Features of the formation of the psychological readiness of police officers to perform official tasks. Techniques of professional psychological observation

The legal profession obliges employees to constantly monitor people's behavior, their appearance, gait, facial expressions, gestures, etc.

A practicing lawyer should strive to notice in the observed object (victim, suspect, accused, etc.)

D.), the phenomenon of all essential features, that is, to know its essence. Cognition is based on sensations as a process of reflection of reality. Sensations are visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc. Visual and auditory sensations play the most important role in the development of observation.

The formation of observation skills also depends on the education of attention. Without attention, the intentional perception, memorization and reproduction of information is impossible.

Observation as a quality of personality develops in the conditions of practical activity. To become observant, one must first of all acquire the ability to observe, but this is only one of the stages in the development of this property. To turn a skill into a stable quality, purposeful, systematic and systematic training is needed. It is carried out in the daily life of a legal worker, as well as with the help of special exercises.

The lawyer should strive to penetrate into the essence of the observed phenomenon, to notice all the essential signs related to the case materials. It is important to organize observation by setting a specific, specific goal. Only a reasonably set goal of observation concentrates our psychological capabilities and forms the necessary qualities.

In parallel with purposeful observation, universal observation must also be developed. Such observation provides a deeper and more versatile study of the object of observation. It is formed in the process of practical work on the object from various points of view, that is, by setting different goals.

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Lee Won Ho. Socio-psychological observation and its formation in a doctor: dissertation ... candidate of psychological sciences: 19.00.05 Moscow, 2007 173 p. RSL OD, 61:07-19/549

Introduction

CHAPTER 1. The current state of the study of the problem of socio-psychological observation in the work of a doctor 12

1.1 Psychological observation as a subject of socio-psychological research 12

1.2. Socio-psychological observation and interpretation of the personality of a communication partner 24

1.3. Socio-psychological observation as a professionally important quality of a doctor 34

Conclusions on the first chapter 48

CHAPTER 2 Methods and course of an empirical study of socio-psychological observation among doctors 50

2.1. Methodological foundations, hypothesis and research stages 50

2.2 Development of a model of the socio-psychological characteristics of the patient, important for interpretation by the doctor 53

2.3 General description of the technology for studying the socio-psychological characteristics of patients 55

2.4. Results of psychological diagnostics of the tested patients 77

2.5 Development of a questionnaire that includes the main socio-psychological characteristics of patients ... 88

Conclusions on the second chapter: 92

CHAPTER 3. Results of an empirical study of socio-psychological observation in doctors and its changes as a result of developmental education. 94

3.1 Description of the procedure for studying the initial level of socio-psychological observation in medical examinees 94

3.2 Development of a theoretical and practical course on the development of socio-psychological observation among doctors 99

3.3 Statistical processing and analysis of study results 109

Conclusions on the third chapter 131

Conclusion 134

Bibliography 140

Introduction to work

The relevance of research.

The well-being of a country depends on a large number of factors, but, of course, one of the most important is the health of its citizens. In Russia, in the past few years, there has been a noticeable turn towards improving the general health care system and the quality of medical care - this is both an increase in the professional training of doctors and an improvement in the financial well-being of both medical personnel and medical institutions. It became obvious that the preservation and strengthening of the health of the population is part of the state policy.

Many experts point to the urgent need to improve the quality of medical services to the population (V.A. Korzunin, SV. Monakova, B.A. Yasko), and, most often, the main importance here belongs not to equipping a medical institution with the latest equipment, but to individual and social -psychological qualities of a doctor, their influence on the efficiency and effectiveness of professional activity. And, first of all, as L.A. Lebedeva points out, this applies to general practitioners, because patients with a therapeutic profile constitute a significant group in the structure of morbidity.

The doctor's perception and understanding of the patient is a necessary component of his professional communication. The doctor is obliged to understand not only the state and mood of the patient, but also to determine the extent of his ability to be an active, interested and responsible partner in organizing the treatment process. The social-perceptual component is the most important professional component of his activity. The foregoing determines the public interest in the problem.

Most actively in Russian psychology, observation was studied by teachers (Ya.L. Kolominsky, G.I. Kislova, G.A. Kovalev,

V.N. Koziev, T.S. Mandrykina, L.A. Regush, L.V. Lezhnina, L.V. Kolodina, A.A. Rodionova and others), practical psychologists (L.A. Regush, V.A. Labunskaya and others), civil servants (I.V. Kulkova, E.V. Morozov, etc.), and, of course, doctors (L.A. Regush, L.B. Likhterman, etc.)

Socio-psychological observation is analyzed by us as a complex formation, including motivational, perceptual, cognitive, empathic, reflective and prognostic components.

From the procedural side, socio-psychological observation is manifested in the process of socio-psychological interpretation, the object of which is the appearance of a person (A.A. Bodalev, V.N. Panferov), non-verbal behavior (V.A. Labunskaya), verbal and non-verbal text of communication (E.A. Petrova), extra- and paralinguistic features of voice and speech (V.P. Morozov), etc. The result of the process is the knowledge of the socio-psychological characteristics of the observed person, the understanding of the mental states and relationships experienced by him.

Thus, the relevance of studying the socio-psychological observation of a doctor is associated with both public demand and the logic of the development of scientific knowledge on the problem.

The purpose of the study is to study the features of the socio-psychological observation of therapists and propose a technology for improving it in relation to the characteristics that are important for the interaction between the doctor and the patient.

Object of study: practicing physicians-therapists with different work experience.

Subjectresearch: socio-psychological

observation of the doctor in relation to the patient and the possibility of its formation.

Research hypothesis: the level of socio-psychological observation among doctors depends on gender and on the length of service of the doctor and can be developed in the process of specially organized training in relation to a number of socio-psychological characteristics of the patient.

