What biochemical blood test is normal table. Normal cholesterol in women

• albumins
• globulins (α 1 , α 2 , β, γ)

• 35-45 g/l
• 21.2-34.9 g/l

• women 44-97 micromoles per liter
• men 62-124

• In men - 0.12-0.43 mmol / l
• In women - 0.24-0.54 mmol / l

• women greater than or equal to 1.2 mmol per liter
• men 1 mmol per liter

• In men - up to 33.5 U / l
• In women - up to 48.6 U / l

Increasing the indicator

• fluid loss in infectious diseases ()
• burn disease

• acute purulent inflammatory processes;
• burns in the recovery phase;
• nephrotic syndrome in glomerulonephritis.

β-globulins:

• hyperlipoproteinemia (atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus);
• nephrotic syndrome;
• an ulcer in the stomach and intestines that bleeds;

Γ-globulins:

• viral and bacterial infections;
• systemic connective tissue diseases (scleroderma, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis);
• burns;
• allergies;
• helminthic invasion.

Level reduction

• in newborns due to underdevelopment of liver cells;
• during pregnancy;
• pulmonary edema;
• malignant neoplasms;
• liver disease;
• bleeding;
• accumulation of plasma in body cavities (anasarca)

Urea

• acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis;
• nephrosclerosis;
• poisoning with mercury salts, dichloroethane, ethylene glycol;
• crash syndrome (syndrome of prolonged squeezing);
• arterial hypertension;
• polycystic kidney disease;
• kidney tuberculosis;
• acute and chronic renal failure

• after administration of glucose;
• increased urine output (polyuria);
• after hemodialysis;
• starvation;
• decreased metabolism;
• hypothyroidism

Creatinine

• acute and chronic renal failure;
• hyperthyroidism;
• acromegaly;
• decompensated diabetes mellitus;
• intestinal obstruction;
• muscular dystrophy;
• extensive burns

Uric acid

• gout;
• leukemia;
• B-12 deficiency anemia;
• Wakez disease;
• acute infections;
• liver disease;
• severe form of diabetes;
• skin pathologies (dermatitis, pemphigus);
• barbiturate poisoning, carbon monoxide poisoning

• prolonged fasting;
• violation of the absorption of carbohydrates (colitis, enteritis, dumping syndrome);
• chronic hepatic pathologies;
• hypothyroidism;
• hypopituitarism;
• overdose of insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs (diabeton, glibenclamide, etc.);
• meningitis (tuberculous, purulent, cryptococcal);
• encephalitis, meningoencephalitis;
• insuloma;
• sarcoidosis

• DIABETES 1 and 2 types
• thyrotoxicosis;
• pituitary tumors;
• neoplasms of the adrenal cortex;
• pheochromocytoma;
• treatment with glucocorticoids;
• epilepsy;
• trauma and brain tumors;
• carbon monoxide poisoning;
• psycho-emotional arousal

total cholesterol

• myxedema;
• diabetes;
• pregnancy;
• familial combined hyperlipidemia;
• cholelithiasis;
• and prostate;
• glomerulonephritis;
• alcoholism;
• hypertonic disease;
• myocardial infarction;
• cardiac ischemia

• malignant tumors of the liver;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• starvation;
• malabsorption of substances;
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Triglycerides

• viral hepatitis;
• alcoholism;
• alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver;
• biliary (biliary) cirrhosis of the liver;
• cholelithiasis;
• acute and chronic pancreatitis;
• chronic renal failure;
• hypertonic disease;
• myocardial infarction;
• cardiac ischemia;
• pregnancy;
• thrombosis of cerebral vessels;
• hypothyroidism;
• diabetes;
• gout;
• Down syndrome;
• acute intermittent porphyria

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;
• hyperfunction of the thyroid and parathyroid glands;
• malnutrition;
• malabsorption

Indicator and unit of measurement

Men

Women

Children

1. 1,4-3,0
2. 5,6-9,1
3. 5,4-9,1
4. 8,1-17,0

1. 1,4-3,0
2. 5,6-9,1
3. 5,4-9,1
4. 8,1-17,0

1. 1,2-5,3
2. 6,8-10,5
3. 4,5-9,0
4. 3,5-14,3

µmol/l

Lipids

mmol/l

mmol/l

mmol/l

mmol/l

mmol/l

Sahara

mmol/l

µmol/l

mmol/l

µmol/l

µmol/l

µmol/l

mmol/l

mmol/l

The total protein in the blood is lowered - the reasons:

Absolute hypoproteinemia, that is, a deficiency of protein fractions of the blood with an adequate water balance, is observed in the case of starvation diets, gastrointestinal diseases that prevent the absorption of proteins, and cirrhosis of the liver, Wilson-Konovalov's disease, rapidly growing malignant tumors, extensive or blood loss, hyperthyroidism, prolonged fever, nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, pleurisy, as well as taking corticosteroid hormones and heavy physical exertion;

Relativehypoproteinemia due to an increase in the water content in the bloodstream. This happens with anuria (urinary retention), edema, intravenous infusions of glucose, hyperproduction of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin.

Norm:

Women and men - 33-55 g / l

Children - 32-46 g / l

Albumin is considered the main protein among all blood plasma proteins, and not only because it is the most numerous (up to 65% of all fractions). This protein ensures the constancy of circulating blood volumes, regulates oncotic pressure, carries carbohydrates and hormones, and binds substances potentially dangerous to the body, such as bilirubin.

Important: a condition in which the concentration of albumin in the blood is abnormally high is called hyperalbuminemia, and the reverse situation is called hypoalbuminemia. At the same time, an increased content of albumin for blood plasma is not typical, but if it occurs, it is accompanied by relative hyperalbuminuria (high levels of albumin in the urine).

Albumin in the blood is elevated - causes:

Dehydration of the body;

Transfusion of donor protein (20% albumin solution).

