we are talking about the shape of the bladder. Normally, it should be pear-shaped if the study is carried out in a filled state.

In addition, important diagnostic value maintains the homogeneity of the structure of the organ wall. With the appearance of tumor formations, this indicator will change, which indicates the presence of a pathological process.

The volume of the bladder is always determined. In women, this figure is in the range from 250 to 550 milliliters. In men, it is slightly larger - up to 750 ml. The thickness of the walls depends on the degree of fullness of the organ and can vary from 2 to 5 or more millimeters.

It is also necessary to designate such a concept as residual urine - this is the volume of the contents of the organ that does not disappear even the field complete emptying. This diagnostic index more important for men than for women. For the fairer sex, it should not exceed 50 milliliters.

Signs of pathology

Signs of diseases of the bladder, as well as another organ, are extremely variable. On the ultrasound picture, tumor formations, stones or flakes, cysts, a change in shape due to various factors, narrowing of the lumen of the urethra or ureters, and so on.

Conclusion

The interpretation of ultrasound data is a difficult task that only profile specialist- a doctor of ultrasound diagnostics, moreover, the qualification of a doctor is of decisive importance.

Ultrasound of the bladder is recognized as important diagnostic method in urology and related fields of medicine (gynecology, andrology, etc.). Usually such a procedure is done in combination with ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and small pelvis. This is necessary for differential diagnosis bladder disorders from other diseases with similar symptoms.

Why is an ultrasound of the bladder needed?

Ultrasound of the bladder is indispensable for diagnosis inflammatory diseases kidneys and urinary system, with cystitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the organ), urinary incontinence. Also, when increasing prostate in men and other disorders. Scanning shows the size of the organ, its shape, volume, wall thickness, the volume of residual urine (with a double procedure).

As a result of ultrasound scanning, the doctor can identify the following pathologies:

urinary tumors (benign and malignant);
stones, sand and foreign bodies in the organ cavity;
the degree of inflammation of the mucous membrane (with cystitis);
wall diverticula;
congenital developmental anomalies;
reflux of urine from the bladder back into the ureters;
blockage of the urethra (stone or tumor).

Doppler ultrasound (Doppler sonography) is also often used. This procedure allows you to evaluate not only the size of the organ, but also to see how freely the urine moves through the ureters. In addition, Doppler ultrasound makes it possible to trace the direction of urine flow, its shape and symmetry.

Indications for research

Bladder ultrasound is usually done as part of comprehensive examination patient. The doctor can write a referral for an ultrasound when characteristic symptoms, and also when control over recovery after operation or chemotherapy is necessary. Portable ultrasound machines are also used at home if daily monitoring is required to analyze the function of the urinary system.

The main indications for ultrasound diagnostics are:

change in shade or noticeable impurities of blood in the urine;
sediment or flakes;
pulling or sharp pain when urinating;
unnatural frequent urges to urinate (even if there is no pain);
too little urine
discomfort or pain in the bladder area (above the pubis).

Control ultrasound of the bladder is always prescribed after removal of the tumor, regardless of whether it was an organ resection or endoscopic surgery. Extraction of stones from the urinary tract, surgery on the ureters and urethra, transurethral resection of the prostate also require a final ultrasound scan.

Also, the doctor can send the patient to such an ultrasound if there is a suspicion of inflammation of the prostate (in men) or uterine appendages (in women). Without fail, this procedure is prescribed in the diagnosis of inflammation and congenital anomalies ureters, kidney disease.

Types of ultrasound

How is an ultrasound of the bladder done? For cystitis, a doctor will usually recommend one of two methods: transabdominal or transvaginal. But modern medicine knows and applies 4 options ultrasound diagnostics this organ.

Transabdominal (through the outer abdominal wall).

External ultrasound of the bladder is used most often, the main condition is a full bladder. This method does not bring any discomfort to the patient, but with urinary incontinence and obesity, such an ultrasound is not possible.

Transvaginal.

Helps to spend more accurate diagnosis patients in comparison with the previous method. Do the procedure with an empty bladder.

Transrectal.

The method is suitable for men and girls who do not live sexually. This procedure is also considered more informative than external ultrasound. In men, this makes it possible to assess the relationship between prostate damage and diseases of the urinary system.

Transurethral.

Such an ultrasound is used least often - the introduction of a probe into the urethra can lead to damage and requires mandatory anesthesia. However, this procedure is indispensable for inflammation of the urethra. Transurethral scanning shows the degree of damage to the canal walls and allows you to assess the condition of neighboring organs.

