Anatomy of the abdominal cavity. Ultrasound of the abdominal organs

Abdomen from above it is limited by the diaphragm - a flat muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, located between the lower part of the chest and the lower part of the pelvis. In the lower part of the abdominal cavity there are many organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

The upper part of the abdominal cavity contains mainly the organs of the digestive system. abdominal cavity can be divided by two horizontal and two vertical lines that form areas of the abdominal cavity. Thus, nine conditional zones are distinguished.

A special division of the abdomen into areas (zones) is valid throughout the medical world. In the upper row are the right hypochondrium, epigastrium and left hypochondrium. In these areas, we try to feel the liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen. In the middle row are the right lateral, mesogastric, or umbilical, umbilical, and left lateral regions, where manual examination of the small intestine, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, pancreas, and so on is carried out. In the lower row, the right iliac region, hypogastrium and left iliac region are distinguished, in which the blind and colon, bladder, and uterus are examined with fingers.

And abdominal cavity, and the chest located above it is filled with various organs. Let us mention their simple classification. There are organs that to the touch resemble a bath sponge or a loaf of fresh bread, that is, on a cut, they are completely filled with some content, represented by functioning elements (usually epitheliocytes), connective tissue structures, referred to as the stroma of an organ, and vessels of various calibers. it parenchymal organs(Greek enchyma translates as "something poured in"). These include the lungs, liver, almost all major glands (pancreas, salivary, thyroid, and so on).

In contrast to parenchymal go hollow organs, they are hollow for that, that they are not filled with anything. They have a large (stomach, bladder) or small (ureter, artery) cavity inside, surrounded by relatively thin (intestine) or thick (heart, uterus) walls.

Finally, if the characteristic features of both groups are combined, that is, there is a cavity (usually small) surrounded by parenchyma, they speak of mixed bodies. These primarily include the kidneys, and a number of authors, with some reservations, include here the spinal cord and brain.

Inside the abdominal cavity are various organs of the digestive system(stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder with ducts, pancreas), spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands, urinary tract (urethra) and bladder, organs of the reproductive system(different in men and women: in women, the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes; in men, the genitals are outside), numerous blood and lymphatic vessels and ligaments that hold the organs in place.

In the abdominal cavity is a large serous membrane, consisting mainly of connective tissue, which lines the inner walls of the peritoneum, and also covers most of the organs located in it. It is generally accepted that the membrane is continuous and consists of two layers: the parietal and visceral peritoneum. These layers are separated by a thin film moistened with serous fluid. The main function of this lubricant is to reduce friction between the layers, as well as between the organs and walls of the peritoneum, along with ensuring the movement of the layers.

Physicians often use the term "acute abdomen" to refer to a severe case that requires immediate intervention, in many cases surgery. The origin of pain can be different, it occurs not only due to diseases of the digestive system, as is often thought. There are many other causes of acute abdominal pain; it is often accompanied by vomiting, hardness of the abdominal wall, and fever. Here we are not talking about a specific disease, but about the initial diagnosis of a very dangerous condition that requires an urgent medical examination to determine its cause and carry out appropriate treatment.

LIVER AND BILE TRACT
;traumatic rupture
;abscess
;acute cholecystitis
biliary colic
SMALL INTESTINE
duodenal ulcer
obstruction, rupture
acute gastroenteritis
Meckel's diverticulum
local enteritis
intestinal tuberculosis
COLON
ulcerative colitis
infectious colitis
volvulus
crayfish
intussusception
diverticulitis
gap
appendicitis
STOMACH
;ulcer
;crayfish
SPLEEN
;heart attack
;abscess
;gap
PERITONEUM
peritonitis
INTERNAL GENITALS OF A WOMAN
;gap
;infection
;convulsions
ruptured ovarian cyst
;ectopic pregnancy
;abscesses
;acute salpingitis

Hernia of the peritoneum appears when there is a weak point in the wall of the abdomen, due to which part of the intestine protrudes out of the abdominal cavity. An abdominal hernia is a protrusion or protrusion of the small or large intestine or parts thereof from the cavity in which they are located through a congenital or acquired opening in the peritoneum. Abdominal hernia can occur as a result of prolonged pressure of the internal organs on the walls of the abdominal cavity or weakening of a certain point of it - for example, as a result of pregnancy, obesity, constant physical exertion, etc. Hernia of the peritoneum comes out when part of the abdominal cavity protrudes and forms a hernial sac, which sometimes contains part of the small or large intestine. The only effective treatment for a hernia is surgery.

The organs that are located in the abdomen are responsible for a large number of functions and processes in the body. The human abdominal cavity includes a whole complex of various organs that are responsible not only for digestion, but also the organs of the reproductive and urinary systems are located here. The organs of the abdominal cavity are limited from above by the diaphragm, which separates them from the chest, and by the pelvic bones, which are located below.