Albumin in the blood is lowered - causes:

starvation diets;

Pathologies of the digestive system that interfere with the normal absorption of proteins from food, including malignant tumors and disorders of the structure of the gastrointestinal tract;

Acute and chronic bacterial infections;

congestive heart failure;

Cirrhosis of the liver and other lesions of the hepatic parenchyma;

Extensive burns, crushed injuries, massive blood loss;

Ulcerative colitis;

Peritonitis;

Volvulus;

Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis;

nephrotic syndrome.

Norm:

Alpha-1: women and men - 1.4-3.0 g / l, children - 1.2-5.3 g / l

Alpha-2: women and men - 5.6-9.1 g / l, children - 6.8-10.5 g / l

Beta: women and men - 5.4-9.1 g / l, children - 4.5-9.0 g / l

Gamma: women and men - 8.1-17.0 g / l, children - 3.5-14.3 g / l

Globulin proteins are divided into four fractions: alpha-1, alpha-1, beta and gamma. As part of the interpretation of the results of a biochemical blood test, it is necessary to take into account the deviations of each of the listed indicators from the norm separately, as well as the combination of these deviations with each other.

Important: when a person has too high a level of globulins in the blood, this is hyperglobulinemia, and when it is too low, it is hypoglobulinemia. However, the violation of the concentration of all four fractions of this protein has its own diagnostic value.

These substances are produced by liver cells and belong to the so-called "acute phase proteins". This means that their content in the blood increases dramatically in the event of an inflammatory process, a violent allergic reaction, traumatic tissue damage, and emotional stress. Moreover, the more serious the problem, the more this indicator deviates from the norm upwards. And such a picture is observed almost immediately from the onset of the disease.

Alpha globulins in the blood are elevated - causes:

Damage to the body by infection (pneumonia, tuberculosis, polyarthritis, sepsis);

Injuries, burns, surgical interventions;

rheumatic fever;

malignant tumors;

Nephrotic syndrome (while the remaining globulin fractions will be lowered);

Reception of androgenic hormones.

Alpha globulins in the blood are lowered - the reasons:

General protein deficiency due to starvation or exhausting physical exertion;

respiratory failure;

intravascular hemolysis.

This fraction of proteins is involved in the transfer of iron and the prevention of its loss through urination, is involved in cholesterol metabolism and immune response reactions. Therefore, when deciphering the results of a biochemical blood test, the doctor necessarily pays attention to any deviations from the norms of the content of beta globulins, because this may indicate anemia, an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis, liver damage, or even an oncological process.

Beta globulins in the blood are elevated - causes:

Malignant tumors and blood diseases;

infectious hepatitis;

Mechanical jaundice;

Iron-deficiency anemia;

taking corticosteroids;

Pregnancy.

Beta globulins in the blood are lowered - the reasons:

Acute and chronic infections;

neoplastic processes;

Starvation diets, exhausting physical labor;

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract with impaired absorption of proteins.

This fraction of proteins is congenital and acquired immunoglobulins - antibodies that provide a person with stable humoral immunity. Therefore, a jump in their blood levels directly indicates a recent external threat to health. A constantly elevated concentration of gamma globulins accompanies most inflammatory, degenerative-dystrophic and autoimmune processes in the body.

Gamma globulins in the blood are elevated - causes:

Infectious lesions of internal organs (hepatitis, bronchitis, gastritis);

Cirrhosis of the liver, toxic effects on the body;

Gamma globulins in the blood are lowered - the reasons:

Long-term therapy with cytostatics or glucocorticoids;

Splenectomy;

Malignant lesions of the lymphatic system (Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphosarcoma);

nephrotic syndrome;

Exhaustion, malnutrition;

The period after plasmapheresis;

Pregnancy (sometimes);

Terminal stage of AIDS.

Norm:

Women and men - 2.0-4.0 g / l

Children - 1.2-3.8 g / l

Fibrinogen is a protein that is a blood coagulation factor and determines its viscosity. In addition, it acts as a building material in the process of tightening and healing wounds. Fibrinogen also belongs to acute-phase proteins, respectively, an increase in its level in the blood indicates the start of the inflammatory process. But since the main role of this protein is to ensure coagulation hemostasis, the excess is dangerous, first of all, the risk of blood clots in the vessels.

The concentration of fibrinogen in the blood of newborn babies is slightly lower than in adults, and usually does not exceed 3 g / l. But in pregnant women, as they approach childbirth, the level of this protein can rise to 6 g / l, and this is completely normal. Only significant deviations from the recommended indicators should cause alarm in those people who do not have natural physiological prerequisites for a deficiency or surplus of fibrinogen in the blood.

Important: the state when a person's fibrinogen level is above normal is called "hyperfibrinogenemia", and when it is lower - "hypofibrinogenemia".

Fibrinogen in the blood is elevated - causes:

Inflammatory diseases of the lungs (tuberculosis,);

Kidney pathologies (pyelonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis);

Liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis);

Infectious lesions of the digestive tract (gastritis, enterocolitis, peritonitis);

prostate cancer;

Metastases of malignant tumors in the bone marrow;

Deficiency of vitamins C and B12.

Norm:

Women - 12-76 mcg / g

Men - 19-92 mcg / l

Children - 10-68 mcg / l

Myoglobin is often called "muscle hemoglobin", and indeed, these proteins are very similar in structure - both carry ferrous iron, only the protein part of the molecules differs. But their functions are different: if hemoglobin runs along the bloodstream aboard red blood cells and carries oxygen to the organs, taking carbon dioxide back from them, then myoglobin sits in the muscles and stores oxygen to ensure internal tissue respiration. So, if damage occurs to myocytes - skeletal muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes - cells of the most important muscle of the human body, that is, the heart, then myoglobin will be thrown into the bloodstream in large quantities. From this it is clear that deciphering the results of a biochemical blood test for this indicator plays a crucial role in diagnosis.

Important: the condition when a person has an abnormally high concentration of myoglobin in the blood is called hypermyoglobinemia, and when it is not enough - hypomyoglobinemia.

Myoglobin in the blood is elevated - causes:

Any inflammatory processes in the muscles;

myocardial infarction;

uremic syndrome;

Burns, injuries, postoperative period.

