Depression as an emotional state of the individual. How depression manifests itself: causes, symptoms, consultations of psychologists and psychotherapists, diagnosis, treatment and restoration of a person's psychological state

The study of such emotional states as depression, depression, passivity, indifference, apathy, depression, shows their pathogenic effect on human health (Simonov P.V., 1981). V. V. Arshavsky and V. S. Rotenberg (1976) showed in their works that various pathological conditions (experimental epilepsy, extrapyramidal disorders, cardiac arrhythmia, anaphylactic shock etc.) are exacerbated by passive-defensive reactions with a refusal to search for a way out of the current situation. “Active-search behavior,” the authors write, “on the contrary, has a beneficial effect on the same forms of experimental pathology” (Arshavsky V.V., Rotenberg V.S., 1976, 1978).

Usual manifestations depressive disorders- "suffering and a feeling of sadness, loss of appetite, insomnia, withdrawal from social contacts, irritability, weakening of interests and ability to concentrate, as well as preoccupation with complaints about the physical condition" (Rutter M., 1987). A. Kempinski notes that in the case of depression, "we meet with a strengthened negative attitude towards others, and, at the same time, towards ourselves." According to V. V. Kovalev (1997), in the chronic course of a number of somatic diseases, “interiorization” of depression occurs, that is, it becomes cohesive with a personality that undergoes depressive-dysthymic deformation with the appearance of a depressive worldview.

Beck, considering depression as a complex of mental phenomena, refers the characteristics of a depressive state to four main groups. Emotional manifestations are expressed by often observed despondency or depressed mood; cognitive - the tendency of a depressed person to consider himself inferior in relation to what is most important to him; motivational - passivity, dependence, avoidance and paralysis of the will; vegetative and physical - loss of appetite and sleep disorders (Beck A.T., 1967).

From the point of view of a number of authors, depression is due to helplessness (Seligman M. E. P., Maier S. E, 1967; Seligman M. E. P., Maier S. E, Geer R. G., 1968; Maier S. E, 1970) . M. E. R. Seligman and his colleagues equate “conditioned helplessness” (“learned helplessness”) with reactive depression. All situations that cause depression, they believe, are similar in that in them it seems impossible to control events, especially over their most important aspects.

E. Klinger proposed the "incentive theory of depression". The cycle of "inducement-removal", in accordance with the ideas of the author, consists of three phases. In the first phase, the individual responds to the loss of the object with vigorous reactions in an attempt to regain what has been lost. The second phase is characterized by anger and aggression directed at the object. Finally, when activity in the first and second phases fails, the body withdraws completely from the urges that normally lead to adaptive responses, and this complete withdrawal causes or constitutes depression (Klinger E., 1975).

Domestic authors similarly describe the phenomenology of depressive states. If anxiety is an emotion directed to the future, then depression is associated with the experience of the past: a person is immersed in the experience of past troubles, difficulties, conflicts, and failures. Turning his thought back, the depressive subject sees only negative events, ignoring joyful moments, achievements, good luck. A negative image of the past is formed - it is perceived as a continuous chain of troubles, failures, problems, conflicts and is extrapolated into the future, which also begins to seem bleak, unpromising, hopeless. In a depressed state, a person is sure that nothing good awaits him ahead, that the future is only a heap of problems, difficulties, troubles, conflicts to be resolved and overcome. Psychologically, depression is a loss of life perspective, against which the planning function is disrupted: the depressed subject stops making plans, formulating goals and objectives.

The loss of a life perspective also leads to the depreciation of the present. The present makes sense in the light of future events, in relation to the goals and tasks facing a person. With the loss of the perspective of the future, the present also loses its meaning. Life seems meaningless, joyless, empty. At the height of depression, thoughts of suicide arise.

AT domestic psychology depression is defined as "an affective state characterized by a negative emotional background, a change in the motivational sphere, cognitive representations and a general passivity of behavior." Subjectively, a person in a state of depression experiences, first of all, heavy, painful emotions and experiences - depression, melancholy, despair. Inclinations, motives, volitional activity are sharply reduced. Characterized by thoughts about one's own responsibility for a variety of unpleasant, difficult events that occurred in the life of a person or his loved ones. Feelings of guilt for the events of the past, helplessness in the face of life's difficulties are combined with a sense of hopelessness. Self-esteem is drastically reduced. What is changed is the perception of time, which flows painfully long in the present. Behavior in a state of depression is characterized by slowness, lack of initiative, fatigue; all this leads to sharp drop productivity (Petrovsky A. V., Yaroshevsky M. G., 1998).

In the modern world with its frantic pace depression became a constant companion of civilization. Many do not take it seriously, considering it a weakness of character and a temporary phenomenon. What do we say to our friends when they are depressed? "Get a hold of yourself! Don't hang your nose!". But when depression hits us, we begin to realize that things aren't really as simple as they seem. Yes, depression is a disease and in most cases require medical intervention. How to recognize depression and why does it appear?

Characteristic signs of depression

Depression can be called a disease that affects the entire body. Her symptoms may vary depending on the nature of the person, the cause of its cause and the severity of the disease. But a number characteristic features inherent in each of them.

Emotional disorders

First of all, depression affects the emotional background of a person. Being under the pressure of overwhelming emotions, a person may experience the following feelings.

• Complete depression, vague melancholy, despair. At the same time, he feels completely unhappy, sincerely suffers from his state of mind.
• The feeling of anxiety does not let go for a minute, it seems that some kind of trouble can happen at any moment, internal tension is constantly growing.
• A person becomes irritated over any trifle, explodes, irritation can reach hysteria.
• An oppressive sense of guilt, self-flagellation, blaming oneself for mistakes, wrong deeds, weakness and negative personal qualities.
• Decreased self-esteem, feeling like a worthless, incapable person.
• Previously pleasant activities are not able to give pleasure.
• In case of special deep depressions atrophy of feelings occurs - a person loses the ability to feel, experience or experience other emotions.
• Complements depression anxiety for the life and health of loved ones.

Physiological disorders

An acute experience of negative feelings affects the state of the body as a whole.

• Very often sleep is disturbed - the patient can turn around in bed for hours, trying to fall asleep, but excruciating insomnia does not allow this. Although the opposite effect can be observed - constant drowsiness. In this case, a person can sleep all day long, but never get enough sleep.
• Appetite changes - a person begins to "seize" his grief or, conversely, refuses to eat.
• Bowel function may be impaired. Constipation - very frequent occurrence with depression.
• Sexual desires are almost always reduced. A person simply loses interest in the intimate side of his life.
• There is a breakdown - rapid fatigue, weakness, decreased energy, unwillingness to do anything.
• Pain may occur unclear etiology in the most unexpected place and for no apparent reason - in the heart, joints, muscles, stomach, and so on.

Conduct violations

From the outside, depression is visible to the naked eye. A very drastic change is taking place in a person.

• Now he gravitates towards loneliness more, tries to constantly retire, does not enter into conversations.
• Completely passive, it is difficult to involve him in purposeful activity.
• When trying to somehow distract him from his thoughts, offers to "unwind" are rejected.
• At prolonged depression attempts may be made to escape from reality with the help of alcohol, drugs and other mind-altering substances.

The emergence of negative thoughts

All these symptoms are aggravated by the constant heavy thoughts that arise one after another in the head. It is difficult for a person to focus on something, to catch the essence of the conversation, he hardly perceives information and cannot make a decision. Thoughts are of an exceptionally gloomy nature - a person thinks about himself, his life, the world as a whole and finds only negative sides. The future seems to him vague, but necessarily gloomy with no prospects for improvement. There are thoughts about the meaninglessness of life and suicide.

Why does depression develop?

Where do these conditions come from that can destroy a person's life and cause irreparable harm to his health? There can be a lot of reasons and in each case an individual approach is needed. But it is possible to identify groups of the main reasons why depression most often develops.

Heredity

You can’t argue with genetics, and if someone in your family was prone to depression, tried to commit suicide, then it is likely that these tendencies could be passed on to you. In this case, carefully monitor your emotional state - do not let the onset of depression take its course.

Psychological factors

In order for depression to develop, an unstable emotional background is most often needed. In many cases, the shocks experienced in childhood play a very important role. It can be the early loss of parents, severe corporal punishment in childhood, leaving a child alone for a long time, and many other things that do not go unnoticed. Of course, they smooth out over time, and you don’t remember them every minute, but as soon as another similar event happens in life, the brain immediately brings to light old pain and a real severe depression develops.

stress factors

In most cases, depression is caused by stress factors, as a result of which something has changed dramatically in a person's life. There can be a huge number of them - retirement, death in the family, problems with the law, divorce or betrayal of a loved one, conflicts. All these and many more situations provoke the release of certain stress hormones, which create an imbalance and lead to the development of depressive states.

lingering illnesses

Depression can also be associated with protracted serious illnesses, when a person, exhausted by pain and his own impotence, loses hope for recovery and begins to draw a gloomy picture of the future for himself. Certain medications that are used in the treatment of these diseases can also provoke the development of depression.

Alcohol abuse

Cause chronic protracted depression may be alcohol abuse. A person in an attempt to alleviate his condition and get rid of obsessive thoughts uses alcohol. At first he is relieved, but as soon as the effect of alcohol wears off, the depression only gets worse. A vicious circle is formed, which is very difficult to break.

How to prevent the development of depression?

If you know what prone to depression, then you need to follow some recommendations that will help you prevent this condition.