The proper functioning of all these organs is in many ways the key to good human health, so it is extremely important to strictly monitor their condition and consult a doctor if pain occurs. To more accurately identify the cause of discomfort, the doctor prescribes ultrasound. This is a completely safe and painless non-invasive diagnostic method, which is based on the characteristics of the reflection of ultrasound waves from a particular type of tissue. Such a procedure allows not only to see the structure of the internal parts of the body, but also to determine diseases, pathologies of the development and functioning of organs and various systems in the human body.

Which organs belong to the same system?

A large number of vital organs are located in the human abdominal cavity. They are responsible for the digestive processes and excretion of waste products, as well as the formation of immune cells and the functioning of the endocrine and reproductive systems. Abdominal organs of men and women:

stomach;
Pancreas;
Intestines;
Liver;
kidneys;
Spleen;
Gallbladder and bile ducts;
Bladder.

There are also gender differences in the number of organs in this part of the body and how they are located: in women, the uterus and ovaries are located in this area, while in men, the genitals are mostly brought out.

Most often, to find out the causes and discomfort in the stomach, the doctor prescribes an ultrasound scan of all abdominal organs in order to obtain complete information about the state of human health and structural features of its internal organs.

In addition to the above organs, there are a large number of important blood vessels and lymph nodes in the abdomen. All these parts of the body are of great importance for human health, therefore it is very important to consult a doctor at the first signs of pain for timely diagnosis and treatment.

When is an ultrasound examination necessary?

The doctor prescribes an ultrasound scan in cases where you need to know exactly which organs belong to one system of the disease and bring pain and discomfort to the patient.

Ultrasound examination of organs located in the abdominal cavity is mandatory in pregnant women with any suspicion of a disease or abnormalities in the functioning of internal organs.

Also an indication for ultrasound of all organs of the abdominal cavity is a general malaise, which is complicated by pain in the abdomen, increased gas formation and a feeling of heaviness in the stomach, unpleasant bitterness in the mouth. In addition, the human abdominal cavity is examined for suspected oncological diseases, pancreatitis, and diabetes mellitus.

Carrying out ultrasound diagnostics of all internal organs of a person allows not only to determine the cause of pain in the abdomen, but also helps to detect cysts, neoplasms, polyps, stones or sand inside the bladder, kidneys or gallbladder, and their location. Also diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver, cholecystitis, hepatitis and other diseases. In addition, such a diagnosis allows you to identify injuries to internal organs, ruptures and inflammation of tissues and glands. Most often, diagnosis is carried out when a person is concerned about the liver, kidneys, bladder, stomach, pancreas, spleen and other organs that are related to the digestive system.

In addition, ultrasound allows you to analyze the size and structure of organs, determine where they are exactly located, and what deviations they have from the norm, as well as find out what diseases develop inside the glands, digestive system and other internal organs that belong to this part of the human body. . A competent analysis of the data obtained during the diagnosis allows you to prescribe timely treatment, which allows you not only to stop the symptoms, but also completely get rid of the disease. What research is done first?

Carrying out diagnostics of the liver for pathologies and abnormalities;
Examination of the gallbladder to identify stones and sand inside the organ, as well as inside the ducts through which bile flows;
Study of kidney health;
Identification of stones and sand inside the kidneys, bladder and ureters;
Diagnosis of diseases of the pancreas;
Determination of the presence of inflammation in all organs in this area;
Inspection of organs after injuries without surgery;
Examination of the appendix and checking for acute appendicitis in an unclear diagnosis;
Examination of possible diseases of the peritoneum;
Carrying out diagnostics of the structure and condition of the aorta and other large blood vessels in this area.

Among other things, ultrasound is also necessary to monitor the patient after a biopsy.

Preparing for diagnostics

To ensure accurate diagnostic results without distortion, the human abdomen must be properly prepared for the procedure. To do this, you must strictly observe a special food and drug diet. It is also very important to tell the doctor who will perform the ultrasound examination what medications you are taking and what diseases you already have. All this will create the most complete and accurate clinical picture and help to make the correct diagnosis. Diet before examination:

For two to three days before the diagnosis, it is forbidden to eat flour, sweet, sour-milk products and milk, carbonated drinks, fatty meats and fish, alcohol, caffeine, raw vegetables and fruits, juices, legumes, sauerkraut and other foods , which are on the list of those causing increased gas formation;
It is allowed to eat meat and fish, which belong to low-fat varieties, steamed, baked apples, barley, buckwheat and oatmeal porridge on the water, low-fat hard cheese. With this tap, it is not recommended to overeat, but it is better to divide the daily food intake strictly into several small portions;
At least one and a half liters of liquid should be consumed per day. Plain water without gas or tea without sugar is best;
The last meal should be strictly not earlier than six hours before the diagnosis, since the study should be carried out on an empty stomach and nothing inside the stomach should interfere;
For people with diabetes, it is acceptable to eat a light breakfast before the procedure. In this case, tea with a little sugar and part of a serving of porridge would be best;
Late meals are acceptable for pregnant women, however, for best results, it is recommended that it be no later than three hours before the diagnosis;
If an ultrasound is being performed on an infant, it is also acceptable to have the last feeding three hours before the procedure so that the stomach and intestines are empty.