Myoglobin in the blood is lowered - causes:

polymyositis;

Rheumatoid arthritis;

Norm:

Women - 1.85-4.05 g / l

Men - 2.0-3.8 g / l

Children - 2.0-4.0 g / l

Transferrin or siderophilin is a protein whose main task is to transport iron throughout the body to those places where there is a need for this element. Transferrin is produced by the liver and brain. In addition to the named function, this protein picks up ferric ions that have arisen after the decay of old erythrocytes and binds them, because they are toxic in a free state.

Transferrin "lives" mainly in the mucous membranes, where it constantly searches for and binds iron, including so that the pathogens of infectious diseases that get there are deprived of oxygen and cannot multiply. Transferrin belongs to the fraction of beta globulins and is involved in maintaining innate humoral immunity, therefore, deviations of this indicator from the norm when deciphering the results of a biochemical blood test are of great diagnostic value, especially when it comes to deficiency.

Important: if the patient's transferrin level in the blood is too high, they speak of hypertransferrinemia, and in the opposite situation - hypotransferrinemia.

Transferrin in the blood is elevated - causes:

Pregnancy;

Heavy bleeding (menstrual, nasal, rectal);

Iron-deficiency anemia;

The use of oral contraceptives containing estrogens.

Transferrin in the blood is lowered - causes:

Malignant neoplasms;

Any chronic inflammatory processes;

Hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver;

nephrotic syndrome;

Chemical and thermal burns;

hyperchromic anemia;

Thalassemia;

Hemochromatosis;

multiple myeloma;

Reception of androgens and corticosteroids;

Massive infusion of donated blood.

Norm:

Women - 22-180 mcg / l

Men - 30-310 mcg / l

Children - 7-140 mcg / l

Ferritin is a protein in the form of which the human body stores iron for future use. This protein is found in almost all organs and tissues, but it is especially abundant in the liver, gastrointestinal tract and inside the largest immune cells with phagocytic activity - monocytes. Ferritin works in conjunction with transferrin, a protein that binds iron. Together, these indicators, when deciphering the results of the “biochemistry” of blood, indicate the level of supply of the body with ferrum, which means they describe the risk of developing anemia.

Women have a lower concentration of ferritin in plasma, and this is the norm, since the fair sex naturally has fewer red blood cells and hemoglobin. During pregnancy, the content of ferritin in the body of the expectant mother falls even lower, because part of the iron reserves goes to the needs of the child. By the third trimester, the level of this protein is approximately 10-15 μg / l. But in newborn babies in the first days of life, ferritin levels are very high - up to 600 μg / l, because their hematopoietic system only “accelerates” and seeks to provide the body with fresh red blood cells as quickly as possible.

Important: if the concentration of ferritin in the blood is abnormally high, we are talking about hyperferritinemia, and if, on the contrary, it is too low, it is about hypoferritinemia.

Ferritin in the blood is elevated - causes:

Massive and repeated infusions of donor blood;

Uncontrolled intake of iron preparations;

Liver pathologies (cirrhosis, fatty hepatosis, viral hepatitis, toxic or alcoholic damage, obstructive jaundice, necrosis, cancer, metastases from other organs);

Blood diseases - thalassemia, leukemia;

malignant tumors;

collagenoses;

Any acute inflammatory processes and feverish conditions;

Burns, injuries.

Ferritin in the blood is lowered - causes:

iron deficiency;

Malabsorption syndrome;

nephrotic syndrome;

Pregnancy.

TIBC (total iron-binding capacity of serum)

Norm:

Women - 40.8-76.7 µmol / l

Men - 40.6-62.5 µmol / l

Children - 40.2-71.0 µmol / l

OZHSS is an indicator that, as part of deciphering the results of a biochemical blood test, indicates how much iron can theoretically “stick” to the transferrin protein and go on board to the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells. In addition, the iron-binding function of serum is needed to ensure the return path - from the sites of destruction of old blood cells by macrophages to the storage of iron reserves in the form of ferritin protein. OGSS may otherwise be referred to as "total transferrin".

OZHSS increased - reasons:

Pregnancy;

Blood loss (heavy menstruation,);

Hypochromic anemia;

Thalassemia;

Hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver;

iron deficiency;

Taking oral contraceptives.

OZhSS lowered - reasons:

Some types of anemia (sickle cell, hemolytic, pernicious);

Hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis;

Nephrosis, degeneration of the renal tubules;

Exhaustion of the body, protein deficiency;

Chronic infectious processes;

Iron poisoning due to its excess in the diet or intake in the form of drugs;

Malignant tumors (sometimes).

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Norm:

Women, men and children - up to 5 mg / l

This is a rather old, but informative laboratory test, which can be used to judge the presence or absence of an acute inflammatory process in the patient's body. In this regard, C-reactive protein is comparable to the ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). However, CRP describes the course of the disease much more accurately and better, because this acute-phase protein increases its concentration in blood plasma by more than 100 times within a few hours from the manifestation of inflammation and returns to normal a week after recovery. While ESR and leukocytes behave abnormally for a long time, and they do not immediately react to the onset of the disease.

In a healthy person, C-reactive protein in the blood is present in minimal amounts or is not detected at all, so we will only discuss possible explanations for high rates in the framework of deciphering the results of “biochemistry”.

C-reactive protein in the blood is elevated - causes:

myocardial infarction;

Bacterial and viral infections;

Acute and chronic inflammatory processes in the internal organs;

Injuries, burns, postoperative period;

Oncological diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphatic systems;

Autoimmune pathologies.

Norm:

Women, men and children - up to 14 IU / ml

Rheumatoid factor (RF) is a group of antibodies, 90% of which belong to class M immunoglobulins, and 10% to classes A, E and G. As the name implies, rheumatoid factor is needed to diagnose the corresponding disease, but not only this the indicator in the blood can be increased in some other inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies.

Against the background of the most common form of rheumatoid arthritis, that is, synovitis, the level of RF increases in 80% of patients. For healthy people and children of any gender, the norms are the same - up to 14 IU / ml. But keep in mind that in old age (after 65-70 years) the values ​​of the rheumatoid factor may increase slightly, and this will not necessarily indicate a disease.