In accordance with the purpose and hypothesis of the study, the following tasks:

in theoretically: generalize the existing approaches and analyze the current state of the problem, define the socio-psychological observation of a doctor, develop a model of the patient's socio-psychological characteristics that are important for interaction with the doctor;

in methodological plan: to carry out the selection of a complex of psychodiagnostic methods in order to determine the socio-psychological characteristics of the subjects - patients and develop tools for determining the level of socio-psychological observation of a doctor;

in empiricalplan: 1) to create a technology for determining the level of socio-psychological observation of doctors of different sexes and work experience; conduct an empirical study of the problem; 2) to develop and substantiate a program (training) for increasing the socio-psychological observation of a doctor, to test and prove its effectiveness in the experimental group in comparison with the control group.

To solve the tasks set, a number of socio-psychological methods (interviews, questionnaires, tests, video surveillance, content analysis, etc.) and techniques were used, namely:

For psychodiagnostics of patients, the LSS test “Test of life-meaning orientations” (D.A. Leontiev); Multifactorial Personality Questionnaire (16 PF) by R. Cattell; test questionnaire "The level of subjective control of J. Rotter" - USK (adapted by E.F. Bazhin, E.A. Golynkina,

A.M. Etkind); test questionnaire for the structure of temperament V.M. Rusalova (OST); Methodology "Value Orientations" by M. Rokeach; scale-questionnaire for determining individual suggestibility; test "Your psychological age"; the questionnaire "Your attitude to a healthy lifestyle" (L.M. Astafiev), the questionnaire "The level of severity of infantilism" UVI (A.A. Seregina, 2005), to determine the characteristics of the micro-social environment of a person and the stereotype of their ideas in relation to certain diseases - a patient questionnaire developed by us (Lee Won Ho, 2005);

for the diagnosis of socio-psychological

doctor's observation, a questionnaire specially developed by us

SPNV (Lee Won Ho, 2006)

Methodological basis research served as general scientific principles of a systematic approach, principles of historicism and development, principles of unity of consciousness and activity(B.G. Ananiev, P.K. Anokhin, K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, G.M. Andreeva, A.A. Bodalev, Yu.M. Zabrodin, V.P. Zinchenko, B.F. Lomov , B. S. Merlin, S. L. Rubinshtein, K. K. Platonov and others).

Theoretical basis of our study were works on the social psychology of communication (G.M. Andreeva, A.A. Bodalev, E.A. Petrova, L.B. Filonov, Ya.A. Kolominsky, E.A. Orlova, etc.), and exactly:

Social-perceptual approach (A.A. Bodalev, V.N. Panferov, V.N. Kunitsina and others);

Theories of non-verbal behavior and non-verbal communication (V. Berkinbeel, R. Birdvistell, V. A. Labunskaya, E. A. Petrova, J. Nirenberg, G. Calero, A. Pease, V. P. Morozov, V. V. Kupriyanov , E.V. Fetisova, A.M. Shchetinina and others);

Visual psychosemiotics of communication (E.A. Petrova)

Particular models of the functioning and development of psychological observation in humans (L.A. Regush, I.V. Kulkova),

Theories of the relationship of observation L.A. Regush, A.A. Rodionova, I.V. Kulkova, L.V. Lezhnina and others), psychological insight (A.A. Borisova, V.G. Zazykin) and professionally important qualities.

Reliability The obtained results of the study were provided with initial methodological positions, the use of complementary methods for studying psychological observation, the use of a large number of indicators characterizing the individual psychological characteristics of the subjects, the statistical significance of differences between the studied parameters (correlation analysis, Student's T-test and non-parametric criteria for identifying the significance of differences, etc.). ).

Total sample size- 177 people aged 19 to 62. Of these, 97 doctors of the experimental sample aged 25 to 43 years old are permanently working general practitioners of district polyclinics in Moscow with professional experience from 8 months to 17 years; 32 doctors made up the control sample. As well as 40 patients - men and women aged 19 to 62 years old, who apply to the district clinics of Moscow for medical help.

Scientific novelty research is that:

The current state of the study of psychological and socio-psychological observation is analyzed; the definition of the concept of "socio-psychological observation of a doctor" is given.

Gender differences in the development of socio-psychological observation were revealed: in general, female doctors have higher indicators than male doctors.

It is shown that male doctors are more accurate in interpreting such characteristics as: type of patient, life effectiveness, authoritativeness, suspicion, and women doctors in terms of characteristics: family, profession, life goals, importance of health, belief in God, locus of control in the field of health, sociability, social emotionality, social ergicity.

It was found that the level of socio-psychological observation in doctors with professional experience from 3 to 7 years - highest; for doctors with experience from 7 to 17 years - average, and for young specialists (with experience up to three years) - the lowest.

It has been proven that doctors with a work experience of 3 to 7 years are the most accurate in such socio-psychological characteristics as: independence, loci of control in general and in the field of health, sociability, infantilism, profession, social level, suspiciousness; doctors with an experience of 7 to 17 years are more observant in relation to age, psychological age, nationality, family, belief in God, confession, suggestibility of the patient; and doctors with an experience of up to 3 years are the most observant in their characteristics: emotional richness of life, social tempo, social plasticity, social ergicity, social emotionality, authoritativeness.

The effectiveness of the "feedback" method as a technology for self-correction by a doctor of the results of a patient's socio-psychological interpretation has been experimentally shown. It was revealed that with the experience of feedback there is an increase in the accuracy of judgments according to the following characteristics: age, nationality, psychological age, measure of independence-infantility, suggestibility, suspicion, imperiousness, sociability of the patient.

