What is cardiovascular disease. Peripheral artery disease
As you know, cardiovascular disease ranks first among the most common and dangerous diseases of our time. There are many reasons for this, but the main ones are genetic predisposition and an unhealthy lifestyle.
Cardiovascular diseases are numerous, proceed in different ways and their origin is different. They can occur as a result of inflammatory processes, congenital developmental defects, injuries, intoxication, pathological changes in metabolic processes, and also as a result of causes that are currently poorly understood.
However, with such a variety of causes of diseases associated with disruption of the cardiovascular system, these diseases combine common symptoms that manifest themselves in these pathologies. Therefore, there are general rules for recognizing the first signs of a disease manifestation. They need to be known in order to be able to avoid complications, and sometimes the disease of the cardiovascular system itself.
The main ones that allow us to talk about the pathology associated with the work of the cardiovascular system:
Pain and discomfort in the chest
Pain is one of the most common symptoms of diseases associated with disruption of the cardiovascular system. If the pain is burning, acute, then most often there is a spasm of the coronary vessels, which leads to malnutrition of the heart itself. Such pains are called angina pectoris. They can occur during physical activity, low temperature, stress. Angina occurs when blood flow cannot meet the oxygen demand of the heart muscle. Angina pectoris, or angina pectoris, the doctor can recognize already at the first treatment of the patient. Things are worse with diagnosing deviations. For a correct diagnosis, monitoring of the course of angina pectoris, analysis of questions and examinations of the patient are necessary. An additional study is required - daily ECG monitoring (ECG recording during the day).
Distinguish between angina pectoris and angina pectoris. Rest angina is not associated with physical effort, often occurs at night, has common features with a severe attack of angina pectoris, and is often accompanied by a feeling of lack of air. Angina pectoris is stable, when attacks occur with a more or less certain frequency and are provoked by a load of approximately the same degree, as well as unstable, in which an attack occurs for the first time or the nature of attacks changes: they occur unexpectedly and last longer, signs appear that are atypical for previous attacks ( progressive angina). Unstable angina is dangerous because it can lead to the development of myocardial infarction (MI). Patients with this type of angina are subject to hospitalization.
Do not forget that an attack of angina pectoris can be a harbinger of coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction. In this regard, when the first symptoms of angina pectoris appear, the patient needs to conduct an electrocardiographic examination in the near future, and then carry out medical supervision for the further development of angina pectoris. It is believed that such patients require hospitalization for an accurate diagnosis, as well as for monitoring the course of the disease. To detect abnormalities in the work of the heart, the use of a cardiovisor gives a high result. The services provided by the project site help people to independently control the dynamics of changes in the work of the heart and consult a doctor in a timely manner even in cases where there are no visible manifestations of the disease.
Severe prolonged pain behind the sternum, radiating to the left arm, neck and back, is characteristic of a developing myocardial infarction. One of the most common causes of myocardial infarction is atherosclerosis of the coronary vessels. Pain in MI is often intense and is so strong that a person can lose consciousness and go into shock: pressure drops sharply, pallor appears, cold sweat comes out.
Severe chest pain, while radiating to the back of the head, back, sometimes to the inguinal region, speaks of an aneurysm, or aortic dissection.
Dull pain in the region of the heart, either increasing or decreasing without spreading to other areas of the body, against the background of rising temperature, indicates the development of pericarditis (inflammation of the heart sac - pericardium).
Sometimes pain can occur in the abdomen, which indicates diseases of the vessels of the abdominal organs.
In pulmonary embolism (PE), symptoms will depend on the location and size of the clot. The person will feel chest pain radiating to the shoulder, arm, neck, and jaw. Shortness of breath is a frequent companion of thromboembolism. Coughing and even hemoptysis may occur. The patient feels weakness, frequent heartbeat.
Dull and short stabbing pain in the region of the heart, which occurs regardless of movements and physical efforts, without respiratory and palpitation disturbances, is characteristic of patients with heart neurosis (neurocirculatory dystopia of the cardiac type).
Cardiac neurosis is a fairly common disease of the cardiovascular system. This is due to the intense rhythm of our lives and frequent stressful situations. As a rule, this disease occurs after nervous overload. Heart pain can manifest itself for quite a long time - from several hours to several days. With this pathology, pain sensations are not associated with physical overload, which distinguishes them from pain in angina pectoris. The pain disappears after the person calms down and forgets about the excitement he has endured. Advanced cases of neurasthenia can lead to angina pectoris.
With heart neurosis, in addition to cardiovascular disorders, patients also have functional disorders of the nervous system - absent-mindedness, fatigue, poor sleep, anxiety, tremor of the limbs.
Acute chest pain may indicate not only diseases associated with disruption of the cardiovascular system, but also be a consequence of other diseases. These include:
Intercostal neuralgia, which is characterized by sharp, paroxysmal, shooting pain along the intercostal spaces (where the nerve nerve passes). Pain points are located at the exit of the nerves (to the right and left of the spine). With intercostal neuralgia, a violation of the sensitivity of the skin in the intercostal region is possible.
Herpes zoster, the onset of which (the onset of the disease) is accompanied by pain similar to intercostal neuralgia, but often more intense. In the zone of pain that has arisen (in the intercostal space), so-called herpetic vesicles appear. The disease is accompanied by fever.
Spontaneous pneumothorax, which is characterized by the sudden onset of chest pain, and pain, accompanied by severe shortness of breath. This disease is typical for people suffering from chronic respiratory diseases (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, etc.). Sometimes it can occur in people who do not suffer from the listed diseases, with heavy physical exertion, a strong sharp exhalation.
Cardiospasm (spasm of the esophagus), which, in addition to pain behind the sternum, is characterized by a violation of swallowing and belching.
Cervical and thoracic sciatica, accompanied by severe pain associated with movement (turns, tilts of the torso, neck).
Very often, according to a person’s description of pain sensations, a doctor can draw a conclusion about the origin of the disease. In this case, a cardiovisor can become an indispensable assistant, which allows you to determine whether the pathology is related to the work of the cardiovascular system or not.
Strong palpitations and a feeling of interruption in the work of the heart
A strong heartbeat does not always mean the development of some kind of pathology, since it can occur with increased physical exertion or as a result of a person’s emotional arousal, and even after eating a large amount of food.
