The most common diseases of children under one year old. Hypothyroidism - a disease of young children

With the birth of a child, parents have new problems and experiences associated with the slightest anxiety of the crumbs or with any, even a mild, illness of the baby. What diseases are most common among children of the first year of life? Unfortunately, there are not so few of them, and some of them develop already in the first days of a baby's life. Let's talk about the most common diseases in children under 1 year old.

Unhealed umbilical wound and omphalitis

If the skin around the umbilical wound turns red or purulent discharge appears from it, then the child should be urgently shown to the doctor.

An umbilical wound is formed in an infant by about 3-5 days of life at the site of the fallen umbilical cord residue. Until the umbilical wound is completely healed (by the 10-14th day of life), it is necessary to bathe the baby in boiled water with the addition of potassium permanganate to a slightly pink color. After bathing with cleanly washed hands on a clean diaper, the wound is treated:

• with a cotton swab dipped in 3% hydrogen peroxide, remove the discharge from the wound;
• remove the remaining hydrogen peroxide with a new stick;
• lubricate the wound with 2% alcohol solution of brilliant green.

Baby underwear (undershirts, diapers, sliders), ironed after washing on both sides, must be changed several times a day, without closing the wound with a diaper.

If the umbilical wound gets wet, blood or pus is discharged from it, reddening of the skin around the wound, you should notify the pediatrician or patronage nurse. In this case, we can talk about omphalitis - a bacterial (caused by streptococci or staphylococci) inflammation of the bottom of the umbilical fossa. Weeping of the navel and omphalitis develop when the rules for hygienic treatment of the umbilical wound are violated.

At the same time, it may suffer general state crumbs:

• the child shows anxiety, cries or, conversely, becomes lethargic;
• sucks badly at the breast;
• loses weight;
• the temperature may rise.

Treatment consists in treating the navel up to 4 times a day. In more severe cases, the doctor prescribes antibiotics.

Umbilical hernia

An umbilical hernia is the exit of internal organs (most often intestinal loops) through a large umbilical ring - a weak spot on the anterior abdominal wall in an infant. It is diagnosed in the infant period of life quite often. Hernial protrusion, visible to the naked eye, is formed when the baby strains, when crying due to an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

Upon detection umbilical hernia the child must be shown to the surgeon. After the hernia is reduced, the doctor will apply a patch for 10 days. Such treatment sessions are used several times. In addition, physiotherapy exercises and massage are prescribed (they should be carried out by a specialist).

When the baby can hold the head, you should lay it out on a hard surface on the tummy. This will contribute not only to the repositioning of the organs in their place, but also to the normalization of the stool, which will eliminate the need to strain.

If the hernia does not disappear by the age of one, then the child will need an operation in a planned manner. Usually, the operation is performed from the age of 3, and sometimes even earlier if the hernia falls out frequently. This is done to avoid strangulation of the hernia.

Newborn jaundice

Jaundice of newborns can be physiological and pathological.

Most cases of icteric staining of the skin and mucous membranes in a newborn are a manifestation of physiological processes in his body during the period of adaptation after birth.

Jaundice appears on the 2-3rd day of life and is due to the fact that the liver has not yet formed enough enzymes to neutralize toxic bilirubin, which is formed during the massive destruction of hemoglobin in an infant after birth.

Normally, bilirubin neutralized in the liver cells is excreted after a series of transformations from the body with feces and urine. In an infant, the liver does not have time to neutralize all bilirubin, its level in the blood rises and quickly stains the skin and mucous membranes in a bright yellow color. Such physiological jaundice does not pose a threat to the child. It develops in 60% of full-term and about 90% of premature babies and resolves spontaneously in 2-3 weeks.

Some newborns have physiological jaundice for more than 3 weeks. This may be related to the transition physiological jaundice in breastfeeding jaundice. Mother's milk contains a substance that inhibits or blocks the formation of liver enzymes. The reason for this phenomenon has not been elucidated, but such jaundice is also not dangerous for the baby.

But still, if jaundice has not disappeared within 3 weeks, it is necessary to conduct research to determine the causes of such jaundice, which may be dangerous for the baby.

Such jaundice may be:

• , that is, developed with the ongoing massive destruction of red blood cells, for example, with a Rh-conflict (mismatch) of the blood of a child and mother;
• hepatic - in violation of the function of the liver cells, for example, in congenital hepatitis;
• - arising due to obstruction of the biliary tract in a baby (requires surgical treatment).

Any of the named pathological jaundice requires monitoring of bilirubin levels and possibly treatment. If the level of bilirubin slightly exceeds the norm, but no longer rises, then the child continues to be monitored. If its level exceeds the normal 10 times and continues to grow, this situation is fraught with toxic effects on brain cells and requires urgent treatment.

As a treatment, a safe method, phototherapy, is used: the child is placed (protecting his eyes with special glasses) under a bright lamp for several hours or days. In extremely severe cases, an exchange transfusion is used.

Skin problems

The skin of newborns is very vulnerable and permeable to infections. This is due to the characteristics of the baby's skin:

• she is gentle and easily hurt;
• blood vessels are located superficially;
• when overheated, moisture evaporates intensively.

Therefore, the baby's skin requires special care, otherwise serious problems may arise.

1. Diaper rash

Diaper rash is called inflammation of areas of the skin with prolonged exposure to moisture or friction. Most often they occur in the inguinal, axillary, intergluteal, cervical folds or behind the auricles.

