Pressure is a unit of measurement explanation for dummies. Normal human pressure: main indicators by age

We all had our blood pressure taken. Almost everyone knows that the normal pressure is 120/80 mmHg. But not everyone can answer what these numbers actually mean.

Let's try to figure out what upper / lower pressure generally means, as well as how these values ​​differ from each other. First, let's define the concepts.

Blood pressure (BP) is one of the most important indicators, it demonstrates the functioning of the circulatory system. This indicator is formed with the participation of the heart, blood vessels and blood moving through them.

Blood pressure is the pressure of blood on the wall of an artery

Moreover, it depends on the resistance of the blood, its volume, "ejected" as a result of one contraction (this is called systole), and the intensity of contractions of the heart. Most high rate Blood pressure can be observed when the heart contracts and "throws" blood from the left ventricle, and the lowest - during entry into right atrium when the main muscle is relaxed (diastole). Here we come to the most important.

Under the upper pressure or, in the language of science, systolic, refers to the pressure of the blood during contraction. This indicator shows how the heart contracts. The formation of such pressure is carried out with the participation of large arteries (for example, the aorta), and this indicator depends on a number of key factors.

These include:

• stroke volume of the left ventricle;
• distensibility of the aorta;
• maximum ejection speed.

As for lower pressure(in other words, diastolic), it shows how much resistance the blood experiences while moving through the blood vessels. Lower pressure occurs when the aortic valve closes and blood cannot return to the heart. In this case, the heart itself is filled with other blood, saturated with oxygen, and prepares for the next contraction. The movement of blood occurs as if by gravity, passively.

Factors that affect diastolic pressure include:

• heart rate;
• peripheral vascular resistance.

Note! IN normal condition the difference between the two indicators ranges between 30 mm and 40 mm of mercury, although much here depends on the well-being of the person. Despite the fact that there are specific figures and facts, each organism is individual, as well as its arterial pressure.

We conclude: in the example given at the beginning of the article (120/80), 120 is an indicator of upper blood pressure, and 80 is lower.

Blood pressure - norm and deviations

Characteristically, the formation of blood pressure depends mainly on lifestyle, nutritious diet, habits (including bad ones), the frequency of stress. For example, by eating a particular food, you can specifically lower / increase blood pressure. It is authentically known that there were cases when people were completely cured of hypertension after changing their habits and lifestyle.

Why do you need to know the value of blood pressure?

For every 10 mmHg increase, the risk of cardiovascular disease increases by about 30 percent. People with high blood pressure are seven times more likely to develop a stroke, four times more likely to have coronary heart disease, two times more likely to blood vessels lower limbs.

That is why finding out the cause of symptoms such as dizziness, migraines or general weakness should begin with measuring blood pressure. In some cases, the pressure must be constantly monitored and checked every few hours.

How pressure is measured

In most cases, blood pressure is measured using special device, consisting of the following elements:

• pneumocuff for arm compression;
• manometer;
• pear with a control valve designed for pumping air.

The cuff is placed over the shoulder. During the measurement process, it is necessary to adhere to certain requirements, otherwise the result may be incorrect (underestimated or overestimated), which, in turn, may affect the subsequent treatment tactics.

Blood pressure - measurement

1. The cuff should fit the size of the arm. For people with overweight and children use special cuffs.
2. The environment should be comfortable, the temperature should be room temperature, and you should start at least after a five-minute rest. If it is cold, vascular spasms will occur and the pressure will rise.
3. You can perform the procedure only half an hour after eating, coffee or smoking.
4. Before the procedure, the patient sits down, leans on the back of the chair, relaxes, his legs at this time should not be crossed. The hand should also be relaxed and lie motionless on the table until the end of the procedure (but not on the "weight").
5. No less important is the height of the table: it is necessary that the fixed cuff is located at the level of approximately the fourth intercostal space. For each five-centimeter displacement of the cuff in relation to the heart, the indicator will decrease (if the limb is raised) or increase (if lowered) by 4 mmHg.
6. During the procedure, the pressure gauge scale should be at eye level - so there will be less chance of making a mistake when reading.
7. Air is pumped into the cuff just enough to internal pressure it exceeded the estimated systolic blood pressure by at least 30 mmHg. If the pressure in the cuff is too high, pain may occur and, as a result, blood pressure may change. Air should be discharged at a speed of 3-4 mmHg per second, tones are heard with a tonometer or stethoscope. It is important that the head of the device does not press too hard on the skin - this can also distort the readings.

   

8. During the reset, the appearance of the tone (this is called the first phase of the Korotkoff tones) will correspond to the upper pressure. When, upon subsequent listening, the tones disappear altogether (fifth phase), the resulting value will correspond to the lower pressure.
9. A few minutes later, another measurement is taken. The average value obtained from several consecutive measurements reflects the state of affairs more accurately than a single procedure.
10. The first measurement is recommended to be carried out on both hands at once. Then you can use one hand - the one on which the pressure is higher.

    

Note! If a person has a heart rhythm disorder, then measuring blood pressure will be a more complicated procedure. Therefore, it is better that a medical officer does this.

How to evaluate your blood pressure

The higher a person's blood pressure, the Great chance ailments such as stroke, ischemia, kidney failure and so on. For an independent assessment of the pressure indicator, you can use a special classification developed back in 1999.

Table number 1. Assessment of the level of blood pressure. Norm

* - optimal in terms of the development of vascular and heart diseases, as well as mortality.

Note! If upper and lower blood pressure are in different categories, then the one that is higher is chosen.

Table number 2. Assessment of the level of blood pressure. Hypertension

Pressure	Upper pressure, mmHg	Lower pressure, mmHg
First degree	140 to 159	90 to 99
Second degree	160 to 179	100 to 109
Third degree	Over 180	Over 110
Border Degree	140 to 149	Up to 90
Systolic hypertension	Over 140	Up to 90

Pressure This term has other meanings, see Pressure (meanings). Dimension Units SI CGS

Pressure - physical quantity, numerically equal to the strength F acting per unit surface area S perpendicular to this surface. At a given point, pressure is defined as the ratio of the normal component of the force acting on a small surface element to its area:

The average pressure over the entire surface is the ratio of the force to the surface area:

Pressure characterizes the state of a continuous medium and is the diagonal component of the stress tensor. In the simplest case of an isotropic equilibrium stationary medium, the pressure does not depend on the orientation. Pressure can also be considered a measure of the potential energy stored in a continuous medium per unit volume and measured in units of energy per unit volume.