• Make sure you get enough sleep. Since people with an exhausted body and nervous system are more prone to depression, regulate your sleep schedule. Rest at least 8 hours a day.
• Try to avoid additional stressful situations - do not watch horror films and tense thrillers in the evenings.
• Diversify your food. Make sure your body gets everything it needs to function properly nervous system. Additionally, you can from time to time drink a course of vitamin preparations.
• In the evenings, relieve tension in a warm bath with the addition of aromatic oils. Perfectly relaxing essential oils of lavender, lemon balm, mint, wormwood and pine.
• Try to give the body the optimal amount of physical activity - run in the morning, sign up for fitness, or just do hiking in the evenings.

Treatment of depression

In most cases, depression requires medical intervention. To begin with, it is recommended to visit a psychologist, and if necessary, a psychotherapist. Depending on the severity of the disease, you will be prescribed treatment:

1. Psychotropic drugs - antidepressants.
2. Auxiliary therapy aimed at improving the state of the central nervous system.
3. Psychological trainings.

Once again, we remind you that depression - serious disease and self-treatment may lead to undesirable consequences. It is in your power only to prevent its occurrence, but qualified specialists should deal with the treatment.

Frequent depression leads to a decrease in the size of the hippocampus. However, most likely, damage to this area of ​​the brain is reversible, the researchers say.

The hippocampus is an area of ​​the brain that is responsible for long-term memory, the formation of new memories and the connection of emotions with them. 15 research institutes in several countries around the world conducted a collaborative study to compare the hippocampus of healthy people and people with depression. 1 This made it possible to examine the brain scans of 8,927 study participants, 1,728 of whom were currently experiencing depression. 65% of participants in the depressed group had multiple episodes of depression. It has been shown that patients with recurrent and untreated depression, as well as those who fell ill before the age of 21, have pronounced damage to the hippocampus. This result speaks to the importance of timely treatment of depression, especially in adolescents and young adults, the authors of the study believe.

In Australia, the project was led by a professor at the University of Sydney, a member of the state commission on mental health, Ian Hickie. 2 In those who have experienced depression for the first time, the hippocampus remains of a normal size, so it is especially important to identify and treat depression as soon as possible in order to prevent changes, the psychiatrist said. “But the more depression a person has experienced, the more their hippocampus shrinks.”

Although the hippocampus plays an important role in the formation and storage of new memories, Ian Hickey explains that memory in this case is not only remembering passwords or solving crossword puzzles: “Our sense of self depends on how we are able to continuously be aware of our place in the world. The state of memory is not only remembering, but also our idea of ​​\u200b\u200bself. In many animal experiments, it has previously been shown that a decrease in the hippocampus leads not only to changes in memory, but also to changes in behavior; in other words, damage to the hippocampus means the loss of some functions.

A. Lenglet "Reaching out for life ... An existential analysis of depression"

Depression is the most common mental disorder.

“We are seeing evidence that proper treatment recovery is possible,” the psychiatrist continues. – In the hippocampus, connections between cells destroyed by depression quickly regenerate. At the same time, effective treatment involves not only drugs. If you don't have a job, for example, and you sit in a room doing nothing, this can affect the shrinking of the hippocampus." So interaction with society is absolutely necessary. “Furthermore, the evidence suggests that patients who take antidepressants keep their hippocampus intact, which means these medications may have a protective effect,” says Hickey. But that doesn't mean they should be the only cure. In fact, there are a number of possible non-pharmacological treatments that should not be forgotten, especially when it comes to young people.”

www.psychologies.ru

COSMOPOLITAN

How do emotions affect health?

Emotions not only make life brighter, help or, conversely, interfere in business and relationships, but also directly affect our health and beauty.

Emotions not only make life brighter, help or, conversely, interfere in business and relationships, but also directly affect our health and beauty. How this affects your skin, hair, your anger or joy - read the article.

Our skin is directly connected to the nervous system. Moreover, if everything is more or less clear with the outer side of the emotions reflected on the skin (redness with anger or embarrassment, pallor with fear, “goosebumps” with fear), then what happens inside the body?

During a period of severe emotional stress, blood flow is directed mainly to those organs that the body considers most important for survival, and blood outflows from all others. To last group also applies to the skin, which immediately feels an acute lack of oxygen, which is why it acquires an unhealthy yellowish tint. Therefore, prolonged stress can greatly disrupt the mechanism of the whole organism, and this will be especially noticeable on the skin of the face. Dermatologists believe that stress provokes eczema, psoriasis, warts and papillomas. However, the most common skin reactions to negative emotions are rashes, irritations, and acne. Due to strong feelings and worries sebaceous glands people begin to work much harder than usual, and the products of this activity accumulate and clog the pores, which leads to all of the above.

Doctors who deal with the causes of skin cell aging generally believe that pimples are anger and anger that come out. This, of course, does not mean that your pimply classmate is the devil in the flesh, maybe he is just a very insecure person, as this also affects the appearance of skin problems.

Vitamin D: how to understand that you are not getting enough?

No diets: how to teach yourself and your pet to eat healthy

It turns out that by taking care of the nervous system, we help the skin get rid of various problems and vice versa - putting in order the face and body, we have a positive effect on the nervous system. That is, you can get rid of stress with the help of various cosmetic procedures for the skin, for example, with a wrap (chocolate, with essential oils, with algae) or massage, soothing and nourishing masks for the face, and indeed any procedures that cheer up and positively affect the condition of the skin.

Psychologists have identified several ways to express emotions that will help get rid of skin problems.

First, learn to express your emotions out loud. Of course, your boss doesn't need to know what you really think about him, so it's better to just say what has accumulated out loud, but in a way that no one else hears.

Secondly, you can start a diary where you will write everything down, but in this case, make sure that no one reads it. Alternatively, you can keep an online diary or, having joined any community of interest, discuss what has accumulated with strangers - a kind of modernized “fellow traveler syndrome”.

Third, use the experience of King Solomon. He always wore a ring that had an engraving on the inside. In the most difficult periods, the king turned the ring over and read: "This too shall pass."

Extra stress - extra weight

It is believed that with prolonged depression or stress, a person loses weight. This is due to loss of appetite. However, with age, everything happens exactly the opposite: metabolism slows down, hormones of joy are not produced during depression, so when you start to “seize stress”, then chocolates and almond croissants send greetings from rounded hips. Of course, this aggravates the situation even more and spoils the mood, so nutritionists recommend not to attack food even in the most terrible mood, so that the habit of “eating stress” does not develop. Instead, go, for example, to the pool or the gym. Physical activity copes well with a depressed state, allows you to throw out negative energy, relax and tone up, and, of course, have a positive effect on the figure, which in itself improves mood.

OPTIMISM AND EASY ATTITUDE TO TROUBLES IS THE KEY TO A HEALTHY AND HAPPY LIFE

Optimism against the flu

Experts conducted a study and found that balanced and cheerful people are much less prone to viral infections and flu. If they do become infected, then the disease proceeds much easier and without consequences. Therefore, try to see something positive in any, even very unpleasant situation. Broken heels on your favorite shoes? This is an occasion to finally get up the courage to meet the handsome guy from the shoe shop across from your office, or just buy those cute little blue sandals that you spotted in your favorite store last week. Then there will be more joy in life, and immunity will become stronger.

Payback for sins

Negative emotions have a negative impact on all organs of your body. Austrian scientists studied the effect of envy on health for five years and found that, for example, envious people are two and a half times more likely than others to become victims of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular diseases. Even if you don’t say out loud that you envy Katya’s career or Masha’s apartment on Stoleshnikov, this does not mean that Masha, Katya and everyone around them do not feel it. After all, you can feel when someone is jealous of you. If you can’t cope with envy yourself, psychologists advise you to act on the contrary - give yourself an attitude that the objects of envy will never become yours if you wish harm to those who have them. Harsh, but effective.

But jealousy is especially dangerous for men, as it can easily cause impotence, which should be unobtrusively reported to your partner. young man when he once again expresses dissatisfaction with the fact that you are going to a long-planned bachelorette party.

The feeling of guilt eats a person in the most literal sense, as it provokes the development oncological diseases, and the habit of feeling sorry for yourself can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, gastritis or ulcers. Greedy beefs also need to closely monitor their health - they often suffer from constipation and other diseases of the digestive tract.

If you suppress the feeling of anger, then you have an increased risk of earning cardiovascular diseases. Helplessness, despair and depression can seriously weaken the immune system.

The body is influenced not so much by emotions as by the way of thinking of a person as a whole. Constructive, i.e. positive thinking and easy attitude to life lead to the fact that a person does not go in cycles in his health. According to statistics, such people go to the hospital much less often and suffer less from infections, overweight, stomach and back pain, and migraines. Nutritionists have noticed that they are in control of their eating and are better able to cope with the habit of overeating, if any.

Therefore, it is important to learn to think differently, to ignore the bad and let in more good things, to start taking care of yourself not only externally, but also internally.

Anna Golenko
Photo by Michael Omm/ACP

How does depression affect relationships? 10 examples

Mental health affects the quality of your life and relationships. In particular, depression can make it difficult to communicate with other people, interfere with building a personal life, and also have potentially devastating consequences for romantic relationships.

Depression is a mental illness that negatively affects your thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and behaviors, how you relate to yourself and others, and how you perceive the world.

How does depression affect relationships and how can you manage your mood to maintain a healthy relationship as a couple?