Medications:

To make the examination of the intestine and stomach as accurate as possible, it is allowed to take drugs before the procedure to reduce bloating;
It is also permissible to take, in the absence of contraindications, any of the enterosorbents, which promotes the binding of harmful substances inside the stomach and intestines;
If you use medicines on an ongoing basis, for example, for the cardiovascular system, you should consult your doctor about its effect and warn your sonologist;
If you have noticed problems with the stomach or colon, it is recommended twelve hours before the study to take a laxative to cleanse the colon;
It is strongly not recommended to take aspirin and no-shpu before the examination.

It should be strictly borne in mind that before using medicines, a preliminary consultation with a doctor is necessary, which will help you choose the right drug for you and prescribe the right dosage. It is highly recommended not to choose medicines on your own. Also, immediately before the diagnosis itself, it is necessary to warn the doctor who will do the ultrasound about what drugs you have been taking.

A couple of hours before examining the kidneys and urinary system, it is advisable to drink a liter or one and a half of water so that the bladder is full. This is necessary so that parts of the body, and in particular the bladder itself, are easier to examine, since the fluid that is in it straightens it and makes it more visible in the image.

It should not be forgotten that for the most complete picture reflecting your condition, you need to inform the doctor who makes the diagnosis about what examination procedures you underwent shortly before. This also applies to colonoscopy, and gastrography, and FGDS, and irrigoscopy, which use contrast during the procedure.

Ultrasound

The ultrasound procedure refers to painless methods of examination, since it is performed by ultrasound, which is not perceived by our body. During the examination, the patient lies on his back, and the sonologist, using a special sensor, examines the internal organs. In order for the human abdominal cavity to be located in the most convenient position for examining one or another part of the body, the doctor may ask the patient to take a deep breath and hold his breath, or, conversely, slightly change position and slightly roll over to the right or left side.

After the diagnosis, the doctor deciphers all the results that the ultrasound machine made and issues a study protocol with a conclusion, on the basis of which it will be possible to make a diagnosis and prescribe the necessary course of treatment. Also, based on the data obtained, the doctor can strictly refer the patient to additional examinations if there are deviations from the normal values, as well as if neoplasms, cysts or accumulations of fluid were found around the gallbladder, stomach, glands and in another area of this part of the body.

The human abdominal cavity has a special structure that significantly distinguishes us from other mammals. What is the abdominal cavity? This term refers to the part of the space in the human body, which is separated from the chest by the diaphragm from above and contains the internal organs of the peritoneum. For the most part, these are the organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

Abdominal organs in the diagram

The topography of the abdominal cavity is as follows:

The abdominal muscles (three wide and straight) act as its front wall.
The side walls form some broad abdominal muscles.
Behind the space is limited to the lumbar spine with adjacent muscle fibers.
The lower part of this anatomical structure borders on the pelvic region.
The upper floor of the abdominal cavity is “covered” by the muscles of the diaphragm.

What is the structure of the abdominal cavity

The peritoneum is a thin structure consisting of connective tissue, a large number of strong fibers and an epithelial layer - mesothelium. It lines the inner wall of the structure.

The mesothelium performs an important function - its cells synthesize a serous secretion, which serves as a lubricant for the outer walls of all internal organs located in the abdomen. Since the organs and glands are quite close to each other, the mesothelial secretion reduces the area of their friction. Such a unique structure of the abdominal cavity in humans normally contributes to the absence of discomfort with minor changes in the abdomen.

But if a focus of inflammation occurs in this zone when an infectious agent gets inside, a person feels a sharp pain syndrome. At the first signs of inflammation in the peritoneal space, numerous adhesions are formed, which do not allow the infectious process to spread to the entire abdomen.

The peritoneal space is usually divided into the peritoneum itself and the retroperitoneal zone.

The organs of the abdominal cavity develop in the gap between its wall and the peritoneum. Growing, they move away from the back wall, merging with the peritoneum and stretching it. This leads to the formation of a new structural unit - the serous fold, which consists of 2 sheets. Such abdominal folds, originating from the inner walls of the abdomen, reach the intestines or other organs of the human abdominal cavity. The former are called mesentery, the latter ligaments.