Pressure is an intensive physical quantity. Pressure in the SI system is measured in pascals (newtons per square meter, or, equivalently, joules per square meter). cubic meter); The following units are also used:

• Technical atmosphere (ata - absolute, ati - excess)
• physical atmosphere
• millimeter of mercury
• Water column meter
• inch of mercury
• Pound-force per square inch

Pressure units Pascal
(Pa, Pa) Bar



(mmHg,mmHg, Torr, Torr) Water column meter
(m water column, m H 2 O) Pound-force
per sq. inch
(psi) 1 Pa 1 bar 1 atm 1 atm 1 mmHg 1 m water Art. 1psi

Measurement of the pressure of gases and liquids is carried out using pressure gauges, differential pressure gauges, vacuum gauges, pressure sensors, atmospheric pressure- barometers, blood pressure - tonometers.

see also

• Arterial pressure
• Atmosphere pressure
• barometric formula
• Vacuum
• light pressure
• Diffusion pressure
• Bernoulli's law
• Pascal's Law
• Sound pressure and sound pressure
• Pressure measurement
• critical pressure
• pressure gauge
• Mechanical stress
• Molecular Kinetic Theory
• Head (hydrodynamics)
• Oncotic pressure
• Osmotic pressure
• Partial pressure
• State equation
• Materials science of ultrahigh pressures

Notes

1. English E.R. Cohen et al., "Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry", IUPAC Green Book, 3rd Edition, 2nd Printing, IUPAC & RSC Publishing, Cambridge (2008). - p. 14.

Hi all!

Weather Seasons Precipitation Forecast and Clouds Humidity (absolute and relative) Pressure Air temperature Wind direction Wind Thunderstorm Tornado Hurricane Storm Categories:

• Physical quantities alphabetically
• Pressure units

Pressure units

• Pascal (newton per square meter)
• Millimeter of mercury (torr)
• Micron of mercury (10−3 Torr)
• Millimeter of water (or water) column
• Atmosphere
  • physical atmosphere
  • Atmosphere technical
• Kilogram-force per square centimeter, kilogram-force per square meter
• Dyne per square centimeter (barium)
• Pound-force per square inch (psi)
• Pieza (ton-force per square meter, walls per square meter)

Pressure units Pascal
(Pa, Pa) Bar
(bar) Technical atmosphere
(at, at) Physical atmosphere
(atm, atm) Millimeter of mercury
(mm Hg, mm Hg, Torr, Torr) Water column meter
(m water column, m H 2 O) Pound-force
per sq. inch
(psi) 1 Pa 1 bar 1 atm 1 atm 1 mmHg Art. 1 m water Art. 1psi

Links

• Converting pressure units to each other
• Conversion table for pressure units.

Blood pressure - what is it? What blood pressure is considered normal

What does blood pressure mean? Everything is quite simple. It is one of the main indicators of activity of cardio-vascular system. Let's look at this issue in more detail.

What is BP?

Blood pressure is the process of squeezing the walls of capillaries, arteries and veins under the influence of blood circulation.

Types of blood pressure:

• upper, or systolic;
• lower, or diastolic.

When determining the level of blood pressure, both of these values ​​\u200b\u200bmust be taken into account. The units of its measurement remained the very first - millimeters of a mercury column. This is due to the fact that mercury was used in the old devices to determine the level of blood pressure. Therefore, BP looks like in the following way: upper blood pressure (for example, 130) / lower blood pressure (for example, 70) mm Hg. Art.

Circumstances that directly affect the range of blood pressure include:

• the level of strength of contractions performed by the heart;
• the proportion of blood pushed out by the heart during each contraction;
• resistance of the walls of blood vessels, which is the flow of blood;
• the amount of blood circulating in the body;
• pressure fluctuations in chest that are caused by the respiratory process.

Blood pressure levels can change throughout the day and with age. But for most healthy people, a stable blood pressure indicator is characteristic.

Definition of types of blood pressure

Systolic (upper) blood pressure is a characteristic of the general condition of the veins, capillaries, arteries, as well as their tone, which is caused by contraction of the heart muscle. It is responsible for the work of the heart, namely, with what force the latter is able to expel blood.

Thus, the level of upper pressure depends on the strength and speed with which heart contractions occur.

It is unreasonable to assert that arterial and cardiac pressure is the same concept, since the aorta also participates in its formation.

Lower (diastolic) pressure characterizes the activity of blood vessels. In other words, this is the level of blood pressure at the moment when the heart is maximally relaxed.

Lower pressure is formed as a result of contraction peripheral arteries, through which blood enters the organs and tissues of the body. Therefore, the state of blood vessels is responsible for the level of blood pressure - their tone and elasticity.

How to know the level of blood pressure?

You can find out your blood pressure level using a special device called a blood pressure monitor. This can be done both at the doctor's (or nurse's) and at home, having previously bought the device at the pharmacy.

There are the following types of tonometers:

• automatic;
• semi-automatic;
• mechanical.

A mechanical tonometer consists of a cuff, a pressure gauge or display, a pear for pumping air and a stethoscope. Principle of operation: put the cuff on your arm, put a stethoscope under it (while you should hear the pulse), inflate the cuff with air until it stops, and then start to lower it gradually, unscrewing the wheel on the pear. At some point, you will clearly hear pulsating sounds in the stethoscope headphones, then they will stop. These two marks are the top and bottom blood pressure.

The semi-automatic tonometer consists of a cuff, an electronic display and a pear. Principle of operation: put on the cuff, pump up the air to the maximum with a pear, then let it out. The electronic display shows the upper and lower values ​​of blood pressure and the number of beats per minute - the pulse.

The automatic blood pressure monitor consists of a cuff, an electronic display and a compressor that performs inflation and deflation manipulations. Principle of operation: put on the cuff, start the device and wait for the result.

It is generally accepted that a mechanical tonometer gives the most exact result. It's also more affordable. At the same time, automatic and semi-automatic blood pressure monitors remain the most convenient to use. Such models are especially suitable for older people. Moreover, some types have the function of voice notification of pressure indicators.

It is worth measuring blood pressure indicators no earlier than thirty minutes after any physical exertion (even minor ones) and one hour after drinking coffee and alcohol. Before the measurement process itself, you need to sit quietly for a couple of minutes, catch your breath.

Blood pressure - the norm by age

Every person has individual norm BP, which may not be associated with any disease.