Depending on the manifestations, 3 degrees of diaper rash are distinguished:

• I st. - slight redness, the integrity of the skin is not broken;
• II Art. - bright redness, microcracks, erosion;
• III Art. - severe redness, cracks, erosion, pustules on the skin, weeping, ulcers.

Diaper rash causes a burning sensation, pain, itching. The child is restless, capricious.

Moisture may be the cause skin, the natural lubrication is removed. This contributes to disruption protective barrier skin and microbial penetration. The risk group includes overweight children.

Contribute to the occurrence of diaper rash:

• violation of the rules for caring for an infant, skin irritation under the influence of urine, hiccups;
• poor-quality drying of the skin after bathing, washing;
• overheating due to excessive wrapping or high ambient temperature;
• friction with synthetic clothing;
• skin reaction to the diaper material.

Cream Bepanthen - market leader in diaper rash products

It is unacceptable to leave diaper rash unattended, they can capture a large surface and become infected. The temperature in the room where the child is located should not be higher than 21 0 C. We should not forget about air baths.

At I Art. diaper rash usually does not need treatment, it is enough to scrupulously follow the rules of skin care, change diapers in a timely manner (at least after 3 hours), carry out air baths, treat wrinkles with a special protective cream. If it was not possible to get rid of diaper rash in a day, you should consult a pediatrician, perhaps the doctor will recommend the use of ointments (Bepanten, Drapolen).

At II Art. in addition to these activities, "talkers" are used (they are prepared in a pharmacy according to a medical prescription). The doctor may also prescribe the use of ointments (methyluracil, tannin) on the affected area. In the presence of pustules, they are treated with aqueous solutions of brilliant green or methylene blue.

You need to bathe the child in a slightly pink solution of potassium permanganate (at first, about 5 crystals are dissolved in a jar of water, and then they must be filtered through 4 layers of gauze to prevent skin burns with an undissolved crystal). If there is no allergy to herbs, then you can use sitz baths, adding a decoction of oak bark to the water for 5-7 minutes.

III Art. diaper rash is difficult to treat, we must try not to allow the disease to such severity. When wetting, it is not recommended to use ointments and oils: covering diaper rash with a film, parents prevent their healing. It is also undesirable to use starch to treat wrinkles: firstly, its lumps injure the skin, and secondly, it is nutrient medium for bacterial growth. Consult a dermatologist and follow treatment recommendations

2. Prickly heat

Prickly heat is a disease in which the baby's skin is affected in areas with increased sweating. Prickly heat usually occurs when the baby is overheated or under a thick layer of fat-based cream.

The prickly heat is manifested by a small-pointed rash of pink color. Some elements of the rash may have an apex white color. It usually appears in natural skin folds and folds, on the back and buttocks (under diapers). As a rule, none unpleasant sensations for a child, prickly heat is not accompanied.

Most cases of prickly heat go away without treatment with strict adherence to the rules for caring for the baby's skin and carrying out hygiene procedures. You can lubricate the affected area with Bepanten cream.

To prevent the resumption of prickly heat, the following preventive measures are necessary:

• underwear and bed linen of the child should be made of natural fabrics;
• maintain a comfort temperature for the child in the room (20-21 0 С);
• dress the baby for walks in accordance with weather conditions, do not wrap;
• use a water-based cream;
• for bathing use (in the absence of allergies) decoctions of chamomile, nettle, oak bark or light pink permanganate solution potassium.

3. Diaper dermatitis

Diaper dermatitis- inflammation of the skin, more common in girls on artificial feeding in allergy-prone children treated with antibacterial drugs.

Possible causes of diaper dermatitis:

• rare change of sliders or diapers;
• improper use of baby creams and powders;
• low-quality cosmetics and detergents.

The disease is manifested by the appearance of redness and swelling, peeling or a group of small bubbles on a clearly defined area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin (in contact with sliders or diapers). These phenomena are accompanied by burning and itching.

If treatment is not carried out, then cracks, erosion, pustules will appear. Then the surface layer of the skin is torn off, ulcers form. A bacterial (streptococcal, staphylococcal) or fungal infection may join.

Treatment is carried out according to the doctor's prescription. In addition to strict adherence to hygiene rules, ointments and creams are used (Desitin, Bepanten, Panthenol, etc.). They are applied in a thin layer when changing a diaper and washing.

4. Pemphigus of newborns

Pemphigus of newborns is called purulent contagious disease skin, caused most often. Occurs in the first weeks of life. Infection occurs from persons caring for a child with a pustular infection on their hands.

A sign of the disease is the appearance on the skin of an infant of rather large blisters with yellowish color cloudy liquid. They can open on their own, leaving an eroded surface. The resulting fluid contributes to the infection of neighboring skin areas. The general condition of the crumbs suffers, the temperature rises.

A complication of the disease can be abscesses, a septic condition. Treatment is carried out only as prescribed by a doctor. In addition to high-quality skin care, antibiotics are used (taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen), erosion is treated with a 2% solution of silver nitrate, and rash elements are treated with aniline dyes.

Hormonal crisis

A hormonal crisis (the second name of which is a sexual crisis) develops in full-term infants of either sex as a result of exposure to mother hormones that have come to the child through the placenta during childbirth or with milk during breastfeeding.

The manifestations of this crisis are:

• mastopathy (engorgement mammary glands);
• white discharge by the type of colostrum from the mammary glands;
• vulvovaginitis in girls: discharge from the genital tract is bloody or mucous, gray-white in color, swelling of the labia;
• severe pigmentation in boys around the scrotum and nipples;
• milia - small yellow-white dots on the face (in the region of the bridge of the nose, chin, forehead, wings of the nose).