Topographic anatomy

The upper floor of the abdominal section contains elements of the digestive tract. It is conditionally possible to divide the abdominal zone of the body into a pair of vertical and a pair of horizontal lines that delimit the sections of the peritoneum. Topographic anatomy of the abdominal cavity is conditionally divided into 9 zones.

The location of the abdominal organs in its upper part (its other name is the omental opening) is as follows: in the right hypochondrium there is a liver with a gallbladder, in the epigastric (median) zone the stomach is located, in the left hypochondrium the spleen.

The middle row is conditionally divided into 4 regions of the abdominal cavity: right lateral, mesogastric (umbilical), umbilical and left lateral. The following internal organs are located in these zones: small intestine, ascending and descending colons, kidneys, pancreas and some others.

In the lower row, the right and left iliac regions are distinguished, between which the hypogastric zone is located. They contain part of the colon and caecum, bladder, in women - the uterus with ovaries.

Depending on the degree of coverage by the peritoneum, the organs that enter the abdominal cavity can be located in it intraperitoneally, mesoperitoneally or extraperitoneally. The intraperitoneal position indicates that this internal organ is surrounded by the peritoneum on all sides. An example of such an arrangement is the small intestine. In the mesoperitoneal position, the organ is surrounded by the peritoneum only from 3 sides, as is the case with the liver. The extraperitoneal position of the organ implies that it is covered by the peritoneum only from the front side. The kidneys are in this position.

Anatomical differences between the male and female peritoneum

The structure of the abdominal cavity in all people is identical. The exceptions are congenital malformations, transposition (mirror arrangement) of internal organs. But this case is very rare.

Due to the biological ability to bear and give birth to children in the female body, the structure of the abdominal organs is arranged somewhat differently than in the male. The abdominal space in men closes in the lower part, while in women the fallopian tubes communicate with the uterus. Through the vagina, the peritoneum in women is indirectly connected with the environment. In a man, the reproductive system is outside, therefore there is no communication with the peritoneal region.

Serous fluid in the abdomen in men immediately covers 2 walls of the rectum - anterior and posterior. The membrane of the peritoneum also envelops the upper part of the bladder and the anterior wall of the cavity. As a result of such anatomical features in the body of a man there is a small depression between the bladder and the rectum.

In the female body, the serous layer of the peritoneum partially covers the rectum, and then the outer surface of the uterus and part of the vagina. This forms a recess between the rectum and the uterus, which is limited by folds on both sides.

There are still certain age differences in the structure of the peritoneum and the location of the human internal organs in it. For example, in young children, the thickness of the abdominal layer is much less than in adults. The reason for this is the weak development of the layer of subperitoneal fatty tissue, which is typical for infants. In newborns, the omentum is short and thin, pits and folds are almost invisible on it. With age, these formations increase and deepen.

Perhaps the world would seem more attractive to us if we could see what remains hidden from us. Man is the most interesting and complex organism on the planet. It is capable of performing several functions at the same time. Each organ within us has its own responsibilities and works harmoniously with each other. For example: pumping blood, the brain develops a process that allows you to think. In order to understand our body well, we need to know what the location of the abdominal organs is.

In contact with

The device of the internal organs of the abdomen

The anatomy of the abdomen is conditionally divided into 2 parts: external and internal.

to the outside applies to:

head,
breast,
torso,
upper and lower limbs.

To the second:

brain,
lungs,
components of the gastrointestinal tract

The structure of the abdominal cavity pretty hard e - these are the organs of the abdominal cavity, which are located below the diaphragm and make up such parts of it:

anterior abdominal wall
muscle parts,
broad abdominal muscles
lumbar part.

To the number abdominal organs person include:

stomach,
spleen,
gallbladder,
human intestine.

Attention! When a person is born into the world, after the removal of the umbilical cord, a scar remains in the center of the abdomen. It's called the navel.

So, let's consider in detail what is the location of the internal organs of a person in the abdominal cavity, what is their appearance and functionality.

Earlier we recalled that the stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen and intestinal tract are all constituent organs abdominal cavity. What is each of them?

The stomach is the so-called muscle, which is located on the left under the diaphragm (the diagram of the stomach is shown in the pictures below). This component of the human gastrointestinal tract tends to stretch, in its normal state size is 15cm. When filled with food, it can press on the pancreas.

One of the main functions is the digestion of food, for which gastric juice is used. Most people have stomach problems, one of the main diseases is gastritis, in which the following symptoms are observed:

bad breath,
heartburn,
bloating in the abdomen,
frequent burps.

