Slowness of thought. Inhibition of thinking, movements and the mental sphere: causes, symptoms

The inhibition of the course of mental processes and behavioral reactions of a person can be caused by various reasons: fatigue, illness, exposure to tranquilizers that slow down organic processes, negative emotional states such as stress, depression, sadness, apathy.

Inhibition is a decrease in the reaction rate of an individual, a slowdown in the course of thought processes and the appearance of a drawn out speech with long pauses. In extreme cases, a person may completely stop responding to others and stay in a stupor for a long time. Inhibition may not be complex, but only concern thinking or speech. In the first case, it is called ideational, and in the second - motor.

Inhibition of thinking is scientifically called "bradypsychia". Not apathy and not inertia of thinking. These are completely different conditions, having different pathophysiological and mental foundations. Bradypsychia is a symptom that often appears in old age. In any case, for most people, mental retardation is associated precisely with unhurried and eloquent elders. However, it can also occur at a young age. After all, under each manifestation of ill health, certain reasons are hidden.

Causes of mental retardation

The pathophysiology of the process is extremely complex and not fully understood. Thinking, behavior, emotional background and many other achievements of the human mind are associated with the work of the limbic system - one of the sections of the nervous system. And the limbicus, just the same, cannot be deciphered to the proper extent. Therefore, in everyday practice, one can name only conditions - diseases in which bradypsychia is noted, but not answer the question of why it appears.

Vascular pathologies. Acute, and more often chronic disorders of cerebral circulation resulting from the progression of atherosclerosis, hypertension, embolism and thrombosis of the vessels of the head, are the cause of the destruction of the substance of the brain. In particular, the structures responsible for the speed of thinking also suffer.
Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. Narrower, but no less common pathologies, one of the manifestations of which is slowness of thinking. In addition to this depressing symptom surrounding the patient (patients themselves in the later stages of the development of this type of pathology do not notice any changes in themselves), there are many other, no less unpleasant. For example, thoughts become not only slow, but also viscous, a person becomes clingy, intrusive, speech is slow, often confused.

Epilepsy. In the later stages of the development of the disease, when doctors note the destruction of the personality as a result of the progression of the disease, lethargy takes place, like many other signs of a change in thinking.
Schizophrenia. Just as with epilepsy, bradypsychia is not an early sign of pathology in schizophrenia.
Depressive states and depression. A mental illness characterized by an abundance of symptoms, often masquerading as somatic problems, up to toothache or coronary heart disease. Among them there is also sluggishness of thought.
Hypothyroidism. Insufficiency of the thyroid glands. With this disease, the symptom described is extremely characteristic and appears one of the first to appear.
Toxic bradypsychia. Of course, there is no such group of diseases in the international classification of diseases. But the name still describes as clearly as possible the causes of the symptom - intoxication of the body, whether it be alcohol, metal salts, drugs or toxins of microorganisms.

Of course, with such a large number of diseases, the number of treatments must also be large. Unfortunately, until scientists have finally figured out how the brain works, there are not as many of these species as we would like. The temporary effect of inhibition in speech and thinking occurs when there is a lack of sleep, when the body is already exhausted, or as a result of the use of drugs and alcohol, which inhibit thought and motor processes. That is, the reasons can be divided into blocking activities and reducing the possibilities for its implementation.

Symptoms of lethargy

The image of the patient fits into the classical description of the melancholic: lethargy, slowness, drawn out speech, every word seems to be squeezed out with effort. It seems that thinking takes a lot of strength and energy from this person. He may not have time to respond to what was said, or even sink into a stupor.

In addition to a decrease in the rate of speech and thinking, there is a muffledness of what was said - an extremely quiet and calm voice, which occasionally breaks the silence. In movements and facial expressions, lethargy is noticeable, and posture is most often too relaxed. An individual may have a desire to constantly lean on something or lie down. It is not necessary that all manifestations of inhibition be observed during inhibition. Just one thing is enough to say that a person needs medical help.

Diagnosis of bradilalia

Persons with speech tempo disorders, including those with bradilalia, need a comprehensive medical and psychological and pedagogical examination, which is carried out by a neurologist, speech therapist, psychologist, psychiatrist. When examining a patient with bradilalia, a detailed study of the anamnesis regarding past diseases and brain damage is necessary; the presence of speech tempo disorders in close relatives. In some cases, to clarify the organic basis of bradilalia, instrumental studies are required: EEG, REG, MRI of the brain, PET of the brain, lumbar puncture, etc.

Diagnosis of oral speech in bradilalia includes an assessment of the structure of the organs of articulation and the state of speech motor skills, expressive speech (sound pronunciation, syllabic structure of the word, tempo-rhythmic side of speech, voice features, etc.). Diagnostics of written speech involves the performance of tasks for writing off the text and independent writing under dictation, reading syllables, phrases, texts. Along with a diagnostic examination of speech, with bradylalia, the state of general, manual and facial motor skills, sensory functions, and intellectual development are studied.

When making a speech therapy conclusion, it is important to differentiate bradilalia from dysarthria and stuttering.

Treatment for mental retardation

General preventive measures. The more the brain is loaded, the better it works. Nerve cells unused during life safely die off as unnecessary in the literal sense. Accordingly, the reserve of the psyche also decreases. Learning new things is possible at any age, but after thirty years it is significantly complicated by the slowdown in the development of new interneuronal connections. You can load the brain with anything, as long as it is not familiar to him. Learning a new language, solving mathematical problems, mastering new sciences, studying historical archives and understanding them. But! Solving crosswords, scanwords and the like is like memorizing a large Soviet encyclopedia. Dry information occupies only the cells responsible for memory, but not for thinking. Physical activity also helps keep the brain in a “working” state. With what it is connected, it is difficult to say.

vascular therapy. It is impossible to bring the vessels into a state corresponding to the age of twenty, however, partial recovery is possible, which is what doctors use when prescribing appropriate drugs.

Nootropics and neuroprotectors. A more specific treatment that helps nerve cells recover.

Psychotherapy is carried out only as a secondary adjunct to drug therapy. Modern psychotherapeutic techniques help to identify and eliminate the true cause of the disorder, form a new model of response to stressful situations, and correct personal assessment.

Before visiting a psychotherapist, the patient can only engage in prevention - all drug treatment has a significant number of contraindications, which are taken into account by the specialist, making a choice in favor of one or another remedy. It is imperative to consult a doctor in case of bradypsychia - there is not a single “easy” reason for such a state of mind.

Forecast and prevention of bradilalia

The prognosis for overcoming bradilalia is most favorable with the early start of corrective work and the psychological causes of speech tempo disturbance. But even after the development of normal speech skills, long-term observation by specialists is necessary, constant self-control over the pace of speech.

For the prevention of bradilalia, it is important to prevent perinatal lesions of the central nervous system, head injuries, neuroinfections, and asthenic syndrome. It is necessary to take care of the normal development of the child's speech, to surround him with the right role models.

Features of bradypsychia

Pathological inhibition of thinking is called bradypsychia. This phenomenon has no parallels with apathy or inertia of thinking, but suggests mental and pathophysiological disorders.

Bradypsychia is considered as a kind of neurological symptomatology, which in most cases is formed in people in old age. But sometimes people at a young age, as well as children, also experience inhibition in thought processes.

Poverty and insufficiency of mental processes is a symptom of many psychological or physiological pathological processes, manifested as a decrease in the speed of reaction, slow speech, slowness of thinking and motor activity. In difficult situations, the individual is not able to respond to what is happening and is in an apathetic state or stupor for a long time. The following types of inhibition are distinguished:

complex;
ideation;
motor.

Inhibition can also be speech and mental, having psychological factors. Weak and involuntary movements can cause motor retardation. There are problems with memory, failures. In many cases, such conditions are provoked by a neurological disease, constant fatigue, or psychological pathological processes.

Slowness of movements and emotional retardation is a pathological process, the causes of which can only be detected by specialists. They also recommend appropriate therapy.

Comorbid disorders

Bradypsychia is the result of damage to the central nervous system, which is responsible for brain activity. Depending on the element of the lesion, different types of disorders develop. These include:

bradybasia - slow walking;
bradythymia - slowing down the change of emotions;
bradykinesia - slow pace and limited range of motion;
bradypraxia - slow focus of action;
bradylexia - slow reading;
bradyphasia, bradilalia are a slowing of speech, at the same time it is almost always correct, it is observed both in adulthood and in childhood (often the occurrence of bradilalia is noted in patients on the mend);
impaired articulation may also develop, with a long conversation, a person develops fatigue.

When bradypsychia is a consequence of Parkinson's disease, it is necessary to focus on the symptoms of the underlying pathological process. It includes a feeling of fatigue, anxiety, sleep disturbance, etc.

Causing factors and diseases

The pathophysiology is very complex and not fully understood. It is only known that thinking, behavior, emotional component and other functions of the human brain are associated with the activity of the limbic system. In everyday practice, only conditions are distinguished - diseases during which bradypsychia and its accompanying deviations are observed:

The short-term effect of lethargy appears after lack of sleep, due to exhaustion of the body, or as a result of the use of drugs and alcohol that depress thinking and movement. The reasons can be divided into those that block the activity of the brain and those that reduce the possibilities for its implementation.

Naturally, with such an abundance of provoking diseases, treatment can also be different.

What does it look like?

The image of the "inhibited" patient falls under the typical characteristics of the melancholic: weakness, slowness, protracted speech, each word is pronounced with effort.

You may get the feeling that the thought process takes a large amount of strength and energy from a person who does not have time to react to information or completely sinks into a stupor.

In addition to a decrease in the speed of speech and thought processes, a muffledness of the spoken words is observed - a very quiet and calm voice, sometimes breaking the silence. Weakness is visible in movement and facial expressions, posture is often too relaxed.

A person has a desire to find support all the time or lie down.

Not all symptoms are always observed. Just one thing is enough to recommend a person to seek medical help from specialists.

Diagnostic criteria and methods

People with speech tempo disorders, including bradylalia, need complex medical and psychological-pedagogical diagnostics carried out by a specialized specialist. During the examination, the patient's history should be studied in detail, which concerns previous diseases and brain lesions, as well as the presence of failures in the rate of speech in relatives.

In certain situations, in order to find out the organic basis of the disease, it is necessary to conduct instrumental studies, including:

The study of oral speech involves an assessment of the structure of the organs of articulation and the state of motor skills, expressive speech (pronunciation of sounds, syllables, words, tempo-rhythmic side, voice features, etc.). Diagnostics of written speech involves the execution of tasks for writing off the text and writing from dictation, reading. In addition to a diagnostic examination of speech function, they conduct a study of the general condition, manual motor skills, sensory functions, and intelligence.