These changes appear on the 3rd-4th day of life and gradually decrease over the course of a month. Usually no treatment is required. It is forbidden to squeeze out the discharge from the mammary glands, massage them, because this can provoke the development of mastitis, the treatment of which requires surgical intervention.

In the case of a sharp engorgement of the glands, a compress of camphor oil may be prescribed. Girls should be washed frequently (from front to back), and then the external genitalia should be treated by wetting a napkin for this with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. In the case heavy bleeding you should consult a doctor for a proper diagnosis.

Thrush

A sign of thrush is the appearance of white spots on the tongue and mucous membrane of the baby's cheeks, resembling pieces of curdled milk. This is one of the forms of candidal infection, it is caused by yeast-like fungi.

The raids are not washed off between feedings, but are removed with a spatula with a mild form of the disease. With moderate severity, spots appear both on the palate and on the lips, they are no longer completely removed.

A severe degree of thrush is characterized by the spread of plaques that are densely fused with the oral mucosa and on the gums, and on the back wall of the pharynx, and on soft sky. Similar cheesy raids can also appear on the mucous membrane of the genital organs and in the area of ​​​​skin folds.

The rashes are sharply painful. The child is naughty, does not sleep well, takes the breast worse and may even completely refuse to feed.

In the occurrence of thrush, both internal and external factors play a role.

Internal factors include:

• prematurity;
• developmental anomalies;
• artificial feeding (especially in the early stages);
• regurgitation and vomiting;
• hypotrophy;
• anemia;
• metabolic and endocrine disorders;
• acute and chronic infections.

External factors:

• microtrauma of the mucosa (mechanical or chemical);
• antibiotic treatment (causes dysbacteriosis);
• a course of hormone therapy, cytostatics (significant reduction defensive forces organism);
• vulvovaginal candidiasis in the mother during pregnancy;
• candidiasis disease or carriage of fungi in caregivers;
• poor-quality processing of nipples, toys, etc.

It is important to eliminate the factors leading to the illness of the child. At initial manifestations local treatment is carried out - treatment of the oral mucosa with a sterile cotton swab moistened with a light pink solution of potassium permanganate or 2% solution drinking soda(1 tsp per 200 ml of warm boiled water), or 1% solution of hydrogen peroxide.

After such wiping, it is necessary to lubricate the mucous membranes every 3 hours for 5 days with 1-2% aqueous solution of methylene blue or 0.25% solution of silver nitrate, or diluted with warm boiled water in a ratio of 1: 3 with Lugol's solution.

For the treatment of thrush, drugs containing Nystatin, Levorin are used. The suspension of these drugs is easy to prepare at home by mixing a powdered tablet (250 mg) with 5 ml of distilled or boiled water. Treatment with a suspension is alternated with 5% solution of drinking soda and carried out after 6 hours.

It can be used with a widespread lesion 1% solution of Canestin or Clotrimazole. Processing is undesirable after feeding, so as not to cause vomiting. Manipulations must be carried out without rough pressure.

The entire period of treatment, a nursing mother needs to treat her nipples before feeding with 2% soda solution. Bottles, nipples, toys should be boiled. The duration of the treatment course is determined by the doctor (usually it is carried out for at least 2 weeks).

May also be used at the discretion of the physician internal reception antifungal drugs. Appointed single dose medicines are mixed with a small amount of water or milk. A severe form of candidiasis is treated in a hospital.

Rickets

Rickets is still a common disease in infants. It develops with a lack of vitamin D in the baby's body, which regulates phosphorus-calcium metabolism.

The child receives calciferol or vitamin D from food. It is also synthesized in the skin when it is exposed to ultraviolet rays. Therefore, more often rickets develops in children in winter period when the sun is low.

In addition to a deficiency of vitamin D, phosphorus and calcium, with rickets there is a lack of vitamins A, B and C, trace elements of iron, magnesium, copper,. Because of this, children with rickets are whiny, capricious, they have poor sleep, they often get colds.

The first signs of rickets can appear even at the age of one month, and if left untreated, there will be more of them.

Signs of rickets in infants are:

• increased sweating, especially on the palms and head;
• baldness on the back of the head;
• indigestion;
• pronounced smell of urine;
• decreased muscle tone (flat stomach, loose joints);
• softening of the bones, resulting in soft edges of the fontanelles, flattening of the occiput, the formation of frontal tubercles, deformity of the chest;
• curvature of the limbs (X- or O-shaped legs);
• thickenings on the metacarpal bones of the fingers and on the ribs;
• late teething;
• enlargement of the liver and spleen;
• anemia, frequent intestinal and respiratory infections;
• if left untreated, narrowing of the pelvis, curvature of the spine with the formation of a hump is possible.

Vitamin D3 for the prevention of rickets

The development of rickets is easily prevented with a prophylactic course of vitamin D, so it should not be neglected. Given the development of irreparable changes on the basis of rickets, it is impossible to ignore its slightest manifestations.

A course of treatment started and carried out in a timely manner allows you to stop the process and prevent the development severe consequences. Currently, severe manifestations of the disease are observed only in children from dysfunctional families.

Treatment of rickets involves versatile measures:

• obligatory long walks of the child in the fresh air;
• a diet that provides the child with vitamins and minerals; if the child is breastfed, then the mother's diet should be carefully reviewed;
• therapeutic gymnastics, swimming and massage;
• pharmaceutical preparations (vitamin D, vitamin-mineral complexes, etc.).