7. The effectiveness of the program of the course "Socio-psychological observation of a doctor", proposed and tested by us, has been substantiated and confirmed. Its effectiveness in increasing the level of socio-psychological interpretation by the doctor of a number of social, social and individual psychological characteristics of the patient is shown. (nationality, profession, social level, value of health, stereotyping of ideas about the disease, locus of control in the field of health, suggestibility, psychological age, a measure of his social independence or infantilism, general locus of control, locus of control of life, social emotionality, emotional richness of life, sociability).

The following provisions are put forward for defense:

1. Socio-psychological observation of a doctor as
the ability to recognize the characteristics and conditions of a patient through their
external expression is an important professional skill,
necessary to build an optimal interaction strategy
and communication with the patient in order to achieve the most effective technology
his cure. Developed socio-psychological observation
allows the doctor to determine the patient's readiness to enter into
interaction, understand his emotional state, determine
intentions. Thus, the socio-psychological
observation affects not only the procedural side
communication, the ability to establish and maintain contacts, but also
effective treatment.

2. Socio-psychological observation of a doctor
is aimed at perception and understanding in the process of professional
communication of the typological characteristics of the patient, his value
orientation, attitudes and ideas regarding health, development

a number of socio-psychological characteristics of the individual that are important for the process of organizing treatment.

3. The socio-psychological observation of a doctor depends on
his individual psychological characteristics, his experience
professional activity and gender, availability of professional
knowledge about the external signs of a person who has one or another
disease, about socio-psychological and age
psychological characteristics of patients, manifested in the patient in
attitude towards himself and his illness.

4. Increasing the level of socio-psychological
observation is detected in practitioners as a result of
experience of "feedback", as well as as a result of special
organized training on the following characteristics: value
health, stereotypical ideas about the disease, locus of control in
sphere of health, suggestibility, psychological age, measure of its
social independence or infantilism, common locus
locus of control of life, social emotionality,
emotional richness of life, sociability. more accurate
becomes a socio-psychological interpretation of the general
social characteristics of the patient, such as: nationality,
profession, social status.

Theoretical significance of the study. The results of our research make a certain contribution to the social psychology of communication and personality, the psychology of observation, the psychology of professional medical activity and communication. We have confirmed that the training of doctors built according to a specific program leads to a significant increase in the level of their socio-psychological observation in comparison with the initial and with the control sample.

Psychological observation as a subject of socio-psychological research

Not so many psychological works are devoted to the study of observation; quite often it is studied through the prism of the profession, i.e. research is devoted to the psychological observation of a particular specialist: a practical psychologist (L.A. Regush, 1996), a civil servant (I.V. Kulkova, 1996), a teacher (the so-called pedagogical observation) (G.A. Kovalev, 1978; G.I. Kislova, 1994; L. V. Lezhnina, 1995; E. V. Teleeva, 1996; L. V. Kolodina, 2000; A. A. Rodionova, 2001), social worker (A. A. Rodionova, 2002), doctor (L.B. Likhterman, 2004; L.A. Regush, 2001).

Psychological observation is mainly understood as the ability to accurately understand the individual psychological characteristics of another person by his appearance and non-verbal behavior (E.V. Morozova, 1995, I.V. Kulkova, 1996, A.A. Rodionova, 2001, etc.).

It is believed that the first and most complete work devoted to observation is the monograph by B.G. abilities of a person necessary for the most productive, creative observation”, as well as “personality property, manifested in the ability to notice the essential, characteristic, including hardly noticeable aspects of people, phenomena, objects. It assumes that a person has such personal qualities as initiative, attentiveness, curiosity, intelligence, perseverance ”(B.G. Ananiev, 1940). Observation is characterized by the following features: target setting, selectivity, interpretation of impressions, regularity of its implementation. In his work, B. G. Ananiev points out the necessary conditions for the development of observation - this is the development of a conscious attitude to observation, the correct organization of observation (mandatory statement of the problem, systematic, mandatory fixation and interpretation of the observed).

L.A. Regush describes observation as a mental property based on sensation and perception. Thanks to observation, a person distinguishes signs and objects that have slight differences, notices differences in similar things, sees them when moving quickly, with a changed perspective, has the ability to reduce to a minimum the time of perception of a sign, object, process (L.A. Regush, 2001, p. 93).

She believes that a whole trend has developed in psychology to study the possibility of revealing the psychological essence of a person through his observation and perception. In the works, for example, B. G. Ananiev, M. Ya. Basov, B. F. Lomov, S. L. Rubinshtein, the dialectic of the external and internal in the manifestations of the psyche was shown. While maintaining some stable external forms of expression of mental states, their diverse, dynamic characteristics and forms of manifestation were found. Moreover, the diversity of individual manifestations of mental states was also taken into account. Since the object of observation can only be the external manifestations of a person, it has become important for the development of observation to know what mental phenomena are indicated by certain observed signs (LA Regush, 2001, p. 95).

She also comprehensively considered the specific features of observation in professions of the “man-to-man” type, which is important for our study, however, we see it appropriate to present their description in the third paragraph of this chapter.

I.V. Kulkova (1996) defines psychological observation in the general personal aspect as a set of personal qualities and abilities of a person, manifested in the ability to recognize the behavior of other people, as an external expression of their individual characteristics and states.

In her Ph.D. thesis, I.V. Kulkova also proposed a model for the functioning and development of psychological observation. The described model reveals the features of cognitive processes necessary for the successful implementation of observation activities; personality traits that determine observation; patterns of interpersonal perception and reflective knowledge; as well as the skills necessary for the development of observation (I.V. Kulkova, 1996, p. 94-108).

In the structure of psychological observation, she distinguishes the following components: perceptual, motivational, cognitive, empathic, reflective and prognostic components (ibid., pp. 113-116).