At the time of diagnosis, it is necessary to differentiate this disease from dysarthria and stuttering.

What does modern medicine offer?

To carry out the proper treatment of the disease, you must first consult with a specialist. He will recommend effective treatment, as well as warn about the presence of contraindications to the use of certain therapies or any drug.

More often than others, the following methods of therapeutic and preventive action are used:

If emotional and mental retardation is caused by tranquilizers, then the abolition of any drugs is required. In most cases, reactions recover over time.

Summing up

The prognosis is relatively favorable with an early onset of correction and the presence of psychological causes of disorders of motor activity and speech motor skills. However, after the restoration of skills, one should be observed by doctors for a long time, constantly independently control their movements and train of thought.

As preventive measures, damage to the central nervous system should be prevented, head injuries should be avoided, and asthenic syndrome should be detected in time.

Pathological inhibition of thinking involves various mental and pathophysiological disorders. This phenomenon should be qualified as a symptomatology, which in most situations is formed in the elderly. But in certain cases, a similar problem can manifest itself in childhood and in young people.

If you find inhibition of thought processes, you should immediately seek advice from doctors. It is likely that such a condition is the result of dangerous malfunctions in the central nervous system and needs special correction.

What is retardation

In serious cases, a person completely stops responding to the surrounding atmosphere and stays in apathy or stupor for a long time. There are several types of inhibition:

complex;
ideator (thinking);
motor (motor).

Inhibition can be speech and mental, that is, it has psychological causes. Sluggish and untimely motor reactions are caused by motor retardation. There may be problems with memorization, memory lapses. In most cases, such conditions are caused either by illness, chronic fatigue, or psychological pathologies.

Motor and emotional retardation is a pathology, the causes of which can only be identified by doctors. They prescribe the right treatment.

Causes and symptoms of mental retardation

Behavior, thinking of a person, his psychological state can be disturbed in pathologies of the nervous system and brain. The following also lead to ideational inhibition:

All these diseases, the symptom of which is mental retardation, must be diagnosed and treated. Temporary inhibition of movements and thinking appears after severe stress, fatigue, with prolonged lack of sleep.

The inhibition of motor and thought processes is characteristically manifested after drinking alcohol, even once. The same symptoms are sometimes caused by psychotropic drugs, as well as strong sedatives. When they are canceled, the inhibition disappears.

Causes and symptoms of motor retardation

Motor, as well as mental retardation, manifests itself as a result of psychological disorders, as well as all kinds of diseases. In the facial expressions and movements of the patient, sometimes or always lethargy is felt. The posture is usually relaxed, often there is a desire to sit down, lie down in bed, lean on something.

Sharp motor retardation appears as a result of a stroke, cardiac pathology, when urgent hospitalization is necessary. People with mental disorders, parkinsonism, epilepsy, chronic depression suffer from constant motor inhibition. Such pathologies also require identification and therapeutic correction.

Confusion in a child

This symptom is also typical for children. It may be chronic in some neurovegetative disorders, such as cerebral palsy, or appear spontaneously at high temperatures, after severe stress or impressions. In children, inhibition is often caused by:

vascular pathologies of the brain;
endocrine pathologies;
meningitis;
psychological disorders;
epilepsy;
encephalitis;
severe stressful situations.

Diagnosis of lethargy

In case of psychological disorders, as well as physiological pathologies due to inhibition of the mental, motor or speech reaction, a thorough diagnosis is necessary, that is, a medical and psychological examination.

Such patients are examined by speech therapists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists and other specialists. It is necessary to accurately determine whether there are brain disorders, whether a person has had head injuries, or hereditary diseases. To determine the organic nature of the disease appoint:

PET and MRI of the brain;
blood tests.

Diagnostics of written and oral speech is also carried out. Perhaps a person suffers from stuttering, defects in sound pronunciation that lead to speech inhibition. The intellectual development of the patient, the state of sensory functions, general motor skills, the condition of the joints and muscles are also studied.

Treatment for lethargy

Activation of thought processes. To do this, they read new books, master languages, engage in creativity or solve mathematical problems. Such actions train the brain, activate mental activity.
Neuroprotectors and nootropics. Drug treatment aimed at restoring and strengthening nerve cells and tissues.
Vascular Therapy. Drugs help to clean the walls of blood vessels, this is especially important for the brain. As a result, motor activity is activated, and mental retardation gradually recedes.
Psychotherapy. It complements medical treatment. Modern methods of psychotherapy help to cope with the consequences of stressful situations, correct personal assessment, form the right models of response to certain moments.
Sports and fresh air. Moderate physical activity, walking on the street help the brain to rest, and nerve cells to recover due to the additional supply of oxygen.

If the lethargy is temporary, caused by intense heat, then tablets or syrups that reduce the temperature should be taken. The temporary lethargy caused by medications and strong sedatives is stopped by abandoning such drugs. Usually it passes without a trace, the body's reactions are fully restored.

Inhibition of emotions and movements (video)

What is inhibition of emotions and movements. How to correctly identify and treat pathology, we learn the doctor's recommendations from the video.

Prevention of lethargy

Pathology usually disappears without a trace if treatment is started in the early stages, when the underlying disease is detected. After competent psychological assistance, correct medical support, a person's reactions improve, both emotional and physical.

Constant self-control, visits to specialists are also necessary, especially if there were head injuries, there are chronic vascular lesions of the brain or psychological disorders that have gone into remission. With proper treatment of lethargy, the prognosis is favorable. 0 comments

There are several types of inhibition:

complex;

Motor and emotional retardation is a pathology, the causes of which can only be identified by doctors. They prescribe the right treatment.

Causes and symptoms of mental retardation

Behavior, thinking of a person, his psychological state can be disturbed in pathologies of the nervous system and brain. The following also lead to ideational inhibition:

Parkinson's disease. With a complex brain pathology, an additional symptom is also revealed - slowness of thinking. The patient himself does not notice any changes. With the course of the disease, his mental activity not only slows down. The patient becomes importunate, meticulous, sticky. His speech becomes confused and incoherent.

Causes and symptoms of motor retardation

Confusion in a child

vascular pathologies of the brain;

Diagnosis of lethargy

Treatment for lethargy

Activation of thought processes. To do this, they read new books, master languages, engage in creativity or solve mathematical problems. Such actions train the brain, activate mental activity.

Inhibition of emotions and movements (video)

What is inhibition of emotions and movements. How to correctly identify and treat pathology, we learn the doctor's recommendations from the video.

Prevention of lethargy

lethargy

Inhibition is a decrease in the reaction rate of an individual, a slowdown in the course of thought processes and the appearance of a drawn out speech with long pauses.

In extreme cases, a person may completely stop responding to others and stay in a stupor for a long time. Inhibition may not be complex, but only concern thinking or speech. In the first case, it is called ideational, and in the second - motor.

Diseases associated with lethargy

Inhibition occurs when:

Inflammation of the brain (meningitis);

Mental disorders (schizophrenia);

Borderline conditions (depression, neurosis);

The presence of a brain tumor;

Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels);

Fatigue, exhaustion of the body;

Intoxication with drugs or alcohol.

Causes of inhibition

As you can see, the causes that cause this condition are usually associated with brain damage and pathology that interferes with its work.

The temporary effect of inhibition in speech and thinking occurs when there is a lack of sleep, when the body is already exhausted, or as a result of the use of drugs and alcohol, which inhibit thought and motor processes. That is, the reasons can be divided into blocking activities and reducing the possibilities for its implementation.

According to some versions of psychiatrists, lethargy is nothing more than a kind of reaction to stress, in many ways similar to anxiety, but acting in the opposite way. Evidence of this is the disappearance of the symptom when patients use antidepressants and minor tranquilizers, which are supposedly aimed at reducing anxiety.

Symptoms of lethargy

An individual may have a desire to constantly lean on something or lie down. It is not necessary that all manifestations of inhibition be observed during inhibition. Just one thing is enough to say that a person needs medical help.

Treatment for lethargy

First, they try to determine the true cause of this condition, and then they prescribe treatment. When lethargy is often attributed to nootropic drugs (for example, Piracetam), which improves metabolic processes in the brain. With hypoglycemia, they try to restore the level of glucose and maintain it with special substances.

With meningitis, they try to destroy the causative agent of the disease and eliminate the inflammatory process, although after that they will have to undergo a rehabilitation course of therapy. If the cause of inhibition is cancer, then all forces are thrown into overcoming it.

The information provided on the website is for informational purposes only. To make the correct diagnosis and choose the right treatment tactics, you need to seek help from a doctor.

lethargy

Causes of mental retardation

Vascular pathologies. Acute, and more often chronic disorders of cerebral circulation resulting from the progression of atherosclerosis, hypertension, embolism and thrombosis of the vessels of the head, are the cause of the destruction of the substance of the brain. In particular, the structures responsible for the speed of thinking also suffer.
Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. Narrower, but no less common pathologies, one of the manifestations of which is slowness of thinking. In addition to this depressing symptom surrounding the patient (patients themselves in the later stages of the development of this type of pathology do not notice any changes in themselves), there are many other, no less unpleasant. For example, thoughts become not only slow, but also viscous, a person becomes clingy, intrusive, speech is slow, often confused.
Epilepsy. In the later stages of the development of the disease, when doctors note the destruction of the personality as a result of the progression of the disease, lethargy takes place, like many other signs of a change in thinking.
Schizophrenia. Just as with epilepsy, bradypsychia is not an early sign of pathology in schizophrenia.
Depressive states and depression. A mental illness characterized by an abundance of symptoms, often masquerading as somatic problems, up to toothache or coronary heart disease. Among them there is also sluggishness of thought.
Hypothyroidism. Insufficiency of the thyroid glands. With this disease, the symptom described is extremely characteristic and appears one of the first to appear.
Toxic bradypsychia. Of course, there is no such group of diseases in the international classification of diseases. But the name still describes as clearly as possible the causes of the symptom - intoxication of the body, whether it be alcohol, metal salts, drugs or toxins of microorganisms.

Symptoms of lethargy

Diagnosis of bradilalia

When making a speech therapy conclusion, it is important to differentiate bradilalia from dysarthria and stuttering.

Treatment for mental retardation

Nootropics and neuroprotectors. A more specific treatment that helps nerve cells recover.

Forecast and prevention of bradilalia

Muscle fasciculations

Anxiety

Dysphoria

Irritability

Dementia

Apathy

hallucinations

Depression

Emotional lability

paresthesia

iatrogeny

Drowsiness

Yactation

Phobias

The information on the site is provided for reference purposes only. Do not self-medicate, be sure to consult a doctor.