Problems with the digestive tract

intestinal colic

A fairly common disease in infants is severe pain in the intestines of a baby, which may be accompanied by bloating. The child twists its legs, tightens them, cries loudly at the same time. The cause of colic may not be proper nutrition mothers when breastfeeding or swallowing a crumb of air during feeding.

To prevent the occurrence of colic and accumulation of gases in the intestines, it is necessary:

• bring the mother's diet in line with the recommendations of specialists, exclude foods that cause increased gas formation;
• after feeding the baby, you need to hold it upright until he burps air;
• give the child dill water, fennel decoction or Espumizan;
• lay the baby on the stomach more often;
• if the child is worried, apply a warm diaper to the stomach and lightly massage the tummy (clockwise).

By 3-4 months, as organs mature digestive tract colic usually goes away.

Constipation

Not every daily lack of stool in a child is constipation: mother's milk is almost completely absorbed. The main thing is the well-being and behavior of the child, as well as the consistency of feces.

You can talk about constipation if the baby is restless, crying, trying to push, but it is not possible to empty the intestines. With constipation, the baby's stool is hard, in the form of peas or cork.

The cause of constipation in infants is most often the non-compliance with the diet of the nursing mother or the nature of the diet of the baby itself (early introduced complementary foods or improperly selected milk formula). Contribute to constipation in a child can be a mother's passion for protein products, flour products, coffee. The amount of liquid consumed by the baby also matters.

But sometimes constipation is associated with diseases:

• dolichosigma (congenital lengthening of the large intestine);
• Hirschsprung's disease (violation of the innervation of the intestine, leading to spasm of its departments);
• lactase (enzymatic) deficiency causes alternating constipation and diarrhea.

Parents should contact their pediatrician to find out the possible cause of constipation in the baby and get the necessary recommendations (and in some cases, conduct an examination).

In the absence of this pathology, the simplest measures can help a child with constipation:

• turn when breastfeeding serious attention on the mother's diet by increasing her intake of vegetables and fruits rich in fiber;
• as a drink, give the baby a decoction of dried fruits and raisins;
• daily massage the child's abdomen (directing the massage movements clockwise);
• the choice of milk formula and complementary foods should be agreed with the pediatrician.

If these measures do not work, you can use:

• glycerin suppositories;
• irritation of the rectum with the tip of the gas outlet tube;
• Lactulose preparations may be used as prescribed by a doctor.

An enema should only be used as a last resort.

Attention! In no case should soap bars be introduced into the rectum, because this can cause a burn of the mucous membrane with alkali, which is part of it!

Diarrhea

A child up to a year can empty the intestines after each feeding. But if his general condition does not suffer, he is calm, eats well and gains weight normally, then this is not a pathology. It is not the frequency of the stool that matters, but its consistency, color and the presence of mucus or blood impurities.

The liquid consistency of the feces is dangerous for the baby in that the loss of fluid in this way can lead to dehydration.

The causes of loose stools are of great importance. They may be different:

• errors in the nutrition of a nursing mother or the baby himself;
• intolerance to certain products, including cow's (and even mother's) milk and cereal gluten in the absence of the lactase enzyme;
• acute surgical pathology(, appendicitis), when diarrhea is accompanied sharp pains in the abdomen and fever;
• acute intestinal infection bacterial or viral nature: the stool has, the general condition of the baby suffers, the temperature rises, pain in the abdomen is disturbed, vomiting may occur;
• dysbacteriosis (imbalance of microflora in the intestine).

If you have diarrhea (especially if it starts suddenly), you should contact your pediatrician without delay. If the stool is watery, profuse, accompanied by vomiting, then you need to call " ambulance because dehydration in young children develops very quickly. Before the arrival of the ambulance or the arrival of a doctor, the child should be provided plentiful drink. Treatment should be carried out only under the supervision of a pediatrician (or infectious disease specialist) and according to his appointment.

regurgitation

Spitting up in a child may be due to the swallowing of air during feeding.

Quite often, regurgitation is noted in infants, causing anxiety in parents. After feeding, part of the contents of the stomach is “thrown out” through the mouth. Depending on the causes of occurrence, physiological and pathological (organic) regurgitation are distinguished.

Physiological are often associated with underdevelopment of the digestive system:

• relatively short or narrowed esophagus;
• funnel-shaped esophagus;
• underdeveloped sphincter (pulp) of the entrance to the stomach, causing gastroesophageal reflux (GER);
• highly sensitive gastric mucosa that reacts to any irritant, etc.

Especially often, physiological regurgitation is noted in premature babies, it disappears by about 8-9 months. If the baby’s condition is not disturbed, and regurgitation is infrequent and not abundant, then you should not worry too much - such regurgitation can be regarded as physiological.

The exception is GER, which can, with profuse and frequent regurgitation, lead to aspiration pneumonia(inflammation of the lungs when vomit enters the lungs) and even to asphyxia ( lethal outcome from suffocation).

Physiological also includes functional regurgitation if the child is not properly fed or cared for:

• regular overeating (more often in children receiving artificial feeding);
• swallowing air with milk in case of improper attachment to the chest;
• increased gas formation in the baby (when straining, food is squeezed out of the stomach);
• laying out on the tummy or swaddling too tightly after feeding.