In diseases of the cardiovascular system, a strong heartbeat often manifests itself in the early stages of the disease. The feeling of failure in the work of the heart occurs when the heart rhythm is disturbed. At the same time, it seems to a person that the heart almost “pops out” of the chest, then freezes for a certain period of time.
Such symptoms of cardiovascular disease characteristic of tachycardia, which is accompanied by a heartbeat with a distinct beginning and end, the duration of which can be from a few seconds to several days. Supraventricular tachycardias are accompanied by sweating, increased intestinal motility, profuse urination at the end of an attack, and a slight increase in body temperature. Prolonged attacks may be accompanied by weakness, discomfort in the heart, fainting. If there are heart diseases, then angina pectoris, heart failure. Ventricular tachycardia is less common and is most often associated with heart disease. It leads to disruption of the blood supply to organs, as well as to heart failure. Ventricular tachycardia may be a precursor to ventricular fibrillation.
With heart block, an arrhythmic contraction can be observed, in particular, the "loss" of individual impulses or a significant slowdown in the heart rate. These symptoms may be associated with dizziness or fainting due to decreased cardiac output.
Dyspnea
With heart disease, shortness of breath can appear already in the early stages. This symptom occurs with heart failure: the heart does not work at full capacity and does not pump the necessary amount of blood through the blood vessels. Most often, heart failure develops as a result of atherosclerosis (deposits in the vessels of atherosclerotic plaques). In the case of a mild form of the disease, shortness of breath bothers with intense physical exertion. In severe cases, shortness of breath occurs at rest.
The appearance of shortness of breath may be associated with stagnation of blood in the pulmonary circulation, a disorder of cerebral circulation.
Sometimes cardiac shortness of breath is difficult to distinguish from shortness of breath that accompanies lung disease. Both cardiac and pulmonary dyspnoea may worsen at night when the person goes to bed.
In heart failure, fluid retention in the tissues of the body is possible as a result of a slowdown in blood flow, which can cause pulmonary edema and threaten the life of the patient.
Severe obesity, which increases the weight of the chest wall, significantly increases the load on the muscles involved in the breathing process. This pathology leads to shortness of breath, which correlates with physical activity. Since obesity is a risk factor for coronary artery disease and contributes to the formation of blood clots in the veins of the legs with subsequent pulmonary embolism, it is only possible to associate dyspnea with obesity if these diseases are excluded.
Not the last role in the search for the causes of shortness of breath is played in the modern world by detraining. Shortness of breath is experienced not only by patients, but also by healthy people who lead an inactive lifestyle. With heavy physical exertion, even a normally functioning left ventricle in such people cannot have time to pump all the blood entering it into the aorta, which ultimately leads to stagnation in the pulmonary circulation and shortness of breath.
One of the symptoms of neurotic conditions is psychogenic shortness of breath, which is easy to distinguish from cardiac shortness of breath. People suffering from neurosis of the heart experience difficulty in breathing: they are constantly short of air, and therefore they are forced to periodically take deep breaths. Such patients are characterized by shallow breathing, dizziness and general weakness. Such breathing disorders are purely neurogenic in nature and are in no way associated with dyspnea characteristic of cardiac or pulmonary diseases.
When making a diagnosis, the doctor can easily distinguish between psychogenic dyspnea and cardiac dyspnea. However, difficulties often arise in the differential diagnosis of psychogenic dyspnea, which is different from the dyspnea characteristic of pulmonary embolism. It is important not to overlook mediastinal swelling and primary pulmonary hypertension. In this case, the diagnosis is made by exclusion after a thorough examination of the patient.
To accurately determine the nature of discomfort in the chest, as well as shortness of breath, they resort to the help of bicycle ergometry, or ECG Holter monitoring. A high degree of efficiency in detecting pathologies in the work of the heart can be achieved using a computer system for screening analysis of dispersion changes in the ECG signal, which is offered by the project site.
Edema
The main reason for the appearance of edema is an increase in pressure in the venous capillaries. This is facilitated by such reasons as disruption of the kidneys and increased permeability of the walls of blood vessels. If the swelling is mainly in the ankles, this may indicate heart failure.
Cardiac edema will differ between walking and recumbent patients, as it is associated with the movement of interstitial fluid under the influence of gravity. Walking patients are characterized by swelling of the lower leg, which increases in the evening and subsides in the morning, after sleep. With further accumulation of fluid, it spreads upward, and in patients there is swelling in the thighs, then the lower back and abdominal wall. In severe cases, edema extends to the subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall, arms and face.
In bedridden patients, excess fluid usually first accumulates on the lower back and in the sacrum. Therefore, patients with suspected heart failure should be turned over on their stomach.
Bilateral symmetrical swelling of the legs, usually appearing after a long stay "on the legs", accompanied by shortness of breath, rapid pulse and wheezing in the lungs, may be the result of acute or chronic heart failure. Such edema, as a rule, spreads from the bottom up and intensifies towards the end of the day. Asymmetric swelling of the legs occurs with phlebothrombosis, the most common cause of pulmonary embolism, which can lead to overload in the work of the right ventricle.
There are several ways to determine swelling of the legs. Firstly, after removing clothes in places of pinching, for example, the elastic bands of socks remain pits that do not immediately go away. Secondly, within 30 seconds after pressing a finger on the anterior surface of the lower leg, in the place where the bone is closest to the skin surface, even with small edema, there is a “hole” that does not go away for a very long time. To accurately determine the cause of edema, you need to visit a therapist. He will be able to determine which specialist to contact first.
Violation of the color of the skin (pallor, cyanosis)
Pallor is most often observed with anemia, vasospasm, severe rheumatic heart disease (inflammatory heart disease in rheumatism), aortic valve insufficiency.
Cyanosis (cyanosis) of the lips, cheeks, nose, earlobes and extremities is observed in severe degrees of pulmonary heart disease.
Headaches and dizziness
These symptoms very often accompany diseases associated with disorders in the work of the heart and blood vessels. The main reason for this response of the body is that the brain does not receive the required amount of blood, and therefore, there is not enough blood supply to the brain with oxygen. In addition, there is a poisoning of cells with decay products that are not taken away by blood from the brain in a timely manner.