Inhibition of thinking, movements and the mental sphere: causes, symptoms

From time to time, each person may notice that the activity of the brain is not fully carried out. Such a violation is expressed in the difficulty of performing movements (bradykinesia) and in remembering information, inhibition of reaction and thought disorders (bradypsychia).

It should be said that in most situations these failures are temporary and can be explained by natural factors: fatigue or nervous exhaustion. However, there are cases when the absurdity of movements, inhibition of thinking and the mental sphere is a pathological process, the causes of which must be identified in a timely manner and appropriate therapy selected.

Features of bradypsychia

Pathological inhibition of thinking is called bradypsychia. This phenomenon has no parallels with apathy or inertia of thinking, but suggests mental and pathophysiological disorders.

The thought process can be disrupted at any age.

Slowness of movements and emotional retardation is a pathological process, the causes of which can only be detected by specialists. They also recommend appropriate therapy.

Comorbid disorders

bradybasia - slow walking;

Parkinsonism is characterized by bradykinesia

Causing factors and diseases

Vascular diseases of the brain. Acute, often chronic disorders of blood flow in the brain, which occur due to progressive atherosclerosis, hypertension, embolism and vascular thrombosis, are a factor in the destruction of the substance in the brain. Structures that are responsible for the speed of thinking are also subject to violations.
Parkinson's disease. A common cause, a characteristic manifestation of which is slow thinking. In addition to such depressing symptoms (patients at a late stage in the development of this pathological process are not inclined to notice any changes), there are a large number of other unpleasant manifestations. For example, thoughts will become not only slow, but also viscous, the patient will be characterized by importunity, slow confused speech.
Epilepsy. At a late stage in the formation of the disease, when specialists observe the destruction of the personality as a result of a progressive disease, lethargy can be noted, as well as other symptoms of altered thinking.
Schizophrenia. As with epilepsy in schizophrenia, bradypsychia is not considered an initial symptom of pathological processes, but develops gradually over time.
Depression. A mental illness that is characterized by a large number of symptoms, often masquerading as physical difficulties - including toothache or ischemia. They also include sluggish thinking.
Hypothyroidism. Improper functioning of the thyroid gland. With such an ailment, the symptoms are extremely pronounced and occur one of the first.
Toxic lesions. Such a subgroup of diseases does not exist in the international classification. However, the term maximally describes the causes of painful symptoms - intoxication of the body.

Naturally, with such an abundance of provoking diseases, treatment can also be different.

What does it look like?

The image of the "inhibited" patient falls under the typical characteristics of the melancholic: weakness, slowness, protracted speech, each word is pronounced with effort.

You may get the feeling that the thought process takes a large amount of strength and energy from a person who does not have time to react to information or completely sinks into a stupor.

A person has a desire to find support all the time or lie down.

Not all symptoms are always observed. Just one thing is enough to recommend a person to seek medical help from specialists.

Diagnostic criteria and methods

In certain situations, in order to find out the organic basis of the disease, it is necessary to conduct instrumental studies, including:

At the time of diagnosis, it is necessary to differentiate this disease from dysarthria and stuttering.

What does modern medicine offer?

More often than others, the following methods of therapeutic and preventive action are used:

Activation of thinking processes. For these purposes, you need to read new books, learn foreign languages, engage in a creative process, or solve various puzzles. This technique helps to train the brain, activate thinking.
Neuroprotectors and nootropics are prescribed. Drug therapy that aims to restore and strengthen nerve cells and tissues.
Treatment of vascular pathologies. Means are used that make it possible to clean the vascular walls, which is necessary for the full functioning of the brain. As a result, there is an activation of mental and motor activity.
Psychotherapy. It acts as an adjuvant drug therapy. Modern treatment methods contribute to counteracting the effects of stress, adjusting the assessment of the individual, and forming the necessary models of response to specific situations.
Sports and outdoor activities. Moderate physical exertion and walks allow the brain to rest, and nerve cells to recover due to the influx of oxygen.

If emotional and mental retardation is caused by tranquilizers, then the abolition of any drugs is required. In most cases, reactions recover over time.

Summing up

As preventive measures, damage to the central nervous system should be prevented, head injuries should be avoided, and asthenic syndrome should be detected in time.

This section was created to take care of those who need a qualified specialist, without disturbing the usual rhythm of their own lives.

lethargy

Lethargy is a symptom of certain diseases, usually of the central nervous system and the brain, or a consequence of a strong psycho-emotional shock. Such a state of a person is characterized by the fact that he has a decrease in the speed of reaction to actions addressed to him or produced by himself, a deterioration in concentration, more stretched, with long pauses in speech. In more complex cases, there may be a complete lack of reaction to surrounding events.

Such a state of a person should not be confused with apathy or a chronic depressive state, since the latter is more of a psychological factor than a physiological one.

The true causes of lethargy can only be established by a qualified doctor. It is strongly not recommended to carry out treatment at your own discretion or ignore such a symptom, as this can lead to serious complications, including irreversible pathological processes.

Etiology

Inhibition of movements and thinking in a person can be observed in such pathological processes:

In addition, a temporary state of slow reaction, movements and speech can be observed in the following cases:

with alcohol or drug intoxication;
with chronic fatigue and constant lack of sleep;
with frequent nervous strain, stress, chronic depression;
under circumstances that cause a person to feel fear, anxiety and panic;
with a strong emotional shock.

Psychomotor retardation in a child may be due to such etiological factors:

Depending on the underlying factor, this condition in a child may be temporary or chronic. It goes without saying that if such a symptom appears in children, you should immediately consult a doctor, since the cause of the pathology can be dangerous for the health of the baby.

Classification

There are the following types of inhibition according to the clinical picture:

bradypsychia - mental retardation;
mental or ideational retardation;
motor or motor retardation;
emotional retardation.

Establishing the nature of this pathological process lies in the competence of only a qualified doctor.

Symptoms

The nature of the clinical picture, in this case, will depend entirely on the underlying factor.

With damage to the brain and central nervous system, the following clinical picture may be present:

drowsiness (hypersomnia), lethargy;
headaches, which will intensify as the pathological process worsens. In more complex cases, the elimination of pain syndrome is impossible even with painkillers;
memory impairment;
decrease in the quality of cognitive abilities;
the patient cannot concentrate on the performance of habitual actions. It is noteworthy that it is professional skills that are preserved;
sharp mood swings, traits appear in the patient's behavior that were not previously characteristic of him, attacks of aggression are most often observed;
illogical perception of speech or actions addressed to him;
speech becomes slow, the patient may find it difficult to choose words;
nausea and vomiting, which is most often observed in the morning;
impaired coordination of movements;
unstable blood pressure;
rapid pulse;
dizziness.

In a child, the general clinical picture, with this kind of pathology, can be supplemented by capriciousness, constant crying, or, on the contrary, constant drowsiness and apathy for the usual favorite activities.

It should be noted that the above symptoms are observed after a stroke. If there is a suspicion that a person has had a seizure, emergency medical attention should be called and urgently hospitalized. It is on the urgency and coherence of primary medical measures after a stroke that, to a greater extent, depends on whether a person survives or not.

In the event that a mental disorder has become the cause of a delayed reaction in an adult, the following symptoms may be present:

insomnia or drowsiness, which is replaced by an apathetic state;
unreasonable attacks of aggression;
a sharp change in mood;
causeless attacks of fear, panic;
suicidal mood, in some cases, and actions in this direction;
a state of chronic depression;
visual or auditory hallucinations;
delirium, illogical judgments;
neglect of personal hygiene, slovenly appearance. At the same time, a person can be firmly convinced that everything is in order with him;
excessive suspicion, feeling that he is being watched;
deterioration or complete loss of memory;
incoherent speech, inability to express one's point of view or specifically answer the simplest questions;
loss in temporal and spatial orientation;
feeling of constant fatigue.

You need to understand that such a human condition can progress rapidly. Even with a temporary improvement in the patient's condition, it cannot be said that the disease has been completely eliminated. In addition, such a state of a person is extremely dangerous both for him and for those around him. Therefore, treatment under the guidance of a specialized doctor and in an appropriate institution is in some cases mandatory.

Diagnostics

First of all, a physical examination of the patient is carried out. In most cases, this should be done with a person close to the patient, since, due to his condition, he is unlikely to be able to correctly answer the doctor's questions.

In this case, you may need to consult such specialists:

Diagnostic activities include:

general clinical laboratory tests (blood and urine tests);
study of the level of pituitary hormones;
CT and MRI of the brain;
EEG and Echo-EG;
cerebral angiography;
psychiatric tests.

Depending on the diagnosis, the issue of hospitalization of the patient and further treatment tactics will be decided.

Treatment

In this case, the treatment program can be based on both conservative and radical methods of treatment.

If the cause of such a person’s condition is a tumor of the brain or central nervous system, then an operation is performed to excise it, followed by drug treatment and rehabilitation. Rehabilitation of the patient will also be required after a stroke.

Medical therapy may include the following drugs:

painkillers;
sedatives;
antibiotics if a disease of an infectious nature is established;
nootropic;
antidepressants;
tranquilizers;
drugs that restore glucose levels;
vitamin and mineral complex, which is selected individually.

In addition, after completing the main course of treatment, the patient may be recommended to undergo a rehabilitation course in a specialized sanatorium.

Given the timely and correct start of therapeutic measures, their full implementation, almost complete recovery is possible even after serious illnesses - oncology, stroke, psychiatric ailments.

Prevention

Unfortunately, there are no specific methods of prevention. You should observe the regime of rest and work, protect yourself from nervous experiences and stress, start treatment of all diseases in a timely manner.

"Inhibition" is observed in diseases:

Alalia is a speech disorder in which the child cannot partially (with poor vocabulary and problems in constructing phrases) or fully speak. But the disease is characterized by the fact that mental abilities are not violated, the child understands and hears everything perfectly. The main causes of the disease are complicated childbirth, diseases or brain injuries received at an early age. The disease can be cured with a long visit to a speech therapist and by taking medication.

Apathy is a mental disorder in which a person does not show interest in work, any activities, does not want to do anything and, in general, is indifferent to life. Such a state very often comes into a person's life imperceptibly, since it does not manifest itself as pain symptoms - a person may simply not notice deviations in mood, since absolutely any life process, and most often their combination, can become the causes of apathy.

Asthmatic status is a prolonged attack of bronchial asthma, due to the progression of which there is severe respiratory failure. This pathological condition develops as a result of edema of the bronchial mucosa, as well as spasms of their muscles. At the same time, it is not possible to stop an attack by taking an increased dose of bronchodilators, which, as a rule, are already taken by a patient with asthma. Status asthma is a very dangerous condition that can lead to the death of the patient, so it requires urgent medical attention.