Important! The lining of the stomach wall is renewed every 3-4 days. The mucous membrane of the stomach wall dissolves quickly under the influence of gastric juice, which is a strong acid.

Pancreas located below the stomach, participates in the production of enzymes, provides protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. The gland also secretes insulin into the blood. If the process of producing this hormone is disrupted, a person develops a disease - diabetes mellitus. The main symptoms of this pathology can be:

constant feeling of thirst
frequent urination,
sweat takes on a sweet taste.

If there are malfunctions in the pancreas, the entire human gastrointestinal tract suffers. The dimensions of the gland are average about 22cm. Its head is the largest part, the size of which is 5 cm, thickness - up to 3 cm.

Symptoms of a violation of the proper functioning of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of a person can be:

rumbling in the stomach,
feeling of nausea,
flatulence (release of gases),
soreness of the abdomen near the hypochondrium,
decreased appetite.

During the day, the pancreas produces 2 liters of pancreatic juice(this is 10 times more than is required for normal digestion of food).

The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ that is located in a person in the region of the right hypochondrium (the lower edge of the costal arch on the right). It is located below the liver.

It is in the bile that bile accumulates, which, according to external signs, resembles a viscous liquid of a green hue. By the bubble thin wall.

Despite the fact that the size of the bladder is very small, it plays a very important role in the body. When there is a violation of his work, a person has a feeling of nausea, vomiting and pain appear on the right side. These symptoms may also indicate the progression of a disease such as an ulcer.

Also in the peritoneum are the kidneys - a paired organ. In humans, they are located in the lower back of the peritoneum. The left kidney is slightly larger and is higher than the right one, which is considered normal.

So what does an organ look like? Kidneys look like beans. On average, they have parameters of 12 cm, weight is about 160 g. For the body, they play a very significant role - help the withdrawal urine. In a healthy state, a person can excrete one to two liters of urine per day.

When a person notices changes in the color of urine, this may be a signal that there is a problem with this organ. There is also pain in the lower back, body temperature rises, swelling appears. So-called "bags under the eyes" are observed.

If you experience any of the above symptoms, you should immediately contact a specialist to avoid salt accumulation and the formation of kidney stones, as well as other complications in the form of inflammatory processes. Kidneys require a lot of attention!

The adrenal glands in humans, like the kidneys, are located on both sides of the back wall of the abdominal cavity. How the organs are located, the name speaks for itself - above the kidneys. Their function is to produce most hormones, including adrenaline. They regulate metabolism and help the body feel comfortable. in stressful situations.

A malfunction of the adrenal glands can be excessive or insufficient secretion of hormones. At the same time, blood pressure rises, potassium levels decrease, which can result in acute renal failure. With such symptoms, it is worth visiting an endocrinologist.

The spleen is shaped like a bean. Its location is behind the stomach in the left upper lobe. Its parameters: length - 16 cm, width - 6 cm, weight - about 200 g.

The main function is to protect against infections, control metabolism, filter damaged platelets and red blood cells. Due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the human abdomen, a diseased spleen does not always make itself felt. It often happens that when running, a person has pain on the left side, under the rib. This means that the blood has entered the general blood stream. This problem is not terrible.

Important! If the pain has moved to the chest area, this indicates that an abscess is developing. In this case, the body increases, which only a doctor can determine.

Pain of a aching and pulling character, which radiates to the lumbar region, makes it clear that the person may have had a heart attack.

The arrangement of organs in the peritoneum is such that when the spleen reaches a very large size, it palpable on the right in the region of the womb on palpation. Such signs may accompany tuberculosis. The pain becomes unbearable. Dull pain can warn of the appearance of a neoplasm.

Gastrointestinal tract

Probably, everyone asked himself the question: “What does the gastrointestinal tract consist of?” In order for us to feel good, we need energy. For this, there is a gastrointestinal tract, which includes many organs. Incorrect operation of one of them can be harmful to health.

The gastrointestinal tract includes:

throat,
esophagus,
stomach,
intestines.

Initially, food is sent to the mouth, where it is chewed, mixed with saliva. Chewed food acquires a mushy texture, with the help of the tongue it is swallowed. The food then enters the throat.

Throat externally looks like a funnel, has a mouth and nose connection. From it, food components are sent to the esophagus.

The esophagus is called a muscular tube. Its location is between the pharynx and the stomach. The esophagus is covered with a shell of mucus, which contains many glands that saturate with moisture and soften food, due to which it calmly penetrates into the stomach.

Processed food moves from the stomach to the intestines. And where is the intestine in a person and what functions are assigned to it, we will tell further.

Intestines

The intestine is a special organ that forms 2/3 of the immune system, processes the food received into energy and simultaneously produces more than twenty of its own hormones. Located in the abdominal cavity length is 4 meters. Its shape and structure changes with age. Anatomically, this organ is divided into the small and large intestines.