The perceptual component is based on those qualities of human perception that form a mechanism for a differentiated and rapid response to sensory information. The ability to distinguish signs through which a person expresses himself, and to highlight the essential, containing important information. Selective, purposeful perception allows the observer to see the same object of perception either as a figure or as a background, to single out from a variety of features only those corresponding to the purpose of observation.

Socio-psychological observation and interpretation of the personality of a communication partner

The term "socio-psychological observation", although not as common as "psychological observation", is still used in the psychological literature. In the social psychology of the twentieth century, scientists turned to the problems of socio-psychological observation by studying either the socio-psychological properties of a person (G.M. Andreeva, M.I. Bobneva, Yu.M. Zhukov, etc.); or by exploring socio-perceptual processes and identifying factors that ensure the success of observation, increase the accuracy of perception of the image of a communication partner, reveal the role of a person’s appearance and non-verbal behavior in shaping the idea of his personality (A.A. Bodalev, I.V. Kulkova, I. V. Kislova, V.A. Labunskaya, V.N. Panferov, E.A. Petrova, L.A. Regush, A.A. Rodionova and others).

The concept of socio-psychological observation was first introduced by Ya.L. Kolominsky in the article "Experimental study of the teacher's socio-psychological observation" in 1975 (pp. 239-240). This type of observation is described in detail in his monograph “The Psychology of Relationships in Small Groups” (1976) as a differential characteristic of a person, which is especially important for activities in the “man-man” system. True, Wundt (1894) wrote about this, that it (social-psychological observation) manifests itself in a situation of solving problems related to people's relationships (Wundt M., p. 180).

A.L. Zhuravlev considers socio-psychological observation within the framework of social perception. “In the process of perceiving a person,” he writes, “an important role belongs to socio-psychological observation - a property of a person that allows her to successfully capture subtle, but essential features for understanding. This is an integrative characteristic that incorporates some features of cognitive processes, attention, as well as the life and professional experience of the individual ”(A.L. Zhuravlev, 2004, p. 101).

At the heart of socio-psychological observation are various types of sensitivity. Observational sensitivity is associated with the ability to perceive the interlocutor while memorizing the content of personality characteristics and the situation of communication (according to the definition of A. A. Bodalev, this is “distinctive accuracy” (Bodalev, 1982). Theoretical sensitivity involves the selection and use of the most adequate theories for a more accurate understanding and predicting people's behavior. Nomothetic sensitivity allows you to understand representatives of various social communities and predict their behavior (according to A.A. Bodalev, this is "stereotypical accuracy"). Ideographic sensitivity is associated with understanding the uniqueness of each individual and distancing it from the general characteristics of groups (Emelyanov, 1985 )” (A.L. Zhuravlev, 2004, p.102)

Often, socio-psychological observation is considered in the structure of social-perceptual abilities, which are understood as a personal formation associated with diverse personality substructures that mediate the process of reflecting relationships, appeals, the entire situation of communication (I.A. Ivanova, 2004, p. 74-79) .

So, in particular, I.V. Labutova (1990), studying the determinants of successful pedagogical communication, includes social-perceptual abilities, skills and abilities, which the author refers to as empathy, socio-psychological observation, socio-psychological reflection, socio-psychological perception, reflective-self-evaluative properties, into the structure of a person's communicative abilities , contact.

VA Labunskaya (1990) socio-psychological observation includes the socio-psychological competence of the individual. “For the whole process of cognition,” she writes (pp. 178-179), “the whole process of communication, such a socio-psychological property of a person as socio-psychological competence is of particular importance (Zhukov Yu.M., Petrovskaya L.A.), which is defined by describing a number of component abilities. The author refers to such abilities social intelligence (Antsyferova L.I., Lepikhova A.A., Kandrasheva E.A., Yuzhaninova A.L.), intelligence of interpersonal relations (Obozov N.N.), psychological insight (Korsunsky E. A.), socio-psychological observation (Voroshilova SB, Kolominsky Ya.L., Regush L.A.), social-perceptual skills (Kondratyeva SV.), general social-perceptual abilities (Kovalev G.A., Strelkova N.E., Yuzhanina A.L.)

I. A. Ivanova (2004) in her study presents the structure of social-perceptual abilities as follows: 1) the ability to understand another person; 2) the ability to empathize; 3) the ability for psychological insight at the level of sensory-perceptual reflection and at the level of representations; 4) developed sensitivity; 5) the ability to observe (the ability manifested in the ability to notice the essential, characteristic and subtle properties of objects or phenomena); 6) the ability to identify (S.74-79).

Development of a model of the patient's socio-psychological characteristics that are important for interpretation by the doctor

In order to highlight the socio-psychological characteristics that were supposed to be used in the experimental part of the work to assess and develop socio-psychological observation, we used a theoretical analysis of the literature and a preliminary survey of doctors. This allowed us to compile an initial list of characteristics (No. 327) that are important for the therapist to understand the patient.

Then we invited seven experts - psychologists (teachers of social psychology, candidates and doctors of sciences) and offered them to select the characteristics necessary for the study, and then conduct their content analysis.

As a result of the content analysis, three main groups of characteristics were obtained: I. Characteristics of social group membership P. Characteristics of the micro-social environment of a person III. Socio-psychological characteristics of personality:

The characteristics of social group affiliation included: Gender (male - female); Age (biographical); Ethnic characteristics (national identity) Social level (position in society: working - unemployed, student, pensioner, etc.); Professional affiliation (in accordance with the typology of E.A. Klimov). I. The micro - social environment of the person included - marital status, the presence of loved ones, the presence of emotional support or loneliness. III. Socio-psychological characteristics of the individual united: Worldview (believer or atheist, type of faith); Personality types according to the dominant attitude, in relation to the disease, doctor and medicines; The place of health in the system of human values; A measure of the stereotype of social ideas about a possible cure for certain types of diseases (AIDS, hepatitis, drug addiction, alcoholism, cancer, etc.); Meaningful life orientations and goals of a person (does he want to live on, is there a goal in life); Psychological time of personality; Socio-psychological qualities of a person (openness, sociability, optimism); A measure of exposure to social influence (suggestibility); social infantilism; Locus of control (external - external or internal - internal); Temperament (its manifestation in the social sphere).