With physiological regurgitation, the following measures can help:

• do not overfeed the baby;
• during feeding, it is advisable to keep the crumbs in a semi-vertical position;
• before feeding, you can lay the baby on the stomach on a hard surface so that the gases naturally escape;
• when artificial feeding, use a special anti-colic bottle or nipple to prevent swallowing air;
• with profuse regurgitation and absence organic lesions you can use anti-reflux mixtures: the natural substances in their composition swell in the stomach and prevent food from coming out;
• when breastfeeding, the mother should avoid eating foods that cause increased gas formation;
• after feeding, you need to hold the baby for some time in an upright position (until gas passes).

Organic causes of regurgitation:

• pyloric stenosis (developmental anomaly, narrowing of the inlet of the stomach) - manifests itself from 4-5 weeks of age, frequent regurgitation, leading to weight loss;
• defeat nervous system during fetal development or in childbirth;
• hereditary disorders of digestion or metabolism (phenylketonuria, galactosemia);
• infections (bacterial and viral);
• pathology of internal organs (lesion, kidney).

Pathological regurgitation is characterized by a large volume of vomit. They require urgent medical care and sometimes surgery.

Conjunctivitis

It is called inflammation of the mucous membrane covering the front surface of the eyes and the inner surface of the eyelid. Most often, it is caused by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi), but it can also be a manifestation. Infectious conjunctivitis is a contagious (contagious) disease.

The manifestation of the disease is redness of the mucous membrane, itching, discharge of pus from the conjunctival sac. After sleep, the cilia stuck together with purulent discharge do not allow the child to open his eyes. Due to burning and itching, the baby constantly rubs his eyes.

Having noticed signs of an illness, you should contact an ophthalmologist who will select a treatment depending on the nature of the inflammation (eye drops, ointment). To facilitate the well-being of the child, it is necessary to wash the eyes with decoctions and infusions of herbs with anti-inflammatory, disinfectant and healing effects (calendula, chamomile).

Washing can also be carried out with a solution of furacilin, weak tea brewing. Sterile cotton swabs are used for washing, and separate for each eye. Rubbing should be carried out from the outer corner of the eye to the inner. The procedure is carried out not only after sleep, but also before each instillation of medicine into the eyes. Drops should also be instilled at the outer corner of the eye, pulling the lower eyelid down before that.

SARS

A group of diseases that can be caused by various viruses(there are more than 200 of them), transmitted by airborne droplets and having similar manifestations, are the most common childhood diseases at any age. The infant period is no exception.

The most common manifestations of acute respiratory viral infections are rhinoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, rhinosincitial virus (RSV), etc. Clinical manifestations of respiratory viral infections are a runny nose, cough, fever, symptoms of general intoxication (anxiety or lethargy, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, etc.) , purulent discharge from the eyes with adenovirus infection.

You should call a doctor at home to start proper treatment and prevent the development of complications. The child should be provided with plenty of drink in small frequent portions (up to 6 months, give warm boiled water, and from the second half of the year - a decoction of raisins, rose hips, chamomile infusion, cranberry juice, dried fruit compote).

Large liquids and forcefully eaten food can cause vomiting. During illness, frequent ventilation of the room should be ensured, refraining from walking at high temperatures.

When the temperature rises, you do not need to wrap the baby, you can wipe his body with vinegar or vodka diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 3 and put a heating pad with ice near the head. The temperature should not be lowered below 38 0 С. If it is higher, then you need to give an antipyretic in the dosage appropriate for age. In the presence of vomiting, medicine is used in the form of rectal suppositories.

But the use of antipyretics for each child is determined individually. Some children easily tolerate fever up to 38.5 0. If the baby is prone to convulsions, the temperature that has risen above 37.7 0 is reduced. If, during treatment, a high temperature persists for more than 3 days, a second examination of the pediatrician is necessary to rule out a complication.

Despite the high temperature, the baby may have cold legs and arms. This is due to vasospasm. In such cases, you can put on warm socks on the legs or use vasodilators as prescribed by the pediatrician.

On the background high fever the child may have seizures. At the same time, the baby's body is stretched, limbs tremble or twitch, eyes roll up. Parents should immediately undress the child, give an antipyretic, wipe the body and call an ambulance.

You should clean your child's nose more often to ensure free nasal breathing. To do this, you can use cotton turundas or suck out discharge from the nasal passages with a small pear. Vasoconstrictor drops should be used only as directed by a doctor. Cough remedies should also be selected only by a pediatrician.

The pediatrician may prescribe antiviral drugs on the first day of illness. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. They apply when joining bacterial infection and development of complications.

hip dysplasia

With the help of massage and orthopedic devices, this problem can be eliminated.

Such a diagnosis is established in the case of intrauterine underdevelopment of the hip joint, as a result of which the femoral head has increased mobility inside the joint, and the development of connective tissue is disturbed. Pathology can be one- and two-sided.

If femur can both leave the joint and return, then they talk about subluxation of the femoral head. At complete dislocation the head is completely out of the joint. Subluxation and dislocation is a more severe pathology.

Dysplasia hip joints often occurs with breech presentation of the fetus. It is important to diagnose the disease as early as possible, so orthopedic examinations should be carried out at 1-3-6-12 months. If a deviation from the norm is suspected, the doctor prescribes an ultrasound or X-ray examination (after 6 months).

Clinical symptoms of hip dysplasia are:

• asymmetry of the femoral and gluteal skin folds;
• additional folds on one leg;
• unequal leg length;
• anxiety or crying of the child when trying to spread the legs bent at the hip joints at a right angle;
• clicks when spreading the legs.

At the slightest suspicion of a pathology, an urgent consultation is necessary. pediatric orthopedist, since only early treatment can give an effect and a chance to do without surgery. Due to the fact that the joint continues to form after the baby is born, it is possible complete cure under certain conditions.