Depression affects your energy, mood, and desire to socialize. Due to increased irritability, negative self-image, and a desire to isolate yourself from the world, depression can affect your relationships in a variety of ways. Here are the 10 most common effects:

1. Lack of energy.

During depression, intrinsic motivation falls, the desire to be in society, to be sociable, talkative and attractive disappears. You can isolate yourself and not spend time interacting with other people, including your significant other.

Tendencies to withdraw, avoid, or shy away from your loved one can leave your significant other feeling resentful or lead to other forms of relationship conflict. Your partner may feel overwhelmed if you cancel plans, don't show up as promised, or if you want to be alone instead of developing the relationship.

2. Spending time with your significant other isn't as enjoyable as it used to be.

Constant immersion in your own negative thoughts and feelings keeps you from living physically and emotionally. Depression affects the perception of life and complicates the implementation of plans.

Often activities that used to be fun now seem meaningless or unsatisfactory. You may become even more frustrated that your interests or time with your boyfriend is no longer satisfying, creating new feelings of sadness and hopelessness.

3. When you are depressed, there is no way to give enough attention and support to your person.

Dissatisfaction easily creates problems if your significant other is trying to feel heard, appreciated and supported. Mutual support, interests, and respect are important aspects of a long-term romantic relationship, and depression can make it difficult to connect with your partner, especially if you feel like an empty vessel.

4. Irritability, lack of patience in relation to a loved one.

You feel that life has become more difficult, thoughts are overwhelming, patience is running out, and even the smallest trifle can unbalance you and give you a feeling of concern.

This leads to excessive criticality to the partner, in any problematic situation, you choose a battle, rather than a calm conversation, although it would be more logical to react calmly and not get hung up. Depression leads to frequent conflicts, not desirable for a relationship.

5. Depression can lead to a lack of desire or an irregular sex life.

If the presence of a sexual component in a relationship is important for you and your partner, the absence sexual desire or facing major changes in your sex life can harm romantic relationships. If you stop showing interest in your partner sexually, this can cause a lot of negative emotions in him, or even the desire for intimacy in you will disappear altogether. There is nothing worse if in a couple both are not sexually satisfied.

6. Depression can cause negative and feelings of doubt.

Lack of interest in your life suppresses any joy, hope that the relationship has a future. Unexpectedly for yourself, you feel that you want to be alone or slow down a little, or maybe the confidence that you are worthy of a loving person next to you will disappear altogether. There are doubts about the true goals of the relationship, as well as concerns about how and how to develop them.

7. Depression distorts the way you look at relationships.

Feelings of anxiety can change the way you view relationships and your partner, portraying them as negative light evoking feelings of dissatisfaction. Even though everything is smooth and normal in a relationship, you will find something to complain about and these things will upset you. You can take the comments and words of your partner to heart, you will definitely want to correct any little things. Relationships with a person should help fight depression, not aggravate it.

8. Excessive self-criticism.

The inner self-critical voice will say that you should be less kind to yourself, forgive yourself for weaknesses and so on. Such an attitude can lead to a struggle with low self-esteem, to thoughts that you are insignificant, unsuccessful, and it is because of this that your soulmate wants to be with you in order to take care of you.

Lack of confidence and depressed thinking can lead to the use of inappropriate behavior as defense mechanisms such as ignoring, suppressing feelings and emotions, and this contributes to the growth of a wall between two loving hearts.

9. Depression can cause a breakup during times of conflict.

Avoiding sharp corners, conflict situations for self-preservation is quite logical, but this can create new problems in the couple's communication and lead to difficulties. When a person is open, makes contact, maintains a dialogue to resolve the conflict - the tension disappears and people come in one right decision. If you ignore the problem in a relationship, you may no longer understand each other, forgive. being on the same wavelength and, soon, moving on together will become incredibly difficult. Due to depression, you can lose your soulmate.

10. Depression leads to alcohol and drug use.

Often, an attempt to avoid emotions and reduce emotional pain can lead to an increase in alcohol and drug use. But this only provides temporary relief and may increase depressive feelings. Alcohol and drug abuse can destroy relationships by impairing thinking and leading to other behavioral changes. The way you treat your partner and the reckless behavior that often accompanies substance abuse can be damaging to your relationship.

Depression happens to every person, perhaps problems at work or the death of a loved one drove you into such a serious condition. Nobody says that it's bad to be alone and put all your thoughts on the shelves, but living in this state for months and years is not good. Because you close the door to your soul, feel sorry for yourself or despise yourself for hours, it will not get easier. You already have a person who is ready to help, listen and support - do not lose him because of your depression, because it is for a while, but beloved / May for life.

Article for Les Nouvelle Esthetique 06/2013

"Strive to add enduring qualities to beauty"

Aesop, an ancient Greek fabulist who lived
in the 6th century BC e.

What can a cosmetologist offer to a patient who turned to him with a request to correct the aesthetic defects of his appearance? It would seem that the answer to this question is obvious. With today's advances in cosmetology and aesthetic medicine any client can be made attractive - professionals have at their disposal a huge number of different technologies, hardware techniques, drugs, you just need to choose them correctly.

But with such a one-sided approach, we lose sight of the fact that appearance is only part of a “system” called a person, which includes not only the physical (body), but also the psychological (soul) component. And external beauty, the health of the body as a whole is impossible without the health of the soul. In order to provide cosmetology services with maximum effect, beauty industry specialists must have a clear understanding of the psychological characteristics of a person's personality.

In medieval society, largely through the efforts of the Holy Inquisition, the idea of ​​​​total control over the body and, at the same time, complete neglect of it, was actively implanted. The mortification of the flesh was the paramount task facing the pious citizen, and attention to health, appearance was considered bad form. There was an opinion that if a person is beautiful, then he is a sinner, so he could be burned at the stake.

Surprisingly, the medieval attitude to the body and appearance of a person is so ingrained in society that we still feel its consequences. “It can’t be,” you say, “because today everyone is obsessed with maintaining a good physical shape, achievements in the field of medicine are amazing and modern cosmetology, anti-age technologies have stepped far ahead.”

Nevertheless, medieval obscurantism threw us far back from the ancient principles of the harmonious development of the individual, which cultivated the unity of the soul, psyche and body. Very often we observe extremes that do not contribute to this harmony.

And the most common of them is the attitude to the body as an appendage that plays a secondary role in the service of intellectual values. In this case, maintaining health turns into a purely mechanical task - at the right time to give a "magic" pill, to carry out some kind of manipulation ( plastic surgery, anti-aging procedure, injection).

What are the costs of such an attitude towards the body?

The patient shifts responsibility for his own body and health to the doctor, and then the human psyche follows the path of least resistance: if the solution to the problem is entrusted to another (for example, to a cosmetologist), then you can no longer think about it and not try to do something yourself. In this case, the person is closed to the perception of new information, there is a weakening of the mind-body connection.

In his attitude towards himself, his state, a person often relies on only one component, and not on the whole complex of qualities that characterize a personality. Manipulations that take into account only
physiology, do not allow to develop the possibilities associated with mental state. Our body has been formed over millions of years - and the ability to self-regulate, including mental, rescued it many times.

Today, the desire to restore the harmony of soul and body is becoming especially noticeable. This trend has not bypassed the beauty industry. The well-known American dermatologist and psychiatrist from New York, Amy Wexler, who consulted Coco Chanel, says in her book The Connection of Mind and Beauty: skin, with this in mind, we can achieve unique results.”

The relationship between the body and the psyche in a person is obvious: the physical and functional problems of the body are often based on psychological factors, but also the imbalance of the psyche and somatic pathology also negatively affects its appearance.

The idea immediately arises of integrative methods of working with the psyche and the body at the same time, the correction of body problems can be eliminated only by working out the psychological causes of somatic diseases. This thesis is the principle of the so-called body-oriented psychotherapy.

Closer to practice

How can you use the science of the body-mind connection in a beautiful business? First of all, acquire knowledge in this area. The following are reflected on the body internal processes and qualities: emotional condition, mood, past experience, personality traits, temperament.

This is expressed in the constitutional make-up of the body, posture, muscle tone (of all muscle groups, including mimic), symmetry of the body and face, features of movement and behavior, psychophysiological reactions (breathing rhythm, pulse, arterial pressure), skin condition, susceptibility to certain diseases.

This is far from complete, but already a large enough list to understand that our appearance is largely determined by the psychological state. By influencing this component, we get additional opportunities to achieve the desired harmony both inside and out.

Speaking about a holistic approach to working with a person (psychosomatic area), we will choose what can be applied in the beauty industry. In other words, we will explore how the mental state of a person affects the figure and posture, muscles, skin condition, and some other manifestations of appearance.

What are emotions?

The word "emotion" in a literal translation from the Indo-European languages ​​means "outward movement". This reaction is inherent in all forms of life. Even the simplest organisms react to an external stimulus by "expanding" or "contracting". Something similar happens with people - we “turn around”, “expand”, take up more space, communicate more when we feel good (positive emotions) and “fold”, calm down, shrink in an unpleasant situation (negative emotions).

These fluctuations, conditionally called "expansion-compression", are controlled by two branches of the nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic. Nerve impulses go from the higher parts of the central nervous system to all parts of the body, regulating blood circulation, respiration, digestion, and sexual functions. Normally, these processes are rhythmic and harmoniously replace each other. But sometimes they can fail.

For example, a person who is constantly in a situation where something threatens him will always be mobilized (by the way, such a situation can be both a real danger and trouble, and one that is only subjectively considered as threatening peace). These mechanisms contribute to the activation of physiological reactions aimed at fight or escape. The problem is that in society we cannot adequately respond to a threat or irritation, we cannot, in response to an insult, hit the offender and immediately run away. A person has to restrain himself, his emotions, genetically embedded in his behavior, which does not go unnoticed for the body.