Rheumatoid factor increased - causes:

Autoimmune pathologies (rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome,);

Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of various etiologies (flu, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, mononucleosis, syphilis, hepatitis);

Taking certain drugs (methyldopa, contraceptives);

hyperglobulinemia;

Oncological diseases of the blood, malignant tumors;

postoperative period.

Antistreptolysin-O (ASLO)

Norm:

Women and men - up to 200 U / l

Children - up to 150 U / l

Antistreptolysin-O (ASLO, ASO) are antibodies that the human body produces in response to the toxic effect of the poison of the same name. Streptolysin is secreted by group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (BSHA, pyogenic streptococcus) during its life. This infectious agent is very dangerous, especially for children, since the diseases provoked by it often lead to the development of severe complications, for example, rheumatic heart disease. But for adults who have had a sore throat, which is often caused by pyogenic streptococcus, it will not hurt to take a biochemical blood test to find out whether this insidious microorganism led to the disease, and if so, how much "destruction" he did.

Antistreptolysin-O (ASLO) in the blood is elevated - causes:

Any inflammatory diseases caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, for example, angina, otitis media, pneumonia, myositis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, meningitis, osteomyelitis, glomerulonephritis, endocarditis, rheumatism, sepsis, toxic shock syndrome.

Norm:

Women - 11-43 ng / ml

Men - 14-43 ng / ml

40-250 ng/ml

Osteocalcin is a protein produced by young bone cells called osteoblasts. This protein is contained mainly in the intercellular space, and its synthesis directly depends on the presence in the body of a sufficient amount of calcium, vitamins D and K. In addition, the production of osteocalcin is influenced by the hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid glands - calcitonin and parathyrin.

In children, the level of osteocalcin in the blood is significantly higher than in adults, especially in the first years of life and during puberty. This is explained very simply - the child grows, his skeleton changes, the bones stretch, thicken and get stronger. But if the concentration of osteocalcin in the blood plasma is abnormally high in a person in adulthood, this does not mean anything good, as, indeed, if it is too low.

Deciphering the results of biochemical analysis for this indicator plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of bone disease, osteoporosis, which is common among older women.

Important: a condition in which a person has a very high level of osteocalcin in the blood is called “hyperosteocalcinemia”, and the opposite situation is “hypoosteocalcinemia”.

Osteocalcin in the blood is elevated - causes:

multiple myeloma;

Primary biliary cirrhosis of the liver.

Fats (lipids)

Cardiovascular pathologies are the leading cause of death in all developed countries of the world. And the occurrence of these diseases, first of all, is caused by disorders of fat metabolism, due to which cholesterol plaques form on the inner walls of blood vessels. To assess the risk of developing atherosclerosis, heart attack and stroke in a particular patient, a lipid profile is performed as part of a biochemical blood test, or, in other words, a “lipid profile” of a person is compiled.

Among the indicators of interest to the doctor is not only the total cholesterol level, but also the content of each of its fractions in the blood plasma, that is, high, low and very low density lipoproteins. In addition, it is necessary to assess the degree of triglyceride concentration and calculate the atherogenic coefficient, based on the results obtained. Only then can one accurately judge whether a person is threatened with problems with the heart and blood vessels in the near future.

Norm:

Women - 3.0-6.2 mmol / l

Men - 3.0-6.9 mmol / l

Children - 2.2-5.2 mmol / l

Cholesterol is a polycyclic lipophilic alcohol that is part of bile, participates in the formation of cell membranes, acts as a precursor of some hormones and performs many more functions, so it is wrong to consider it harmful. In addition, there are several types of cholesterol, unequal in properties. For human health, not only the normal level of cholesterol in the blood is important, but also the correct ratio between its fractions. It is produced in the liver, and also enters the body with food, while the excess is excreted through the intestines.

Important: a condition in which a person has too high a concentration of cholesterol in the blood plasma is called hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia or dyslipidemia, and the reverse situation is called hypocholesterolemia.

Increased total cholesterol in the blood - causes:

Diabetes;

Obesity;

Stagnant processes in the gallbladder;

kidney failure;

Some oncological diseases;

Thyroid dysfunction;

genetic feature;

Alcoholism.

Total cholesterol in the blood is lowered - causes:

Lipid-poor diet, malnutrition;

Liver failure;

Frequent stress;

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that interfere with the absorption of fats;

Hyperthyroidism;

congenital anomaly.

Norm:

Women - 1.5-4.5 mmol / l

Men - 1.6-4.9 mmol / l

Children - 1.5-3.5 mmol / l

Low-density lipoprotein is the type of cholesterol that is rightfully considered unhealthy. And this is sad, because LDL accounts for up to 70% of all representatives of this class of substances. “Bad” cholesterol is formed from “very bad”, that is, from VLDL, under the influence of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.

LDL perform a transport function - they carry triglycerides on themselves. If more fat is supplied to the body with food than energy is spent, fat deposits form under the skin and around internal organs, obesity develops, and LDL "have a hand" in this process, delivering excess lipids through the bloodstream to fat "depots".

But this is not the worst - low-density lipoproteins are called so because they are liquid, and even sticky. Traveling through the vessels, LDL attaches to their inner surface in those places where there are irregularities and microdamages, gradually accumulate, form atherosclerotic plaques and clog the lumen.

LDL levels in the blood are elevated - causes:

Irrational nutrition with an excess of unhealthy fats in the diet;

Sedentary lifestyle;

Endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism);

Hypertonic disease;

cholelithiasis;

kidney failure;

Smoking and alcohol abuse;

hereditary factor.

Low LDL in the blood - causes:

Acute infectious diseases;

Liver failure;

Hyperthyroidism;

Pregnancy;

Norm:

Women - 0.13-0.63 mmol / l

Men - 0.15-0.68 mmol / l

Children - 0.1-0.5 mmol / l

Very low density lipoproteins are synthesized by the liver from excess fats and carbohydrates ingested with food. VLDL consist mainly of triglycerides, and there is little cholesterol in them, so they can bind it and in this way turn simply into LDL. The molecules of these lipoproteins are the largest in size among all their counterparts.