The level of blood pressure is determined by a number of factors that are of particular importance:

• age and gender of the person;
• personal characteristics;
• life style;
• lifestyle features labor activity, preferred type of vacation, and so on).

Blood pressure also tends to rise with unusual physical activity and emotional stress. And if a person constantly performs physical activity (for example, an athlete), then the level of blood pressure can also change both for a while and for a long period. For example, when a person in stressful condition, then his blood pressure can rise to thirty mm Hg. Art. from the norm.

However, there are still certain limits of normal blood pressure. And even every ten points of deviation from the norm indicate a violation of the body.

Blood pressure - the norm by age

You can also calculate the individual value of blood pressure using the following formulas:

1. For men:

• upper blood pressure = 109 + (0.5 * number full years) + (0.1 * weight in kg);
• lower BP \u003d 74 + (0.1 * number of full years) + (0.15 * weight in kg).

2. For women:

• upper BP \u003d 102 + (0.7 * number of full years) + 0.15 * weight in kg);
• lower blood pressure \u003d 74 + (0.2 * number of full years) + (0.1 * weight in kg).

The resulting value is rounded to an integer according to the rules of arithmetic. That is, if it turned out to be 120.5, then when rounded it will be 121.

Elevated blood pressure

High blood pressure is high level at least one of the indicators (lower or upper). It is necessary to judge the degree of its overestimation, taking into account both indicators.

Regardless of whether the lower blood pressure is high or upper, it is a disease. And it's called hypertension.

There are three degrees of the disease:

• the first - SAD 140-160 / DBP 90-100;
• the second - SAD 161-180 / DBP 101-110;
• the third - GARDEN 181 and more / DBP 111 and more.

It is worth talking about hypertension when there is a high level of blood pressure values ​​for a long period.

Statistically, an overestimate systolic pressure most often observed in women, and diastolic - in men and the elderly.

Symptoms of high blood pressure can be:

• decrease in working capacity;
• appearance of fatigue;
• frequent feelings of weakness;
• morning pain in the back of the head;
• frequent dizziness;
• occurrence of bleeding from the nose;
• noise in ears;
• decreased visual acuity;
• the appearance of swelling of the legs at the end of the day.

Causes of high blood pressure

If the lower blood pressure is high, then most likely this is one of the symptoms of the disease. thyroid gland, kidneys, adrenal glands, which began to produce renin in large quantities. It, in turn, increases the tone of the muscles of the blood vessels.

Elevated lower blood pressure is fraught with the development of more more serious illnesses.

High upper pressure indicates too frequent contractions of the heart.

A jump in blood pressure can be caused by a number of reasons. This is for example:

• vasoconstriction due to atherosclerosis;
• overweight;
• diabetes;
• stressful situations;
• malnutrition;
• excessive consumption of alcohol, strong coffee and tea;
• smoking;
• lack of physical activity;
• frequent weather changes;
• some diseases.

What is low BP?

Low blood pressure is vegetovascular dystonia or hypotension.

What happens with hypotension? When the heart contracts, blood enters the vessels. They expand and then gradually narrow. Thus, the vessels help the blood to move further along circulatory system. The pressure is normal. For a number of reasons, vascular tone may decrease. They will remain expanded. Then there is not enough resistance for the movement of blood, because of which the pressure drops.

The level of blood pressure in hypotension: upper - 100 or less, lower - 60 or less.

If the pressure drops sharply, then the blood supply to the brain is limited. And this is fraught with such consequences as dizziness and fainting.

Symptoms of low blood pressure may include:

• increased fatigue and lethargy;
• darkening in the eyes;
• frequent shortness of breath;
• cold feeling in hands and feet;
• hypersensitivity to loud sounds and bright light
• muscle weakness;
• motion sickness in transport;
• frequent headaches.

What is the reason for low blood pressure?

Poor joint tone and low blood pressure (hypotension) can be present from birth. But more often the culprits reduced pressure become:

• Severe fatigue and stress. Congestion at work and at home, stress and lack of sleep cause a decrease in vascular tone.
• Heat and stuffiness. When you sweat, it leaves the body a large number of liquids. For the sake of maintaining water balance it pumps water out of the blood that flows through the veins and arteries. Its volume decreases, vascular tone decreases. The pressure drops.
• Taking medication. Heart drugs, antibiotics, antispasmodics and painkillers can “drop” the pressure.
• The occurrence of allergic reactions anything with possible anaphylactic shock.

If you have not had hypotension before, do not leave unpleasant symptoms without attention. They can be dangerous "bells" of tuberculosis, stomach ulcers, complications after a concussion and other diseases. Contact a therapist.

What to do to normalize the pressure?

These tips will help you feel whole hearty day if you are hypotensive.

1. Don't rush to get out of bed. Wake up - do a little warm-up lying down. Move your arms and legs. Then sit down and stand up slowly. Perform actions without sudden movements. they can cause fainting.
2. Accept cold and hot shower in the morning for 5 minutes. Alternate water - a minute warm, a minute cool. This will help to cheer up and is good for blood vessels.
3. A good cup of coffee! But only natural tart drink will raise the pressure. Drink no more than 1-2 cups a day. If you have heart problems, drink green tea instead of coffee. It invigorates no worse than coffee, but does not harm the heart.
4. Sign up for a pool. Go at least once a week. Swimming improves vascular tone.
5. Buy a tincture of ginseng. This natural "energy" gives tone to the body. Dissolve 20 drops of tincture in ¼ cup of water. Drink half an hour before meals.
6. Eat sweets. As soon as you feel weak - eat ½ teaspoon of honey or a little dark chocolate. Sweets will drive away fatigue and drowsiness.
7. Drink clean water. Daily 2 liters of pure and non-carbonated. This will help maintain pressure on normal level. If you have diseased heart and kidneys drinking regimen must be prescribed by a doctor.
8. get enough sleep. A rested body will work as it should. Sleep at least 7-8 hours a day.
9. Get a massage. According to experts oriental medicine, there are special points on the body. By acting on them, you can improve your well-being. Pressure is controlled by the point between the nose and upper lip. Gently massage it with your finger for 2 minutes in a clockwise direction. Do this when you feel weak.

First aid for hypotension and hypertension

If you feel dizzy, severe weakness, tinnitus, call an ambulance. In the meantime, the doctors go, act:

1. Open the collar of your clothes. The neck and chest should be free.
2. Lie down. Lower your head down. Place a small pillow under your feet.
3. Smell ammonia. If it is not available, use table vinegar.
4. Have some tea. Definitely strong and sweet.