Headache, especially throbbing, may indicate an increase in blood pressure. However, in other cases it may be asymptomatic. An increase in pressure must be treated, as it can lead to myocardial infarction, and sometimes to apoplexy.
Inflammatory processes (myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis) and myocardial infarction are accompanied by fever, sometimes fever.
The appearance of problems in the work of the heart may also be indicated by poor sleep, sticky sweat, anxiety, nausea and discomfort in the chest when lying on the left side, as well as a feeling of weakness and increased fatigue of the body.
When the first suspicions arise of the existence of problems associated with the work of the heart, one should not wait until visible symptoms appear, since so many diseases of the cardiovascular system just begin with the appearance in a person of the feeling that “something is wrong” in the body ".
Everyone should remember the need for early diagnosis, because it is no secret to anyone that the sooner the disease is detected, the easier and with the least risk to the patient's life will be treated.
One of the most effective means of early detection of cardiovascular diseases is the use of a cardiovisor, since when processing ECG data, a new patented method for analyzing microalterations (microscopic tremors) of the ECG signal is used, which makes it possible to detect abnormalities in the work of the heart already in the early stages of the disease.
It is well known that often the disease develops, one might say, completely unnoticed by the patient and is detected only during examination by a cardiologist. This fact indicates the need for preventive visits to a cardiologist at least once a year. In this case, it is necessary to study the results of the ECG. If, however, a cardiologist, when examining a patient, will be able to analyze the results of an electrocardiogram made immediately upon occurrence symptoms of cardiovascular disease, then the probability of making a correct diagnosis, and, consequently, of carrying out the correct treatment, will increase significantly.
Rostislav Zhadeiko, especially for the project .
To the list of publications
Diseases of the cardiovascular system are widespread among the adult population of many countries of the world and occupy a leading place in the overall mortality statistics. This problem mainly affects middle- and low-income countries - 4 out of 5 deaths from cardiovascular disease were residents of these regions. A reader who does not have a medical education should, at least in general terms, understand what this or that disease of the heart or blood vessels is, so that if its development is suspected, do not waste precious time, but immediately seek medical help. In order to find out the signs of the most common diseases of the cardiovascular system, read this article.
Atherosclerosis
According to the definition of WHO (World Health Organization), it is constantly elevated blood pressure: systolic - above 140 mm Hg. Art, diastolic - above 90 mm Hg. Art. The level of blood pressure at diagnosis should be determined as the average of two or more measurements from at least two examinations by a specialist on different days.
Essential hypertension, or hypertension, is high blood pressure with no apparent reason for the increase. It accounts for about 95% of all cases of arterial hypertension.
The main risk factors for this disease are the same factors that contribute to the development of coronary artery disease and aggravate the course of hypertension, the following concomitant pathology:
- diabetes;
- cerebrovascular disease - ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, (TIA);
- heart disease - myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, heart failure;
- kidney disease - diabetic nephropathy,;
- peripheral arterial disease;
- pathology of the retina - swelling of the optic disc, hemorrhages, exudates.
If a patient suffering from hypertension does not receive therapy that helps lower blood pressure, the disease progresses, more and more hypertensive crises occur, which sooner or later can cause all sorts of complications:
- acute hypertensive;
- pulmonary edema;
- myocardial infarction or unstable angina;
- stroke or transient ischemic attack;
- aortic dissection;
- eclampsia in pregnant women.
Secondary, or symptomatic, arterial hypertension is a persistent increase in blood pressure, the cause of which can be clarified. It accounts for only 5% of cases of arterial hypertension.
Of the diseases leading to increased pressure, the most commonly diagnosed are:
- damage to the kidney tissue;
- adrenal tumors;
- diseases of the renal arteries and aorta (coarctation);
- pathology of the central nervous system (brain tumors, polyneuritis);
- (polycythemia);
- pathology of the thyroid gland (-, -, hyperparathyroidism) and other diseases.
Complications of this type of arterial hypertension are the same as in hypertension, plus complications of the underlying disease that provoked hypertension.
Heart failure
A common pathological condition that is not an independent disease, but is a consequence, the outcome of other acute and chronic heart diseases. In this condition, due to changes in the heart, its pumping function is disrupted - the heart is not able to provide all organs and tissues with blood.
Complications of heart failure are:
- arrhythmias;
- congestive;
- thromboembolism;
- chronic renal failure (the so-called "congestive kidney");
- cardiac cachexia (exhaustion);
- disorders of cerebral circulation.
Acquired heart defects
Acquired heart defects occur in approximately 1-10 people per 1000 population, depending on the region of residence, and account for about 20% of all organic heart lesions.
The main reason for the development of acquired heart defects is rheumatic valve disease: 70-80% of all defects are mitral valve pathology, the second place in the frequency of lesions belongs to the aortic valve, stenosis and / or insufficiency of the tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve are relatively rarely diagnosed.
This pathology affects people of different age groups. Every 2nd patient with heart disease needs surgical treatment.
The essence of the disease lies in the fact that under the influence of etiological factors, the heart valves lose their ability to function normally:
- stenosis is a narrowing of the valve, as a result of which it does not pass enough blood, and the organs experience a lack of oxygen, or hypoxia;
- insufficiency - the valve flaps do not close completely, as a result of which blood is thrown from the part of the heart located below to the part located above; the result is the same - the organs and tissues of the body do not receive the oxygen they need, and their function is impaired.
Complications of heart defects are many conditions, among which the most common are acute, infectious broncho-pulmonary complications, chronic circulatory failure, atrial fibrillation, thromboembolism and others.
Clinically, myocarditis is manifested by attacks of retrosternal pain, signs of valve pathology, symptoms of arrhythmias, and circulatory disorders. May be asymptomatic.
The prognosis for this disease depends on the severity of its course: mild and moderate forms, as a rule, end with a complete recovery of the patient within 12 months after the onset of the disease, while severe ones can lead to sudden death, refractory circulatory failure and thromboembolic complications.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathies are independent, steadily progressive forms of damage to the heart muscle of unclear or controversial etiology. Within 2 years, about 15% of patients die from some forms of this disease in the absence of symptoms, and up to 50% in the presence of symptoms corresponding to the disease. They are the cause of death in 2-4% of adults, as well as the main cause of sudden death in young athletes.