The diameter of the small intestine is 6 cm, gradually decreasing to 3 cm. On average, the size of the large intestine reaches 8 cm.

Anatomically, the small intestine is divided into three departments:

duodenum,
skinny,
iliac.

The duodenum 12 originates at the stomach and ends in the jejunum. Bile comes out of the gallbladder, juice comes out of the pancreas. It produces a large number of glands that help process food and protect it from damage and irritation. sour substance.

Skinny - is about 2/5 of the entire length of the intestine. Its size is about 1.5 meters. For the fair sex, it is shorter than for the stronger half. When a person dies, it stretches and is about 2.5 meters.

Iliac - located in the lower part of the small intestine she is much thicker and has a more developed vascular system.

Painful symptoms of the small intestine include:

weight loss;
feeling of heaviness in the stomach;
flatulence;
disorder (liquid stool);
soreness in the umbilical region.

As for the large intestine, it includes: the caecum, colon, sigmoid and rectum. This part of the body has a grayish tint, length - 2 meters, width -7 cm. Its main functions are: liquid suction, regular withdrawal of feces.

Blind - the widest part of the intestine, called the appendix. Organisms that help the life of the intestine live in it. The bag-like area reaches 8 cm in length.

The colon is divided into: descending, transverse and ascending. Its diameter is 5 cm, length is 1.5 meters.

Sigmoid - originates at the beginning of the small pelvis and directed transversely- to the right. In a fully formed person, it reaches about 55 cm.

Direct - the final link in the process of processing food by the body. It has such a name because it does not bend. Its functionality is the accumulation and removal of food waste. The rectum is 15 cm long.

Accumulate in the rectum defecation products, which are brought out through the anus.

If painful sensations are observed during defecation, there are blood impurities in the feces, frequent diarrhea is replaced by constipation, weight loss is observed - this is a reason to contact a specialist.

Where is an organ located in a person?

Anatomy of the abdominal organs

Organs in our body specialize in performing specific functional duties. Thus, they ensure the coordinated work of the whole organism. You will learn about the location of the organs from the pictures and descriptions in this article.

Digestive system

Good Digestion: What is it? Why is it important? How to get it?
Our digestive system is probably one of the most important. It plays a crucial role in our health and we really need to take care of it.

What is good digestion?

Food processing begins in the mouth. Our saliva contains enzymes that start the breakdown of certain carbohydrates and act as a food humectant to make swallowing easier.

Food is digested in the stomach using enzymes and stomach acid. The acid activates pepsin, which breaks down protein and kills most bacteria.
The small intestine is where nutrients and enzymes are absorbed, but the food has not yet been digested.
The large intestine contains high levels of various digestive bacteria that help digest leftover food. Fatty acids are some of the by-products of digestion that provide energy for our intestinal cells.
Trillions of bacteria live in our guts. They are critical for proper digestion.
So why is good digestion so important?
We now know what Hippocrates meant so many years ago that "disease begins in the intestines." Research into our microbiome shows that having too few bacteria (in number and variety) can not only affect digestion, but can also cause cancer, diabetes, heart disease, autism, depression, and obesity.

Many years ago, these diseases were rare, but now they are becoming more common.

Typical food now consists of highly processed foods: refined flour, white sugar, and animal protein from milk and meat loaded with antibiotics. These foods are not only low in nutrients, but also low in fiber.

These foods cause the intestines to lack the microbes needed for proper digestion and disease prevention. Even in situations where you feel like you're eating a lot of nutrients, an imbalanced gut flora can mean you're not absorbing all the nutrients your body needs.

Other lifestyle factors that can interfere with proper digestion are the use of oral antibiotics, chronic stress, lack of sleep, nutritional deficiencies (well fed but undernourished), certain medications, food allergies, and infections.

3 Things You Can Do Today to Get Started on the Path to Optimal Digestive Health

1 Eat a variety of fibers (40-60 grams per day). Different microbes like to feed on different fibers.

2 Include prebiotic foods in your diet every day. Prebiotics are slow digesting fibers that ferment in the large intestine (where most bacteria live). They act as food for microbes and all life on Earth needs food to survive, including microbes. Dr. Michael Plann suggests for their nutrition: “resistant starch (found in bananas, oats, legumes); (in onions and other root crops, nuts); and insoluble fiber (in whole grains, especially bran and avocado)."

3 Avoid unnecessary antibiotics. Talk to your doctor to find out how to take an antibiotic for your situation. Eat fermented food. Raw sauerkraut, kefir, kombucha, miso, tempeh, and beets all contain high amounts of probiotic bacteria. So the next time you sit down to eat, think about how your lifestyle is affecting your digestion.