Depending on the severity of the disease, the following may be prescribed:

• massage;
• physiotherapy;
• Pavlik's stirrups;
• Freik tire.

With the help of orthopedic devices, the child's legs are constantly in a divorced and bent state, which creates conditions for the proper formation of joints. Initially, these spacers should be worn around the clock by the infant. The doctor determines the duration of their use individually (from several months to a year).

Parents should not remove them ahead of time on their own or without the consent of the doctor to put the child on his feet, as this can nullify the results achieved.

Torticollis

Under torticollis understand the wrong (deflected to one side) position of the head. The manifestations of this malformation depend on the age of the child.

Signs of torticollis in the first year of life:

• in the first 2 months: when laying the baby on the stomach, there is an increase in the tone of the muscles of the back and neck and asymmetry of the skin folds on the legs;
• at 3-5 months there is a slowdown in growth, a decrease in the response to a sound stimulus;
• at 6-7 months. there is strabismus and the child's standing on toes, and on the entire foot; teeth erupt late
• from 7 to 12 months the asymmetry of the folds on the buttocks and thighs, the asymmetry of the shoulders, the curvature of the spine are clearly visible; the child lags behind in development (later begins to walk).

The reasons for the development of torticollis can be different:

• damage to the muscles of the neck due to the incorrect position of the fetus;
• malformations of the vertebrae;
• intrauterine inflammation of the muscles with scarring and shortening;
• anomalies in the development of the nervous and muscular systems;
• entanglement of the neck with the umbilical cord;
• muscle injury (tear) or cervical vertebrae during childbirth.

When torticollis is detected, it is necessary to show the baby not only to the pediatrician, but also to the orthopedist, neurologist, in order to determine the cause of the pathology and get the right treatment. Treatment should not be delayed in order to prevent deformation of the face and spine. Treatment for torticollis depends on the underlying cause and severity.

Can be used to treat:

• massage and physiotherapy exercises;
• physiotherapy (magnetotherapy, electrophoresis, etc.);
• position treatment ( correct position in the crib and on the hands to stretch the affected muscle);
• classes in the bathroom or in the pool;
• the imposition of a special collar (Schanz collar).

There are also surgical treatments.

Summary for parents

In the first year of life, children are especially vulnerable, because many organs and systems have not yet fully matured, the immune system cannot provide protection to the baby's body. Eat whole line diseases that can occur in the baby.

The task of parents is to have an idea about the possible diseases of the baby, be able to prevent many of them, recognize them at the initial stage and promptly seek help from a doctor. Many deviations in development can be corrected best during this period.

The birth of a child is not only joy, but also experiences, worries and concerns about his health. Unfortunately, in early childhood (up to 1 year), children may experience the most various diseases, some of them progress from the first days after the birth of the baby.

Omphalitis and

The umbilical wound is formed in a newborn by the 3-5th day of his life, is located at the site of the fallen umbilical cord residue. Pediatricians warn parents that until the baby's umbilical wound is completely healed, bathe only in boiled water with the addition of potassium permanganate ("potassium permanganate") to a pale pink hue. This period corresponds to two weeks. After the child is bathed, it is necessary to carry out a series of manipulations, but only with clean washed hands:

• moisten a cotton swab in a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and remove the remnants of the separated secret directly from the wound;
• take a new stick and remove the remaining hydrogen peroxide;
• lubricate umbilical wound a solution of brilliant green (2% brilliant green).

Important! Baby's undershirts, sliders and diapers need to be ironed on both sides after each wash, the baby's underwear is changed several times a day, you need to make sure that the umbilical wound is not covered with a diaper.

If the umbilical wound begins to get wet, there is a discharge of blood and / or pus, the skin around the navel becomes red, then this should be notified to the visiting nurse or pediatrician. Most likely, we will talk about - inflammation of the umbilical wound bacterial origin called or . With such a pathological condition, the general well-being of the baby will change:

• the baby shows anxiety and constantly cries, or, conversely, becomes pronouncedly lethargic;
• the baby sucks badly at the breast;
• weight loss occurs;
• in some cases, the body temperature rises.

Treatment of omphalitis consists in treating the umbilical wound four times a day, and in severe cases, the pediatrician may also prescribe treatment.

Note:If hygiene care behind the umbilical wound by parents is carried out in strict accordance with the rules, then there will be no omphalitis. This inflammatory process is always the result of insufficient care.

This is the name given to the exit of internal organs through the large umbilical ring - this is the weakest point in the anterior abdominal wall of a newborn. Such a pathology is diagnosed in infancy quite often, parents themselves can see it: when the baby is crying or straining, a hernial protrusion appears, which is a consequence of an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

As soon as the umbilical hernia is detected, the child must be shown to the surgeon - the doctor will set the hernia to the child and apply a special plaster for 10 days. Such treatment sessions can be applied several times in a row, and physiotherapy exercises and massage are additionally prescribed - procedures that only a specialist should perform.

If the baby already knows how to hold the head, then it should be laid out on the tummy on a hard surface. Such simple "events" will contribute not only to the reduction of organs into place, but also to the normalization of the stool, the elimination of constipation.

In some cases, a hernia in a child does not disappear even by the age of one, and in this case, the child will be shown surgery. Usually, surgical interventions for an umbilical hernia, it is carried out only from the age of three, but if the hernia falls out too often, then experts recommend such a cardinal treatment earlier.