If you feel the approach of a hypertensive crisis, then you also need to call the doctors. In general, this disease should always be supported preventive treatment. As first aid measures, you can resort to the following actions:

1. Organize foot bath With hot water, in which mustard was previously added. An alternative would be to overlay mustard compresses on the region of the heart, neck and calves.
2. Lightly bind the right, and then the left arm and leg for half an hour each side. When the tourniquet is applied, a pulse should be felt.
3. Have a drink from chokeberry. It can be wine, compote, juice. Or eat jam from this berry.

To reduce the risk of occurrence and development of hypotension and hypertension, you should adhere to a healthy diet, prevent the appearance excess weight, exclude harmful products from the list, move more.

Pressure should be measured from time to time. When observing a trend of high or low blood pressure, it is recommended to consult a doctor to determine the causes and prescribe treatment. Prescribed therapies may include methods to normalize blood pressure, such as taking special medications and herbal infusions diet, exercise, and so on.

What is atmospheric pressure, definition. Physics Grade 7

The atmosphere extends several thousand kilometers above our planet. Due to the action of gravity, the upper layers of air, like water in the ocean, compress the lower layers, as a result of which the earth's surface and the bodies on it experience pressure from the entire thickness of the air.
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere on all objects on it.

Vyatheslav nasyrov

Atmospheric pressure - the pressure of the atmosphere on all objects in it and the Earth's surface. Atmospheric pressure is created by the gravitational attraction of air to the Earth.
In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli showed that air has weight. Together with V. Viviani, Torricelli conducted the first experiment on measuring atmospheric pressure, inventing the Torricelli tube (the first mercury barometer), a glass tube in which there is no air. In such a tube, mercury rises to a height of about 760 mm.
On the earth's surface, atmospheric pressure varies from place to place and over time. Especially important are the non-periodic changes in atmospheric pressure that determine the weather, associated with the emergence, development and destruction of slowly moving high-pressure areas (anticyclones) and relatively fast moving huge eddies (cyclones), in which low pressure prevails. There were fluctuations in atmospheric pressure at sea level within 684 - 809 mm Hg. Art.
Normal atmospheric pressure is a pressure of 760 mm Hg. Art. (101 325 Pa).
Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, since it is created only by the overlying layer of the atmosphere. The dependence of pressure on height is described by the so-called. barometric formula. The height to which one must rise or fall in order for the pressure to change by 1 hPa is called the baric (barometric) stage. Near the earth's surface at a pressure of 1000 hPa and a temperature of 0 °C, it is 8 m/hPa. With an increase in temperature and an increase in altitude above sea level, it increases, that is, it is directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to pressure. The reciprocal of the baric step is the vertical baric gradient, i.e., the change in pressure when raising or lowering 100 meters. At a temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 1000 hPa, it is equal to 12.5 hPa.
On maps, pressure is shown using isobars - lines connecting points with the same surface atmospheric pressure, necessarily reduced to sea level. Atmospheric pressure is measured with a barometer.

Ivan Ivanov

We do not notice the air, because we all live in it. It's hard to imagine, but air has weight in the same way as all bodies on Earth. This is so because gravity acts on it. Air can even be weighed on a scale by placing it in a glass ball. Paragraph forty-two describes how to do this. We do not notice the weight of the air, nature arranged it that way.
Air is held near the Earth by gravity. He does not fly into space thanks to her. The multi-kilometer air shell around the Earth is called the atmosphere. Of course, the atmosphere presses on us and on all other bodies. The pressure of the atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure.
We do not notice it, because the pressure we have inside is the same as the air pressure outside. In the textbook you will find a description of several experiments proving that there is atmospheric pressure. And, of course, try some of them to repeat. Or maybe you can come up with your own or peep on the Internet to show in the lesson, to surprise classmates. There are very entertaining experiments about atmospheric pressure.

What is blood pressure definition?

Blood pressure is the pressure of blood on the walls of blood vessels - veins, arteries and capillaries. Blood pressure is necessary in order to ensure that blood can move through the blood vessels.
The value of arterial pressure (sometimes abbreviated as blood pressure) is determined by the strength of heart contractions, the amount of blood that is ejected into the vessels with each contraction of the heart, the resistance that the walls of blood vessels provide to blood flow and, to a lesser extent, the number of heartbeats per unit time. In addition, the value of blood pressure depends on the amount of blood circulating in the circulatory system, its viscosity. Fluctuations in pressure in the abdominal and chest cavities associated with respiratory movements, and other factors.
When blood is forced into the heart, the pressure in it increases until the moment when blood is ejected from the heart into the vessels. These two phases - pumping blood into the heart and pushing it into the vessels - make up, in medical terms, the systole of the heart. Then the heart relaxes, and after a kind of “rest”, it begins to fill with blood again. This stage is called diastole of the heart. Accordingly, the pressure in the vessels has two extreme values: the maximum - systolic, and the minimum - diastolic. And the difference in the value of systolic and diastolic pressure, more precisely, fluctuations in their values, is called pulse pressure. The norm of systolic pressure in large arteries is 110-130 mm Hg, and diastolic pressure is about 90 mm Hg. in the aorta and about 70 mm Hg. in large arteries. These are the same indicators that are known to us under the name of upper and lower pressure.

Muslimgauze

Blood pressure is the pressure that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels through which it travels. The value of blood pressure is determined by the strength of heart contractions, the amount of blood and the resistance of blood vessels.
The highest pressure is observed at the time of ejection of blood into the aorta; the minimum - at the moment when the blood reaches the hollow veins. Distinguish between upper (systolic) pressure and lower (diastolic) pressure.

To understand what pressure is in physics, consider a simple and familiar example. Which?

In a situation where we need to cut a sausage, we will use the sharpest object - a knife, and not a spoon, comb or finger. The answer is obvious - the knife is sharper, and all the force we apply is distributed along the very thin edge of the knife, bringing maximum effect in the form of a separation of a part of an object, i.e. sausages. Another example - we are standing on loose snow. Legs fail, walking is extremely uncomfortable. Why, then, pass us with ease and on high speed skiers rush by without drowning and not getting entangled in the same loose snow? It is obvious that snow is the same for everyone, both for skiers and for walkers, but the effect on it is different.