A significant increase in the level of "very bad" cholesterol in the blood will be obvious to the laboratory assistant even without deciphering the results of biochemical analysis. Because the blood at the same time becomes cloudy and acquires a milky hue. This happens in people with severe forms of diabetes, obesity and kidney failure.

Norm:

Women - 0.8-2.1 mmol / l

Men - 0.7-1.6 mmol / l

Children - 0.9-1.9 mmol / l

High-density lipoproteins are also known as "good" cholesterol. They contain a lot of phospholipids that keep "bad" cholesterol in suspension and prevent it from leaving the bloodstream. HDL transport excess fat to the liver for disposal, while they have a dense structure and along the way they clean off atherosclerotic plaques formed by a harmful counterpart from the inner surface of the vessels. Therefore, a lack of “good” cholesterol is just as dangerous to health as an excess of “bad” cholesterol.

HDL in the blood is elevated - causes:

Excess fatty fish, vegetable oils in the diet;

Biliary cirrhosis and fatty degeneration of the liver;

HDL in the blood is lowered - the reasons:

Insufficient intake of foods containing beneficial fatty acids;

A rare hereditary pathology is Tangier's disease, in which there is little HDL in the blood, and a lot in organs and tissues.

Norm:

Women - 0.40-2.20 mmol / l

Men - 0.45-3.70 mmol / l

Children - 0.34-1.48 mmol / l

Triglycerides are metabolites into which the body converts all excess fats and carbohydrates from food. It is in the form of triglycerides that our body stores reserves in order to break them down if necessary and use the energy received for current needs. However, practice shows that in the modern world, hunger rarely happens, but many people have the habit of overeating and a love for tasty, fatty foods. It makes no sense to consider the reasons for the low levels of triglycerides when deciphering the results of a biochemical analysis, because in a healthy person these substances should be detected in the blood plasma in minimal quantities.

Triglycerides are elevated - causes:

Abuse of fatty and carbohydrate foods, regular overeating;

Obesity;

Diabetes;

Hypertension, ischemia, atherosclerosis;

gallstone disease, hepatitis;

Renal failure, nephrotic syndrome;

Myxedema;

pancreatitis;

Alcoholism;

Long-term use of corticosteroid hormones, diuretics, beta-blockers.

Norm:

Women - 1.7-2.8

Men - 2.0-3.0

Children - 1.5-2.5

This indicator closes the lipidogram in the form of the results of a biochemical blood test and allows you to make a final conclusion about the degree of risk of developing atherosclerosis and other serious cardiovascular pathologies in a particular patient.

Important: the coefficient of atherogenicity is calculated by the formula: (LDL + VLDL) / HDL

The value obtained in children should not exceed 2.5, in young people - 3, in the elderly - 3.5. If the coefficient goes off scale for 4, it's time to sound the alarm: review the diet, lose weight, treat chronic diseases that further exacerbate this problem. With an indicator of more than 5, a person probably already has atherosclerosis.

Sugar (carbs)

According to the World Health Organization, over the past 100 years, the consumption of sugar and easily digestible carbohydrates in developed countries has increased 20 times. Affordable food, for the most part, has an unnatural composition. The food industry has acquired dozens of new chemical additives that give a pleasant taste and appetizing look to cheap products and extend their shelf life. Fast food has become widespread, millions of people have already become addicted to hamburgers, french fries and sweet soda. All this could not but lead to an increase in cases of endocrine disorders in adults and children, primarily diabetes.

Norm:

Women and men - 3.3-5.5 mmol / l

Children - 2.5-5.5 mmol / l

Glucose or hexose is the main monosaccharide that gives energy to the brain and other vital organs and tissues. The so-called white sugar is found in any sweets and confectionery, as well as in most prepared and canned foods. When we eat them, glucose begins to break down in the mouth, and then this process continues in the intestines under the guidance of the hormone insulin secreted by the pancreas.

Satisfying hunger with “simple” carbohydrates is not difficult, because energy will almost immediately enter the bloodstream. But then the glucose concentration will decrease as quickly as it rose, and the person will want to eat again. If he regularly succumbs to such temptation, the pancreas will cease to cope with the load and diabetes will develop. However, an abnormal glucose level when deciphering the results of a biochemical blood test can indicate a number of other pathologies.

Increased blood glucose - causes:

Excess consumption of sweets;

Diabetes;

Inflammatory and oncological diseases of the pancreas;

Traumatic brain injuries and brain tumors;

Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland and adrenal cortex;

Liver failure;

burn disease;

Severe stress, unusually intense physical activity;

Taking certain drugs (psychotropic, sleeping pills);

Condition after hemodialysis.

Low blood glucose - causes:

Malnutrition, starvation diets;

Hyperactivity of the pancreas, a specific tumor - insulinoma;

Incorrect calculation of insulin dosage in diabetics;

Diseases of the digestive tract and liver, leading to impaired absorption of sugars;

Congenital intolerance to fructose, lactose, gluten;

Pregnancy.

Norm:

Women and men - 205-285 µmol / l

Children - 195-271 µmol / l

When glucose enters the blood, it binds to blood proteins, which is called the glycation reaction. As a result of the combination of glucose with albumin, the glycated protein fructosamine is obtained. Its peculiarity is that it does not leave the bloodstream for quite a long time - up to twenty days, such is the duration of its life. Therefore, when deciphering the results of a biochemical analysis, this indicator will characterize the average concentration of glucose in the blood for 2-3 weeks.

For people with diabetes, it is very important to constantly maintain normal sugar levels, and the fructosamine test is a very convenient and effective method of monitoring. If the data does not suit the doctor, it will be possible to make adjustments to the treatment regimen or change the dosage of insulin. Such an analysis is often prescribed for pregnant women suffering from diabetes, and newborn babies with suspected pathology of carbohydrate metabolism.

Fructosamine in the blood is increased - causes:

Diabetes;

Hypothyroidism;

Syndrome Itsenko-Cushing;

Trauma and tumors of the brain.