Many people are constantly under stress, and muscle tension - as a result of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system - is chronic for them. Normal mechanisms of self-regulation simply can not cope, the tension becomes constant. In this case, one can recall muscle "clamps", "blocks" and other physiological reactions that others see (by the way, in the Russian language there are many popular expressions reflecting these reactions). Let's consider them in more detail.

Hair.

They are very sensitive to changes in psychophysiological status.
and are the embodiment of the strength and vitality inherent in healthy body. Stress, depression, anxiety lead to an increase in the amount of hair falling out.

One of the physiological reasons for this phenomenon is the activation of the hormone cortisol, which is released into the blood during stress. Increasing the level of its content leads to a slowdown in hair growth, accelerated hair loss, loss of shine and elasticity, the appearance of gray hair ("it's not time that whitens the hair, but the twist").

Eyes.

Eye expression and varying degrees gaze intensity reflects how
people perceive the world around them. Many things can be determined by the eyes - both the burden of experiences, and many years of experience, and even the history of a person’s life (“eyes are the mirror of the soul”). People who have psychological problems (psychologists say that every person is neurotic, and this is normal) experience a feeling of tension in the eye area to one degree or another, which can also be determined by fairly deep wrinkles around them.

Suppressed crying (after all, we are taught to be strong), fear, anger, stressful situations cause muscle tension around the eyes, “protective” overhanging of the eyebrows, squinting, “heavier” the look. Anger in general is a destructive emotion for the eyes and vision, this condition can dramatically worsen the clarity of the perceived picture (“anger obscures the eyes”).

A person who is immersed in his own thoughts, constantly scrolling in his head the scenarios for the development of events in his life, has an absent look directed at himself. A fixed and stern look speaks of difficulties in communication, closeness of character.

Eye strain often travels to the forehead and head muscles, then accumulates in the neck, leading to headaches. But the eyes shine with happiness (" radiant eyes”), a specific brilliance appears in them - it is very beautiful and invariably attracts the attention of others.

Lower part of the face. The tension described above is connected, among other things, with the
presses" around the mouth and jaws. A frozen smile on the lips, a mournfully curved mouth, clenched jaws, sunken cheeks indicate that a person is experiencing a lot of negative emotions, but cannot give them an outlet. An aggressive reaction, anger is expressed in the tension of the muscles of the jaws, clenching of the lips, often in a change in the shape of the face.

Regarding the shape of the face, there are other interesting observations. A person with clear thoughts and plans for the future has a clearer facial contour. Fuzziness of thoughts, some confusion in the head lead to blurring of the oval of the face, puffiness.

If a person is in a state of nervous tension, then certain emotions are reflected on his face, it is constrained, reminiscent of a “mask” (remember the so-called “mourning mask”, when deep wrinkles run from the wings of the nose to the corners of the mouth). Moreover, such a “mask” does not depend on age, it can also be seen on the face of a young woman. A gloomy face, knitted eyebrows - this expression becomes for
her usual, the "mask" seems to grow to the face. The tension of the facial muscles caused by internal experiences is removed, the facial expressions of a person change, and the face
is transformed when emotions “splash out” (“the heart rejoices and the face
blossoms).

Leather.“If someone is going through a difficult period right now, their skin is aging very quickly,” says dermatologist and psychiatrist Amy Wexler. Indeed, the skin is extremely sensitive to emotional states, psychological stress. When something irritates you, it shows up on your skin. It is not surprising that diverse concepts - psychological and physiological - in the Russian language are conveyed by the same words (“irritate”, “irritation”).

Regardless of whether the tension is caused by some serious reason (dismissal, quarrel, etc.) or just had a hard day, stress and depression will then affect your appearance. Dermatologists at the Stanford University School of Medicine conducted an interesting study. After observing a group of students (22 people), they noted a sharp exacerbation of acne in the period of preparation for exams and during their delivery ( stressful situation). Many experts agree
opinion that acne associated with stress is physiologically justified. Under the influence of adrenaline, the body begins to secrete an increased amount of fat, which
must protect the skin from damage. But this fat is not removed properly, it mixes with dead skin cells, clogs the pores, which leads to
the appearance of acne.

The most interesting thing happens next when we approach the mirror. In this moment
the circle closes: stress triggered the appearance of acne, and they do not disappear until
cause removed. But when we see our face with acne, we again experience stress.

Chronic stress, anxiety and depression lead to a decrease in the production of collagen, a very important protein for the skin. Without it, the skin becomes thinner and weaker. The same psychological conditions lead to tissue dehydration, which prevents the skin from quickly recovering after damage. The result is thin, dry, dehydrated skin.

So, dry skin, urticaria, acne, redness, sometimes eczema, dermatitis are often a kind of marker of psychosomatic diseases, the treatment of which, especially in serious cases, will be effective if a psychologist or psychotherapist is involved in this process.

On the contrary, cheerful people are the owners of young beautiful skin with good blood circulation.

Arms. By the hands, you can determine the age of a person, and his emotional state. When he is under stress, the nails become thin and brittle. This is due to the poor absorption of minerals and vitamins, as well as the fact that during stress, more blood enters the lower extremities (especially during the "run" reaction), the hands receive less nutrients and become cold.

Breast. Nervous tension can contribute to fat burning to some extent, but, unfortunately, not in the places where we would like it. Under stress, the bust most often suffers - it is in this area that fat is burned, the skin of the décolleté zone does not have time to “tighten”, which leads to the formation of aesthetic defects, in particular, sagging breasts.

Hips, buttocks. Under stress, metabolism works in a very specific way: if the size of the breast decreases, then the fat layer on the abdomen, hips, buttocks increases. This increase in fat leads to the appearance of cellulite and a noticeable " orange peel". (Climbing into the jungle of psychology, one should also remember that body-oriented psychologists believe that problems with cellulite can be associated, for example, with long-standing resentment against the father or men
in general - "protective crust").

Breath, belly. Breathing is closely related to the nature of the emotions we experience.
When we are relaxed and calm, our breathing is free, even, it mostly occurs due to the work of the diaphragm, the abdomen. All small children breathe this way. In a state of anxiety, tension, emotional arousal, breathing becomes fast and uneven, and the chest is more involved in this process, the stomach “does not work”. This is reflected in the appearance of a person, sometimes complaints about the imperfection of the figure may indicate the psycho-emotional reasons for such dissatisfaction with oneself.

containment deep breathing, excessive tension and unconscious retraction of the abdomen prevent getting rid of negative emotions. Therefore, the recommendation “pull in your stomach!” can be interpreted as a call for their suppression. One more interesting point should be noted. To emphasize their youth and attractiveness, the models on the pages of magazines demonstrate inverted flat bellies; we are already used to it and try to comply this image. But a tense and flat stomach, from the point of view of psychologists, sometimes indicates an insufficient fullness of life. One more parallel can be drawn with the field of philology: when we talk about some fact, phenomenon or object, as
“flat”, then we mean that this is something not original, colorless, tasteless.

Muscular and motor responses to stress. It is well known that emotions can mobilize a person, or they can paralyze. At the level of the body, this manifests itself very clearly. Primitive responses to threat have hardly changed in the last million years. Resolution methods difficult situation(aggressive - "hit" or defensive - "run") unconsciously work in each of us. Such reactions lead to changes in physiology, well-being, appearance.

An aggressive way out of a threatening situation (the “hit” reaction) is characterized by
tension of the shoulder girdle, pulling the shoulders up, constant "clips" of the upper back and neck, throat. The circulatory system is activated, blood pressure and pulse rise, body temperature rises, hands are tense, fists are clenched (“hands itch”). The forehead is furrowed, the eyes are narrowed, the jaws are closed, there is a flow of blood to the face. It is difficult for such people to relax, tension is felt in their appearance.
If you observe the people around you, you can accurately identify people who are constantly in a state of struggle, they are characterized by raised shoulders, a wrestling stance, and “usuality”.

The “flight” reaction is characterized by the activation of blood circulation, but the forces are redistributed in such a way that it is possible to hide from a situation that frightens a person as soon as possible. The functional activity of the spine and pelvis, muscles and joints of the lower extremities increases, the stomach is compressed. In life, it is very easy to recognize such a person by frequent unsystematic movements, for example, he uneasily minces his feet, as if saying that it is time to run, looking for additional supports (table, chair, wall), leans on.

Regarding both types, it must be said that they are associated with physiological activation, the body is brought into a state of increased readiness, strength is an energy-consuming process, therefore, the need for food, calories after the “fight” or “flight” reactions increases. There is an opinion that the so-called "jamming" of stress, when a person eats a lot of sweet, fatty, is associated precisely with these effects. Other consequences of chronic stress conditions - cardiovascular problems, joint diseases, diabetes mellitus.

Now it is clear (and scientific research confirms this) that the parameters and beauty of the body are strongly related to our psychological state. Correction of body problems will be much more effective if a person can change his own attitudes, behavioral stereotypes, ways of responding to stress,
learns to express their own emotions rather than suppress them. Like this
do? How can the psychological factor be used to
become more beautiful and help others find beauty? For this you need
take into account a number of points.