Affective disorders (synonymous with mood swings) are not a separate disease, but a group of pathological conditions that are associated with a violation of internal experiences and external expression of a person's mood. Such changes can lead to maladjustment.

Bacterial endocarditis is an inflammatory process in the inner lining of the heart, caused by the influence of pathological microorganisms, the main of which is streptococcus. Often, endocarditis is a secondary manifestation that has developed against the background of other diseases, but it is the bacterial lesion of the membrane that is an independent disorder. It affects people of any age group, which is why endocarditis is often diagnosed in children. A distinctive feature is that men suffer from this disease several times more often than women.

Around the world, many people suffer from such a disorder as bipolar disorder. The disease is characterized by frequent mood swings, and the mood of a person does not change from bad to good, but from extremely depressive and dull, to a feeling of euphoria and the ability to perform feats. In a word, mood swings in patients with bipolar disorder are colossal, which is always noticeable to others, especially if such swings are frequent.

Legionnaires' disease, or legionellosis, is a bacterial infection that most often presents as a severe form of pneumonia. A characteristic expression of the disease is intoxication and impaired functioning of the central nervous system and kidneys. Sometimes, during the illness, the respiratory and urinary systems are affected.

Acute intestinal infection, caused by a bacterial environment and characterized by a duration of fever and general intoxication of the body, is called typhoid fever. This disease refers to severe ailments, as a result of which the main environment of the lesion is the gastrointestinal tract, and when aggravated, the spleen, liver and blood vessels are affected.

Hypernatremia is a disease characterized by an increase in the level of sodium in the blood serum to a value of 145 mmol / l or higher. In addition, a low fluid content in the body is detected. Pathology has a fairly high mortality rate.

Hypersomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by an increase in the duration of the rest period and the manifestation of drowsiness during the daytime. In this case, the duration of sleep is more than ten hours. It rarely occurs as an independent disorder - it is often a complication of certain diseases. After a long sleep, there is no improvement in the general condition, there is constant drowsiness and problems with waking up.

Hypertensive crisis is a syndrome in which there is a significant increase in blood pressure. At the same time, symptoms of damage to the main organs develop - the heart, lungs, brain, and so on. This condition is very serious and requires emergency care, otherwise serious complications may develop.

Mental disorders, characterized mainly by a decrease in mood, motor retardation and thought failures, are a serious and dangerous disease, which is called depression. Many people believe that depression is not a disease and, moreover, does not carry any special danger, in which they are deeply mistaken. Depression is a rather dangerous type of disease, caused by the passivity and depression of a person.

Diabetic coma is an extremely dangerous condition that develops against the background of diabetes mellitus. In the case of its progression in the human body, metabolic processes are disturbed. This condition threatens not only health, but also the life of the patient.

Cardiogenic shock is a pathological process when the contractile function of the left ventricle fails, the blood supply to tissues and internal organs deteriorates, which often ends in death.

Ketoacidosis is a dangerous complication of diabetes mellitus, which, without adequate and timely treatment, can lead to diabetic coma or even death. The condition begins to progress if the human body cannot fully use glucose as an energy source, as it lacks the hormone insulin. In this case, the compensatory mechanism is activated, and the body begins to use incoming fats as an energy source.

Tick-borne encephalitis is a severe infectious disease that is transmitted to humans from encephalitis ticks. The virus sneaks into the brain and spinal cord of an adult or a child, causes severe intoxication and affects the central nervous system. Severe encephalitic forms without timely treatment can lead to paralysis, mental disorders and even death. How to recognize the symptoms of a dangerous pathology, what to do if a tick-borne infection is suspected, and what is the importance of vaccination in the prevention and treatment of a deadly disease?

False croup is a pathology of an infectious-allergic nature that causes the development of edema of the larynx with its subsequent stenosis. The narrowing of the lumen of the airways, including the larynx, leads to insufficient air flow into the lungs and poses a threat to the life of the patient, therefore, assistance in this condition should be provided immediately - within minutes after the attack.

Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (syn. primary macroglobulinemia, macroglobulinemic reticulosis) is an extremely rare disease in which a tumor is formed in the bone marrow, consisting of lymphocytic and plasmacytic cells.

Metabolic acidosis is a pathological condition characterized by an imbalance in the acid-base balance in the blood. The disease develops against the background of poor oxidation of organic acids or their insufficient excretion from the human body.

Myxedema is the most severe form of hypothyroidism, which is characterized by the development of edema of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Pathology begins to progress in the human body as a result of insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones. Women are most often affected by this disease during a period of hormonal changes, that is, during menopause.

Cerebral edema is a dangerous condition characterized by excessive accumulation of exudate in the tissues of the organ. As a result, its volume gradually increases and intracranial pressure increases. All this leads to a violation of the circulation of blood in the body and to the death of its cells.

Quincke's edema is usually defined as an allergic condition, expressed in its rather acute manifestations. It is characterized by the occurrence of severe edema of the skin, as well as mucous membranes. Somewhat less often, this condition manifests itself in the joints, internal organs and meninges. As a rule, Quincke's edema, the symptoms of which can occur in almost any person, occurs in patients with allergies.

The disease, which is characterized by the formation of pulmonary insufficiency, presented in the form of a massive release of transudate from the capillaries into the lung cavity and, as a result, contributing to the infiltration of the alveoli, is called pulmonary edema. In simple terms, pulmonary edema is a condition where there is a buildup of fluid in the lungs that has seeped through the blood vessels. The disease is characterized as an independent symptom and can be formed on the basis of other serious ailments of the body.

Pancreatic necrosis of the pancreas is a dangerous and severe pathology in which the organ itself begins to actively digest its own cells. This, in turn, leads to the fact that certain parts of the gland become necrotic. This pathological process can provoke the progression of a purulent abscess. Pancreatic necrosis also negatively affects the functioning of other vital organs. If timely and complete treatment is not carried out, then often this disease leads to the death of the patient.

Overwork is a condition that not only adults, but also children often face today. It is characterized by decreased activity, drowsiness, impaired attention and irritability. Moreover, many people believe that overwork is not a serious problem, and that it is enough to get enough sleep to make it go away. In fact, it is impossible to get rid of such a violation with a long sleep. On the contrary, the constant desire to sleep and the inability to restore strength after sleep are the main symptoms of overwork.

Hepatic encephalopathy is a disease characterized by a pathological process that occurs in the liver and affects the central nervous system. The result of such a disease are neuropsychiatric disorders. This disease is characterized by personality changes, depression and intellectual impairment. To cope with hepatic encephalopathy on your own will not work, here you can not do without medical intervention.

Multiple organ failure is a severe pathological process that occurs as a result of severe trauma, severe blood loss, or any other condition. In this case, we are talking about a violation or complete cessation of the functioning of several systems of the human body at the same time. In 80% of cases, a fatal outcome is observed if the necessary medical measures are not taken in a timely manner to normalize the functioning of the organs. Such a high mortality rate is due to the fact that damage to systems or organs occurs at such a level that the ability to maintain the life of the organism is lost.

The disease, which is characterized by inflammation of the joints due to infectious diseases of various organs and systems, is called reactive arthritis. Often, inflammation of the joints occurs as a result of infection with infections of the genital organs, urinary system, or even the gastrointestinal tract. After infection of the body with infections, the development of reactive arthritis can be observed in the second or fourth week.

Rh conflict during pregnancy is a pathological process that manifests itself in a situation where the mother has a negative Rh factor, and the father is positive, and the child acquires a positive Rh factor of the father. If both parents are Rh-positive or Rh-negative, Rh-conflict is not detected.

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With the help of exercise and abstinence, most people can do without medicine.

Symptoms and treatment of human diseases

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Questions and suggestions:

Features of bradypsychia

Pathological inhibition of thinking is called bradypsychia. This phenomenon has no parallels with apathy or inertia of thinking, but suggests mental and pathophysiological disorders.

The thought process can be disrupted at any age.

Slowness of movements and emotional retardation is a pathological process, the causes of which can only be detected by specialists. They also recommend appropriate therapy.

Comorbid disorders

bradybasia - slow walking;

Parkinsonism is characterized by bradykinesia

Causing factors and diseases

Vascular diseases of the brain. Acute, often chronic disorders of blood flow in the brain, which occur due to progressive atherosclerosis, hypertension, embolism and vascular thrombosis, are a factor in the destruction of the substance in the brain. Structures that are responsible for the speed of thinking are also subject to violations.
Parkinson's disease. A common cause, a characteristic manifestation of which is slow thinking. In addition to such depressing symptoms (patients at a late stage in the development of this pathological process are not inclined to notice any changes), there are a large number of other unpleasant manifestations. For example, thoughts will become not only slow, but also viscous, the patient will be characterized by importunity, slow confused speech.
Epilepsy. At a late stage in the formation of the disease, when specialists observe the destruction of the personality as a result of a progressive disease, lethargy can be noted, as well as other symptoms of altered thinking.
Schizophrenia. As with epilepsy in schizophrenia, bradypsychia is not considered an initial symptom of pathological processes, but develops gradually over time.
Depression. A mental illness that is characterized by a large number of symptoms, often masquerading as physical difficulties - including toothache or ischemia. They also include sluggish thinking.
Hypothyroidism. Improper functioning of the thyroid gland. With such an ailment, the symptoms are extremely pronounced and occur one of the first.
Toxic lesions. Such a subgroup of diseases does not exist in the international classification. However, the term maximally describes the causes of painful symptoms - intoxication of the body.

Naturally, with such an abundance of provoking diseases, treatment can also be different.

What does it look like?

The image of the "inhibited" patient falls under the typical characteristics of the melancholic: weakness, slowness, protracted speech, each word is pronounced with effort.

You may get the feeling that the thought process takes a large amount of strength and energy from a person who does not have time to react to information or completely sinks into a stupor.

A person has a desire to find support all the time or lie down.

Not all symptoms are always observed. Just one thing is enough to recommend a person to seek medical help from specialists.

Diagnostic criteria and methods

In certain situations, in order to find out the organic basis of the disease, it is necessary to conduct instrumental studies, including:

At the time of diagnosis, it is necessary to differentiate this disease from dysarthria and stuttering.

What does modern medicine offer?