Possible causes of cardiomyopathy are:
- heredity;
- infection;
- metabolic diseases, in particular, glycogenoses;
- lack of certain substances in the diet, in particular selenium, thiamine;
- pathology of the endocrine system (diabetes mellitus, acromegaly);
- neuromuscular pathology (muscular dystrophy);
- exposure to toxic substances - alcohol, drugs (cocaine), certain medications (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin);
- diseases of the blood system (some types of anemia, thrombocytopenia).
Clinically, cardiomyopathies are manifested by all kinds of symptoms of cardiac dysfunction: angina attacks, fainting, palpitations, shortness of breath, heart rhythm disturbances.
Especially dangerous is cardiomyopathy with an increased risk of sudden death.
Pericarditis
- this is inflammation of the sheets of the membrane of the heart - the pericardium - infectious or non-infectious etiology. Parts of the pericardium are replaced by fibrous tissue, exudate accumulates in its cavity. Pericarditis is divided into dry and exudative, acute and chronic.
Clinically manifested by chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, muscle pain, combined with signs of the underlying disease.
The most formidable complication of pericarditis is cardiac tamponade - the accumulation of fluid (inflammatory or blood) between the layers of the pericardium, preventing normal contractions of the heart.
Infective endocarditis
It is an inflammatory lesion of valve structures with subsequent spread to other organs and systems resulting from the introduction of a bacterial infection into the structures of the heart. This disease is the 4th leading cause of death of patients from infectious pathology.
In recent years, the incidence of infective endocarditis has increased significantly, which is associated with a wider spread of surgical interventions on the heart. It can occur at any age, but most often affects people between the ages of 20 and 50 years. The ratio of the incidence of men and women is approximately 2:1.
Infective endocarditis is a disease potentially life-threatening, so its timely diagnosis, adequate, effective treatment and rapid detection of complications are extremely important to improve the prognosis.
Arrhythmias
As a rule, arrhythmia is not an independent pathology, but a consequence of other cardiac or non-cardiac diseases. Heart rhythm disturbances are not separate diseases, but are manifestations or complications of any pathological conditions associated with heart disease or non-cardiac pathology. They may be asymptomatic for a long time, and may pose a danger to the life of the patient. There are many types of arrhythmias, but 80% of them are due to extrasystole and atrial fibrillation.
Clinically, arrhythmias are manifested by a feeling of interruptions in the work of the heart, dizziness, shortness of breath, weakness, a sense of fear and other unpleasant symptoms. Their severe forms can provoke the development of cardiac asthma, pulmonary edema, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy or arrhythmic shock, and also cause sudden death of the patient.
Which doctor to contact
Diseases of the cardiovascular system are treated by a cardiologist. Often they are combined with the pathology of the endocrine glands, so it will be useful to consult an endocrinologist and a nutritionist. A cardiac surgeon and a vascular surgeon are often involved in the treatment of patients. Patients must be examined by a neurologist, ophthalmologist.
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Diseases of the cardiovascular system are among the most dangerous for humans. Every year, 17.5 million people die from heart problems worldwide. Such a sad outcome is predictable: stress, malnutrition, bad habits - all this negatively affects the work of our body.
What exactly can lead to heart disease? How do they develop? And what types of cardiovascular diseases are especially common?
Types of cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases are divided into seven types:
- Rhythm and conduction disturbances. They are associated with such diseases as: cardiac arrhythmia, bundle branch block, cardiac fibrillation, etc.
- Inflammatory heart disease: endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis. All these diseases are associated with inflammation of different parts of the heart: the inner lining - the endocardium, the heart muscle - the myocardium and the connective lining of the heart - the pericardium.
- Valvular defects. This type of heart disease is divided into two subtypes: congenital and acquired defects. Congenital malformations occur due to genetic disorders or lesions of the fetus, acquired are most often associated with infectious lesions of the body or autoimmune reactions.
- Arterial hypertension. This subgroup of diseases is associated with a persistent increase in blood pressure.
- Ischemic lesions. Such diseases are associated with a complete or partial decrease in blood flow to the heart muscle. In the first case, the patient will have a myocardial infarction, in the second, coronary heart disease will develop.
- Damage to the vessels of the heart Key words: cardiosclerosis, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis.
- Pathological changes are diseases associated with irreversible changes in the functioning of the heart. For example, cardiac asthma and insufficiency, hypertrophy of different parts of the heart.
The most common diseases of the cardiovascular system
In the extensive list of diseases of this group, there are those that we face. Thus, according to statistics, out of 17.5 million people who died from CVD, about 7 million people die annually from coronary heart disease, and 6.5 million people from a stroke.
In addition to coronary artery disease and stroke, the list of the most common diseases includes:
- peripheral artery disease
- rheumatic heart disease
- heart disease
- hypertension
- deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
Let's talk about them today.
Diseases of the cardiovascular system: types and features
1. Peripheral artery disease
Peripheral artery disease is a disease of the blood vessels that supply blood to the legs and arms. In the early stages, the patient may complain of increased sensitivity to low temperatures, chilliness of the extremities, a feeling of numbness or tingling, and fatigue or pain in the arms and legs.
At later stages of the disease, intermittent claudication appears - rather severe pain in the muscles of a certain group, forcing them to stop moving.
Pain occurs due to insufficient blood flow to the muscles. Up to the third stage of the disease, the pain disappears after a short rest, when the load disappears and the blood supply becomes sufficient. In the third and fourth stages of the disease, pain may occur at rest, and ulcers and necrosis may also open.
What to do? Quit smoking, control weight, reduce the intake of easily digestible carbohydrates, animal fats and cholesterol, walk regularly for at least one hour a day.
2. Rheumocarditis
Rheumatism of the heart or rheumatic heart disease is a connective tissue disease that affects all layers of the heart. Rheumocarditis begins with a typical sore throat caused by group A streptococcus. Scarlet fever, pneumonia, and other diseases of the respiratory system can also occur. Rheumatism attacks approximately 2 to 3 weeks after the infection.
Rheumocarditis is manifested by "volatile" (moving and non-permanent) pain in the joints, tachycardia and arrhythmia, pain in the heart, as well as signs of heart failure: swelling of the legs, shortness of breath at rest, blue skin tone, wet cough.