• As one of the most beautiful women on the planet, Sophie, said
  Lauren,“Beauty is a sense of self and it reflects in your eyes.” Feeling like a beautiful person, you can achieve the necessary motivation to solve not only psychological, but also aesthetic problems. Desire to take care of your appearance and look after psycho-emotional state is born from observing oneself and feeling oneself as a person.
• To solve psychological problems, managing stress, emotions so that it later has a positive effect on appearance, it is necessary to resort to the help of professionals (psychologists, psychotherapists). Universal advice from the series “take a vacation, relax, take a nice warm bath” in this case, as a rule, is ineffective. Such recommendations do not take into account the characteristics of the individual and the situation in which the person is located.
• However, it is better to use universal methods to achieveemotional balance, relaxation, than not to usenothing, counting that everything will pass by itself. Yes, it may pass, or it may not, or it will not pass soon. And while you are under stress or have not yet emotionally let go of the events that affected you earlier, your appearance will continue to suffer, it will be difficult to correct the aesthetic flaws that have appeared only with the help of a cream or botulinum therapy. We can recommend the following ways to achieve harmony of soul and body, which act universally: yoga, qigong, European relaxation methods, auto-training, fitness, spa, massage, sports, swimming pool, nature walks. The cultivation of positive emotions, the ability to tune in to calmness, beauty, and joy also work well. Feeling
  humor, laughter, smile are a good remedy to find a joyful mood. Try smiling in front of a mirror for 5 minutes and you will be a little happier. Even if you smile through force, your body will regard this as a manifestation of happiness, and will "tune" the physiological processes taking place in the body. When you feel better, the smile will be sincere, your face will change. No wonder people are engaged in laughter therapy, it has a cosmetic effect.
• Everything is interconnected in the "system" called man. Lifestyle, emotions experienced, behavior - everything affects appearance. Optimize your lifestyle, eat right (more vegetables, fruits, uncooked foods, less meat), eliminate drugs (alcohol, tobacco, etc.), reduce coffee consumption, drink more water, move more and walk, restore the duration of sleep (if a woman sleeps less than 7 hours, then she risks losing her beauty much faster), harmonize your sex life (good sex can do wonders for the psychological state and appearance), keep a balance of work and rest. You are not healthy when you are doing special procedures but when you live and behave properly.

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Most women experience a special thrill before future motherhood. They perceive pregnancy as a kind of blessing and try to observe all the rules of nutrition during this period, avoid stress and physical overload.

But female body it is so arranged that the pregnancy can suddenly end, i.e. miscarriage occurs. The situation is quite difficult, requiring physical and moral recovery. Depression after a miscarriage develops in almost every woman who has experienced such a loss.

Psychological state ^

The psychological state after termination of pregnancy is severe, colored negative thoughts and unstable emotional background.

A woman at this moment tends to torment herself with endless conversations and thoughts that she did something wrong.

The first time after the incident, longing and sadness are expressed in visits to forums dedicated to motherhood, going to children's shops and looking at small children in parks.

After a miscarriage, a woman's emotions and feelings are dulled, blaming herself for what happened and despair come to the fore. It seems that life is over and it will never be the same again. The woman feels lonely and cornered.

This state of affairs negatively affects the course of physiological processes, when there is simply no appetite, and normal rest and elementary sleep are out of the question.

Recovering from a miscarriage is morally much more difficult than physically. This is a difficult path that requires perseverance, perseverance and support from family and friends.

How to deal with depression after a miscarriage

Restoring emotional balance is quite difficult, but there are several tricks that can alleviate your condition.

Give vent to emotions. There is no need to hush up your feelings. All people experience loss in accordance with their individual characteristics, but the shock state at the first stage is characteristic of everyone. Numbness and detachment from everything that is happening around, a hysterical fit is a normal reaction human body in the first minutes and even hours after the incident.

Realize the loss. After the first shock, there comes a period of awareness, when it is necessary to accept what happened. At this time, you should not make serious decisions that can radically change the future. Much more important to difficult period next to a loved one whom a woman trusts. He will be able to provide the necessary support and care, because the awareness of loss is the most difficult and painful state when depression reaches its peak.

Speak your emotions and feelings. You can't lock yourself in. It is imperative to talk about your grief, and it does not matter with whom. The main thing is that this person is ready to listen. Such a conversation is often accompanied by tears, but you should not be ashamed of this, because this is a kind of act of healing and liberation from heavy shackles.

Communicate with those who have experienced a similar tragedy. Support from women who have experienced a sudden termination of pregnancy can be positive influence. Exit experience serious condition and the birth of children in the future has a beneficial effect on the moral recovery of a woman.

work on yourself. At a certain stage, you need to pull yourself together, cry and accept the fact of what happened, as well as the fact that grief can happen to anyone, but life goes on and requires a person to make efforts to improve themselves and restore justice. The tragic stage of life must end, otherwise a return to a full life is simply impossible, because not only time heals, but also work on one's feelings and emotions.

Take care of your physical and mental health . A miscarriage can provoke some diseases, so there is a need for comprehensive survey. Consultations of specialists, following their recommendations will help prevent a recurrence of the tragedy in the future and fully prepare for new pregnancy.

Monitor your diet. For the first time after what happened, a woman can simply forget about eating, but this is wrong, because the body needs strength to recover. Food should be varied and of high quality, and its receptions should be regular. Caffeine and alcohol are contraindicated, but the use clean water in large quantities is welcome.

Stick to a normal daily routine and avoid taking sleeping pills habit-forming.

Monitor your emotional state. To do this, it is convenient to keep a diary in which you can record daily the main events, meetings, experiences, changes in thoughts and feelings, plan future achievements, in general, everything that a woman considers necessary, and which will allow her to observe her experiences and note a certain dynamics.

Master relaxation skills and meditation techniques. There are a variety of breathing exercises that are highly effective and help relieve tension: starting position - lying on your back, a roller is located under the knees and lower back, eyes are closed; exhale, on the count of four - inhale, and first the stomach is filled, then the chest; on the count of four - exhale (the stomach is released, and then the chest).

Make a drastic change. As soon as there is a desire, you can update your wardrobe or make cosmetic repairs in the apartment.

How to get rid of alcoholic depression? Read on.

Find out about the best books for depression in our article.

After a miscarriage, thoughts of a new pregnancy will be frightening, but over time they will appear more and more often, and the fear will begin to go away. In order to properly prepare for a new stage in your life, it is important to understand and realize the tragedy that has happened. Only in this case can we talk about meaningful work on oneself.

A woman will never be able to forget about her loss, but even in such grief one can see a creative beginning, concluded in gaining strength and wisdom for a further full life.

Stroke: psychosomatics and consequences

Stroke psychosomatics - two words that at first glance do not have much in common. The fact is that in traditional medicine, a stroke is considered to be a violation of blood circulation in the vessels of the brain. From a physiological point of view, the occurrence of the disease is so. However, doctors are increasingly coming to the conclusion that a stroke develops under a huge number of different factors, one of which is psychosomatics or the psychological state of a person. As a result of such problems, patients suffer from psychosis and a host of other psychological disorders. To sort out psychosomatic reasons and the consequences of an attack, it is necessary to consider the situation from different angles.

What is psychosomatics?

The word psychosomatics in the medical community means the development of diseases, psychosis, other pathological conditions developing under the influence of psychological perception of a person. We can say that all ailments in the body come from wrong thinking, we ourselves attract them, contribute to their development. In fact, an experienced rehabilitation psychologist will say that many diseases occur not so much from an emotional state as from mental health.

A person who is often subject to stress, depression, easily turning into a state of aggression, harms his body, exposing it to constant “shakes”.

First of all, such manifestations of emotionality affect the work of the heart, blood vessels, and the brain, but if a person has a mental disorder, damage is done to the entire body as a whole. Moreover, there are many cases proving that psychosomatic disorders increase the chance of psychological complications after a stroke. In such cases, in addition to functional problems caused by circulatory disorders, a person faces the following troubles:

dementia after a stroke;

depression;

aggressive states;

emotional imbalance.

Such complications not only complicate the process of rehabilitation, but the very question of recovery is under threat.

Due to the fact that the patient's psyche is disturbed, his emotional state affects not only his health, it becomes a real test for relatives, because it is they who experience depressive, aggressive or other states of the patient.

Psychosomatic causes of stroke

Dizziness, headaches, deterioration of memory, vision, hearing, and so on - all these are signs of problems with blood circulation in the brain and harbingers of a stroke. In most cases, the causes of "brainstroke" are pathologies of the cardiovascular system and accompanying illnesses. But if we associate a stroke with the psychological states of a person and psychosomatics, the reasons contributing to its development will be as follows:

1. Constant stress - problems at work, frequent worries and worries.
2. Jealousy - discord in the family, groundless or justified jealousy, responds with the most serious mental disorders.
3. Anger and hatred are so strong feelings, even if they are pathological manifestations, also contribute to the development of an attack.
4. The race for success is about competing with yourself to achieve some goals or the desire to surpass others. Such states are emotionally exhausting.
5. Depression - this condition is abnormal for a healthy person, only its manifestation or the state of psychosis can speak of problems in the head.

All the factors described above indicate that a person has a mental disorder. Constant exposure to such conditions provokes health problems, increasing the likelihood of developing a stroke, they cannot be ignored.

Psychosomatic consequences of a stroke

As mentioned earlier, a person who has experienced a stroke also faces psychosomatic problems. This is due not only to pathological disorders caused in certain areas of the brain or manifestations of dementia. Loss of motor functions, inability to perform tasks that previously seemed simple, take care of oneself, etc. All this makes the patient feel inferior, hence the following psychological problems appear.