The next step was the assessment by our experts of the degree of conformity of the above indicators with the real socio-psychological characteristics of the individual identified in modern socio-psychological science. Since the responses of our experts were binary (“yes” or “no”), and not differentiated, we did not need to use statistical methods to determine the level of agreement between expert estimates.

Those professions that the subjects indicated to us in the questionnaires, we correlated with the typology of professions proposed by E.A. Klimov, to facilitate their recognition by the examined doctors. These are professions: 1) Man - living nature; 2) Man - technology; 3) Man is a sign system; 4) Man - man; 5) Man is an artistic image.

"Man is living nature." These are professions related to agriculture, food industry, medicine and scientific research (biology, geography). Among the professions of the "man - nature" type, one can single out professions whose subject of labor is plant organisms, animal organisms, and microorganisms.

"Man-Technology". The leading subject of professional attention is the field of technical objects and their properties: technical objects (machines, mechanisms), materials, types of energy. Among the professions of the "man-technician" type, one can distinguish: professions in the repair, adjustment, maintenance of electrical equipment, instruments, apparatus; professions in the extraction, processing of soil, rocks; professions in the processing and use of non-metallic industrial materials, products, semi-finished products.

"Man-man". Here the main, leading object of labor is people. Among this type of professions, one can distinguish: professions related to the training and education of people, the organization of children's groups; professions related to production management, management of people, teams; professions related to domestic, commercial services; professions related to medical and information services.

"Man is a sign system". Here the main, leading subject of labor is conventional signs, numbers, codes, natural or artificial languages. This includes the following professions: related to paperwork, office work, text analysis or their transformation, transcoding; related to the processing of information in the form of a system of conventional signs, schematic images of objects; where the subject of labor are numbers, quantitative ratios.

Description of the procedure for studying the initial level of socio-psychological observation in medical examinees

By agreement, the medical examiners were invited to a specially equipped audience to watch a video recording (it was made earlier, see the description in the second chapter) with 20 test patients and fill out a questionnaire.

There were 5-7 people in each group of doctors-subjects, so that the experimenter had time to work with them.

Two specialists took part in all series of studies: the first was the experimenter himself, the second was an assistant who recorded the patients and its further playback at the command of the experimenter.

The length of one video, with answers to identical questions, was five to nine minutes, depending on the speed of the patient's speech and the length of her answers.

Research (meaning primary and final research, after completing the training course, as well as with each subgroup of examinee doctors) took about 3-3.5 hours, with two breaks, in order to avoid fatigue of examinee doctors. All studies involved the same experimenter and assistant. The studies were carried out in the afternoon at the same time.

Each doctor-subject was offered 20 identical, blank questionnaires to evaluate each patient, as well as pens in two colors. One was intended for putting signs in the columns in the questionnaire by the doctor-researcher on the basis of the interpretation of socio-psychological characteristics. With the second pen (of a different color), we suggested that physicians enter the data on the results of objective diagnostics (obtained using a combination of methods, see Chapter 2) for the test patients.

After each presentation of the video recording of the patient's responses, the examinee physicians were given time to evaluate and mark the questionnaire in the appropriate places.

Next, we reported to the subjects the results of an objective diagnosis of the patient's traits, which were also immediately noted in the questionnaire. Doctors were given some time to understand which socio-psychological characteristics they were right about and which they were wrong about.

Thus, already during the initial diagnosis of the socio-psychological observational ability of the medical examinees, we introduced elements of the development of socio-psychological observational ability. The results of statistical processing of the obtained data allowed us to confirm our hypothesis. It consisted in the following: if the subjects are given the opportunity to assess the accuracy of their observations and self-correction, then as a result there will be an increase in the accuracy of socio-psychological interpretation. Indeed, the process of interpreting patients constructed in this way makes it possible to significantly increase the level of development of socio-psychological observation among doctors (Table No. 3.1).

Table No. 3.1 allows us to conclude that the average value of the observation of the subjects when assessing the last five subjects in the primary diagnosis of socio-psychological observation (0.5378) is higher, and the standard deviation (0.09274) is less than the corresponding indicators (when compared with the results of the diagnosis of the first five subjects) (p=0.011). This confirms the fact that the test subjects-doctors in the process of primary diagnosis of the test subjects-patients (even before passing the training) increased the level of development of their socio-psychological observation.

An analysis of another table (see Appendix) will allow us to conclude that there is no significant increase in the accuracy of socio-psychological observation from subject to subject. But if we compare the results of the assessment of the first five and the last five patients-subjects, then we have the right to conclude that there was a quantitative increase in the accuracy of interpretation of the socio-psychological characteristics of the subjects in general by doctors (Table No. 3.1).

It should also be noted that the general initial level of socio-psychological observation among doctors is relatively low. It is approximately equal to mathematically probabilistic (50%) and ranges from 0.4962 when diagnosing the first five, to 0.5378 when diagnosing the last five subjects. The average value of this series of studies was 0.5132, which contradicts the notion that specialists in professions associated with constant communication and interaction with people (A.A. Bodalev, V.A. Labunskaya, E.A. Petrova) have higher rates of observation and interpretation of various indicators of personality, compared with other professions. On the other hand, the result is not surprising, because our study examines the degree of development of socio-psychological observation in doctors, while university education involves taking courses in general psychology, pedagogy, and not social psychology.

legal psychology thinking investigative

The legal profession obliges employees to constantly monitor people's behavior, their appearance, gait, facial expressions, gestures, etc.