More often than others, the following methods of therapeutic and preventive action are used:

Activation of thinking processes. For these purposes, you need to read new books, learn foreign languages, engage in a creative process, or solve various puzzles. This technique helps to train the brain, activate thinking.
Neuroprotectors and nootropics are prescribed. Drug therapy that aims to restore and strengthen nerve cells and tissues.
Treatment of vascular pathologies. Means are used that make it possible to clean the vascular walls, which is necessary for the full functioning of the brain. As a result, there is an activation of mental and motor activity.
Psychotherapy. It acts as an adjuvant drug therapy. Modern treatment methods contribute to counteracting the effects of stress, adjusting the assessment of the individual, and forming the necessary models of response to specific situations.
Sports and outdoor activities. Moderate physical exertion and walks allow the brain to rest, and nerve cells to recover due to the influx of oxygen.

If emotional and mental retardation is caused by tranquilizers, then the abolition of any drugs is required. In most cases, reactions recover over time.

Summing up

As preventive measures, damage to the central nervous system should be prevented, head injuries should be avoided, and asthenic syndrome should be detected in time.

This section was created to take care of those who need a qualified specialist, without disturbing the usual rhythm of their own lives.

lethargy

Such a state of a person should not be confused with apathy or a chronic depressive state, since the latter is more of a psychological factor than a physiological one.

Etiology

Inhibition of movements and thinking in a person can be observed in such pathological processes:

In addition, a temporary state of slow reaction, movements and speech can be observed in the following cases:

with alcohol or drug intoxication;
with chronic fatigue and constant lack of sleep;
with frequent nervous strain, stress, chronic depression;
under circumstances that cause a person to feel fear, anxiety and panic;
with a strong emotional shock.

Psychomotor retardation in a child may be due to such etiological factors:

Classification

There are the following types of inhibition according to the clinical picture:

bradypsychia - mental retardation;
mental or ideational retardation;
motor or motor retardation;
emotional retardation.

Establishing the nature of this pathological process lies in the competence of only a qualified doctor.

Symptoms

The nature of the clinical picture, in this case, will depend entirely on the underlying factor.

With damage to the brain and central nervous system, the following clinical picture may be present:

drowsiness (hypersomnia), lethargy;
headaches, which will intensify as the pathological process worsens. In more complex cases, the elimination of pain syndrome is impossible even with painkillers;
memory impairment;
decrease in the quality of cognitive abilities;
the patient cannot concentrate on the performance of habitual actions. It is noteworthy that it is professional skills that are preserved;
sharp mood swings, traits appear in the patient's behavior that were not previously characteristic of him, attacks of aggression are most often observed;
illogical perception of speech or actions addressed to him;
speech becomes slow, the patient may find it difficult to choose words;
nausea and vomiting, which is most often observed in the morning;
impaired coordination of movements;
unstable blood pressure;
rapid pulse;
dizziness.

In the event that a mental disorder has become the cause of a delayed reaction in an adult, the following symptoms may be present:

insomnia or drowsiness, which is replaced by an apathetic state;
unreasonable attacks of aggression;
a sharp change in mood;
causeless attacks of fear, panic;
suicidal mood, in some cases, and actions in this direction;
a state of chronic depression;
visual or auditory hallucinations;
delirium, illogical judgments;
neglect of personal hygiene, slovenly appearance. At the same time, a person can be firmly convinced that everything is in order with him;
excessive suspicion, feeling that he is being watched;
deterioration or complete loss of memory;
incoherent speech, inability to express one's point of view or specifically answer the simplest questions;
loss in temporal and spatial orientation;
feeling of constant fatigue.

Diagnostics

In this case, you may need to consult such specialists:

Diagnostic activities include:

general clinical laboratory tests (blood and urine tests);
study of the level of pituitary hormones;
CT and MRI of the brain;
EEG and Echo-EG;
cerebral angiography;
psychiatric tests.

Depending on the diagnosis, the issue of hospitalization of the patient and further treatment tactics will be decided.

Treatment

In this case, the treatment program can be based on both conservative and radical methods of treatment.

Medical therapy may include the following drugs:

painkillers;
sedatives;
antibiotics if a disease of an infectious nature is established;
nootropic;
antidepressants;
tranquilizers;
drugs that restore glucose levels;
vitamin and mineral complex, which is selected individually.

In addition, after completing the main course of treatment, the patient may be recommended to undergo a rehabilitation course in a specialized sanatorium.

Given the timely and correct start of therapeutic measures, their full implementation, almost complete recovery is possible even after serious illnesses - oncology, stroke, psychiatric ailments.

Prevention

"Inhibition" is observed in diseases:

Cardiogenic shock is a pathological process when the contractile function of the left ventricle fails, the blood supply to tissues and internal organs deteriorates, which often ends in death.

Ketoacidosis is a dangerous complication of diabetes mellitus, which, without adequate and timely treatment, can lead to diabetic coma or even death. The condition begins to progress if the human body cannot fully use glucose as an energy source, as it lacks the hormone insulin. In this case, the compensatory mechanism is activated, and the body begins to use incoming fats as an energy source.

Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome is a pathological process, the formation of which is influenced by high levels of glucocorticoid hormones. The main one is cortisol. Therapy of the disease should be comprehensive and aimed at stopping the cause that contributes to the development of the disease.

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With the help of exercise and abstinence, most people can do without medicine.

Symptoms and treatment of human diseases

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Questions and suggestions:

Such a cardinal symptom as psychomotor retardation, occurs in our material in the majority of patients, and in circular patients with schizophrenic and reactive depressions this can sometimes be shown as clearly as in adult patients. But in epilepsy and in some cases of non-circular schizophrenia, lethargy gives way to great agitation. This latter has nothing in common with the elements of mania and leads its way out of great inner anxiety, extreme tension, which finds no other way out than motor discharges and disinhibition. Do not show great lethargy and patients in a state of infectious and post-infectious depression. If at first, due to physical weakness, one has to see lethargy, passivity, then in the future, despite the general asthenic-depressive background, patients do not show lethargy; they feel no physical difficulty in acting.

IV. fears

Fear manifests itself differently and, apparently, has a different origin in one or another painful form. It is quite understandable that in reactive depression, fear usually has a psychological Tenez. Often, fear is associated with an experience that served as a source of mental trauma.

A completely different character is fear in schizophrenia or manic-depressive psychosis. This fear is completely unaccountable, unreasonable, coming "from within", not amenable to any explanation. One always gets the impression that such an amorphous fear arises physiogenically. We have not had such vivid cases of vital fear associated and localized with a certain part of the body. However, its complete lack of accountability and colorlessness, its appearance in connection with severe somatic sensations indicate the vitality of this feeling. Sometimes fear occurs in children as a primitive defensive reaction.

V. The course of the disease

Consideration of the course of the disease further strengthens us in the thought of the difference between individual depressive syndromes. In manic-depressive psychosis and circular schizophrenia, we have a phasic course, and in epilepsy it is often paroxysmal. In infections and reactive states, the course of depression depends on pathogenic causative factors: mental and physical (exhaustion).

And infectious dysthymia has an unequal course, which is determined by the pace and intensity of the underlying disease, acute or chronic.

VI. The role of personality

A number of authors distinguish two types of depression - endogenous, or vital, and reactive. Additional symptomatology in vital depression K. Schneider attributes to personality traits. The dull-sad background of depression is reported by syntonic properties, irritably dissatisfied - by schizoid components.

Analysis of the clinical picture really confirms the presence of two depressive forms - endogenous and reactive. However, endogenous depression is by no means uniform, but has a different pathogenesis. And constitutional data still cannot fully explain the whole variety of depressive states.

If the question is about infectious conditions, then the significance of the constitutional factor is small. The psychopathological picture in these cases is rather monotonous, the course is the same, but meanwhile the premorbid soil is different. Consequently, the role of the individual is small in comparison with the value of the infectious-toxic moment.

With epilepsy, these relationships are much more difficult to trace. Epileptic mood disorders are difficult to associate with any premorbid personality traits. With great right, the psychopathological picture of epileptic depression and the features of its course, as well as the genesis, can be attributed to the features of the process itself.

We get clearer links with premorbid features in manic-depressive psychosis and circular schizophrenia. Constitutional data define here

phasic course, separate manic attacks. That openness and accessibility, which are characteristic of circular depressions, may also depend on the premorbid syntonic character.

With regard to reactive depression, the reviewed material allows us to join those who believe that reactive mood disorders can appear on a different constitutional basis. However, depressive reactions in children are favored by elements of instability, affective lability, sensitivity, and vulnerability in the patient's personality.

Summing up our clinical data, we can state with some probability that the mechanisms of depression are not the same in different nosological forms. However, our knowledge of the pathogenesis of depression is still very limited. A number of researchers have found endocrine and metabolic disorders in endogenous depression. These include shifts in the activity of the pituitary gland, impaired gas exchange, etc. (Omorokov, Bondarev, Chalisov, Ewald, and others).

The data available to modern science suggest that changes in emotional life are most of all associated with disorders of the endocrine-vegetative sphere, which has a predominant localization in the subcortical zone (thalamic and hypothalamic regions).

In conclusion, it is necessary to answer in advance the reproach that can be made about the fact that it is impossible to completely resolve the issue of pathogenesis on the basis of one clinic. Of course, a comprehensive laboratory examination in accordance with possible anatomical findings will help the final clarification of the issue. However, with the current level of our knowledge, clinical research is one of the most important ways to resolve this issue, which has not been sufficiently developed in a child psychiatric clinic.

Let's move on to the second part of the final chapter - to characteristics of childhood depression.

The key to understanding these features lies in the anatomical, physiological and mental originality of children.

The fact that the cerebral cortex finally develops in the extrauterine period, while the subcortical centers are formed by the time of birth, does not go unnoticed. For a long time, the relatively great significance of the activity of the subcortical zone and the physiological weakness of the delays are ascertained in children. The tendency to disinhibition in children has also been noted

by old clinicians (Kovalevsky) and is confirmed in all new works.

The increased importance of the life of drives and the lability of emotions can be attributed to the same physiological phenomena of the age order. Affective instability leaves its mark on the structure of the syndrome and, to one degree or another, affects the picture and course of psychosis.

As a result of these factors, the child's personality remains for a long time (before puberty) not completely formed either in an emotional-volitional or intellectual sense. It is clear that the child is not capable of sufficient intrapsychic processing of his perceptions, sensations, feelings. His feelings are "naked" in nature, his experiences are more primitive than those of an adult.

1 . Naked feelings very well seen in vital depression. Longing is completely amorphous, indefinite, unaccountable. That's why she doesn't seem so strong. Of the two components - vital feeling and reactive processing on the part of the personality - in children there is mainly one direct "deep" affect. Reactive layers are kept to a minimum. The younger the child, the more emphasized this moment. We have already said that in schizophrenia procedural inactivity and lethargy obscure the affect of melancholy. But even with reactive depression, sadness also does not have much brightness. It is not unaccountable, but at the same time it is monotonous and manifests itself in a low-intensity form.