Aggression after a stroke

Often this behavior is caused by lesions temporal lobe affecting the parahippocampal or anterior cingulate gyrus. At the same time, patients have psychosis, emotional imbalance. To get rid of such complications, sedatives may be required, but the most important thing is an understanding attitude of others and tolerance.

Depression after a stroke

Another severe disorder, which is a certain type of psychosomatic complication. The reasons for its development are the same, but now, in addition to psychosis and anger, it is noticeable that the patient has become depressed, detached, there is a general deterioration not only in the psychological, but also in the physical condition, dizziness. In such a situation, in addition to the main treatment, antidepressants are prescribed to the patient.

Dementia after a stroke

This manifestation is difficult to consider as a consequence of psychotic problems, rather it is a direct consequence of certain disorders caused by extensive damage. It is difficult to cure a person with such a diagnosis; means are used to activate the work of brain neurons and stimulate mental activity, a long course of therapy.

Psychogenic dizziness

Such dizziness is direct evidence of certain disorders that are directly related to the psychological and mental state. Depending on the nature of the problem, both antidepressants and sedatives are used.

Mental disorders after a stroke are much broader, the most common pathological behavioral disorders in patients who have had an attack are listed above. In addition, if the patient was exposed to certain psychosomatic problems before the stroke, the likelihood of their occurrence after the “hit” is significantly increased. What to do and how to act in such situations is decided by the attending physician, however, for full treatment, the help of more specialized specialists may be required, among which there should be a rehabilitation psychologist.

If a person’s psyche after a stroke is noticeably “loose”, there is depression, anger, grouchiness, aggressiveness, etc., he needs not only a standard course of treatment, but also psychological help, and possibly therapy with appropriate drugs.

In the treatment of all kinds of psychosomatic abnormalities, psychostimulants are used, therapy with antidepressants, some kind of sedative, neuroleptics is carried out. In any case, each medicine is taken only as prescribed by a specialist, the course and dosage of its intake are prescribed by the attending physician and the rehabilitation psychologist. Before the appointment of treatment and in its process, the patient may need a number of diagnostic measures aimed at assessing the state and degree of damage caused by impaired blood circulation in the brain, as well as the dynamics of improvements.

Often, only relatives can understand that a person has a mental disorder after a blow. It is for this reason that the survivor of such a shock should have a special attitude rendered by the surrounding people. It is necessary to help the patient in every possible way to cope with the misfortune that has fallen on him and be patient, because the treatment can take months.

Post-alcoholic depression

Post-alcohol depression is an emotional and psychological condition that develops against the background of alcohol dependence. In its symptoms, it is similar to the withdrawal syndrome, but these conditions have fundamental differences.

If a severe hangover is more often accompanied by symptoms of a physiological plan, then depression is characterized by psychological problems.

The relief that a new drink brings is deceptive. It is temporary and after short span time the symptoms return. For this reason, experts note that post-alcohol depression becomes chronic more often than other forms of illness.

The mechanism of the disease

It has long been proven that the use of alcoholic products disrupts the functioning of the internal organs of a person. The most serious damage is done to the nervous system and brain. Regular toxic exposure weakens the protective functions of the nervous system, which leads to mental disorders.

Each new dose of alcoholic products allows a person to feel joy, a sense of euphoria, satisfaction. Psychological barriers to behavior are removed, fear goes away. In some cases, increased aggression towards others. But after a few hours this condition passes. In its place comes fatigue and emptiness. There are withdrawal symptoms. As a result, any conflict leads to anger and a desire to drink a new portion of alcohol.

Post-alcoholic depression occurs not only after drinking alcohol, but also as a result of its abrupt cessation. For a person who has stopped drinking:

the meaning of life is lost;

the surrounding world becomes gray and monotonous, there are no bright colors in it.

Gradually, a person develops a chronic depressive state. In this case, at first glance, signs of the disease may be absent. A person will live a daily life, do ordinary things. The disease will begin to progress, classic symptoms of a depressive state will appear.

Symptoms of depression

Symptoms psychological depression easily confused with a hangover. The latter usually occurs within 5-10 hours after drinking alcohol. Its symptoms are mainly related to the physical condition of the patient. They manifest as headache, nausea, photophobia, general weakness. Post-alcohol depression affects the psychological state, so its symptoms are associated specifically with the psychological health of a person. It affects the emotional state, outlook on life, attitude towards oneself and the world around.

Experts identify a number of main signs of post-alcohol depression:

• Feeling overwhelmed. It manifests itself in a sense of guilt in front of oneself and others.
• Slowing down the rhythm of life. In a state of depression, a person refuses to participate in social life.
• The pace of his vital activity slows down. A person spends more time alone, sitting in front of a TV or computer monitor.
• slowdown psychological reaction. A patient in a state of depression reacts slowly to the environment. The feeling of joy or other emotions do not appear on the face immediately, gradually. The patient seems detached, thoughtful.
• Decreased self-preservation instinct. Against the background of depression, a person begins to poorly distinguish danger. He inattentively reacts to the environment, can provoke an accident.
• Thoughts of suicide. With prolonged depression on the background of chronic alcohol dependence, suicidal tendencies occur. They are connected with the fact that the patient excludes himself from social life, loses connections, becomes unclaimed professionally.
• Loss of the meaning of life. On the background constant need in alcohol everything around becomes uninteresting, boring, monotonous. Patients do not have a feeling of joy. Satisfaction comes only after drinking a new portion of alcohol.

The last signs (lack of self-preservation, loss of meaning in life, suicidal tendencies) are among the signs chronic depression and severe alcoholism. When they appear, immediate medical and psychological assistance is indicated. In such a situation, the patient is not able to cope with the problem on his own.

Varieties of depression

Post-alcoholic depression is classified into two types:

short-term disorder, mild form;

severe long-term depression.

The first occurs as a complication hangover syndrome. It is associated with serious poisoning of the body with alcohol. A severe form of psychological disorder occurs with alcoholism II or III degree.

SENSATION! Doctors are dumbfounded! ALCOHOLISM is gone FOREVER! All you need is every day after meals. Read more—>

A mild form of depression occurs when withdrawal syndrome. Pathology is typical for males and females prone to a hangover. Experts associate the deterioration of the emotional state with developing hypoglycemia. It occurs as a result of low blood sugar levels. It is required to process large amounts of ethyl alcohol that has entered the body. The main signs of hypoglycemia are:

muscle weakness;

reduced concentration of attention;

fatigue;

apathy;

sadness.

To eliminate unpleasant symptoms, it is enough for a person to introduce a glucose solution. In addition to the lack of glucose, with a mild depressive state, there is a deficiency of magnesium and potassium in the blood. Characteristic features deficiency of these substances is irritability, tremor of the limbs, palpitations, convulsions. The problem can be solved by introducing solutions of calcium and magnesium.

Against the background of general malaise, a sense of shame develops for inappropriate behavior, remorse, anxiety, and self-flagellation. Normally, symptoms disappear in 2-3 days. At drug treatment the syndrome is removed much faster.

Post-alcoholic depression in severe form occurs with a sharp refusal of alcoholic products. His characteristic features are severe signs of manifestation and duration of the course. At the first stages, the disorder passes in the form of an abstinence syndrome - a feeling of anxiety, depression, apathy develops. With the refusal of alcohol and the absence of competent treatment, these feelings turn into a deep emotional crisis. Feelings of worthlessness are exacerbated by the lack of satisfaction from new portions of alcohol. Looking for positive emotions there is a need for strong sensations: drugs, gambling. It becomes very difficult to get out of this state. Treatment severe forms post-alcoholic depression requires integrated approach. It consists in the timely support of relatives and friends, drug therapy, psychological assistance from a specialist.

Methods of dealing with depression

The effectiveness of the fight against post-alcoholic depression is associated with psychological readiness patient. When refusing to drink alcohol, the patient should prepare for a general deterioration in well-being. With the development of severe forms of depression, patients require medical support. With single emotional disorders, sparing therapy is sufficient.

In the absence of chronic forms of the disease, a radical change in lifestyle allows you to remove the depression. It is important to find activities that allow you to feel joy and satisfaction again without the use of alcohol. Mild depression is treated by:

change in the schedule of work and rest;

normalization of diet and sleep.

Freed up time needs to be filled as much as possible with new hobbies and forging social connections, in which there are no alcoholic drinks. Preference should be given active pursuits. It can be:

fishing;

tourism;

swimming, running, cycling or other sports activities;

visiting the theater, art exhibitions and other cultural events.

In those situations where depression takes a chronic form, patients are prescribed complex treatment. It includes 3 main areas:

Medical therapy. The doctor prescribes antidepressants to the patient, which relieve the state of depression, stress, and normalize sleep.

Psychotherapy. Group chat or individual sessions with a psychologist allow patients to realize the depth of the problem, to understand that they are not alone. Thanks to psychological help, the guilt complex decreases, the view of the world around changes.

supportive therapy. Auxiliary therapy methods include physiotherapy, a course manual therapy, acupuncture. The treatment is aimed at normalizing the metabolism in the body, reducing chronic fatigue, strengthening the immune system.

An important role in the treatment of post-alcoholic depression is played by timely diagnosis of the disease and competent treatment. For this reason, close relatives of the patient should provide him with maximum support during rehabilitation and help establish a normal lifestyle.

There is no cure for alcoholism.

Tried many ways but nothing helps?

Another coding turned out to be inefficient?

Is alcohol destroying your family?

Psychotherapy for menopause: when is it needed?