Observation is understood as the process of purposeful perception of people, objects, events and phenomena. The main thing in observation is the ability to visually or with the help of hearing notice certain changes in the observed phenomenon, connect them with other phenomena and draw logical conclusions. Observant people are able to notice even minor details and draw important conclusions from them; observation is inherent in all persons with a central nervous system. But this does not mean that all people possess these qualities to the same extent. A weak ability to notice phenomena, the lack of a plan in observation lead to the fact that persons with poorly developed observation skills will make significant mistakes when solving official tasks. For legal work, people with a high level of observation are needed.

Psychologists have proven that observation develops in the process of specific activity. At the same time, special training exercises, as well as training with abstract objects, contribute to its development. Observation as a personality quality is formed by cultivating certain mental functions of a person: sensations, perceptions.

A practicing lawyer should strive to notice all the essential features in the observed object - the victim, the suspect, the accused, etc., the phenomenon, that is, to know its essence. Cognition is based on sensations as a process of reflection of reality. Sensations are visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc. In the development of observation, the most important role is played by visual and auditory sensations.

The formation of observation skills also depends on the education of attention. In psychology, it is understood as the orientation and concentration of the psyche on certain observable objects or phenomena of life. Attention is included as a necessary component in all types of human mental activity. Without attention, the intentional perception, memorization and reproduction of information is impossible.

In parallel with purposeful observation, universal observation must also be developed. Such observation provides a deeper and more versatile study of the object of observation. It is formed in the process of practical work on the object from different points of view, that is, by setting different goals.

The development of observation should be based on the principles of purposefulness, planning and systematicity. Compliance with these principles provides a worker of jurisprudence with observation as a quality of personality.

Educational literature on legal psychology

Asyamov S.V., Pulatov Yu.S.
PROFESSIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES
OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS.

Tashkent, 2002.

Chapter II. PROFESSIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF COGNITIVE QUALITIES OF EMPLOYEES OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES

3. Training of attention and observation

Supervision plays an important role in the implementation of the professional activities of employees of internal affairs bodies. It allows you to identify the criminal activities of persons of operational interest to the internal affairs bodies, their connections, personal qualities, places of storage and sale of stolen goods, to identify facts related to the events under investigation, etc. The skillful organization of the monitoring process, of course, in conjunction with other ways of organizing professional activities, largely contributes to timely warning, rapid disclosure, full investigation of crimes, and the search for hidden criminals.

In psychology, observation means intentional, planned, purposeful perception, undertaken in order to study the subject, phenomenon. Purposefulness and organization in observation not only allow one to perceive the observed object as something whole, but also makes it possible to recognize in it the individual and the general, to distinguish the details of the object and establish some types of its connections with other objects. In other words, observation is not a simple sum of individual elements isolated from each other, but a combination of sensory and rational knowledge.

Professional Surveillance - this is a purposeful and specially organized perception by an employee of the internal affairs bodies of phenomena and processes significant for solving operational tasks. The latter include, first of all, manifestations of the personality (offenders, persons on preventive records, convicts, victims, witnesses, etc.), its state, actions, various objects, the study of which is important for the disclosure and investigation of crimes, the activities of the employee himself and etc.

The psychological nature of professional observation is very multifaceted. Observation is the most developed form of intentional perception. At the same time, the employee does not perceive everything that catches his eye, but calculates the most important, necessary, interesting. This is due to the goals, objectives, plan, which usually underlie the observation. Observation always relies on the active work of the senses. For an employee of the internal affairs bodies, this is, first of all, vision and hearing. A particularly important role in observation is played by attention, which acts as its regulator. Through attention, as the focus and concentration of consciousness on certain objects, the goals and plan of observation are realized. Observation is always associated with the processing of information and is impossible without the active work of thinking. Finally, observation is also determined by the characteristics of the personality of the employee himself.

Observation of the activities of employees of internal affairs bodies is characterized by emotional and intellectual richness. Its conditions are determined by the psychological characteristics of the activities of employees. In this regard, observation, as a way of activity of employees of the internal affairs bodies, must satisfy the following psychological requirements.

Firstly, the officer needs prior knowledge of the personality characteristics of those persons in relation to whom he conducts supervision (for example, the nature and direction of their criminal activities, criminal experience, their inclinations, interests, etc.).

Secondly, he must fully and accurately record, by memorization or otherwise (if necessary and with the use of technical means), the specific actions and behavior of the object of observation.

Thirdly, he must compare the recorded facts with previously obtained data on the observed and quickly analyze the results of this comparison in order to predict the actions of the object of observation.

The success of observation ultimately predetermines the intellect, which organizes this process according to a certain plan, establishes the necessary sequence of observation stages and uses its results. According to prof. Ratinova A.R., in order to organize effective surveillance, an employee of the internal affairs bodies needs to remember a number of general rules:

before observation, get the most complete picture of the person, object or phenomenon being studied;

define a goal, formulate a task, draw up (at least mentally) a plan or scheme of observation;

look in the observable not only for what was supposed to be found, but also for the opposite;

dismember the object of observation and at each moment observe one of the parts, not forgetting to observe the whole;

follow every detail, trying to notice the largest number of them, to establish the maximum number of properties of the object or features of the observed;

do not trust a single observation, explore an object or phenomenon from different points of view, at different moments and in different situations, changing the conditions of observation;

question observable signs that may be a false demonstration, simulation or staged;

to raise questions "why" and "what does it mean" regarding each element of observation, thinking through, assuming, criticizing and verifying their thoughts and conclusions by further observation;

compare objects of observation, contrast them, look for similarities, differences and connections;

compare the results of observation with what was previously known about this subject, with the data of science and practice;

clearly formulate the results of observation and record them in an appropriate form - this helps to understand and remember them;

involve various specialists in the observation, compare and discuss the results of the observation with their colleagues;

remember that the observer can also be the object of observation 1 .