Intestines

The ancient physician Galen described the intestines as a tube, the length of which varies with the age of the patient. In the Middle Ages, the intestines were considered the "seat" of digestion. But there was no information about the process of digestion. According to Leonardo da Vinci, the intestines were associated with the process of respiration. The English scientist William Harvey described the intestines as a tube made up of fibers, blood vessels, mesentery, mucus and fats that had an effect on the digestion process.

The intestines through a prism

The layers of the walls of the small and large intestines are the same: the mucous membrane is formed from the inside of the intestine, the middle layer forms the muscles, and the surface of the intestine is covered with connective tissue.

The main difference is observed in the structure of the mucous membrane. The mucous membrane of the small intestine consists of a huge number of small villi, and its cells produce gastric juice. After processing by the small intestine of food slurry created by gastric juices, all useful substances and elements are absorbed by the lymphatic and blood capillaries.

Comparative anatomy

The length of the intestine depends on the composition of the food. Therefore, ruminants, which have to process complex plant foods, have much larger intestines than carnivores. For example, the intestines of a bull are about 20 times longer than its body, while the intestines of a dog are only 5.

Anatomy

The intestine fills the entire abdominal cavity. The small intestine starts from the stomach and connects to the large intestine. At the point of transition to the large intestine, the small intestine has a bugine valve.

The upper part of the intestine starts from the stomach, then the loop goes around the two main organs, the liver and the bile duct. On the right side of the peritoneum, the intestine goes down, surrounding the liver and kidney. At the site of the lumbar vertebrae, the jejunum begins, which is located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity. At the bottom right, the jejunum adjoins the ileum, the loops of which descend into the small pelvis, adjoining the bladder, uterus and rectum.

Functions

The intestines produce a certain amount of hormones and endocrine cells that affect the transport, motor and digestive activity.

When the bowels don't work...

The most common disease is inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Inflammation or necrosis of the intestine can cause severe inflammation and requires immediate medical attention. In this case, small ulcers on the membrane may occur, as well as diarrhea, impaired stool - retention of feces and gas formation. With prolonged discomfort, improper processing and assimilation of food, there are consequences in the form of hair loss, weight loss, dry skin, and swelling of the extremities.

If the blood flow in the intestines is disturbed, blockage of blood vessels can occur, which will lead to a heart attack of the small intestine. Tumors of the intestine are often benign in nature, but may not appear immediately. In the presence of a tumor, blood discharge appears along with feces, alternating with diarrhea. Treatment of tumor formations occurs only by surgery, and ignoring such symptoms can lead to life-threatening inflammation.

Pancreas

It produces enzymes that break down all nutrients: trypsin affects the decomposition of proteins into amino acids.

gallbladder

The gallbladder is small, about the size of a chicken egg, and has a sac-like appearance. It is located in the cavity between the lobes of the liver.

Based on the name, it is not difficult to guess what is inside the bubble. It is filled with bile, which is produced by the liver and is needed for better absorption of food.

Since it is not always required during digestion, the body has a special reservoir, which only when necessary throws out a sufficient norm. To enter the stomach, ducts with peculiar valves go from the bladder.
Bile is secreted from the liver cells. The main functions of secretion are:

improving the process of assimilation of food;
increased activity of enzymes;
improving the breakdown and absorption of fats;
stop the action of digestive juice.

Bile also has bactericidal properties. In 24 hours, the body produces from a liter of bile to two.

Diseases of the gallbladder can be the result of severe complications. Excessive consumption of foods that promote bile secretion can lead to bladder stones.

Because of this, fat metabolism is disturbed and body weight increases. But, in some cases, the effect may be different. Eating foods that do not contribute to the release of bile, a lack of acids, vitamins and fats is formed, and pathology of the lower intestines is also possible. To avoid such health problems, it is necessary to periodically follow a diet that a doctor can prescribe.

Foods that strongly stimulate bile secretion

Dairy products, meat products, fats of both vegetable and animal origin, meat, and egg yolks.
If there are problems with the liver, then the use of this series of products should be reduced to a minimum.
If everything is in order with health, then it will never be superfluous to arrange fasting days for yourself. And also during the unloading of the body, it is worth giving up berries, fruits, pickled vegetables and cold drinks.
Products that weakly stimulate bile secretion.
A positive effect on the work of the bladder - vegetarian food. If there is no desire or opportunity to comply with it, then you can eat meat. Only boiled chicken or beef is allowed. The use of low-fat, boiled fish is allowed. At the same time, drink plenty of water, at least three liters per day, you can also drink weak tea.