Most often, icteric coloration of the skin and mucous membranes in the newborn age is physiological manifestation adjustment period after birth. Jaundice appears, usually 2-3 days after the birth of the baby, and this happens due to the lack of a sufficient amount of enzymes that neutralize. Normally, bilirubin neutralized in the liver cells is excreted after a series of transformations from the body with feces or urine. But in a newborn, the liver does not have time to neutralize all the bilirubin, its level in the blood rises rapidly, which leads to a rapid staining of the skin and mucous membranes in yellow.

Such jaundice in newborns is a physiological process and does not pose any danger to the life of the child. Jaundice develops in 60% of full-term babies and in 90%, spontaneously disappears in a maximum of three weeks.

There are cases when physiological jaundice persists for more than three weeks in a row, which may be due to the transition of physiological jaundice to breastfeeding jaundice. The point is that in breast milk mater and contains a substance that can inhibit or block the formation of liver enzymes - this phenomenon has not yet been fully studied, but it does take place.

As a rule, breastfeeding jaundice does not pose a threat to the health and life of the child, but still full examination chest follows. In some cases, the cause of such prolonged jaundice can be:

• mass destruction of erythrocytes - hemolytic jaundice;
• hepatic cell dysfunction hepatic jaundice;
• obstruction of the biliary tract - obstructive jaundice.

These pathologies require constant monitoring. If this indicator does not exceed the normal range, or the increase is insignificant, then doctors simply monitor the newborn. But in the case of a sharp increase in the level of bilirubin in the blood, it may be necessary to surgical treatment, since such a development of pathology is fraught with serious consequences for the brain.

Skin problems

The baby's skin is very delicate and easily vulnerable, the blood vessels are located superficially, and even with a slight overheating of the baby, moisture begins to evaporate from the skin. These three factors cause the appearance of skin problems in children under the age of one year.

diaper rash

It's called inflammation. individual sections skin when there has been prolonged exposure to moisture or friction. Most often, diaper rash occurs in the axillary, cervical, inguinal, intergluteal folds or behind the auricles.

Depending on how diaper rash proceeds, doctors distinguish three degrees of its severity:

• first degree- redness is insignificant, the integrity of the skin is not broken;
• second degree- redness becomes bright, microcracks and erosion appear;
• third degree- intense redness, cracks, erosions and pustules appear on the skin.

Diaper rash causes a feeling of pain, burning and itching, which leads to anxiety and whims of the baby. The causes of the problems under consideration with the skin can be both increased skin moisture and overweight of the baby. There are also provoking factors:

• incomplete drying of the skin after bathing or washing the baby;
• violation of the rules of child care, skin irritation under the influence of urine and feces;
• friction of the skin with synthetic clothing;
• overheating of the child;
• baby's skin on the material from which the used diapers are made.

In no case can not ignore diaper rash! Such a pathological skin lesion can quickly spread, an infection joins it. Therefore, parents should be in the room where the baby is located - it should not be higher than 21 degrees, air baths should be carried out regularly for the baby.

With the first degree of diaper rash no specific treatment is required, it is enough to carefully follow the rules of skin care, change diapers on time (at least every 3 hours), carry out air baths and treat folds with a protective cream. If during the day it is not possible to get rid of diaper rash, then you need to consult with a pediatrician - a specialist, having assessed the condition of the baby's skin, may prescribe the use of medications (for example, Drapolen or Bepanten ointments).

The second degree of diaper rash implies the use of special "talkers" - a tool that is made in pharmacies. The pediatrician may prescribe treatment using tannin or methyluracil ointment on the affected area. In the event of the appearance of pustules, the skin is treated with "brilliant green" or methylene blue.

Bathing a baby with a second degree of diaper rash is necessary in a slightly pink solution of "potassium permanganate", and if the baby is not allergic to medicinal herbs, then he can be bathed with a decoction of oak bark (the holding time is a maximum of 7 minutes).

The third degree of diaper rash it is quite difficult to treat, so parents should make every effort to prevent such a development of the pathology. If the skin is already getting wet, then it is impossible to use any oil ointments for medicinal purposes - a film will form that prevents the healing of wounds. The best option solution to the problem of diaper rash of the third degree will be an appeal for a qualified medical care.

Prickly heat

This is the name of the disease, which is characterized by the appearance on the baby's skin of a small-dotted pink rash. Usually such a lesion occurs in those places where the baby sweats the most - natural skin folds and folds, buttocks. Prickly heat, usually, is not accompanied by any unpleasant symptoms, and the behavior of the newborn remains unchanged.

Most often, prickly heat disappears without any specific treatment - it is enough to follow the rules for caring for the skin of an infant, you can lubricate the affected area with Bepanten cream.

To prevent the occurrence of prickly heat, the following preventive measures are used:

• all child's underwear should be made from natural fabrics;
• for walks you need to dress the baby strictly according to the weather;
• in the room where the baby spends most of his time, the air temperature should be constant;
• for bathing, use decoctions or oak bark, but only if the baby is not allergic;
• use only water-based cream for treating baby skin.

The disease is manifested by reddening of the skin, swelling, peeling and the appearance of small blisters. Diaper dermatitis is accompanied by itching and burning, which makes the child restless and capricious, disturbs his sleep.

If the treatment of the disease in question is not carried out, then cracks, pustules and erosion appear on the affected areas of the skin. Further, the surface layer of the skin is torn off, ulcers can form, often an infection, fungal or bacterial, joins the diaper dermatitis.

It is carried out only as directed by a pediatrician or dermatologist.

Pemphigus of newborns

This is a purulent contagious skin disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus. A disease occurs in the first weeks of life, an infection of an infant can occur from caregivers with a pustular infection on their hands.