What to do? Treatment and prevention of rheumatic heart disease is carried out mainly by medication and is aimed at combating streptococcal infection. For prevention, more gentle antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. Alternative methods in the treatment of rheumatic heart disease are not recommended.
3. Heart disease
Congenital heart disease is a fairly common disease. Modern babies are often born with this disease and sometimes spend their whole lives fighting it. But heart disease does not always occur in infancy; many adults experience it due to other untreated CVDs.
Acquired heart disease is a disease associated with a violation of the structure and functions of the valvular apparatus of the heart and leading to changes in intracardiac circulation.
Acquired heart defects develop as a result of acute or chronic diseases (rheumatism, sepsis, atherosclerosis, syphilis) and injuries that disrupt the activity of valves and change the movement of blood through the vessels.
Most often acquired heart disease affects the mitral valve: between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Rarely, the aortic valve. It separates the left ventricle and aorta.
What to do? To prevent heart disease, it is necessary to treat emerging heart diseases and monitor your condition: get rid of bad habits, lose weight, play sports or give a load to the body using various types of breathing exercises.
If a defect occurs, medication is prescribed to relieve symptoms, as well as surgery to correct valve defects.
4. Hypertension
High blood pressure worries most of the world's population. This overarching problem, although not as dangerous as a stroke or heart attack, may well be their cause, which is why it is so important to monitor the pressure, and also find out why it rises.
Hypertension can manifest itself with headaches, dizziness, sweating, redness of the face, flies before the eyes, irritability, etc.
What to do? In the early stages, hypertension can be controlled without medication. It is enough to give up bad habits, moderate the consumption of fatty foods, move more.
If you feel that the condition is getting worse, see your doctor. He will prescribe the necessary medicines and tell you what to do to prevent the development of the disease.
Do not forget that no treatment will be effective without your work on yourself. Be sure to watch your lifestyle and do not avoid small physical activities. If it’s already hard for you to make friends with sports, do breathing exercises or get a breathing simulator.
5. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
Deep vein thrombosis is a disease in which blood clots (blood clots) form in deep veins. Most often they appear in the lower leg, pelvis and thighs. Thrombosis can cause chronic venous insufficiency, swelling of the legs, trophic ulcers and eczema.
The most dangerous manifestation of thrombosis is pulmonary embolism, when parts of a blood clot break off and enter the lungs, causing a blockage. This disrupts blood flow and leads to heart failure and acute respiratory failure, which can lead to instant death of the patient or a pulmonary infarction.
What to do? If you are at risk for thrombosis (age, pregnancy, cravings for smoking, prolonged bed rest, overweight), then you should see a doctor and follow the recommendations of a specialist.
They can relate to both medications (prescribe anticoagulants) and non-drug prophylaxis. For example, wearing compression garments, drinking plenty of fluids, warming up during long trips.
Diseases of the cardiovascular system are difficult to control, but possible. The main thing is to control yourself and remember that health is more important than a smoked cigarette or another cake. A healthy lifestyle is the key to a healthy heart. Don't forget about it and subscribe to our blog to read interesting articles every week.
We offer our method for the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system using breathing exercises on the simulator. You can learn more about it by going to.
Article publication date: 03/02/2017
Article last updated: 12/18/2018
From this article you will learn: what are heart diseases (congenital and acquired). Their causes, symptoms and treatments (medical and surgical).
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death. Russian statistics show that about 55% of all deceased citizens suffered precisely from diseases of this group.
Therefore, it is important for everyone to know the signs of cardiac pathologies in order to identify the disease in time and immediately begin treatment.
It is equally important to undergo a preventive examination by a cardiologist at least once every 2 years, and from the age of 60 - every year.
The list of heart diseases is extensive, it is presented in the table of contents. They are much easier to cure if diagnosed at an early stage. Some of them are treated completely, others are not, but in any case, if you start therapy at an early stage, you can avoid further development of pathology, complications and reduce the risk of death.
Ischemic heart disease (CHD)
This is a pathology in which there is insufficient blood supply to the myocardium. The reason is atherosclerosis or thrombosis of the coronary arteries.
IHD classification
It is worth talking about acute coronary syndrome separately. Its symptom is a prolonged (more than 15 minutes) attack of chest pain. This term does not denote a separate disease, but is used when it is impossible to distinguish myocardial infarction from by symptoms and ECG. The patient is preliminarily diagnosed with "acute coronary syndrome" and immediately begins thrombolytic therapy, which is needed for any acute form of coronary artery disease. The final diagnosis is made after a blood test for markers of infarction: cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin 1. If their level is elevated, the patient had myocardial necrosis.
Symptoms of coronary artery disease
A sign of angina pectoris is attacks of burning, squeezing pain behind the sternum. Sometimes the pain radiates to the left side, to various parts of the body: shoulder blade, shoulder, arm, neck, jaw. Less often, pain is localized in the epigastrium, so patients may think that they have problems with the stomach, and not with the heart.
With stable angina attacks are provoked by physical activity. Depending on the functional class of angina pectoris (hereinafter referred to as FC), pain can be caused by exercise of varying intensity.
| 1 FC | The patient tolerates daily activities well, such as long walking, light running, climbing stairs, etc. Attacks of pain occur only during high-intensity physical activity: fast running, repeated weight lifting, sports, etc. |
|---|---|
| 2 FC | An attack may appear after walking more than 0.5 km (7-8 minutes without stopping) or climbing stairs higher than 2 floors. |
| 3 FC | The physical activity of a person is significantly limited: walking 100–500 m or climbing to the 2nd floor can provoke an attack. |
| 4 FC | Attacks provoke even the slightest physical activity: walking less than 100 m (for example, moving around the house). |
Unstable angina differs from stable angina in that attacks become more frequent, begin to appear at rest, and can last longer - 10-30 minutes.
Cardiosclerosis is manifested by chest pains, shortness of breath, fatigue, edema, rhythm disturbances.
According to statistics, about 30% of patients die from this heart disease within a day without consulting a doctor. Therefore, carefully study all the signs of MI in order to call an ambulance in time.