With approximately the same pressure, that is, weight, the surface area pressing on the snow varies greatly. The ski area is much more area shoe soles, and, accordingly, the weight is distributed over a larger surface. What helps or, on the contrary, prevents us from effectively influencing the surface? Why sharp knife cuts bread better, and flat wide skis hold better on the surface, reducing penetration into the snow? In the seventh grade physics course, the concept of pressure is studied for this.

pressure in physics

The force applied to a surface is called pressure force. And pressure is a physical quantity that is equal to the ratio of the pressure force applied to a specific surface to the area of ​​this surface. The formula for calculating pressure in physics is as follows:

where p is pressure,
F - pressure force,
s is the surface area.

We see how pressure is denoted in physics, and we also see that with the same force, the pressure is greater when the support area, or, in other words, the contact area of ​​interacting bodies, is smaller. Conversely, as the area of ​​support increases, the pressure decreases. That is why a sharper knife cuts any body better, and nails driven into a wall are made with sharp tips. And that is why skis hold on the snow much better than their absence.

Pressure units

The unit of pressure is 1 newton per square meter - these are quantities already known to us from the seventh grade course. We can also convert pressure units N / m2 to pascals, units of measurement named after the French scientist Blaise Pascal, who derived the so-called Pascal's Law. 1 N/m = 1 Pa. In practice, other units of pressure are also used - millimeters of mercury, bars, and so on.

Blood pressure is an individual physiological indicator that determines the force of blood pressure on the walls of blood vessels.

In many ways, blood pressure depends on how the human heart works and how many beats per minute it can make.

normal pressure a person is an indicator that can vary depending on the physical load on the body.

Thus, with active training or strong emotional experiences, a person’s normal pressure can increase and go beyond the norm.

Ideal at rest is considered a pressure indicator of 110/70. Low blood pressure starts at 100/60. Increased (hypertension) - from 140\90.

The critical (maximum) indicator is 200/100 or more.

A person's normal blood pressure can also change after physical activity. If the heart at the same time copes with its functions, then the change in blood pressure is not a deviation. Thus, after sports loads, a person's blood pressure can rise to 130/85.

There are such factors that have a significant impact on the normal pressure (including intraocular, intra-abdominal, etc.) of a person:

1. The person's age and general health. It is important to know that existing diseases (especially chronic pathologies kidney, heart, venereal or viral diseases) can significantly increase blood pressure.
2. The presence of diseases that can thicken the blood (diabetes mellitus).
3. The presence of progressive deviations in pressure (hypertension, hypotension).
4. The condition of the heart and the presence of diseases in it.
5. Atmosphere pressure.
6. Thyroid hormone levels and menopause in women.
7. Hormonal disruptions in the body that narrow the arteries and blood vessels.
8. General elasticity vascular walls. In older people, the vessels wear out and become brittle.
9. The presence of atherosclerosis.
10. Bad habits (smoking, drinking).
11. Emotional condition person ( frequent stress and experiences are negatively reflected on the normal pressure of a person).

Normal blood pressure has some differences in women, adult men and children.

In the event that a person has failures in this indicator and problems with jumps in blood pressure, he needs an urgent medical assistance and medical treatment.

In addition to this, a lot important role the pulse rate also plays, since the blood pulse is inextricably linked with venous pressure.

Normal blood pressure in humans: upper and lower pressure

Before considering what upper and lower blood pressure is, let's give a classification of blood pressure according to WHO.

There are such stages of elevated blood pressure according to WHO:

1. The first stage is accompanied by a stable course of hypertension, without deterioration in the functioning of internal organs.
2. The second stage involves the development of pathologies in one or two organs.
3. The third stage affects not only the organs, but also the systems of the body. In addition, the following degrees of AD are distinguished:
   • border state, at which the indicators are not more than 159/99.
   • The second degree is moderate hypertension (179/109 or more).

Normal blood pressure in a person is a relative concept, since for each individual (separate) organism there are certain normal indicators of the tonometer.

Before understanding what a person's normal blood pressure is, it is important to find out what upper and lower blood pressure is.

Not everyone knows what upper and lower blood pressure is, and it is often confused. talking in simple words, upper or systolic pressure is an indicator that depends on the frequency of contraction and the strength of the myocardial rhythm.

Lower or diastolic pressure is an indicator that reveals the minimum pressure during the decrease in the load (relaxation) of the heart muscle.

What should be the blood pressure by age and gender?

In men, the norms are:

1. At 20 years old - 123/76.
2. At 30 years old - 130/80.
3. At 50-60 years old - 145/85.
4. More than 70 years - 150/80.

Among women normal performance pressures are:

1. At 20 years old -115/70.
2. At 30 years old - 120/80.
3. At 40 years old - 130/85.
4. At 50-60 years old - 150/80.
5. More than 70 years - 160/85.

As you can see, blood pressure levels increase with age in both men and women.

Normal blood pressure in a person is inextricably linked with his pulse, which can also indicate various diseases and pathologies in the body (especially in the kidneys and blood vessels).

By itself, the pulse is nothing more than periodic contractions that are associated with the oscillation of the vessels when they are filled with blood. With reduced vascular pressure, the pulse will also be weak.

Normally, at rest, a person's pulse should be 60-70 beats per minute.

Allocate different norms heart rate for people of different age categories:

1. In children from one to two years old - 120 beats per minute.
2. In children from three to seven years old - 95 strokes.
3. In children from eight to 14 years old - 80 strokes.
4. Adolescents and young adults have 70 strokes.
5. In the elderly - 65 strokes.

Normal pressure in a person during pregnancy does not go astray until the sixth month of bearing a child. After that, due to the influence of hormones, blood pressure may increase.

In the event that the pregnancy proceeds with deviations or pathologies, then jumps in blood pressure may be more noticeable. In this condition, a woman may experience a persistent increase in blood pressure. At the same time, she is recommended to register with a therapist and go to the hospital under the supervision of a doctor.

Before considering the units in which blood pressure is measured, you should understand the rules of the procedure itself for setting blood pressure indicators.

1. Man must take sitting position with back support.
2. Before measuring pressure, it is not recommended to physically overstrain, smoke, eat, or take alcoholic beverages.
3. It is necessary to use only a working mechanical device for changing blood pressure, which will have a normalized scale.
4. The person's hand should be at chest level.
5. During the procedure, you can not speak or move.
6. In measuring the magnitude of the pressure of both hands, you need to take a break of ten minutes.
7. Your blood pressure should be measured by a doctor or nurse. On your own, a person will not be able to accurately determine his pressure.