Ultrasound of the bladder may include an assessment of the volume of the organ with the determination of residual urine and the study of its wall.

Measurement of the volume of the organ itself and residual urine takes place in 2 stages. First scanned full bubble, then the patient is sent to the toilet and a second ultrasound is done. Measurement of fluid volume is carried out before and after urination. This procedure is necessary when identifying the causes of a violation of the outflow of urine. With cystitis and other disorders of the urinary system, the bladder wall is also scanned - transverse and longitudinal.

Preparing for an ultrasound of the bladder

Proper preparation for an ultrasound of the bladder is a guarantee that the results will be accurate and the diagnosis unmistakable. Each type of ultrasound requires special preparation, so you need to ask your doctor in advance which diagnostic method is right for you.

For a transabdominal procedure for cystitis and other disorders, you need to go with a prepared intestine. To do this, in 3-4 days you will have to exclude from the diet all dishes that provoke flatulence and bloating. This is cabbage, peas and beans, fresh apples, milk and muffins. You can take "Espumizan". It is advisable to do a cleansing enema the day before the procedure or just go to the toilet.

External ultrasound is the only one that requires a full bladder b. There are two ways to ensure this condition: either do not go to the toilet in the morning before the procedure (4-5 hours), or drink 1.5 liters of liquid an hour and a half before the ultrasound. It can be water without gas, herbal tea, fruit drink or compote.

For transrectal ultrasound, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the intestines the day before. Micro enema, mild laxative or anal suppositories are suitable. Transvaginal ultrasound is performed with an empty bowel and an empty bladder. And if transurethral ultrasound is prescribed, it is enough to refuse hearty breakfast and cigarettes a few hours before the procedure. The last two varieties also require careful hygiene procedures before analysis.

Norms of ultrasound results

Deciphering the results of an ultrasound of the bladder includes several parameters, on the basis of which the attending physician puts final diagnosis. These indicators include:

bladder shape and volume;
residual urine (volume);
organ structure;
wall thickness;
filling and emptying.

The shape of the organ differs in men and women, the latter have a significant effect on appearance bubbles have the position of the uterus and pregnancy, the number of births. Fine full body has the shape of a pear, empty - saucers. In women, it is wider on the sides and squeezed from above.

The volume also varies depending on the gender of the patient. For women - 250-550 ml, for men - 350-750. Residual urine should not exceed 50 ml (in healthy person it shouldn't exist at all). The wall thickness is normally in the range of 2-4 mm, and average speed emptying - 50 ml / h.

Bladder ultrasound is one of the most informative methods diagnosis of disorders of the urinary system. A variety of methods of this study allows you to take into account individual characteristics patient and make the most accurate diagnosis.

ultrasound is modern method diagnosing a huge number of diseases various bodies. It is believed that it is absolutely safe, therefore this procedure shown to people of any age, including newborns, and sex.

Very often, ultrasound is performed to assess the condition of the organs of the urinary system. But in order for the study to give the maximum exact information, requires a kind of preparation for ultrasound of the bladder.

Indications and features of the conduct

Patients may be referred for an ultrasound of the bladder if they have:

changes in the color of urine;
pain when urinating;
pain in the suprapubic region;
noticeable to the naked eye sediment in the urine;
blood in the urine, etc.

In addition to diagnostics various diseases, this procedure is carried out to assess the effectiveness of treatment by the presence or absence of positive dynamics. Most often, this is necessary during the course of chemotherapy or after surgical interventions.

Features of preparation

The procedure is performed on a full bladder, so the main preparation for an ultrasound of the bladder is to fill it. This can be achieved by drinking approximately 1 liter of non-carbonated water an hour before the procedure. In cases where the study is scheduled for the morning hours, you can go to the clinic immediately after waking up, without going to the toilet. If it is impossible to resist morning urination, it is recommended to set an alarm clock 2-3 hours earlier than the scheduled wake-up time, visit the restroom and go back to sleep. At the same time, after the final rise, the intensity of the urge will not be too great, which will allow you to get to medical institution with full bladder ready for examination.

Important: water can be replaced with tea, compote or other non-carbonated drink, but not milk or fermented milk products. If the patient is diagnosed with kidney pathology, he may be shown taking diuretic drugs.

In addition to filling the bladder, patients need to take care of the condition of the intestines before the study, since its overcrowding with gases can interfere with the procedure. Therefore, within a couple of days before the appointed date, it is recommended to take Activated carbon or its equivalent, as well as follow a diet that helps reduce gas formation. That is, these days you should not use:

fresh vegetables and fruits;
legumes;
carbonated drinks;
muffin;
dairy and dairy products;
alcohol.