2. In addition to the simplicity and nakedness of affect in childhood depression, it is also necessary to indicate poverty of psychopathological phenomena. Where in adults, especially in circular depression, there are delusional ideas of persecution, self-deprecation, etc., in children we see only sometimes elements of ideas of self-blame; they do not go further than the ideas of relation in a very primitive form. In depressive reactions, the utterances of children are also very poor.

3. Many symptoms found in adults are found in children in rudimentary condition. Children are not able to process individual ideas and concepts to the end. An older child says that he has become "wonderful", feels confused, helpless and somehow aware of this. In a more complete form, this phenomenon would be called depersonalization.

Extremely often with circular and schizophrenic depression one has to meet in sick children uncertainty,

indecision, anxiety, suspiciousness, low self-esteem.

A similar psychasthenic syndrome often appears in a child as vestige of ideas of self-blame. This is explained

[I eat that the child is not able intrapsychically to completely process those changes in his state of health, those experiences of inhibition that evoke in him the idea of his inferiority.

4. Very characteristic of childhood depression is its instability And brevity. Children are more easily distracted from difficult experiences than adults. Even endogenous mood disorders can often be mitigated, switched to other tracks. A dreary child sometimes suddenly joins schoolwork, without difficulty begins to work in the workshop. The younger the child, the more often his depression during the day passes several times into an even mood. Probably, the physiological lability of affect matters here. It must also have an effect on the short duration of depressive phases. Their duration in manic-depressive psychosis and circular schizophrenia, especially at the onset of the disease, rarely exceeds 5-15 days. We see the same thing in other painful forms. If the depression drags on, then it is necessary to look for additional factors that accompany the underlying disease (general exhaustion, etc.), or focus on the study of premorbid personality traits.

In the general part, it was pointed out that somatic instability and lability of the affective sphere in the prepsychotic state favor the protracted course of depression.

5. It feels like fear, manifests itself in children often and in various forms. But it is in children that one manages to observe an unaccountable, incomprehensible, unmotivated fear, such a feeling of fear is akin to vital melancholy. In children, fear arises especially easily and as a primitive defensive reaction. Where the child does not understand - and in his painful sensations he does not understand much - there he begins to be afraid. Emmingaus, Ziegen, Kovalevsky, Gomburger, Gilyarovsky, Sukhareva, Vinokurova point to the frequency of fears in childhood depression.

6. In the picture of childhood depression, one should also note a smaller irritability, a comparative rarity of general discontent and anger, that so often colors depression syndrome in adults.

Elements of general discontent, irritability can be ascertained only in epileptic mood disorders. This observation cannot be explained in the same way in all cases. In reactive states, apparently, the key lies in the simplicity of experiences in children, their primitiveness, the absence of additional layers.

In epilepsy, aggression, anger, irritability are apparently associated with the main process and its impact on the patient's personality.

In general, if a child’s general dissatisfaction exists, then it manifests itself not in malice, but in moodiness.

7. Among the interesting and important properties of childhood depression is its external paradox. The younger the child, the more reason to expect it. This is understandable, since in early childhood the lability of affect, the tendency to disinhibition are most prominently represented; at the same time, a change in the life of instincts often comes to the fore.

More clear manifestations of such a paradox are noted in reactive depression. Sharp changes in character (pranks, rudeness) after a severe mental trauma with the subsequent appearance of sadness as a new unpleasant experience were described by us in one patient. In another case, significant disinhibition and fussiness were found, which made it difficult for a 9-year-old boy to study at school after the death of his father, whom he loved very much and whose loss, as it turned out, he was very worried about; however, the affect of melancholy could not be detected immediately.

8. Daily fluctuations in well-being and mood in children are in reverse order compared to adults. In the morning, children feel better, and in the evening their condition worsens.

In conclusion, I express my great gratitude to Professor G. E. Sukhareva for his constant guidance in this work.

A. I. Golbin

SLEEP AND WAKE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN WITH VARIOUS DISEASES AND ANOMALIES 1

SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN NEUROSIS

A large place of sleep disturbances in the clinical picture of neuroses is not disputed in any of the main sources.

Neurosis is defined as "... a psychogenic illness, which is based on an unsuccessful, irrationally and unproductively resolved by a person contradiction between him and the aspects of reality that are significant for him, causing painfully painful experiences for him" 2 . One of the main manifestations of emotional disorders in neurosis is anxiety. Most researchers consider anxiety as a homogeneous state with a single pathogenetic mechanism. It is generally accepted that the difference in objective data in different groups of subjects is determined only by the degree of severity of anxiety. However, in recent years it has been suggested that it is impossible to put an equal sign between the anxiety of a healthy person in an objective stressful situation and the anxiety of a patient with neurosis. V. S. Rotenberg (1975), I. A. Arshavsky, V. S. Rotenberg (1976) showed that the anxiety of a healthy person as an emotionally adequate reaction is mobilizing and differs from neurotic anxiety arising from an unresolved conflict. The latter is not aimed at finding a way out of the behavioral conflict, but at abandoning the search when one of the motives is actively ignored. This is the demobilizing effect of neurotic anxiety. The main manifestations of physiological and neurotic anxiety are similar - pulse lability, fluctuations in blood pressure, increased GSR, etc.

Modern research has shown that in order to differentiate the two types of anxiety, one should turn to the analysis of the structure of sleep. It turned out that paradoxical sleep (PS), which is associated with dreams and plays an important role in psychological adaptation, changes in different directions with these two types of anxiety. For example, with moderate anxiety in a healthy person on the first night of a sleep study, PS decreases by

I" Golbin A.I. Pathological sleep in children. L., 1970, pp. 45-69. 2 Myasishchev V.I. Personality and neuroses. L., 1960, p. 241.

compared with subsequent nights (lengthening of the latent period of its appearance), which indicates a decrease in the need for PS. In neurotics, in half of the cases, there is a tendency to reduce the latent period of PS, which indicates an increased need for PS. The mechanisms that reduce anxiety include, first of all, the mechanisms of PS (Rotenberg V. S., 1975; Arshavsky I. A., Rotenberg V. S., 1976). These mechanisms in neurotics are functionally defective.

It seems to us that the insufficiency of sleep mechanisms, in particular PS, is included in the concept of the biological soil of neuroses and therefore sleep changes in neuroses differ from sleep disorders in other pathologies. This, in our opinion, can explain the spread of sleep disorders in neuroses.

If we assume that in children all forms of neuroses are reduced to three main forms (neurasthenia, hysteria, obsessional neurosis), as in adults, then sleep disorders are described for each of them. Leading researchers of the problem of obsessive-compulsive disorder (Ozeretskovsky D. S., 1950; Skanavi E. E., 1962; Sim-son T. P., 1955; Garbuzov V. I. et al., 1977) emphasize the special significance of the moment of transition from wakefulness to sleep. It is believed that the ease of formation of conditioned reflexes in a drowsy state (for example, playing with hair at the time of feeding) creates a "center" with pathological inertia. In a drowsy state, such obsessive actions as thumb and tongue sucking, hair pulling, obsessive fears begin. Characterizing neurasthenia as a separate form of neurosis, most authors believe that the main place in the clinic of neurasthenia is disturbances in the level of wakefulness and sleep, and insomnia, terrible dreams, night terrors are common symptoms (Sukhareva G. E., 1974). It is believed (Garbuzov V. I. et al., 1977) that sleep disturbance is one of the early and even specific manifestations of neurasthenia, its leading clinical sign. V. I. Garbuzov refers to neurasthenic sleep disorders the anxiety of children in their sleep at the age of one and a half months to 5-6 years, when children rush about in bed, spreading out and constantly changing position, as well as sleep-talking, night terrors, somnambulism, sometimes nocturnal enuresis. The features of sleep in hysterical neurosis are described (V. S. Rotenberg et al., 1975). V. I. Garbuzov (1977) believes that such pathological manifestations in sleep as somnambulism, sleep-talking, night terrors, insomnia, enuresis and even rocking in a dream are a form of "night hysteria". With the syndrome of "night hysteria" in children, V. I. Garbuzov notes that

“Attention is drawn to the mannerisms, pretentiousness of the behavior of children during this period. They tend to wring their hands, bend over in their parents' arms, scream, sob or laugh "hysterically", bang their fists on the bed, parents' face, wriggle, squeal, roll their eyes, perform a rudimentary hysterical arc, grab their own throats , as if something is bothering them, they pinch themselves and those around them, that is, they demonstrate hysterical symptoms in a dream. V. I. Garbuzov notes similar behavior, such as “hysterical somnambulism”, in 10% of patients observed by him with hysterical neurosis (Garbuzov V. I. et al., 1977).

Violation of falling asleep in neurotic children is manifested in pronounced long-term whims and excitement in younger children, fears and rituals in schoolchildren. There is a restless sleep with an abundance of movements, often children even fall out of bed. In our studies, a high frequency of specific sleeping postures has emerged, of which, first of all, we should mention a long stay on the stomach and the desire to lower the head down, so that the head hangs off the bed, while the legs lie on the pillow. Sleep disorders in the form of paroxysmal phenomena in neurotics are most often represented by salivation (which is not at all connected, as is sometimes believed, with worms), grinding of teeth (bruxism), and shuddering. Night terrors and nocturnal enuresis are not as common in neurotics as compared to other sleep disorders. Stereotypic movements in a dream are most often manifested in the form of sucking fingers and tongue, twitching hair, shaking the head.

Violation of wakefulness is characterized by lethargy, instability of attention and activity during the day with excitement in the evening. Wakefulness disorders are also expressed in fainting, affective narrowing of consciousness during arousal, drowsiness to complete inversion (i.e., insomnia at night and drowsiness during the day), the occurrence of "paradoxical drowsiness" (Epstein A. L., 1928; Shpak V. M., 1968 ), when children, with a pronounced need to sleep, are excited.

The abundance of dreams in neuroses in children can confirm the hypothesis (Rotenberg V. S., 1975; Arshavsky I. A., Rotenberg V. S., 1976) about a compensatory increase in dream activity when refusing to resolve the situation during the day, avoiding the situation, or an inadequate way to resolve it - in dreams the situation is presented in a favorable light.

Often in the dream of children with neurosis, a conflict situation in the family is symbolically reflected (“the gypsies attacked, they were looking for their mother at first, they didn’t find her, but they found me, everyone

they cut and cut, but they couldn’t cut it because the knife was blunt”, “as if our house had exploded”, “I fight snakes, black snakes bite me in the chest, and while I fight, a big snake with glasses sits on a stump , who leads everyone, then I fight with him, he bites me painfully, and I die"). In the presence of conflicts between parents, the following dreams are typical: someone "stabbed" someone, "there is a war", "as if our house had exploded", etc.