Fructosamine in the blood is lowered - the reasons:

diabetic nephropathy;

nephrotic syndrome;

Taking large doses of vitamin C.

Norm:

Women, men and children - 1.2-1.6 mmol / l

Seromucoids or seroglycoids are complex proteins containing several groups of carbohydrates in the form of monosaccharide residues. A favorite habitat for these serum glycoproteins is connective tissue. If cells are damaged or destroyed due to any cause (trauma, inflammation, autoimmune or malignant process), seromucoids are released and released into the blood. This means that if this indicator in the decoding of a biochemical blood test is above the norm, then there is some kind of pathology affecting the connective tissues.

Seromucoids are elevated - causes:

Oncological diseases;

Chronic inflammatory processes (tuberculosis, pancreatitis, glomerulonephritis);

Autoimmune pathologies (scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis);

Thyroid dysfunction;

Myocardial or cerebral infarction;

Cholelithiasis;

Seromucoids are lowered - causes:

Hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty degeneration, liver cancer;

Wilson-Konovalov syndrome.

In this group of substances, the most important for the study are the so-called "liver tests" (AlAT and AsAT), as well as amylase, which characterizes the functional status of the pancreas. But there are other enzymes that can be used to judge the state of internal organs, in particular, the heart. When you have a ready-made biochemical blood test on hand, deciphering the results by enzyme indicators is usually not difficult, since the norms for adults and children differ slightly, and the tolerance limits are quite narrow, because the production of enzymes in people of any age and gender is approximately the same. There are few exceptions to this rule, we will also discuss them.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, ALT)

Norm:

Women - up to 35 U / l

Men - up to 41 U / l

Children - up to 30 U / l

The composition of "liver tests" includes the enzymes ALT and AST, for convenience, simply referred to as alates and asats. Moreover, if it is necessary to assess the health of the liver, then these indicators are always examined together, and if there is a suspicion of heart problems, then they are usually limited to checking the ASAT for compliance with the standards.

Alanine aminotransferase is mainly concentrated in the liver, but it is also abundant in other organs with parenchyma (a set of cells with specific functions). In the case of the liver, these are hepatocytes, with the pancreas, acinocytes, and so on. AlAT is located in the cytoplasm of these cells, and if the level of its concentration significantly exceeds the norm, then the organ is covered by an inflammatory, autoimmune, neoplastic or degenerative-dystrophic process. Moreover, as a rule, we are talking about a disease that has just begun (trauma, toxic damage) or an exacerbation of an already existing pathology. The rest of the time, alanine aminotransferase behaves calmly.

ALT (AlAT) in the blood is increased - causes:

Any form of hepatitis;

Damage to the hepatic parenchyma by alcohol, pesticides and other poisons;

Infectious mononucleosis;

Acute rheumatic heart disease;

The period after heart surgery, catheterization of cardiac vessels;

Infectious mononucleosis;

Hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver;

Cholangitis;

Toxic damage to the hepatic parenchyma (alcohol, poisonous mushrooms);

Acute pancreatitis;

hemolytic syndrome;

AST (AST) in the blood is lowered - the reasons:

Rupture or necrosis of the liver;

Vitamin B6 deficiency.

Norm:

Women, men and children - up to 120 U / l

This enzyme breaks down complex carbohydrates from food into simple sugars so that they can be absorbed into the blood and provide organs and tissues with the necessary energy. Part of alpha-amylase is produced by the salivary glands, but the main supplier of this digestive enzyme or enzyme is the pancreas. Pancreatic amylase is more powerful than salivary amylase and can process even raw starch.

Normally, at night, the level of alpha-amylase in the blood plasma falls according to biorhythms, this is another reason why you should not run to the refrigerator at a later time - you can earn yourself pancreatitis. In general, deciphering the results of the "biochemistry" of blood according to this indicator is necessary for the diagnosis of any diseases of the pancreas, and not only.

Alpha-amylase in the blood is increased - causes:

Exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis;

Perforation of a peptic ulcer in the pancreas;

mumps (mumps);

Intestinal obstruction;

Peritonitis;

diabetic acidosis;

kidney failure;

Poisoning with methyl alcohol and other poisons;

Taking certain drugs (diuretics, antibiotics, synthetic hormones, narcotic analgesics).

Alpha-amylase in the blood is lowered - causes:

Pancreatic necrosis;

Thyrotoxicosis;

myocardial infarction;

Hepatitis, liver cancer;

polymyositis;

Hypermetabolism of skeletal muscles;

Crash syndrome (prolonged tissue compression);

Acute rheumatic heart disease;

Heart failure;

Hypoxia, hyperthermia, shock;

Spasm of skeletal muscles;

Poisoning by alcohol and poisons;

Raynaud's syndrome;

Epilepsy;

Affective insanity;

Schizophrenia;

Hypothyroidism;

Oncological diseases;

Radiation sickness;

Bedsores in bedridden patients;

Significant power physical activity;

Intramuscular injections of certain drugs (analgesics, antibiotics, psychotropic, sedative and narcotic drugs).

Creatine kinase in the blood is lowered - causes:

Hyperthyroidism;

Lack of muscle mass;

Sedentary lifestyle.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Norm:

Women - 120-214 U / l

Men - 135-240 U / l

Children - 100-290 U / l

Lactate dehydrogenase is a glycolytic intracellular enzyme that accelerates the conversion of lactic acid (lactate) into pyruvates, that is, salts of pyruvic acid. Most LDH is found in humans in the heart, liver, kidneys, and red blood cells. There are five isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase: LDH-1 increases with myocardial infarction, LDH-2, 3 and 4 actively increase their concentration with the death of red blood cells, and the level of LDH-5 increases with hepatitis. But deviations from the norm of the content of any type of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood when deciphering the results of a biochemical analysis should alert the attending physician, because this can indicate a number of serious pathologies.

LDH in the blood is increased - causes:

Acute myocardial or pulmonary infarction;

Heart and lung failure;

Pernicious and hemolytic anemia;

Any inflammatory processes in the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, pancreas;

Pulmonary embolism;

The debut of viral hepatitis;

Malignant tumors with metastases;

Blood diseases (thalassemia, granulocytosis, leukemia);

Deficiency of vitamins B9 and B12;

Massive destruction of platelets;

Injuries and dystrophic lesions of skeletal muscles.