Attention! The correct one allows you to conduct a full-fledged study of not only the bladder, but also the prostate gland in men, as well as the ovaries and uterus in women.

If, even before the study, it is known that it will be carried out through the rectum, then, among other things, a few hours before the procedure, it is necessary to make a cleansing enema or put a glycerin suppository.

How is the procedure carried out

How an ultrasound of the bladder is done depends on its condition, degree of fullness, presence comorbidities and some other factors. In general, the study is usually carried out by the transabdominal (through the abdomen) method. With this approach, the patient is placed on the couch on his back. He is asked to remove clothes from the lower abdomen, on which the doctor applies a special gel. After that, the doctor applies the sensor to the site of application of the gel and, with slight pressure, passes it over the surface of the abdomen in different sides examining the bladder and nearby organs.

Transabdominal ultrasound

Important: in certain cases, to clarify the situation, the specialist may ask the patient to visit the toilet and return to the ultrasound room to assess the condition of the bladder after emptying it. This is usually required for the diagnosis of prostate pathologies.

As a rule, the procedure lasts no more than 20 minutes, after which the patient immediately receives a form with the results of the examination and is sent to his doctor. But in some cases, it may be necessary to conduct an examination through:

The rectum. This type The study is indicated if ultrasound of the prostate and bladder is necessary, but it can also be used if the patient has fluid in the abdominal cavity, obesity, or other factors that make viewing through the abdominal wall difficult. In addition, an indication for transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is the need to examine girls who have not lost their hymen, whose transabdominal examination is difficult.
Vagina. Ultrasound of the bladder in women is performed by the transvaginal method in the presence of obesity, adhesive process, tumor formation, etc.

In such cases, a condom is put on a special sensor, a small amount of conductive gel is applied, and it is not deeply injected into natural openings.

Transrectal ultrasound

Sometimes patients are prescribed ultrasound with dopplerography. It is carried out if it is necessary to assess the parameters of urine flow through the ureters and the state of blood flow in the organs under study. This is required if there is suspicion of vesicoureteral reflux, in which urine, for one reason or another, is thrown from the bladder back into the ureters. Dopplerography is also indispensable in the diagnosis of tumor formations.

Another type of this diagnostic method is intravesical or transurethral ultrasound. For its implementation, a special, thinnest sensor is used, which is introduced into the patient's body through the urethra. It is assigned as needed:

determine the degree of damage to the walls of the urethra and bladder neck;
differentiate or find the relationship between diseases of the bladder and urethra;
assess the degree of damage to neighboring organs.

Deciphering the results

During the study, the specialist evaluates such parameters of the bladder as:

structure;
the form;
clarity of contours;
Wall thickness;
volume;
filling speed;
amount of residual urine (if necessary).

Normally, the bladder is a symmetrical, completely echo-negative organ, that is, it looks like a black spot without inclusions on the device screen. In different projections, it can be round or ovoid. Its edges are clear and even, and the wall thickness is 0.3-0.5 cm. If the amount of residual urine is estimated, then normally its volume should not exceed 50 ml.

At the end of the examination, the ultrasound doctor gives the patient a completed form with the results of the diagnosis, which indicates the conclusion of this specialist, but the decoding of the ultrasound of the bladder is performed by the attending doctor. He also makes the final diagnosis, since for this it is necessary not only to compare the obtained indicators with normal ones, but also to take into account the whole complex of symptoms that are present in the patient.

Thus, with the help of ultrasound it is possible to diagnose:

tumors of the bladder and nearby organs;
wall diverticula;
sharp and chronic inflammation mucous;
the presence of foreign bodies;
anomalies of development and structure;
backflow of urine into the ureters;
blockage of the urethra with a stone, etc.

The procedure is completely safe even for pregnant women and newborns.

Quite often, patients are prescribed an ultrasound of the bladder for cystitis to assess the degree of damage to the organ. In the case of the development of acute cystitis, a sediment is found in the cavity of the bladder, that is, small echogenic particles, the number of which may be different. Thus, ultrasound reflects accumulations various cells, for example, leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelium, as well as salt crystals. In this case, the location of such a deposit will change depending on the position of the patient's body. But in acute cystitis, the walls of the bladder usually retain normal thickness and contour clarity. The thickening of its walls and the appearance of irregularities is a sign of a running chronic process.