In general, dreams in children with neurosis are characterized by an abundance of vivid stage pictures, often in color, symbolically reflecting internal conflicts. These dreams are different from the restful dreams of a control group of primary school children. In addition, attention should be paid to the fact that in patients with neurosis dreams are detected at an earlier age than in the control group of children. One of our patients at the age of 1 year 3 months, after being frightened during the day by a cat jumping on her in a state of sleep, said “shoo, shoo, shoo” several times and made movements with her hands, like her mother, driving away the cat. Usually, the first dreams are told by children from 3-3 "/ 2 years. Our studies of the structure of sleep in neuroses in children confirm the data available in the literature on the lengthening of the latent period of falling asleep, more frequent awakenings, an increase in the duration of the light stages of sleep, a decrease in the duration of deep sleep and an increase in PS: Normally, at the age of 10 years, the duration of PS is about 30% of the total sleep duration. PS increases from the beginning of the night to the end, while in patients with neuroses, the duration of PS peaks in the middle of the night, and then decreases. the first half of the night in neurotics is less, especially indicative is the "effect of the first night" in the laboratory - all indicators of sleep almost completely change, and the inherent pathological phenomena of sleep (enuresis, sleepwalking, etc.) almost always, even in the most severe cases, Associated with this is the extreme laboriousness of studying abnormal sleep in children and the need for consistent multi-day observation in the process of adaptation to laboratory conditions. Interestingly, before the onset of the first PS, short-term outbreaks of a kind of “trial” PS appear, which is explained not by the lack of a “triggering” mechanism, but by affective instability (Leygonie et al., 1974). REM sleep is a very vulnerable stage and is primarily affected by affects.

day. In children, there may be reciprocity between the duration of PS and the intensity of neurotic manifestations, in particular the intensity of neurotic fears (Leygonie et al., 1974). Thus, sleep disorders in neuroses are very extensive and pronounced.

Clinical observations show that many forms of abnormal sleep can occur after acute or chronic psychic trauma. When describing individual forms of pathological sleep, we will cite cases of psychogenic induced nocturnal enuresis and nocturnal vomiting, insomnia and nightmares, etc. the course of the biorhythm, but, perhaps, on the contrary, pathological sleep leads to a neurotic response during the day. An interesting and unexpected fact was a large number of sleep disorders in parents, coinciding with the type of disturbed sleep in a child. N. A. Kryshova (1946) pointed to the inheritance of certain features of sleep, which can serve as yet another evidence in favor of the primary biological basis of sleep disorders in neurotics. In the same plan, a high frequency of violations of the formation of the biorhythm sleep - wakefulness in early childhood up to 3-6 months (67%) can be considered, expressed either in a very restless sleep with an inconsolable causeless cry, or inversion of sleep and wakefulness, when children sleep well during the day and at night they do not sleep and play quietly, or in exceptionally severe drowsiness, when it is difficult to wake the child for feeding (for a detailed discussion of these issues, see the sections on sleep inversion and childhood insomnia).

The data of the literature and our own observations allow us to say with a slight exaggeration that neurosis does not happen without sleep disorders, and sometimes these disorders are the only manifestation of neurosis.

Thus, the relationship between neurotic response and sleep disturbances is very complex, and it is possible that an approach will be productive in which some psychopathological manifestations during the day will be considered as part of a general disruption of the biorhythm. Intimate neurophysiological mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness, which, according to modern concepts, are directly involved in emotional reactions, with a delay in the maturation of sleep in ontogenesis, can be the biological basis of neurotic response.

Such mental disorders must first be very carefully studied and correctly assessed by a psychotherapist, who should become a leading specialist in treatment of loss of energy and feelings of lethargy .

Types of inhibition, symptoms and treatment

What is retardation

In serious cases, a person completely stops responding to the surrounding atmosphere and stays in apathy or stupor for a long time. There are several types of inhibition:

complex;

Motor and emotional retardation is a pathology, the causes of which can only be identified by doctors. They prescribe the right treatment.

Causes and symptoms of mental retardation

Behavior, thinking of a person, his psychological state can be disturbed in pathologies of the nervous system and brain. The following also lead to ideational inhibition:

Parkinson's disease. With a complex brain pathology, an additional symptom is also revealed - slowness of thinking. The patient himself does not notice any changes. With the course of the disease, his mental activity not only slows down. The patient becomes importunate, meticulous, sticky. His speech becomes confused and incoherent.

Causes and symptoms of motor retardation

Confusion in a child

vascular pathologies of the brain;

Diagnosis of lethargy

Treatment for lethargy

Activation of thought processes. To do this, they read new books, master languages, engage in creativity or solve mathematical problems. Such actions train the brain, activate mental activity.

Inhibition of emotions and movements (video)

What is inhibition of emotions and movements. How to correctly identify and treat pathology, we learn the doctor's recommendations from the video.

Prevention of lethargy

lethargy

Causes of mental retardation

Vascular pathologies. Acute, and more often chronic disorders of cerebral circulation resulting from the progression of atherosclerosis, hypertension, embolism and thrombosis of the vessels of the head, are the cause of the destruction of the substance of the brain. In particular, the structures responsible for the speed of thinking also suffer.
Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease. Narrower, but no less common pathologies, one of the manifestations of which is slowness of thinking. In addition to this depressing symptom surrounding the patient (patients themselves in the later stages of the development of this type of pathology do not notice any changes in themselves), there are many other, no less unpleasant. For example, thoughts become not only slow, but also viscous, a person becomes clingy, intrusive, speech is slow, often confused.
Epilepsy. In the later stages of the development of the disease, when doctors note the destruction of the personality as a result of the progression of the disease, lethargy takes place, like many other signs of a change in thinking.
Schizophrenia. Just as with epilepsy, bradypsychia is not an early sign of pathology in schizophrenia.
Depressive states and depression. A mental illness characterized by an abundance of symptoms, often masquerading as somatic problems, up to toothache or coronary heart disease. Among them there is also sluggishness of thought.
Hypothyroidism. Insufficiency of the thyroid glands. With this disease, the symptom described is extremely characteristic and appears one of the first to appear.
Toxic bradypsychia. Of course, there is no such group of diseases in the international classification of diseases. But the name still describes as clearly as possible the causes of the symptom - intoxication of the body, whether it be alcohol, metal salts, drugs or toxins of microorganisms.

Symptoms of lethargy

Diagnosis of bradilalia

When making a speech therapy conclusion, it is important to differentiate bradilalia from dysarthria and stuttering.

Treatment for mental retardation

Nootropics and neuroprotectors. A more specific treatment that helps nerve cells recover.

Forecast and prevention of bradilalia

lethargy

Such a state of a person should not be confused with apathy or a chronic depressive state, since the latter is more of a psychological factor than a physiological one.

Etiology

Inhibition of movements and thinking in a person can be observed in such pathological processes:

In addition, a temporary state of slow reaction, movements and speech can be observed in the following cases:

with alcohol or drug intoxication;
with chronic fatigue and constant lack of sleep;
with frequent nervous strain, stress, chronic depression;
under circumstances that cause a person to feel fear, anxiety and panic;
with a strong emotional shock.

Psychomotor retardation in a child may be due to such etiological factors:

Classification

There are the following types of inhibition according to the clinical picture:

bradypsychia - mental retardation;
mental or ideational retardation;
motor or motor retardation;
emotional retardation.

Establishing the nature of this pathological process lies in the competence of only a qualified doctor.

Symptoms

The nature of the clinical picture, in this case, will depend entirely on the underlying factor.

With damage to the brain and central nervous system, the following clinical picture may be present:

drowsiness (hypersomnia), lethargy;
headaches, which will intensify as the pathological process worsens. In more complex cases, the elimination of pain syndrome is impossible even with painkillers;
memory impairment;
decrease in the quality of cognitive abilities;
the patient cannot concentrate on the performance of habitual actions. It is noteworthy that it is professional skills that are preserved;
sharp mood swings, traits appear in the patient's behavior that were not previously characteristic of him, attacks of aggression are most often observed;
illogical perception of speech or actions addressed to him;
speech becomes slow, the patient may find it difficult to choose words;
nausea and vomiting, which is most often observed in the morning;
impaired coordination of movements;
unstable blood pressure;
rapid pulse;
dizziness.

In the event that a mental disorder has become the cause of a delayed reaction in an adult, the following symptoms may be present:

insomnia or drowsiness, which is replaced by an apathetic state;
unreasonable attacks of aggression;
a sharp change in mood;
causeless attacks of fear, panic;
suicidal mood, in some cases, and actions in this direction;
a state of chronic depression;
visual or auditory hallucinations;
delirium, illogical judgments;
neglect of personal hygiene, slovenly appearance. At the same time, a person can be firmly convinced that everything is in order with him;
excessive suspicion, feeling that he is being watched;
deterioration or complete loss of memory;
incoherent speech, inability to express one's point of view or specifically answer the simplest questions;
loss in temporal and spatial orientation;
feeling of constant fatigue.

Diagnostics

First of all, a physical examination of the patient is carried out. In most cases, this should be done with a person close to the patient, since, due to his condition, he is unlikely to be able to correctly answer the doctor's questions.

In this case, you may need to consult such specialists:

Diagnostic activities include:

general clinical laboratory tests (blood and urine tests);
study of the level of pituitary hormones;
CT and MRI of the brain;
EEG and Echo-EG;
cerebral angiography;
psychiatric tests.

Depending on the diagnosis, the issue of hospitalization of the patient and further treatment tactics will be decided.

Treatment

In this case, the treatment program can be based on both conservative and radical methods of treatment.

Medical therapy may include the following drugs:

painkillers;
sedatives;
antibiotics if a disease of an infectious nature is established;
nootropic;
antidepressants;
tranquilizers;
drugs that restore glucose levels;
vitamin and mineral complex, which is selected individually.

In addition, after completing the main course of treatment, the patient may be recommended to undergo a rehabilitation course in a specialized sanatorium.

Given the timely and correct start of therapeutic measures, their full implementation, almost complete recovery is possible even after serious illnesses - oncology, stroke, psychiatric ailments.

Prevention

"Inhibition" is observed in diseases:

Hypernatremia is a disease characterized by an increase in the level of sodium in the blood serum to a value of 145 mmol / l or higher. In addition, a low fluid content in the body is detected. Pathology has a fairly high mortality rate.

Cardiogenic shock is a pathological process when the contractile function of the left ventricle fails, the blood supply to tissues and internal organs deteriorates, which often ends in death.