Observation as a mental process and a certain form of professional activity of an employee of the internal affairs bodies develops in him such an important personality trait as professional observation - a complex personality trait, expressed in the ability to notice professionally significant, characteristic, but subtle and at first glance unimportant features of the operational situation, people, objects, phenomena and their changes (which may subsequently be relevant to the case). The basis of an employee's professional observation is a steady interest in people, their inner world, psychology, seeing them from the point of view of professional tasks, a kind of psychological "turn" towards them.

What is needed to ensure a high level of employee observation?

First, the attitude to the perception of information that is important for solving the professional tasks of the employee. This setting helps to overcome fatigue, apathy, disgust (for example, when examining a decaying corpse).

Secondly, a specific concentration of attention precisely on those objects and their properties that can provide the necessary information that is important for solving the tasks that the employee faces.

Thirdly, the long-term maintenance of sustained attention, which ensures the readiness of the employee to perceive the necessary initial information at the right time (especially during lengthy searches, inspections of crime scenes and interrogations).

The most important direction in the development of professional observation is the employee's mastering the technique of professional observation, which includes techniques and methods for its implementation, based on the relevant psychological patterns.

Attention training can be usefully divided into three forms.

General care. Without giving yourself any preliminary task, you find out what remained noticed from the impressions that you encountered.

Directed care. The task is given for a careful examination of the named object. After that, something related to this object is asked about something that could be caught by consideration, although the subject of the question was not known in advance.

Target observation. The task is given to observe certain details of some phenomenon, and only then this phenomenon is shown.

One of the common methods for the development of professional observation is the following: after looking at one of those around you, you should look away from him and then imagine him in memory, trying to mentally describe his signs, and then check yourself by looking again at this person. Or the following exercise: look for some time at a nearby house and, turning away, try to mentally describe how many windows, balconies, where windows are open, where linen hangs, where people are in apartments, etc. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that knowing how many windows or balconies are in the house does not mean being observant: their number is unchanged. But to notice when individual windows are open or where the lights are on is already the result of observation, close attention, the ability to catch connections and notice dependencies. Another exercise is observing an event. In this case, it does not mean any street incident that attracts everyone's attention. It can also be the usual set of actions of one or more people who pursue a specific goal. "Why is this person here?", "What does he expect?", "What will he do now?" - the answers to these questions allow you to develop the ability to psychologically observe people, the ability to predict human behavior, which is very important in the activities of an employee of the internal affairs bodies.

Attention and observation in the process of exercise develop very successfully. The highest degree of development of observation should be considered such a level when it becomes not only a personality trait of an employee, but also a trait of his character, when it manifests itself in all types of his activities. An observant employee is precisely what is characterized by the fact that he will not miss anything, he will notice everything in a timely manner and draw the appropriate conclusions.

In solving the professional tasks facing the employee of the internal affairs bodies, the activation of his professional thinking is of great importance. The value and role of professional thinking is determined by a number of factors. Firstly, intellectual qualities, developed thinking are inseparably linked with the specifics of the activity and are necessary in solving almost any operational and service task. Without them, it is impossible to reveal a carefully disguised crime, win an intellectual battle with a smart, prudent criminal, understand the contradictions of human nature and establish the truth.

Secondly, important changes in society noticeably exacerbate the problem of intellectual resources. The important tasks facing our society form the need for new approaches, new thinking in solving problems in the field of law and order. It is on the professionalism of thinking that the effectiveness of the work of an employee of the internal affairs bodies in modern conditions largely depends.

Thirdly, professional thinking is not only an intellectual resource, a potential that needs to be set in motion, but above all a lever, a tool for activating the human factor in the internal affairs bodies.

Thinking in psychology is usually understood as mental activity, with the help of which a person reveals the essence of phenomena, their connections and relationships.Professionally developed mindset - an important quality of an employee, manifested in the ability to recognize the essential properties of objects, people and their actions related to the professional tasks being solved, to find regular connections between them 2 .

To be able to think means to apply the existing knowledge, experience, to be able to think, reflect, reason when solving the tasks facing the employee. The thinking of an employee is the ability to solve new and complex operational tasks, the ability to find new approaches to solving practical problems.

Of great interest to employees may be their mastery of techniques for activating professional thinking. These techniques should be understood as methods of conscious, arbitrary self-organization of the thought process, based on the corresponding psychological patterns. When using such techniques, it is useful to become aware of the course of your thoughts, develop certain rules for yourself, and take into account your individual characteristics. When teaching these techniques, an employee may encounter a number of psychological barriers that hinder the formation of professional thinking techniques. Among them are the following:

1. Motivational:

lack of desire to think professionally, unwillingness to approach the matter creatively, proactively, independently;

lack of interest, incentives for thinking, the desire to "keep a low profile", etc.

2. Socio-psychological:

the presence of informal norms, opinions and moods that inhibit independent, creative thinking;

lack of understanding between employees, aggravated relationships, psychological incompatibility.

3. Individual psychological:

mental laziness;

rigidity, lack of flexibility of thought;

negativism, conformism;

age changes.

4. Cultural and linguistic:

shortcomings of the general intellectual culture;

professional narrowness, limited erudition;

habit to certain terms and concepts in professional speech, rejection of new terms and concepts.

5. Perceptual:

simplified, stereotyped perception of important phenomena;

problem-free vision of phenomena in the circle of professional and official interests;

subjectivity, partiality in perception and evaluation from professional positions.