The article describes the types psychological state women during menopause, indications and directions of psychotherapy.

Climax - physiological changes in the body of women 40-50 years old, caused by hormonal changes. It is characterized by a gradual cessation of menstruation until the complete extinction of the cycle. The duration of the period is up to 10 years. The condition may be accompanied by vegetative - vascular, endocrine and psychological disorders, in severe cases - mental disorders. Translated from Greek, "klimax" is a ladder, meaning the stepwise development of a woman.

The psychological state of women during menopause

The manifestation of the psychological characteristics of women during menopause depends on the type of personality, health status (chronic diseases), age and environmental factors (attitude of relatives and colleagues, nature of work, stress).

Due to hormonal changes during menopause, the following picture is observed:

• the skin becomes dry and wrinkled;
• hair turns gray and falls out;
• increased heart rate, pulse;
• sensation of "hot flashes" of heat, thirst;
• frequent headaches, digestive problems;
• sleep is disturbed, appetite and libido are reduced.

All this leads to a woman's lowered mood, she often imagines herself old and useless. In the absence of support from loved ones; interesting, all-consuming work or occupation; help of a specialist, the following psychological disorders are formed.

a) With elements of depression:

• decrease in self-esteem;
• anxiety;
• tearfulness for a minor reason;
• various fears (phobias);
• loss of the ability to enjoy something, to enjoy life;
• loss of interest in yourself, your appearance, work, favorite activities.

Depressive symptoms may deepen and lead to suicidal thoughts and actions.

b) With a tendency to excitability:

• sudden outbursts of unmotivated aggression;
• constant dissatisfaction with oneself and / or the behavior of others;
• provoking conflict situations at home and at work;
• mood is unpredictable, changing rapidly for no apparent reason.
• inability to focus;
• weakening of memory;
• in advanced cases - a violation of thinking in the form of ideas of self-abasement, hypochondria (confidence in the presence of an incurable disease), obsessive overvalued ideas.

The manifestation of certain psychological characteristics depends on the type of woman's personality. During menopause, character traits are sharpened and manifest in extreme forms The thrifty become greedy, the anxious become timid, the cautious become suspicious.

But there are also paradoxical reactions: a previously shy, shy person suddenly “disinhibits”, becomes active to the point of obsession, strives to be in the center of attention, changes his appearance to a catchy, bright one, and his behavior is demonstrative. A woman is afraid of growing old, becoming unattractive, being abandoned, so she subconsciously seeks to prove the opposite, first of all, to herself.

Menopausal fears

Separately, let's talk about fears during menopause. They are diverse and appear with different intensity. Women are afraid

• for your life and the lives of loved ones;
• get sick with an incurable disease;
• lose a loved one (due to their changed appearance and condition);
• loneliness - due to a change in character, a woman is afraid that not only her husband, but also her children will leave her;
• lose a job (memory, attention decrease, there is uncertainty in own forces), often - lack of desire to do something;
• lose property;
• a new stage in their lives, which instills horror in them.

If fears are permanent, they develop into obsessions (phobias), which are no longer possible to get rid of on their own. Types of phobias are expanding - women cannot:

• take the elevator (claustrophobia);
• ride on public transport(amaxophobia);
• to be among people in open spaces (agarophobia).

They are panicky afraid of getting infected, accuracy becomes pathological (repeatedly clean and clean the house), the feeling of disgust reaches the point of absurdity (they cannot eat, drink outside the house, take something with their bare hands without gloves). A common symptom is constant hand washing.

The development of phobias can be prevented by contacting a psychologist in a timely manner, and, if necessary, a psychiatrist.

Help with menopause: psychologist or psychotherapist?

To menopause proceeded painlessly both physically and psychologically, a woman needs comprehensive medical and psychological support. Physicians will conduct treatment aimed at maintaining hormonal balance and symptomatic therapy for the correction of violations of the internal organs. For mental disorders, psychiatric treatment will be prescribed.

Psychological support includes a consultation, which will identify the spectrum psychological problems. If a woman has unstable emotional disorders, a favorable family climate, there are good resources for a quick recovery, 1-2 sessions of short-term psychotherapy, which a psychologist can conduct, is enough.

Indications for long-term psychotherapy are profound disorders mental sphere. The following directions apply:

• Cognitively - behavioral therapy. The goal is to help a woman realize that the period of menopause is a natural physiological stage in a person's life. At the sessions, a woman learns about the causes of her condition, ways out of it. She wants to get rid of negative symptoms- Anxiety, aggression, fears. She will be able to increase self-esteem, learn ways to deal with stress.
• Interpersonal - contributes to the normalization of relations with others, teaches to avoid conflict situations and ways out of them. It is carried out both individually and in a group form.
• Family - aimed at stabilizing family relationships, improving the "psychological climate" in the family. The effect will be achieved only with the participation of all family members.

The standard course of therapy is six months with a frequency of 1-2 times a week. If necessary, the course is extended.

The results depend not so much on the qualifications of the psychotherapist, but on the woman herself. She should try to communicate more often with family and friends, not hide her problems in herself, find time for self-care, and, in the end, love herself in a new state.

Only with joint efforts is the full success of therapy possible.

Psychological state of depression

- characterized by a feeling of loss of orientation in life;

- arising when an individual is confronted with the need to comply with conflicting norms.

Autism is a diseased mental state; withdrawal of the individual from contacts with the surrounding reality and orientation to the world of their own experiences. Autism leads to a loss of the ability to understand the surrounding reality, to inadequate behavior of the individual in society. There are Kanner's early childhood autism, Asperger's autistic psychopathy, organic autism, etc.

Autistic type of behavior - immersion in the world of personal experiences with weakening or loss of contact with reality, loss of interest in reality, lack of communication with other people, poverty of emotional experiences.

Personal disorganization

Personal disintegration

Desintegration of personality

Personal disorganization is a condition in which an individual cannot function effectively due to internal confusion arising from the fact that he adopts conflicting standards of behavior and shows loyalty to different groups.

From lat. Depressio - depression

Depression is a painful state of depression and inhibition of mental activity; a state of frustration leading to anemia.

Childhood pathological fantasies

Childhood pathologic fantasies

Children's pathological fantasies are a component of autism, obsessions or delusions that manifest themselves in the imagination of children suffering from neurosis and psychosis, during games and in statements.

Childhood autism is an uneven development of mental functions in children. Childhood autism is accompanied by difficulties in establishing relationships with people, weak emotional response, “self-absorption”, fear of novelty, sleep disturbances, phobias, avoidance of contact with other people and the outside world in general.

Engagement inertia

The inertia of inclusion is a psychological state of the individual, characterized by the non-liberation of consciousness from feelings and thoughts associated with certain past events or life facts.

The cognitive dissonance

cognitive dissonance

Cognitive dissonance, according to L. Festinger, is a state characterized by a clash in the mind of an individual of conflicting knowledge, beliefs, behavioral attitudes regarding some object or phenomenon. A person seeks to overcome cognitive dissonance by changing one of the conflicting knowledge and establishing a correspondence between knowledge and behavioral attitudes.

cognitive consonance

cognitive consonance

Cognitive consonance - mutual consistency, a balanced state of the elements of the cognitive system; state of conformity between expected and received information.

From Greek Melaina chole - black bile

Melancholia - in psychiatry - a deep endogenous depression, sometimes leading to suicidal mania.

Mental conflict - in social psychology - mental conflict,

- characterized by a state of frustration and indecision;

- which is a consequence of the inability of the individual to act because of the fear of intensifying adverse consequences (when all possible alternatives are equally undesirable).

At the heart of the mental conflict lies the inconsistency of role expectations and values, which increases significantly during periods of sharp social change.

Tension - the emotional state of an individual or group, characterized by disturbed internal balance, anxiety, restlessness, agitation. Voltage is:

- either the result of the mobilization of all the forces of the individual before committing significant actions;

- or the result of frustration, the action of conflicting motives, the inability or inability to act in an adequate way for a given situation.

Irresponsibility; Insanity

Insanity is a mental state of a person, characterized by his inability to account for his actions and control them due to chronic illness or temporary mental disorder, dementia, etc.

From lat. Passivus - inactive

Passivity - inactivity, indifference to the environment. Passivity is a consequence of:

- social and individual mental factors;

- the simultaneous presence of incentives that encourage oppositely directed actions.

Personification - in psychology - the desire of an individual to shift the blame for events or situations that cause frustration to another person.

A need is an internal state of psychological or functional feeling of lack of something. Needs manifest themselves differently depending on situational factors. Needs are:

- by areas of activity: the needs of labor, knowledge, communication, recreation;

- according to the object of needs: material, spiritual, ethical, aesthetic and other needs;

- by functional role: dominant / secondary, central / peripheral, stable / situational needs;

- according to the subject of needs: group, individual, collective, public.

From lat. Prostratio - decline

Prostration is a state of complete physical and neuropsychic relaxation of the body, which occurs after serious illnesses, severe overwork, nervous shocks, starvation.

From lat.Relaxatio - weakening

Relaxation - withdrawal mental stress. Relaxation occurs as an involuntary or voluntary reaction as a result of a person’s special work on his own mental state and is associated with the ability to distract himself from unpleasant thoughts and emotions by combining physical and mental relaxation.

Happiness is a human state that corresponds to:

- the greatest internal satisfaction with the conditions of one's life;

- fullness and meaningfulness of life;

- the fulfillment of their human purpose.