Symptoms of MI
| Form | signs |
|---|---|
| Anginal - the most typical | Pressing, burning pain in the chest, sometimes extending to the left shoulder, arm, shoulder blade, left side of the face. The pain lasts from 15 minutes (sometimes even a day). Not removed by nitroglycerin. Analgesics only temporarily weaken it. Other symptoms: shortness of breath, arrhythmias. |
| asthmatic | An attack of cardiac asthma develops, caused by acute insufficiency of the left ventricle. The main symptoms: a feeling of suffocation, lack of air, panic. Additional: cyanosis of the mucous membranes and skin, accelerated heartbeat. |
| Arrhythmic | High heart rate, low blood pressure, dizziness, possible fainting. |
| Abdominal | Pain in the upper abdomen, which gives to the shoulder blades, nausea, vomiting. Often even doctors are first confused with gastrointestinal diseases. |
| Cerebrovascular | Dizziness or fainting, vomiting, numbness in an arm or leg. According to the clinical picture, such an MI is similar to an ischemic stroke. |
| Asymptomatic | The intensity and duration of pain is the same as with the usual. There may be mild shortness of breath. A hallmark of pain is that a Nitroglycerin tablet does not help. |
IHD treatment
| stable angina | Removal of an attack - Nitroglycerin. Long-term therapy: Aspirin, beta-blockers, statins, ACE inhibitors. |
|---|---|
| Unstable angina | Emergency care: call an ambulance if an attack of greater intensity than usual occurs, and also give the patient an Aspirin tablet and a Nitroglycerin tablet every 5 minutes 3 times. In the hospital, the patient will be given calcium antagonists (Verapamil, Diltiazem) and Aspirin. The latter will need to be taken on an ongoing basis. |
| myocardial infarction | Emergency: call a doctor immediately, 2 tablets of Aspirin, Nitroglycerin under the tongue (up to 3 tablets with an interval of 5 minutes). Upon arrival, the doctors will immediately begin such treatment: they will inhale oxygen, inject a solution of morphine, if Nitroglycerin has not relieved the pain, they will inject Heparin to thin the blood. Further treatment: elimination of pain with the help of intravenous administration of Nitroglycerin or narcotic analgesics; an obstacle to further necrosis of myocardial tissue with the help of thrombolytics, nitrates and beta-blockers; continuous use of aspirin. They restore blood circulation in the heart with the help of such surgical operations: coronary angioplasty, stenting,. |
| Cardiosclerosis | The patient is prescribed nitrates, cardiac glycosides, ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers, Aspirin, diuretics. |
Chronic heart failure
This is a condition of the heart in which it is unable to fully pump blood around the body. The reason is diseases of the heart and blood vessels (congenital or acquired defects, ischemic heart disease, inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, etc.).
In Russia, more than 5 million people suffer from CHF.
CHF stages and their symptoms:
- 1 - initial. This is a slight insufficiency of the left ventricle, which does not lead to hemodynamic (blood circulation) disorders. There are no symptoms.
- Stage 2A. Violation of blood circulation in one of the circles (more often - small), an increase in the left ventricle. Signs: shortness of breath and palpitations with little physical exertion, cyanosis of the mucous membranes, dry cough, swelling of the legs.
- Stage 2B. Violated hemodynamics in both circles. The chambers of the heart undergo hypertrophy or dilation. Signs: shortness of breath at rest, aching pain in the chest, blue tint of mucous membranes and skin, arrhythmias, cough, cardiac asthma, swelling of the extremities, abdomen, liver enlargement.
- 3 stage. Severe circulatory disorders. Irreversible changes in the heart, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys. All signs characteristic of stage 2B are intensifying, symptoms of damage to internal organs are added. Treatment is no longer effective.
Treatment
First of all, therapy of the underlying disease is necessary.
Symptomatic drug treatment is also carried out. The patient is prescribed:
- ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers or aldosterone antagonists - to lower blood pressure and prevent further progression of heart disease.
- Diuretics - to eliminate edema.
- Cardiac glycosides - to treat arrhythmias and improve myocardial performance.
Valve defects
There are two typical varieties of valvular pathologies: stenosis and insufficiency. With stenosis, the lumen of the valve is narrowed, making it difficult to pump blood. And in case of insufficiency, the valve, on the contrary, does not close completely, which leads to the outflow of blood in the opposite direction.
More often such heart valve defects are acquired. They appear against the background of chronic diseases (for example, coronary artery disease), inflammation or an unhealthy lifestyle.
The most affected are the aortic and mitral valves.
Symptoms and treatment of the most common valve diseases:
| Name | Symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| aortic stenosis | At the initial stage, it proceeds without signs, so it is very important to undergo a regular preventive examination of the heart. At a severe stage, angina pectoris attacks, fainting during physical exertion, skin pallor, and low systolic blood pressure appear. |
Drug treatment of symptoms (due to valve defects). Valve prosthetics. |
| Aortic valve insufficiency | Increased heart rate, shortness of breath, cardiac asthma (attacks of suffocation), fainting, low diastolic blood pressure. | |
| mitral stenosis | Shortness of breath, liver enlargement, swelling of the abdomen and limbs, sometimes - hoarseness of the voice, rarely (in 10% of cases) - pain in the heart. | |
| mitral valve insufficiency | Shortness of breath, dry cough, cardiac asthma, swelling of the legs, pain in the right hypochondrium, aching pain in the heart. |
Mitral valve prolapse
Another common pathology is. It occurs in 2.4% of the population. This is a congenital defect in which the valve leaflets "sink" into the left atrium. In 30% of cases, it is asymptomatic. In the remaining 70% of patients, doctors note shortness of breath, pain in the heart area, accompanied by nausea and a feeling of "lump" in the throat, arrhythmias, fatigue, dizziness, frequent fever up to 37.2–37.4.
Treatment may not be required if the disease is asymptomatic. If the defect is accompanied by arrhythmias or pain in the heart, symptomatic therapy is prescribed. With a strong change in the valve, surgical correction is possible. Since the disease progresses with age, patients need to be examined by a cardiologist 1-2 times a year.
Ebstein anomaly
Ebstein's anomaly is the displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets into the right ventricle. Symptoms: shortness of breath, paroxysmal tachycardia, fainting, swelling of the veins in the neck, enlargement of the right atrium and the upper part of the right ventricle.
Treatment for asymptomatic course is not carried out. If the signs are pronounced, surgical correction or valve transplantation is done.
congenital heart defects
Congenital anomalies of the structure of the heart include:
- An atrial septal defect is a communication between the right and left atria.