Selection system

All unnecessary and waste substances leave the body with the help of various organs, such as the respiratory and digestive organs. Also, so-called waste products can leave the body through pores on the surface of the skin. These organs are the aforementioned excretion system.

As you know, our body must get rid of everything superfluous, and the kidneys help it in this.

The weight of each of the kidneys is one hundred and fifty grams. Outside, this organ is securely wrapped with connective tissue.

The shape of the kidney is somewhat reminiscent of a bean. With its inner concave side, it faces the spine. On the underside of each of the kidneys there is a notch, the so-called renal gates, which connect to the kidneys means of transport, such as arteries and nerves.

A longitudinal section of the kidney shows the surface covering and the brighter inner medulla. The deeper layer is an accumulation of renal pyramids. The bases of the pyramids are connected to the surface coating, and the upper parts grow in the direction of the so-called renal pelvis.

The renal pelvis is nothing more than a transit point for urine before final entry into the ureter.

Heart

The heart pumps blood, the kidneys purify it of unnecessary substances, the liver takes part in digestion and in metabolic processes. There is a job for every organ.

It must be remembered that significant changes in the heart are not always accompanied by pain.

Be aware of the risk factors! Resolutely forbid yourself to smoke even occasionally at parties with old friends, and it is also very important to check your cholesterol levels. Be very attentive to yourself and listen to your heart! Go see a cardiologist without hesitation if something is bothering you. This is not suspiciousness, but reasonable caution and attention to one's health.

The heart contracts as a whole with a clear sequence: first the atria, and then the ventricles.

In the atria, blood is collected from the veins. The heart has four valves: two valvular and two crescents. The valves are placed between the atria and ventricles.

The movement of blood through the vessels is a necessary condition for maintaining the vital activity of the body. The heart and blood vessels form the circulatory system. The heart is a hollow muscular organ whose main function is to pump blood through the vessels. The heart muscle is able to excite, conduct excitation and contract. The heart contracts under the influence of impulses that arise in the heart itself. This property is called automatism of the heart.

Caring for the heart

Sometimes it's better to be considered suspicious than to be frivolous. Especially when it comes to the heart. Not only love can inadvertently descend - the disease does not always loudly announce its appearance.

The feeling of anxiety came suddenly. Tatiana, a beautiful nurse of Balzac age, was still at work after a hectic day's duty. She sat down on a chair in the staff room to rest a little and drink a cup of hot tea, and suddenly froze from a sharp and piercing pain in the heart. It felt like it was hard to breathe. A friend advised me to drink 25 drops of valocordin. Tatyana drank the drops and after a few minutes the pain was relieved, but the disappointing feeling of discomfort and heaviness in the chest remained. “Probably, this is what the patients call: the heart aches,” suggested Tatyana and decided to consult a cardiologist.

The cardiologist said that absolutely all pain sensations in the region of the heart that appeared for the first time, especially those accompanied by a feeling of lack of air during breathing, are a serious alarm signal, and recommended the woman to do a comprehensive examination of the body.

The doctor explained that pain in the left half of the chest is not always associated with pathological changes in the heart and blood vessels. For example, a short sharp stabbing (may appear with a change in body position) is quite possibly a symptom of intercostal neuralgia. The feeling of lack of air, especially with excitement or fear, in young women, in most cases, is due to the appearance of vascular dystonia and the impact of stress on the human body. The problem is that people themselves can not correctly assess their well-being. Only a highly qualified doctor can determine the true cause of such “pain” in the heart. And only he has the right to determine medical recommendations in each individual case. The adored drops and tablets of our grandmothers, such as validol, corvalol, valocordin, from the point of view of modern medicine, are not at all a drug for the treatment of cardiac pathology.

Be carefull

Increased attention requires pain that appears or worsens with physical exertion. Incompetent recommendations and actions in such a situation can lead to the loss of invaluable time, which is very necessary to prevent the development of serious complications (including myocardial infarction).

Having decided to seriously take care of your health and start sports training, be sure to go through a stress test under the strictest medical supervision in advance. The results of it will enable the doctor to correctly assess the health potential of your cardiovascular system and set the amount of physical activity that is individually correct for you. This is very important at the initial stage, and then this technique will come in handy to monitor how the body copes with training sessions.

It must be well remembered that significant changes in the heart are rarely accompanied by sharp pain.

If, during the implementation of ordinary physical exertion, shortness of breath begins to occur or intensify, a breakdown is also a serious signal and a reason to immediately consult a doctor.

Be aware of the risk factors! Resolutely forbid yourself to smoke even occasionally at parties with old friends, and it is also very important to check your cholesterol levels. Be very attentive to yourself and listen to your heart! Go see a cardiologist without hesitation if something is bothering you. This is not suspiciousness, but reasonable caution and attention to one's health.