Fatigue is a complex subjective experiences accompanying the development of a state of fatigue. Fatigue is characterized by:

- weakness, lethargy, impotence;

- a feeling of physiological discomfort;

- awareness of violations in the flow mental processes;

- loss of interest in work

- the predominance of motivation to terminate activities;

- negative emotional reactions.

Tiredness; weariness; Fatigue

Fatigue - in psychology - the state of a temporary decrease in the functional capabilities of the human body due to intense or prolonged activity.

From lat. Frustratio - destruction of plans

Frustration is a psychological state of a person, characterized by the presence of a stimulated need that has not found its satisfaction. Frustration is accompanied by negative emotions: anger, irritation, guilt, etc. Distinguish:

- frustrator - the reason causing frustration;

The most general emotional state that colors all human behavior for a long time is called mood. It is very diverse and can be joyful or sad, cheerful or depressed, cheerful or depressed, calm or irritated, etc. Mood is an emotional reaction not to the direct consequences of certain events, but to their significance for a person's life in the context of his general life plans, interests and expectations.

Affect

S. L. Rubinshtein noted the peculiarities of mood in that it is not objective, but personal, and in that the most powerful emotional reaction is affect.

Affect(from Latin affectuctus - “mental excitement”) - a strong and relatively short-term emotional state associated with a sharp change in important life circumstances for the subject and accompanied by pronounced motor manifestations and a change in the functions of internal organs.

Affect completely captures the human psyche. This entails a narrowing, and sometimes even a shutdown of consciousness, changes in thinking and, as a result, inappropriate behavior. For example, with intense anger, many people lose the ability to constructively resolve conflicts. Their anger turns into aggression. A person screams, blushes, swings his arms, can hit the enemy.

The affect arises sharply, suddenly in the form of a flash, a rush. It is very difficult to manage and cope with this condition. Any feeling can be experienced in an affective form.

Affects have a negative impact on human activity, sharply reducing the level of its organization. In an affect, a person, as it were, loses his head, his actions are unreasonable, performed without regard to the situation. If objects that are not related to the cause of the affect fall into the sphere of a person’s actions, he can throw the thing that has come across in a rage, push a chair, slam on the ceiling. Losing power over himself, a person surrenders entirely to experience.

It would be wrong to think that affect is completely uncontrollable. Despite the apparent suddenness, affect has certain stages of development. And if at the final stages, when a person completely loses control over himself, it is almost impossible to stop, then at the beginning anyone can do it. normal person. It certainly takes a lot of willpower. Here the most important thing is to delay the onset of affect, to “extinguish” the affective outburst, to restrain oneself, not to lose power over one’s behavior.

Stress

• Main article: Stress

Another vast area of ​​human states is united by the concept of stress.

Under stress(from the English stress - “pressure”, “stress”) understand the emotional state that occurs in response to all sorts of extreme influences.

Not a single person manages to live and work without experiencing stress. Everyone experiences severe life losses, failures, trials, conflicts, stress when performing hard or responsible work from time to time. Some people deal with stress more easily than others; are stress-resistant.

An emotional state close to stress is the syndrome “ emotional burnout”. This state occurs in a person if, in a situation of mental or physical tension he experiences negative emotions for a long time. At the same time, he can neither change the situation nor cope with negative emotions. Emotional burnout is manifested in a decrease in the general emotional background, indifference, avoidance of responsibility, negativism or cynicism towards other people, loss of interest in professional success, limiting one's capabilities. As a rule, the causes of emotional burnout are the monotony and monotony of work, lack of career growth, professional inconsistency, age-related changes and socio-psychological maladaptation. internal conditions for the occurrence of emotional burnout, there may be character accentuations of a certain type, high anxiety, aggressiveness, conformity, inadequate level of claims. Emotional burnout hinders professional and personal growth and, like stress, leads to psychosomatic disorders.

frustration

Close in its manifestations to stress is the emotional state of frustration.

frustration(from Latin frustration - “deception”, “disorder”, “destruction of plans”) - a person’s condition caused by objectively insurmountable (or subjectively perceived) difficulties that arise on the way to achieving the goal.

Frustration is accompanied by a whole range of negative emotions that can destroy consciousness and activity. In a state of frustration, a person can show anger, depression, external and internal aggression.

For example, when performing any activity, a person fails, which causes negative emotions in him - grief, dissatisfaction with himself. If in such a situation the surrounding people support, help correct mistakes, the experienced emotions will remain only an episode in a person’s life. If failures are repeated, and significant people when reproached, shamed, called incapable or lazy, this person usually develops an emotional state of frustration.

The level of frustration depends on the strength and intensity of the influencing factor, the state of the person and the forms of response he has developed to life's difficulties. Especially often the source of frustration is a negative social assessment that affects significant relationships of the individual. The stability (tolerance) of a person to frustrating factors depends on the degree of his emotional excitability, type of temperament, experience of interaction with such factors.

Passion is a special form of emotional experience. In terms of intensity of emotional excitement, passion approaches affect, and in terms of duration and stability, it resembles mood. What is the nature of passion? Passion is a strong, persistent, all-encompassing feeling that determines the direction of a person’s thoughts and actions. The reasons for the emergence of passion are varied - they can be determined by conscious beliefs, they can come from bodily desires or have a pathological origin. In any case, passion is related to our needs and other personality traits. Passion, as a rule, is selective and subjective. For example, a passion for music, for collecting, for knowledge, etc.

Passion captures all the thoughts of a person, in which all the circumstances associated with the object of passion revolve, which represents and ponders the ways to achieve the need. What is not connected with the object of passion seems to be secondary, not important. For example, some scientists who are passionately working on a discovery do not attach importance to their appearance, often forgetting about sleep and food.

The most important characteristic of passion is its connection with the will. Since passion is one of the significant motivations for activity, because it has great power. In reality, the assessment of the significance of passion is twofold. Public opinion plays an important role in the assessment. For example, a passion for money, for hoarding is condemned by some people as greed, money-grubbing, at the same time, within the framework of another social group, it can be considered as frugality, thrift.

Psychological self-regulation: affect, stress, emotional burnout, frustration, passion

The inability to regulate one's emotional states, cope with affects and stresses is an obstacle to effective professional activity, disrupts interpersonal relationships at work and in the family, interferes with the achievement of goals and the implementation of intentions, and disrupts human health.

There are special techniques that help to cope with a strong emotion and prevent it from turning into an affect. To do this, it is recommended to notice and realize in time unwanted emotion, analyze its origins, relieve muscle tension and relax, breathe deeply and rhythmically, attract a pre-prepared “duty image” of a pleasant event in your life, try to look at yourself from the outside. The affect can be prevented, but this requires endurance, self-control, special training, and a culture of interpersonal relationships.

The means of preventing emotional burnout are the optimization of working conditions and psychological correction in the early stages of emotional disorders.

The stress factor also matters. Prolonged exposure to stress is especially dangerous. It has been noticed, for example, that for 10-15 years of work in extreme conditions, the human body wears out as if it had experienced a severe heart attack. And, on the contrary, short-term strong stress activates a person, as if “shakes” him.

So, you need to remember the following:

• You should not strive, at all costs to avoid stress and be afraid of it. It is paradoxical, but true: the more you try to live and work “always measured and calm”, the more stress will destroy you. After all, instead of gradually and patiently gaining experience in self-management in stress, you will “run away” from it.

You can compare the methods of effective stress management with the actions of an experienced climber. If a person, seized with fear, turns his back on an avalanche and runs away from it, it will overtake him and destroy him. It is necessary to meet the danger face to face in order to know how to defend against it.

• In order to manage your stress, you need to use its beneficial features and exclude harmful ones.

• With constructive stress, the accumulated dissatisfaction of people with each other is discharged, an important problem is solved and mutual understanding between people improves.
• Under destructive stress, relationships deteriorate sharply to complete break, the problem remains unresolved, people have severe feelings of guilt and hopelessness.

The most successful, both in the profession and in personal life, are people who have learned to control themselves, who have a developed psychotechnics of personal self-regulation. They know their strengths and weak sides, know how to restrain themselves, show patience, slow down their internal “explosions”.

People with developed personal psychotechnics implement four main actions:

• Action one: they do not blame anyone: neither themselves nor others. They do not suffer from “remorse of conscience” and do not “dump” their stressful energy on others.
• Action two: they strive to master themselves at the first stage of development of stress, when self-control is still preserved and the “stress element” has not completely captured. They strive to stop themselves in time. One leading specialist of a large commercial bank put it this way: “It is important not to hit point B.”
• Action three: they study themselves. People with developed self-regulation are well aware of how a stressful state begins to develop in them. In other words, they realize in time the change in their inner self-perception at the first stage of stress development.
• Step four and most important. People with developed self-regulation intuitively find the optimal strategy in stress. Those who successfully master stress are those who understand that “dumping” dark stressful energy on others is uncivilized and in a certain sense unprofitable. There is a loss of necessary business connections, personal relationships are destroyed. They also understand that directing destructive stressful energy at themselves, blaming themselves for their mistakes, is not constructive. Indeed, what changes from this? The matter is still standing, and the problem is not solved.

To relieve emotional stress, you need:

• correctly assess the significance of events;
• in case of defeat, act according to the principle “it didn’t hurt, and I wanted to”;
• increase physical activity(many women start doing laundry or other heavy housework);
• form a new dominant, i.e. get distracted;
• speak out, cry out;
• listen to music;
• cause a smile, laughter, humor is necessary for the fact that
• to perceive as comic what claims to be serious;
• implement relaxation.