- A ventricular septal defect is an abnormal communication between the right and left ventricles.
- The Eisenmenger complex is a ventricular septal defect located high, the aorta is displaced to the right and connects simultaneously with both ventricles (aortic dextroposition).
- An open ductus arteriosus - the communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which is normally present at the embryonic stage of development, has not been overgrown.
- Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four malformations: ventricular septal defect, aortic dextroposition, pulmonary artery stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
Congenital heart defects - signs and treatment:
| Name | Symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Atrial septal defect | With a small defect, signs begin to appear in middle age: after 40 years. This is shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue. Over time, chronic heart failure develops with all the characteristic symptoms. The larger the size of the defect, the sooner the symptoms begin to appear. | Surgical closure of the defect. It is not always carried out. Indications: ineffectiveness of medical treatment of CHF, lag in physical development in children and adolescents, increased blood pressure in the pulmonary circle, arteriovenous discharge. Contraindications: veno-arterial discharge, severe left ventricular failure. |
| Ventricular septal defect | If the defect is less than 1 cm in diameter (or less than half the diameter of the aortic orifice), only shortness of breath is characteristic during physical exertion of moderate intensity. If the defect is larger than the indicated dimensions: shortness of breath with little exertion or at rest, pain in the heart, cough. |
Surgical closure of the defect. |
| Eisenmenger complex | Clinical picture: cyanosis of the skin, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, signs of CHF. | Medication: beta-blockers, endothelin antagonists. Surgery to close a septal defect, correct aortic origin, and replace an aortic valve is possible, but patients often die during surgery. The average life expectancy of the patient is 30 years. |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | Blue tint of mucous membranes and skin, retardation in growth and development (both physical and intellectual), convulsions, low blood pressure, symptoms of CHF. The average life expectancy is 12-15 years. 50% of patients die before the age of 3 years. |
Surgical treatment is indicated for all patients without exception. In early childhood, surgery is performed to create an anastomosis between the subclavian and pulmonary arteries in order to improve blood circulation in the lungs. At the age of 3–7 years, a radical operation can be performed: simultaneous correction of all 4 anomalies. |
| Open ductus arteriosus | A long time proceeds without clinical signs. Over time, shortness of breath and a strong heartbeat, pallor or a blue tint of the skin, and low diastolic blood pressure appear. | Surgical closure of the defect. It is shown to all patients, except for those who have a shunt of blood from right to left. |
Inflammatory diseases
Classification:
- Endocarditis - affects the inner lining of the heart, the valves.
- Myocarditis - muscular membrane.
- Pericarditis - pericardial sac.
They can be caused by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi), autoimmune processes (eg rheumatism) or toxic substances.
Also, inflammation of the heart can be complications of other diseases:
- tuberculosis (endocarditis, pericarditis);
- syphilis (endocarditis);
- flu, tonsillitis (myocarditis).
Pay attention to this and consult a doctor in time if you suspect flu or sore throat.
Symptoms and treatment of inflammation
| Name | Symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Endocarditis | High temperature (38.5-39.5), increased sweating, rapidly developing valvular defects (detected by echocardiography), heart murmurs, enlarged liver and spleen, increased vascular fragility (hemorrhages under the nails and in the eyes can be seen), thickening of the tips fingers. | Antibacterial therapy for 4-6 weeks, valve transplantation. |
| Myocarditis | It can occur in several ways: attacks of pain in the heart; symptoms of heart failure; or with extrasystoles and supraventricular arrhythmias. An accurate diagnosis can be made on the basis of a blood test for cardiospecific enzymes, troponins, and leukocytes. | Bed rest, diet (No. 10 salt restricted), antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapy, symptomatic treatment of heart failure or arrhythmias. |
| Pericarditis | Chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, weakness, cough without sputum, heaviness in the right hypochondrium. | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, in severe cases - subtotal or total pericardectomy (removal of part or all of the pericardial sac). |
Rhythm disturbances
Causes: neurosis, obesity, malnutrition, cervical osteochondrosis, bad habits, intoxication with drugs, alcohol or drugs, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, premature ventricular excitation syndromes. The latter are heart diseases in which there are additional pathways for conducting an impulse between the atria and ventricles. You will read about these anomalies in a separate table.
Characteristics of rhythm disturbances:
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Sinus tachycardia | Rapid heart rate (90-180 per minute) while maintaining a normal rhythm and a normal pattern of impulse propagation through the heart. |
| Atrial fibrillation (flicker) | Uncontrolled, irregular and frequent (200-700 per minute) atrial contractions. |
| atrial flutter | Rhythmic atrial contractions with a frequency of about 300 per minute. |
| ventricular fibrillation | Chaotic, frequent (200–300 per minute) and incomplete contractions of the ventricles. The lack of full contraction provokes acute circulatory failure and fainting. |
| ventricular flutter | Rhythmic contractions of the ventricles with a frequency of 120–240 per minute. |
| Paroxysmal supraventricular (supraventricular) tachycardia | Attacks of rhythmic palpitations (100-250 per minute) |
| Extrasystole | Spontaneous contractions out of rhythm. |
| Conduction disorders (sinoatrial block, interatrial block, atrioventricular block, bundle branch block) | Deceleration of the rhythm of the whole heart or individual chambers. |
Syndromes of premature excitation of the ventricles:
| WPW syndrome (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome) | CLC syndrome (Clerk-Levi-Christesco) |
|---|---|
| Signs: paroxysmal (paroxysmal) supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia (in 67% of patients). Accompanied by a feeling of increased heartbeat, dizziness, sometimes - fainting. | Symptoms: tendency to attacks of supraventricular tachycardia. During them, the patient feels a strong heartbeat, dizziness may occur. |
| Reason: the presence of a bundle of Kent - an abnormal conduction path between the atrium and the ventricle. | Cause: The presence of the James bundle between the atrium and the atrioventricular junction. |
| Both diseases are congenital and quite rare. | |
Treatment of rhythm disorders
It consists in the treatment of the underlying disease, correction of diet and lifestyle. Antiarrhythmic drugs are also prescribed. Radical treatment for severe arrhythmias is the installation of a defibrillator-cardioverter, which will "set" the rhythm of the heart and prevent ventricular or atrial fibrillation. With conduction disorders, pacing is possible.