6. Intelligent:

the habit of non-alternative, one-way thinking;

the habit of unanimity, intolerance for other points of view, for professional pluralism;

lack of conceptual thinking skills, performing mindset;

superficially formal approach, absolutization of the administrative-prohibitive tendency in thinking, etc.

It is important that an employee be able to learn to overcome these barriers that arise in his intellectual activity and adversely affect its effectiveness.

The main methods of activating professional thinking include:

1. Reception of understanding the professional task. This is the starting point for any business. The initial general task must be decomposed into several simple, elementary subtasks. It is important to pay attention to details, trifles, not to lose sight of anything. At the same time, it is necessary to try to have several options for solving the problem.

2. Reception of optimization of search of the decision. The starting point, the starting point of the search is singled out, while the boundaries and search zones are also established and regulated. There is a choice, combination and revision of search strategies.

3. A technique for constructing a mental picture of the event under study. The employee needs to carry out a visual-figurative study of the initial elements and the picture as a whole and, on the basis of this, build a diagram of the event under study (this can be implemented in the form of operational or investigative versions). It is necessary to trace and work out the connections between the elements of the event, rationally link them into a coherent picture, and find the decisive link.

4. Method of psychologization of thinking. It consists in psychological orientation in the situation under study (for example, to understand the motives of the behavior of the suspect), conducting a psychological analysis and, on its basis, predicting the development of the situation in the future. Reflection is used - reflections for the opposite side.

5. Reception of activation of self-control of thinking. Self-criticism is important. It is necessary to check yourself using verbal self-control formulas ("How did I do it?", "Why did I come to this conclusion?", etc.). We must strive to exclude subjectivity in our conclusions and assessments, to distance ourselves from personal likes and dislikes.

6. Reception of overcoming mental impasse. It is necessary to identify and overcome loops in the course of mental activity, to return to the original situation. It is useful in such cases to enlist the help of other employees - "with a fresh look."

As already noted, the conduct of operational and service activities often takes place in conditions of confrontation. The desire of the parties to achieve directly opposite goals creates a situation where each of the opponents, when planning his actions, takes into account the actions of the other, creates obstacles and difficulties for him in order to secure a win for himself. At the same time, the question of how the "competing" parties reason and make decisions comes to the fore. In psychology, such mental work is denoted by the term "reflection", i.e. reflection associated with imitation of the thoughts and actions of the enemy and with the analysis of one's own reasoning and conclusions. In the presence of opposition, the side that has superiority in reflection wins. From this it is clear how important it is for an employee to be able to foresee the possible actions of a person who has committed a crime, how important it is not only to predict these actions, but also to ensure their change and localization in a timely manner. This can only be done if, for this purpose, information is constantly collected, studied and the process of its use is modeled.

Reflexive control of the behavior of the opposing person is based on:

analysis of its general adaptive abilities;

its rigidity, stereotypedness;

ignorance about the tactical plans of the employee, about the extent of his awareness;

using surprise, lack of time and information for thoughtful counter-actions.

The advantage in reflexive reasoning allows the employee not only to anticipate the behavior of his opponent, thereby regulating his own behavior, but also to actively influence his reasoning, form the grounds for him to make the desired decision for the employee.

Professional psychological observation is a complex ability to determine the characteristics of their psychology, manifested in techniques that increase observation and its effectiveness, by various, often subtle manifestations of human psychology (see Man as an object of professionally oriented observation and study) or groups. The technique of identifying signs of individual psychological characteristics during observation (see Man as an object of professionally oriented observation and study). Reception in the observation of the criminal experience of the individual (see Visual diagnostics of the criminal experience of the interlocutor). Reception of detection in the observation of signs of a person engaged in illegal activities. People belonging to crime now often subtly disguise their illegal activities. It is especially difficult to identify those who are characterized positively at the place of work and residence and do not attract prompt attention. However, a double life - open and unspoken - causes a split in psychology and this is revealed externally. The signs of the psychological inconsistency of the personality include (G.I. Ivanin): a) the discrepancy between the level of development of individual psychological characteristics of the personality and the level that a person tries to give his image and present himself to other people; b) demonstrativeness of impeccable decency and the right of obedience, increased concern for one's own impeccability; c) increased readiness for self-defense, c) inadequacy of reactions, which is manifested in increased nervousness, the strength of verbal rebuff, indignation, etc., to harmless remarks of others addressed to oneself. Reception of identification during observation of persons who are about to or have recently committed a crime. To attract the attention of employees serving on the streets and posts, large stores, should be people showing: a) alertness, increased tension, nervousness, unnatural gaiety or swagger, especially when meeting and communicating with a POO employee; b) a fast or overly tense gait, betraying a desire not to attract attention to oneself; c) anxious, impulsive, frequent looking back and around; d) the use of methods of detachment from observation (see Methods used by the object of observation - a pedestrian to detach from observation), e) the transfer of large objects (bags, bundles, suitcases, boxes) at night, in deserted places, f) age discrepancy, clothes and what the person is carrying, g) discovering the habit of a person not to allow someone to follow him from behind. Tracking pickpockets is carried out according to specific external data (long sleeves, large floors of clothes, etc.) and behavior (kneading and warming up hands, moving in a crowd with a lowered head, etc.). Reception of detection of wanted people and things by signs. Reception of revealing the mental state of the interlocutor. The technique of psychological probing (revealing the reactions of the person being studied during psychological probing during a conversation, examination, search, investigative experiment), during which a person can impersonate himself with his reaction (appearance of confusion, delay in answering, avoiding a direct answer, transferring the conversation to another topic, discoloration of the face, manifestation of excitement, etc.).
A.M. Stolyarenko