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With the help of exercise and abstinence, most people can do without medicine.

Inhibition of thinking, movements and the mental sphere: causes, symptoms

Features of bradypsychia

Pathological inhibition of thinking is called bradypsychia. This phenomenon has no parallels with apathy or inertia of thinking, but suggests mental and pathophysiological disorders.

The thought process can be disrupted at any age.

Slowness of movements and emotional retardation is a pathological process, the causes of which can only be detected by specialists. They also recommend appropriate therapy.

Comorbid disorders

bradybasia - slow walking;

Parkinsonism is characterized by bradykinesia

Causing factors and diseases

Vascular diseases of the brain. Acute, often chronic disorders of blood flow in the brain, which occur due to progressive atherosclerosis, hypertension, embolism and vascular thrombosis, are a factor in the destruction of the substance in the brain. Structures that are responsible for the speed of thinking are also subject to violations.
Parkinson's disease. A common cause, a characteristic manifestation of which is slow thinking. In addition to such depressing symptoms (patients at a late stage in the development of this pathological process are not inclined to notice any changes), there are a large number of other unpleasant manifestations. For example, thoughts will become not only slow, but also viscous, the patient will be characterized by importunity, slow confused speech.
Epilepsy. At a late stage in the formation of the disease, when specialists observe the destruction of the personality as a result of a progressive disease, lethargy can be noted, as well as other symptoms of altered thinking.
Schizophrenia. As with epilepsy in schizophrenia, bradypsychia is not considered an initial symptom of pathological processes, but develops gradually over time.
Depression. A mental illness that is characterized by a large number of symptoms, often masquerading as physical difficulties - including toothache or ischemia. They also include sluggish thinking.
Hypothyroidism. Improper functioning of the thyroid gland. With such an ailment, the symptoms are extremely pronounced and occur one of the first.
Toxic lesions. Such a subgroup of diseases does not exist in the international classification. However, the term maximally describes the causes of painful symptoms - intoxication of the body.

Naturally, with such an abundance of provoking diseases, treatment can also be different.

What does it look like?

The image of the "inhibited" patient falls under the typical characteristics of the melancholic: weakness, slowness, protracted speech, each word is pronounced with effort.

You may get the feeling that the thought process takes a large amount of strength and energy from a person who does not have time to react to information or completely sinks into a stupor.

A person has a desire to find support all the time or lie down.

Not all symptoms are always observed. Just one thing is enough to recommend a person to seek medical help from specialists.

Diagnostic criteria and methods

In certain situations, in order to find out the organic basis of the disease, it is necessary to conduct instrumental studies, including:

At the time of diagnosis, it is necessary to differentiate this disease from dysarthria and stuttering.

What does modern medicine offer?

More often than others, the following methods of therapeutic and preventive action are used:

Activation of thinking processes. For these purposes, you need to read new books, learn foreign languages, engage in a creative process, or solve various puzzles. This technique helps to train the brain, activate thinking.
Neuroprotectors and nootropics are prescribed. Drug therapy that aims to restore and strengthen nerve cells and tissues.
Treatment of vascular pathologies. Means are used that make it possible to clean the vascular walls, which is necessary for the full functioning of the brain. As a result, there is an activation of mental and motor activity.
Psychotherapy. It acts as an adjuvant drug therapy. Modern treatment methods contribute to counteracting the effects of stress, adjusting the assessment of the individual, and forming the necessary models of response to specific situations.
Sports and outdoor activities. Moderate physical exertion and walks allow the brain to rest, and nerve cells to recover due to the influx of oxygen.

If emotional and mental retardation is caused by tranquilizers, then the abolition of any drugs is required. In most cases, reactions recover over time.

Summing up

As preventive measures, damage to the central nervous system should be prevented, head injuries should be avoided, and asthenic syndrome should be detected in time.

Apathy

A state of apathy overcomes every person from time to time. If apathy for life does not last long, then this condition is not dangerous. But if the state of apathy is observed in the patient for a long period, then it is necessary to consult a specialist.

How does apathy manifest itself?

Translated from Greek, the word "apathy" means "insensitivity." If a person shows signs of apathy, then among other people it is easy to recognize him by his indifferent attitude to what is constantly happening around him. He does not demonstrate emotions, does not express any life aspirations. Those things or problems that until recently were of decisive importance to him, in a state of apathy, are no longer interested in him. The state of apathy is also manifested in the patient by a sharp restriction of communication. His professional activity can be inhibited, as a constant state of despondency affects the ability to work fruitfully. Most often, the patient spends time motionless. At the same time, he is not interested in the question of how to get out of a state of apathy.

In everyday life, apathy at a certain life period develops in most people. But not everyone considers apathy a disease or a symptom of some kind of illness.

Human emotions are the main driving force of his life activity. Emotions determine both pleasant and not so good sensations, while filling a person's life with a more pronounced meaning. However, the human psyche can periodically be depleted, as a result of which a certain dulled emotion occurs. The reverse development of events is also possible - if there are no positive emotions in a person's life for a long time, then the result may be a noticeable breakdown. Apathy often manifests itself at a time when a person needs to replenish an energy deficit.

Of course, a person can periodically manifest complete apathy. Moreover, such a state can even be somewhat useful, as it allows you to overestimate values, to carry out some psychological work on yourself. Sometimes a state of apathy in a person occurs during a period after which a certain important event in life follows, and in such a situation, apathy even allows you to accumulate a little internal strength.

But if temporary apathy is a completely normal stage in life, then apathy, which a person perceives as depression, can lead to a worse mental health condition in the future.

If a person is constantly in a depressed state, and the reasons for this state are completely incomprehensible to the surrounding people, then we can talk about apathy as an alarming symptom.

This term appeared in psychiatry, having got into medicine from philosophical science. Psychiatry defines apathy as complete indifference to what is happening around, indifference to other people and even signs of disgust for everyday life.

Symptoms of apathy in humans are manifested by a number of characteristic signs that clearly indicate this violation. But it is worth noting that very often apathy and drowsiness indicate the development of a serious disease in the human body. Therefore, if there are a number of signs of apathy in a loved one, it is necessary to help ensure that he undergoes a comprehensive medical examination. Only after establishing a diagnosis, the doctor will be able to clearly say how to deal with apathy and prescribe adequate therapy. A person who has developed apathy often has weakness and drowsiness. From the outside, it may seem that he is simply too lazy to do something, that he was simply overcome by severe fatigue. By the way, chronic fatigue often leads to manifestations of apathy, and sometimes depression can become a consequence of this condition.

Vivid symptoms of apathy are lethargy, indifference to everything and everyone, isolation in oneself and the desire to constantly be alone. Such a person speaks, as a rule, inexpressively, he can openly be sad for no reason. The patient, prone to apathy, does not show initiative. All these symptoms should be known in order to timely notice the development of apathy both in yourself and in those around you.

Why is there apathy?

In the modern world, apathy develops in people very often, moreover, it can be observed in successful and even happy people who have taken place in life. Sometimes from the outside it seems that the reasons for apathy are completely incomprehensible. Even the patient himself very rarely can understand what lies behind his illness and what provoked it. In addition, it should be taken into account that the patient, imbued with indifference to everything that happens around him, is still indifferent to his own illness, which leads to its aggravation.

However, apathy in a person can develop both due to internal and external causes. So, sometimes those events that at first glance seem completely insignificant can leave a serious mark on the soul, which leads to changes in the psyche.

Psychologists identify several reasons that very often lead to the development of apathy. This condition sometimes develops in people whose profession is associated with strong emotional stress. A decline in energy can also be associated with a severe illness, lack of sunlight, vitamin deficiency. Any manifestations of prolonged stress, both physical and moral, can also eventually cause apathy in a person. Also, as the reasons due to which this condition develops, experts define both negative stress and a very bright positive event, after which a person experiences emotional emptiness.

Apathy is quite common among women during pregnancy. If the expectant mother does not show interest in novelty, is constantly bored and even has very little interest in changes in her own condition, then these may be signs of apathy. The cause of this condition is serious hormonal changes during pregnancy. Doctors advise not to allow the condition to worsen: walk a lot, exercise in the fresh air, and the state of apathy will remain in the past.

But far from always apathy and inhibited state are an exclusively psychological phenomenon. Sometimes these signs indicate the development of serious diseases. Apathy can be a sign of severe depression, schizophrenia, organic brain damage in the head, and other illnesses. Apathy is also sometimes a sign of endocrine dysfunction, a number of chronic ailments, alcoholism, drug addiction, premenstrual syndrome.

A visit to a psychotherapist or other specialists is necessary if the causes of inhibition are difficult to determine, and at the same time apathy lasts more than one month. The mental component should also alert - the presence of failures in thinking, memory lapses, a very weak reaction to stimuli from the outside. Speech retardation and thought retardation should also be considered alarming symptoms. In addition, the state of inhibition is manifested by motor inhibition. Sometimes with apathy, it is the inhibition of movements that is one of the most alarming symptoms. In the presence of such signs, immediate diagnosis and proper treatment of the disease are required.

How to deal with apathy?

Treatment of apathy must be practiced after the doctor has confirmed that a person has this symptom. However, the most effective fight against apathy will be if the person himself realizes that the depressed state needs to be dealt with somehow. That is, before determining how to treat apathy, the patient himself must agree that he has such a problem, and be clearly aware of it. If apathy is the result of psychological causes, then experts advise paying close attention to introspection. Analyzing everything that happens and thinking about his condition in detail, the patient himself should try to determine the reason that prevents him from living a full life. Psychologists say that this process can be very difficult, but it often results in getting rid of signs of apathy.

In addition, in the process of treating apathy, doctors advise that you must adhere to a healthy diet, practice physical activity, and travel. Sometimes it is worth trying to change the place of work, circle of friends. It also shows the intake of vitamin complexes, massage sessions.

But still, even practicing the treatment of apathy prescribed by a doctor, it should be taken into account that the way out of this state directly depends on the correct behavior of the patient himself. You can not be too demanding of yourself and demonstrate strong-willed behavior, as in the end this can lead to complications - a depressive state and a state of affect.

Experts advise to perceive the state of apathy as a kind of life respite and calmly spend this period. It is worth going on vacation, limiting all contacts. It is strictly not necessary to take medications without the permission of the doctor. Alcohol is also not a helper in this case. But doctors advise drinking green tea and eating dark chocolate, as these products contain substances that increase the tone of the body.

However, if there is the slightest suspicion that the state of apathy was the result of a serious illness, then self-medication is out of the question. In this case, it is important to have a comprehensive examination by specialists of various profiles and the subsequent appointment of adequate therapy.