Not everyone knows in what units blood pressure is measured and what the “mmHg” indicators mean. Art. In fact, everything is simple: these units of measurement of blood pressure mean millimeters of mercury. They show on the device how high or low the blood pressure is.

After we figured out in what units blood pressure is measured, we will give the main causes of deviations from the norm.

Violations of pressure in the body can develop according to the most different reasons. It could be physical fatigue, starvation or simple stress, which greatly affected the human condition. Usually, in this state, the indicators themselves stabilize when the body returns to normal, the person eats, rests and sleeps well.

A more serious reason high blood pressure progressive diseases such as vascular atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, acute viral or infectious diseases. In this state, a person may suffer from jumps BP, and obvious signs hypertension.

One more common cause failure in blood pressure is a sharp vasoconstriction that has arisen due to hormonal influence as well as emotional stress.

Taking certain drugs, heart disease, bleeding disorders and excessive physical activity can also affect the failure in this indicator.

Improper nutrition and malfunction endocrine system usually has a bad effect on blood pressure in both young and old people.

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure: norm and deviation

Blood pressure has two main indicators:

1. Systolic.
2. diastolic.

There is a significant difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. The norm of the upper (systolic pressure) is determined by the level of pressure in the human blood at the moment of the strongest (limiting) contraction of the heart.

Thus, the rate of systolic pressure directly depends on the frequency of heart beats and the number of its contractions.

There are such factors that affect the rate of systolic pressure:

1. The volume of the right ventricle.
2. The frequency of oscillations of the heart muscle.
3. A measure of the stretching of the walls in the aorta.

The normal systolic pressure is 120 mm. rt. Art. Sometimes it is called "heart", but this is not entirely correct, because not only is involved in the process of pumping blood this body but also vessels.

The norm of diastolic pressure depends on the level of blood pressure at the moment of maximum relaxation of the heart. Thus, the norm of diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg.

Therefore, there is a fairly significant difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

The norm, however, is still individual for each person, depending on the state of health, age and gender.

High blood pressure or hypertension (hypertension) usually occurs in older people. This disease is considered very dangerous because it can lead to a stroke, that is, a rupture of a vessel in the brain.

Such a deviation may develop for the following reasons:

1. Overweight person (obesity).
2. strong nervous tension, frequent stress and psycho-emotional instability.
3. chronic diseases internal organs.
4. sedentary image life.
5. Diabetes.
6. The use of alcoholic beverages.
7. Smoking.
8. Wrong nutrition.
9. The genetic predisposition of a person to this disease.

During hypertension, a person suffers from terrible headaches, weakness, shortness of breath, dry mouth, heart pain and weakness.

In this state, the patient should be given urgent help and consult a doctor until the disease has caused dangerous complications. It is also important to identify the underlying cause of hypertension, and together with high pressure treat and the factor that provoked its appearance.

Hypotension is a condition in which a person has low blood pressure. In this case, the patient will feel severe weakness, nausea, dizziness.

This condition can be caused by:

1. Anemia.
2. Heart attack.
3. Prolonged fasting.
4. Diseases of the adrenal glands.

Blood pressure: what is considered normal, how to measure, what to do with high and low?

Mankind owes a lot to the Italian Riva-Rocci, who at the end of the century before last came up with a device that measures blood pressure (BP). At the beginning of the last century, this invention was wonderfully supplemented by the Russian scientist N.S. Korotkov, proposing a technique for measuring pressure in brachial artery phonendoscope. Although Riva-Rocci apparatus was bulky compared to current tonometers and really mercury, but the principle of its operation has not changed for almost 100 years. And the doctors loved him. Unfortunately, now you can only see it in a museum, because compact (mechanical and electronic) devices of a new generation have come to replace it. And here auscultatory method N.S. Korotkov is still with us and is successfully used by both doctors and their patients.

Where is the norm?

The norm of blood pressure in adults is considered to be the value120/80 mmHg st. But how can this indicator be fixed if a living organism, which is a person, must constantly adapt to various conditions of existence? And people are all different, so within reasonable limits, blood pressure still deviates.

infographic: RIA Novosti

Let modern medicine and abandoned the previous complex formulas for calculating blood pressure, which took into account such parameters as gender, age, weight, but there are still discounts for something. For example, for an asthenic "lightweight" woman, the pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Art. considered quite normal, and if blood pressure rises by 20 mm Hg. Art., then she will certainly feel it. In the same way, a pressure of 130/80 mm Hg will be the norm. Art. for the trained young man. After all, athletes usually have it.

Blood pressure fluctuations will still be influenced by factors such as age, exercise stress, psycho-emotional environment, climatic and weather. , perhaps, hypertension would not have suffered if he had lived in another country. How else to understand the fact that on the black African continent among the indigenous population of the AG can be found only occasionally, and blacks in the United States suffer from it indiscriminately? It turns out that only BP does not depend on race.

However, if the pressure rises slightly (10 mm Hg) and only in order to give a person the opportunity to adapt to environment, that is, occasionally, all this is considered the norm and does not give reason to think about the disease.

With age, blood pressure also rises slightly. This is due to a change in blood vessels that deposit something on their walls. In practically healthy people, the deposits are quite small, so the pressure will increase by 10-15 mm Hg. pillar.

If the blood pressure values ​​cross the line of 140/90 mm Hg. st., will steadfastly hold on to this figure, and sometimes also move upwards, such a person will be diagnosed arterial hypertension the appropriate degree depending on the pressure values. Therefore, for adults there is no norm for blood pressure by age, there is only a small discount for age. But with children, things are a little different.

Video: how to keep blood pressure normal?

And what about children?

Blood pressure in children has different values ​​than adults. And it grows, starting from birth, at first quite quickly, then growth slows down, with some upward jumps in adolescence, and reaches the level of blood pressure of an adult. Of course, it would be surprising if the pressure of such a small newborn child, having everything so "new", was 120/80 mm Hg. Art.

The structure of all organs of a newly born baby has not yet been completed, this also applies to the cardiovascular system. The vessels of the newborn are elastic, their lumen is wider, the network of capillaries is larger, so the pressure is 60/40 mm Hg. Art. it will be the norm for him. Although, perhaps, someone will be surprised by the fact that lipid spots can be found in newborns in the aorta yellow color, which, however, do not affect health and eventually go away. But it is, digression.