Treatment of ventricular preexcitation syndromes can be symptomatic (elimination of seizures with medication) or radical (radiofrequency ablation of the abnormal conduction pathway).
Cardiomyopathy
These are myocardial diseases that cause heart failure, not associated with inflammatory processes or pathologies of the coronary arteries.
The most common are hypertrophic and. Hypertrophic is characterized by the growth of the walls of the left ventricle and the interventricular septum, dilated - an increase in the cavity of the left, and sometimes the right ventricles. The first is diagnosed in 0.2% of the population. It occurs in athletes and can cause sudden cardiac death. But in this case, it is necessary to conduct a thorough differential diagnosis between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and non-pathological heart enlargement in athletes.
The number of people with diseases of the heart and blood vessels is rapidly increasing every year, many of them are getting younger. However, most of these diseases do not have any noticeable symptoms in the initial stages, so they are often paid attention only when they become chronic or lead to other, more serious pathologies.
Most of the diseases of the heart and blood vessels are reversible, if you pay attention to your condition and lifestyle in time. Often, these diseases and their development depend solely on the person, the hereditary factor and concomitant diseases do not affect so much.
Heart diseases
Heart disease is increasingly becoming the cause of death or the appearance of severe complications. In addition to congenital diseases, there are often those that develop as complications from other diseases or due to an unhealthy lifestyle.
One of the most common diseases is tachycardia, palpitations. It is being diagnosed more and more often, the reason for this is the excessively fast pace of modern life, which contributes to stress, malnutrition, bad habits, and an uncomfortable mode of work and rest for a person.
Causes
Some of the diseases are congenital, such as heart disease, and unfavorable heredity also plays a role. However, there are other, often more significant factors in the development of heart disease.
- Viral or bacterial infections. They lead to various inflammatory diseases of the heart muscle: endocarditis, pericarditis, myocarditis, which can lead to irreversible damage to the heart.
- Frequent stress. Constant tension and negative emotions also have a bad effect on the work of the heart muscle, they often lead to tachycardia and other rhythm disturbances.
- Improper diet, excess cholesterol. Contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
- Abuse of alcohol, tobacco, coffee and other tonic substances and drinks.
- Lack of physical activity, irrational and inappropriate physical activity for health reasons.
Important! Most of the factors in the development of heart disease can be influenced if you take care of your health and lifestyle in time.
Symptoms
The symptoms of all heart diseases are similar, the main problem is that they are often attributed to fatigue or general malaise, without even suspecting that they are talking about serious problems. If at least some of them are present, this is an occasion to contact a specialist - a general practitioner or a cardiologist.
- The appearance of shortness of breath after any physical activity, even weak. Sometimes shortness of breath can occur even when calm.
- The appearance of severe weakness, sometimes or constantly.
- Dry cough, usually at night.
- Pain and discomfort in the heart area, may radiate to the back or to the liver area.
- Too frequent or rare pulse, it can change for no apparent reason.
- Swelling of the legs, appearing in the evening.
- Difficulty breathing, especially at night.
Important! These symptoms should be a reason to see a doctor.
With the development of heart disease, the symptoms become more intense, new ones are added. It is important to notice their presence in time and contact a specialist, he will help to make the correct diagnosis and prescribe treatment. Therapy for heart disease is rarely simple, usually you have to almost completely change your lifestyle in order to prevent a relapse or get a more serious pathology.
Some diseases of the cardiovascular system lead to a stroke, an acute circulatory disorder in the brain caused by blockage of a vessel by a blood clot or plaque. Stroke is also sometimes classified as a disease of the heart and blood vessels, but this problem is considered by neurologists, although it occurs due to disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system.
If the problem is not paid due attention, it can lead to a heart attack and other life-threatening and health consequences. Heart disease should always be taken seriously. Persons with heart failure should always be under the supervision of a specialist, as the disease can worsen without proper treatment.
Separately, it is worth mentioning vascular diseases. The most common is atherosclerosis, in which plaques form inside the vessels due to high cholesterol, varicose veins and thrombophlebitis, when inflammation and thrombosis of the vein occurs.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease in which the lumen of the vessel decreases, which means that normal blood circulation is difficult. Most often, this disease occurs in the elderly, although experts note that recently it has become a little “younger”.
The main causes of atherosclerosis are malnutrition, frequent stress, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Most often, men over 35 years of age get sick, especially prone to frequent unrest.
Atherosclerosis does not manifest itself for a long time, only then shortness of breath, constant weakness, and disability appear. Therefore, in order to identify this problem at an early stage, preventive examinations by a cardiologist should not be neglected, especially after 35-40 years. After identifying the disease, you may have to completely change your lifestyle.
Important! Atherosclerosis can lead to stroke.
Varicose veins
With varicose veins, the veins of the lower extremities expand and lengthen, which causes the appearance of vascular "asterisks" and "nodules" on the legs. Many people think that varicose veins are just a cosmetic defect, but this opinion is erroneous. Varicose veins are a full-fledged disease requiring attention.
The main causes of varicose veins are overweight and activities that require a lot of standing. Most often, varicose veins occur in women, and heredity can also play a role.
Varicose veins at first manifest themselves as swelling of the legs, only then “stars”, swollen veins begin to form. Also often there are muscle cramps in the legs. If varicose veins are started, eczema and non-healing sores may appear at the sites of protrusion of blood vessels.
At the moment, there are many effective methods to get rid of varicose veins forever or significantly alleviate its course. This disease cannot be ignored.
Thrombophlebitis
With thrombophlebitis, the vein is clogged with a thrombus and inflamed. Most often, this disease affects the veins of the lower extremities, but there are also thrombosis of the veins of the neck, arms and chest.
The main causes of thrombophlebitis include various mechanical injuries of the vessel, complications of varicose veins, other inflammatory diseases and infections. There is also a hereditary predisposition.
With thrombophlebitis, swelling, redness and indurations occur on the skin at the sites of thrombus occurrence, darkening of the skin, at the site of which a trophic ulcer and sharp pains can form. If these symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible.
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels are quite serious and require attention in all cases. It is impossible to cope with them without the help of a specialist, if they are launched, this can lead to extremely serious consequences.
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