Alcoholic delirium;

Hypothyroidism;

burn disease;

Eclampsia.

LDH in the blood is lowered - the reasons:

hereditary gene mutation;

Accelerated breakdown of glucose in people with high physical activity, professional athletes.

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, GGTP)

Norm:

Women - up to 32 U / l

Men - up to 49 U / l

Children - up to 23 U / l

GGT is a membrane-binding enzyme that takes part in the construction of new protein molecules and is an important participant in many biochemical reactions in the body. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is located mainly in the tissues of the liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen and gallbladder. As part of the interpretation of the results of a biochemical blood test, the so-called “liver tests” are separately considered, which, along with AlAT, AsAT, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, include GGT. But this figure may be higher than normal and with problems in the work of other organs.

GGT in the blood is increased - causes:

GSD, cholestasis and obstructive jaundice;

Viral hepatitis;

Compensated cirrhosis and fatty degeneration of the liver;

Toxic or radiation damage to the hepatic parenchyma;

Liver cancer and metastases from other organs;

Glomerulonephritis;

myocardial infarction;

chronic alcoholism;

Taking certain drugs (antiepileptic, hormonal, diuretic, anti-tuberculosis, antirheumatic, contraceptive, cytostatic).

GGT in the blood is lowered - the reasons:

Decompensated cirrhosis;

Liver necrosis.

Norm:

Women and men - up to 190 U / l

Children - up to 130 U / l

Lipase is a digestive enzyme that is designed specifically to break down fats that have entered the body with food. Bile acids and the coenzyme lipase (colipase) are also necessary for the successful process. When deciphering the results of "biochemistry" of blood in adults and children, the level of lipase is paid attention, first of all, in connection with the diagnosis of diseases of the pancreas, since the enzyme is synthesized by this particular organ. But deviations of this indicator from the norm can also characterize other pathologies.

Lipase in the blood is increased - causes:

Acute pancreatitis;

Cholecystitis;

cholelithiasis, cholestasis;

Oncological diseases of the pancreas;

Diabetes;

• Obesity;

  Perforation of an ulcer of the pancreas or stomach;

  The use of certain medications (Indomethacin, Heparin, barbiturates, narcotic painkillers).

Lipase in the blood is lowered - the reasons:

Condition after resection of the pancreas;

Unbalanced, poor nutrition;

congenital feature of the body.

Norm:

Women and men - 20-130 U / l

Children - 100-600 U / l

The general term "alkaline phosphatase" when deciphering the results of biochemical analysis means as many as 11 isoenzymes. Of greatest diagnostic importance are the hepatic, biliary, intestinal, bone and placental types of alkaline phosphatase. This enzyme plays a leading role in calcium-phosphorus metabolism - it splits off phosphoric acid residues from its organic compounds.

In children, the content of alkaline phosphatase in the blood plasma is significantly higher than in adults, especially at the peak of growth, that is, in infancy and puberty. This is due to the fact that their skeleton, organs and tissues are actively formed and developed. And in the elderly, especially women, alkaline phosphatase serves as a marker of the risk of osteoporosis. In addition, the placental isoenzyme responds to the presence of tumors of the female genital area, such as cervical cancer. During pregnancy, closer to childbirth, the level of total alkaline phosphatase in the body of the expectant mother also increases. But this is the norm, but the pathological changes in this “biochemistry” indicator need to be discussed separately.

Alkaline phosphatase in the blood is increased - causes:

Cirrhosis, necrosis, primary liver cancer or metastases to it from other organs;

Cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, biliary colic and obstructive jaundice;

Congenital osteonephropathy;

prematurity;

• cytomegaly;

  osteomalacia;

  The period after a bone fracture;

  Malignant processes in bone tissue (sarcoma);

  Paget's disease;

  Leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis;

  Infectious mononucleosis;

  multiple myeloma;

  Hyperparathyroidism, diffuse toxic goiter;

  Sarcoidosis;

  Inflammatory and oncological diseases of the female genital organs and mammary glands;

  Deficiency of calcium and phosphorus.

Alkaline phosphatase in the blood is lowered - causes:

Osteoporosis;

Myxedema;

Severe forms of anemia;

Deficiency of vitamins C, B6, B9, B12, zinc, magnesium;

Excess vitamin D due to uncontrolled intake of dietary supplements;

Norm:

Women and men - 0.1-0.63 U / l

Children - 0.67-1.07 U / l

Acid phosphatase, or rather, its prostatic isoenzyme (PSA), serves as a reliable marker for the presence of an oncological process in the male genital area. It is for the diagnosis of prostate cancer that a biochemical blood test for the level of acid phosphatase is usually performed, because its other isoenzymes are uninformative. Moreover, if the tumor is localized only inside the prostate, then the indicator exceeds the norm only in 25% of men, and if the malignant neoplasm already metastasizes to other organs and tissues, then in 90% of cases the study will reveal the pathology.

Important: it is impossible to carry out an analysis to determine the content of prostatic phosphatase in the blood within 3 days after any manipulations affecting the organ (finger examination, massage, biopsy, cystoscopy). This will cause an unjustified increase in the indicator.

Acid phosphatase in the blood is increased - causes:

Prostate cancer, its metastases;

Multiple myeloma and other myeloproliferative pathologies;

Gaucher disease;

thromboembolism;

Fever Syndrome.

Acid phosphatase in the blood is lowered - causes:

thrombocytopenia.

Norm:

Women - 4400-13500 U / l

Men - 5300-12900 U / l

Children - 6400-15500 U / l

Cholinesterase is an enzyme necessary for the breakdown of choline esters. There are two isoenzymes, simply cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase, both produced by the liver. But the first is constantly in the blood, where it binds to albumin, therefore it is called serum, and the second is present mainly in the muscles and nervous tissue, where it participates in the conduction of nerve impulses.