As the baby develops and further formation his body, blood pressure rises and by the year of life the numbers 90-100 / 40-60 mm Hg will be normal. Art., and the child will reach the values ​​of an adult only by the age of 9-10. However, at this age, the pressure is 100/60 mm Hg. Art. will be considered normal and will not surprise anyone. But in adolescents, the normal value of blood pressure is slightly higher than that established for adults 120/80. This is probably due to the hormonal surge characteristic of adolescence. For calculation normal values blood pressure in children pediatricians use special table which we present to our readers.

Age	Normal minimum systolic pressure	Normal maximum systolic pressure	Normal low diastolic pressure	Normal maximum diastolic pressure
Up to 2 weeks	60	96	40	50
2-4 weeks	80	112	40	74
2-12 months	90	112	50	74
2-3 years	100	112	60	74
3-5 years	100	116	60	76
6-9 years old	100	122	60	78
10-12 years old	110	126	70	82
13-15 years old	110	136	70	86

BP problems in children and adolescents

Unfortunately, such a pathology as arterial hypertension is no exception for child's body. Lability of blood pressure is most often manifested in adolescence, when the body is being restructured, but puberty the more dangerous that a person at this time is not yet an adult, but no longer a child. This age is also difficult for the person himself, because often it leads to pressure surges. instability nervous system teenager, and for his parents, and for the attending physician. However pathological abnormalities should be noticed and leveled in time. This is the task of adults.

The causes of high blood pressure in children and adolescents can be:

As a result of these factors, vascular tone increases, the heart begins to work with a load, especially its left section. If urgent measures are not taken, a young person can meet his majority with a ready-made diagnosis: arterial hypertension or in best case, one type or another.

Measurement of pressure at home

We have been talking about blood pressure for quite some time, implying that all people know how to measure it. It seems nothing complicated, we put a cuff above the elbow, pump air into it, slowly release it and listen.

Everything is correct, but before moving on to the blood pressure of adults, I would like to dwell on the algorithm for measuring blood pressure, since patients often do it on their own and not always according to the method. As a result, inadequate results are obtained, and, accordingly, unreasonable use antihypertensive drugs. In addition, people, talking about upper and lower blood pressure, do not always understand what it all means.

For correct measurement blood pressure is very important in what conditions a person is. In order not to get "random numbers", pressure is measured in America, observing the following rules:

1. A comfortable environment for a person whose pressure is of interest should be at least 5 minutes;
2. Do not smoke or eat for half an hour before the manipulation;
3. Visit the toilet bladder was not filled;
4. Take into account the voltage pain, bad feeling, medication;
5. Measure pressure twice on both hands in the prone position, sitting, standing.

Probably, each of us will not agree with this, except perhaps for the military registration and enlistment office or in strict stationary conditions suitable for this measurement. Nevertheless, it is necessary to strive to fulfill at least some points. For example, it would be nice to measure the pressure in calm environment , having comfortably laid or seated a person, take into account the influence of a “good” smoke break or just eaten hearty lunch. It should be remembered that the accepted antihypertensive could not yet have had its effect (little time had passed) and not grasp at next pill seeing disappointing results.

A person, especially if he is not completely healthy, usually does not cope well with measuring pressure on himself (it costs a lot to put on a cuff!). It is better if one of the relatives or neighbors does it. Very seriously need to treat And to the method of measuring blood pressure.

Video: measuring pressure with an electronic tonometer

Cuff, blood pressure monitor, phonendoscope… systole and diastole

The algorithm for determining blood pressure (N.S. Korotkov's auscultatory method, 1905) is very simple if everything is done correctly. The patient is comfortably seated (you can lie down) and the measurement begins:

• Air is released from the cuff connected to the tonometer and the pear, squeezing it with the palms of your hands;
• Wrap the cuff around the patient's arm above the elbow (tightly and evenly), trying to keep the rubber connecting tube on the side of the artery, otherwise you can get an incorrect result;
• Choose a place to listen and install a phonendoscope;
• Inflate the cuff;
• The cuff, when air is injected, compresses the arteries due to its own pressure, which is 20-30 mm Hg. Art. above the pressure at which the sounds heard on the brachial artery with each pulse wave completely disappear;
• Slowly releasing air from the cuff, listen to the sounds of the artery on the elbow bend;
• The first sound heard by the phonendoscope is fixed with a glance on the scale of the tonometer. It will mean a breakthrough of a portion of blood through the clamped area, since the pressure in the artery slightly exceeded the pressure in the cuff. The impact of escaping blood against the wall of an artery is called in Korotkov's tone, top or systolic pressure;
• A series of sounds, noises, tones following the systole is understandable to cardiologists, and ordinary people must catch the last sound, which is called diastolic or lower, it is also noted visually.

Thus, contracting, the heart pushes blood into the arteries (systole), creates pressure on them equal to the upper or systolic pressure. Blood begins to be distributed through the vessels, which leads to a decrease in pressure and relaxation of the heart (diastole). This is the last, lower, diastolic beat.

However, there are nuances…

Scientists have found that when measuring blood pressure traditional method its values ​​are 10% different from the true ones ( direct measurement in the artery during its puncture). Such an error is more than redeemed by the accessibility and simplicity of the procedure, moreover, as a rule, one measurement of blood pressure in the same patient is not enough, and this makes it possible to reduce the magnitude of the error.

In addition, patients do not differ in the same complexion. For example, in thin people, the determined values ​​​​are lower. And for full ones, on the contrary, it is higher than in reality. This difference can be leveled by a cuff with a width of more than 130 mm. However, there is not only fat people. Obesity of 3-4 degrees often makes it difficult to measure blood pressure on the arm. In such cases, the measurement is carried out on the leg, using a special cuff for this.

There are cases when, with the auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure in the interval between the upper and lower blood pressure in sound wave there is a break (10-20 mm Hg or more), when there are no sounds above the artery (complete silence), but there is a pulse on the vessel itself. This phenomenon is called auscultatory "failure", which may occur at the top or middle third pressure amplitudes. Such a "failure" should not go unnoticed, because then a lower value of blood pressure will be mistakenly taken as the value of systolic pressure ( bottom line auscultatory "failure"). Sometimes this difference can even be 50 mm Hg. Art., which, of course, will greatly affect the interpretation of the result and, accordingly, the treatment, if any.

This error is highly undesirable and can be avoided. To do this, simultaneously with the injection of air into the cuff, the pulse should be monitored for radial artery. Increase the pressure in the cuff to a value exceeding sufficient the level of the disappearance of the pulse.

The phenomenon of "infinite tone" well known to teenage, sports doctors and in military enlistment offices when examining recruits. The nature of this phenomenon is considered to be the hyperkinetic type of blood circulation and low vascular tone, the cause of which is emotional or physical stress. In this case, it is not possible to determine the diastolic pressure, it seems that it is simply equal to zero. However, after a few days, in a relaxed state young man, measuring the lower pressure presents no difficulty.

Video: traditional pressure measurement

Blood pressure rises ... (hypertension)

The causes of high blood pressure in adults are not much different from those in children, but those who are over ... risk factors, of course, more:

1. Of course, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure;
2. BP clearly correlates with being overweight;
3. The level of glucose (diabetes mellitus) greatly affects the formation of arterial hypertension;
4. Excess consumption of table salt;
5. Life in the city, because it is known that the increase in pressure goes hand in hand with the acceleration of the pace of life;
6. Alcohol. Strong tea and coffee become the cause only when they are consumed in excessive quantities;
7. Oral contraceptives, which many women use to avoid unwanted pregnancies;
8. By itself, smoking might not be among the causes of high blood pressure, but this bad habit too bad effect on blood vessels, especially peripheral ones;
9. low physical activity;
10. Professional activity associated with high psycho-emotional stress;
11. Changes in atmospheric pressure, changes in weather conditions;
12. Many other diseases, including surgical ones.

People suffering from arterial hypertension, as a rule, control their condition themselves, taking constantly drugs to lower blood pressure, prescribed by a doctor in individually selected dosages. It could be, or. Given the good awareness of patients about their illness, it makes no sense to dwell on arterial hypertension, its manifestations and treatment.

However, everything once begins, and with hypertension. It is necessary to determine: this is a single increase in blood pressure caused by objective reasons (stress, alcohol intake in inadequate doses, some medicines), or there is a tendency to increase it by permanent basis, for example, blood pressure rises in the evening, after a hard day's work.

It is clear that the nightly rise in blood pressure indicates that during the day a person carries an excessive load for himself, so he must analyze the day, find the cause and begin treatment (or prevention). Even more in such cases, the presence of hypertension in the family should alert, since it is known that this disease has a hereditary predisposition.

If high blood pressure is detected repeatedly, even if in numbers 135/90 mm Hg. Art., it is advisable to start taking measures so that it does not become high. It is not necessary to immediately resort to medications, you can first try to regulate blood pressure by observing the regime of work, rest and nutrition.

A special role in this regard belongs, of course, to diet. By giving preference to products that lower blood pressure, you can long time do without pharmaceuticals, or even avoid taking them altogether, if you do not forget about folk recipes containing medicinal herbs.

Having compiled a menu of available products, like garlic, white and Brussels sprouts, beans and peas, milk, baked potatoes, salmon fish, spinach, you can eat well and not feel hungry. And bananas, kiwi, orange, pomegranate can perfectly replace any dessert and at the same time normalize blood pressure.

Video: hypertension in the program “Live healthy!”

Blood pressure is low… (hypotension)

Although low blood pressure is not fraught with such formidable complications as high blood pressure, it is uncomfortable for a person to live with him. Typically, these patients have a fairly common diagnosis today - vegetative-vascular (neurocirculatory) dystonia according to hypotonic type, when at the slightest sign adverse conditions, blood pressure decreases, which is accompanied by pallor skin, dizziness, nausea, general weakness and malaise. Patients are thrown into cold sweat, fainting may occur.

There are a great many reasons for this, the treatment of such people is very difficult and lengthy, besides, there are no drugs for permanent use, except that patients often drink freshly brewed green tea, coffee and occasionally take Eleutherococcus tincture, ginseng and pantocrine tablets. Again, the regimen helps to normalize blood pressure in such patients, and especially sleep, which requires at least 10 hours. Nutrition should be high enough in calories, because low blood pressure requires glucose. Green tea It has a beneficial effect on blood vessels during hypotension, increasing pressure somewhat and thereby bringing a person to life, which is especially noticeable in the morning. A cup of coffee also helps, but be aware of the addictive property of the drink., that is, imperceptibly you can "get hooked" on it.

The complex of recreational activities for low blood pressure includes:

1. Healthy lifestyle ( leisure sufficient exposure to fresh air);
2. High physical activity, sports;
3. Water procedures (aroma baths, hydromassage, swimming pool);
4. Spa treatment;
5. Diet;
6. Elimination of provoking factors.

Help yourself!

If problems with blood pressure have begun, then you should not passively wait for the doctor to come and cure everything. The success of prevention and treatment largely depends on the patient himself. Of course, if suddenly hypertensive crisis happens to be in a hospital, then there they will appoint a blood pressure profile, and pick up pills. But, when a patient comes to an outpatient appointment with complaints of an increased increase in pressure, then a lot will have to be taken on. For example, it is difficult to trace the dynamics of blood pressure from the words, therefore The patient is asked to keep a diary(at the stage of observation for the selection of antihypertensive drugs - a week, during the period long-term use drugs - 2 weeks 4 times a year, that is, every 3 months).

The diary can be an ordinary school notebook, divided into graphs for convenience. It should be remembered that the measurement of the first day, although performed, is not taken into account. In the morning (6-8 hours, but always before taking medication) and in the evening (18-21 hours), 2 measurements should be taken. Of course, it will be better if the patient is so careful that he measures the pressure every 12 hours at the same time.

• Rest for 5 minutes, and if there was emotional or physical stress, then 15-20 minutes;
• Do not drink strong tea or coffee one hour before the procedure. alcoholic beverages and do not think, do not smoke for half an hour (endure!);
• Do not comment on the actions of the measurer, do not discuss the news, remember that there should be silence when measuring blood pressure;
• Sit comfortably with your hand on a hard surface.
• Carefully enter the values ​​​​of blood pressure in a notebook, so that later you can show your notes to the attending physician.

You can talk about blood pressure for a long time and a lot, patients are very fond of doing this, sitting under the doctor's office, but you can argue, but you should not take advice and recommendations into service, because everyone has their own cause of arterial hypertension, their own accompanying illnesses and your medicine. For some patients, blood pressure lowering drugs are taken for more than one day, so it is better to trust one person - a doctor.

Video: blood pressure in the program “Live Healthy!”