When deciphering the results of biochemical analysis, a low level of cholinesterase in the blood characterizes the inhibition of the synthetic function of the liver. This means that hepatocytes do not cope well with their tasks, and the lower the indicator, the more severe the pathology. But too high a concentration of this enzyme does not mean anything good.

Cholinesterase in the blood is increased - causes:

Diabetes mellitus of the second type;

Bronchial asthma;

nephrotic syndrome;

Obesity;

Hypertension;

Exudative enteritis;

Alcoholism.

Cholinesterase in the blood is lowered - causes:

Cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis;

Heart failure with congestion in the liver;

Poisoning with alcohol, arsenic, poisonous mushrooms, insecticides;

myocardial infarction;

Malignant diseases of the blood and lymphatic system (lymphogranulomatosis, plasmacytoma);

Pulmonary embolism;

Dermatomyositis;

Hypoalbuminemia;

postoperative period.

Bilirubin, a yellow-brown substance with toxic properties, has the leading diagnostic value among all the pigments of the human body in the framework of the "biochemistry" of blood. Even people who are far from medicine are well aware that a high level of bilirubin in the blood is very dangerous and is a sign of liver pathologies. Meanwhile, for the first time people encounter this situation when they become parents: everyone knows about the jaundice of newborns, which is the norm and disappears a few days after the baby is born. But if this does not happen on time, you need to sound the alarm. However, a normal indicator of the concentration of bilirubin in the blood is important at any age.

Norm:

Women, men and children - up to 20.5 µmol / l

Total bilirubin is necessarily present in the form with the results of a biochemical blood test. If this pigment is capable of poisoning the body, why does our body produce it, you ask. The fact is that bilirubin acts as a metabolite during the natural destruction of red blood cells that have served their purpose (up to 85%), as well as other organic compounds that have iron in their composition, for example, myoglobin (up to 15%). Therefore, we cannot completely avoid its presence. However, in a healthy person, the same amount of bilirubin is excreted from the body every day as is released from newly dead red blood cells - about 0.3 grams, so the norm is constantly maintained and intoxication does not occur.

As for newborns, immediately after their birth, their bilirubin content in the blood is quite familiar, about 22 µmol / l. But on the fourth day, it can reach huge values ​​- up to 120 µmol / l. This is due to the fact that the baby's hematopoietic system is rapidly released from fetal erythrocytes in order to develop its own, fresh blood cells.

Important: an abnormally high level of bilirubin in the blood is called hyperbilirubinemia, and the word "hypobilirubinemia" is not used in medical practice, because a person should normally have very little of this pigment.

Total bilirubin is elevated - causes:

Mass lysis of erythrocytes;

Primary biliary cirrhosis of the liver;

cholelithiasis, cholestasis, obstructive jaundice;

Oncological diseases of the liver and gallbladder;

Hepatitis of any etiology;

Violation of the production of enzymes responsible for the binding of bilirubin.

Bilirubin direct (bound)

Norm:

Women, men and children - 0.86-5.3 µmol / l

Direct, conjugated or conjugated bilirubin is the pigment that is already in the liver and is about to leave the body through the intestines along with bile. The share of this substance accounts for up to 30% of total bilirubin. The associated form does not pose a health hazard, but an increase in this indicator relative to the norm when deciphering the results of a biochemical blood test should still be alarming, because it is always combined with an excess of total bilirubin in the body. And this is due to any pathological conditions in which the outflow of bile is impaired.

Direct bilirubin is elevated - causes:

Hepatitis of any type;

Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cholangitis;

Obstructive jaundice;

Cirrhosis and liver cancer;

Bilirubin indirect (free)

Norm:

Women, men and children - 1.7-17.0 µmol / l

Indirect, unbound or unconjugated bilirubin is the pigment that has just formed from dead red blood cells and is still in the blood. From there, it can penetrate healthy cells and disrupt their functions, so it must be bound with enzymes as soon as possible and sent to the liver, then it can leave the body along with bile. The share of indirect bilirubin accounts for up to 70% of the total. Exceeding the norms of this indicator when deciphering the results of "biochemistry" of blood indicates a number of serious pathologies, and the more significant the deviation, the worse.

Indirect bilirubin in the blood is elevated - causes:

• Iron in the blood is increased - causes:

  Hemochromatosis;

  Some anemias are an aplastic, hypoplastic form;

  Deficiency of vitamins B6, B9, B12;

  lead poisoning;

  Violations of hemoglobin synthesis;

  Uncontrolled intake of iron preparations.

  Iron in the blood is lowered - causes:

  Infectious and oncological diseases;

  Iron-deficiency anemia;

  Massive blood loss;

  Poor diet, starvation diets;

  Vegetarian nature of nutrition;

  Severe stress;

  Pregnancy;

  Taking certain drugs (steroid hormones, NSAIDs).

  

  Norm:

  Women and men - 97-108 mmol / l

  Children - 95-116 mmol / l

  Chlorine is the main anion that regulates the water-salt balance in tandem with sodium and potassium cations. A person needs chlorine to maintain normal blood pressure, prevent hypertension, edema and heart attacks, ensure the smooth functioning of the digestive tract and liver. Deciphering the results of a biochemical blood test for this indicator will be useful to all people who have problems with digestion, the cardiovascular and endocrine systems.

  Important: a condition in which the level of chlorine in the blood is elevated is called hyperchloremia, and the reverse situation is called hypochloremia.

  Chlorine in the blood is elevated - causes:

  • kidney failure;

    Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex;

    Deficiency of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin.

  Chlorine in the blood is low - causes:

  Dehydration of the body due to prolonged diarrhea, vomiting or hyperhidrosis;

  Abuse of diuretics and laxatives;

  Traumatic brain injury;

  Education: Moscow Medical Institute. I. M. Sechenov, specialty - "Medicine" in 1991, in 1993 "Occupational diseases", in 1996 "Therapy".

globulins (α1, α2, γ, β)

Over 60 years old: 62-81 g/l

40-45 years old - 0.51-2.16

45-50 years old - 0.52-2.42

50-55 years old - 0.59-2.63

55-60 years old - 0.62-2.96

60-65 years old - 0.63-2.70