A sign of the disease will be the appearance on the baby's skin of large blisters with a cloudy yellowish liquid. They often open on their own, leaving an eroded surface after that. The fluid that flows from the burst bubbles contributes to the infection of neighboring skin areas.

Neonatal complications may include abscesses and septic conditions. Treatment of the disease in question is carried out only as prescribed by the pediatrician. Be sure to use antibacterial drugs in therapy, moreover, regardless of the age of the child.

Hormonal crisis

A hormonal crisis develops in healthy, full-term infants and this condition is associated with the ingestion of mother's hormones into the child's body through the placenta or during breastfeeding. Symptoms of this condition will be:

Such changes appear on the 3-4th day of the baby's life and gradually decrease in intensity over 30 days, no treatment is required. The only thing parents need to remember is that it is strictly forbidden to squeeze out the discharge from the mammary glands, massage them, as this can lead to the progression of mastitis, which requires surgical treatment.

Thrush

A sign of thrush - white spots appear on the tongue and mucous membranes of the baby's cheeks, which resemble pieces of curdled milk. Such raids are not washed off between feedings, but are removed with a spatula if the disease is mild. With a moderate severity of the course of thrush, spots appear on the palate, lips and it will not be possible to remove them completely.

A severe degree of thrush is characterized by the rapid spread of dense raids on the gums, the back wall of the pharynx, and on the soft palate. The places affected by a fungal infection are painful, the baby cries a lot, his sleep is disturbed, he either sucks badly at the breast, or refuses it altogether.

Factors that can trigger the appearance of thrush include:

At the initial manifestations of the disease, the oral cavity should be treated with a sterile cotton swab, which is moistened with weak solution"potassium permanganate" or 2% soda solution. After rubbing, the mucous membranes are lubricated every three hours with a solution of blue methylene for 5 days.

Treatment of thrush in newborns is carried out using drugs that contain Nystatin or Levorin. The entire period of treatment, the mother should wipe the nipples with a solution of baking soda before each feeding, boil toys / nipples / bottles. A severe form of thrush is treated only in a hospital.

Despite the modern possibilities of medicine, rickets is still one of the most common diseases of infants. This disease develops due to a lack in the body, which is "responsible" for phosphorus-calcium metabolism. The child receives this vitamin along with food, it is also synthesized in the skin under the influence of sunlight. Therefore, according to statistics, the frequency of diagnosing rickets in children born in the winter is much more frequent than in those born in warm weather.

With rickets, not only a lack of vitamin D and calcium is noted, but also a lack of, and, iron, copper,. Due to the lack of all these trace elements, children with rickets become excessively whiny, capricious, their sleep is disturbed, and they often get colds.

The first symptoms of the disease in question may appear already at the age of one month, and if treatment is not carried out, the child's condition will worsen. Symptoms of rickets in infancy include:

If there is no treatment for rickets, or it is carried out incorrectly, then the pathology progresses, which is manifested by a narrowing of the pelvis, curvature of the spine, flat feet and the formation of a hump.

The development of rickets is very easy to prevent - it is enough for children to give vitamin D, and the treatment of the disease in question, started on time and carried out correctly, gives positive results. Currently, advanced forms of rickets are diagnosed only in children who live in dysfunctional families.

Treatment of rickets is complex and involves the use of various procedures:

• prolonged outdoor activities;
• correction of the child's diet, which will provide the growing body with all the necessary vitamins and minerals;
• therapeutic gymnastics, massage and swimming lessons;
• drug therapy - probiotics, vitamin D, vitamin-mineral complexes.

Problems with the digestive tract

Severe pain in the baby's intestines, which are accompanied by bloating, is a fairly common problem in infants. At the same time, the child actively twists his legs, tightens them, cries loudly. The cause of intestinal colic may be incorrect (if the baby is breastfed) or the child swallows air during feeding.

It is quite possible to prevent the occurrence of colic and accumulation of gases in the intestines, for this you need:

By the age of 3-4 months, intestinal colic in a child disappears due to the maturation of the organs of the digestive tract.

Many parents believe that if a child has no stool throughout the day, then this is constipation. But this is not entirely true! The fact is that mother's milk, for example, can be completely absorbed by the body, so you need to judge whether the crumbs have constipation by how they feel and the consistency of feces.

You can talk about constipation if the baby behaves restlessly, cries, constantly strains, but at the same time its intestines are not emptied. When constipated, the child's stool is dark in color and firm in texture, and may even be hard, like peas or cork.

The cause of constipation in infancy is most often the non-compliance or improper diet of a formula-fed baby. Contribute to the development of constipation in infancy can and mother's passion for protein products, coffee, flour products. But not everything is so “rosy” - in some cases, constipation in infancy is associated with the development of pathologies:

• Hirschsprung's disease - a violation of the innervation of the intestine;
• dolichosigma - lengthening of the large intestine of a congenital nature;

Parents should not try to cope with constipation in an infant on their own, it would be wise to seek help from a pediatrician - a specialist will not only make a diagnosis, find out the cause of such a violation of the intestines, but also give recommendations on solving the problem.

If parents are sure that the child has no pathology, then one of the following remedies will help to cope with constipation:

• glycerin suppositories;
• irritation of the rectum with the tip of the gas outlet tube;
• lactulose preparations, which must be prescribed by a doctor.

Note:an old way to get rid of constipation, which involves the introduction of a bar of soap into anus under no circumstances should it be used! The alkali that is part of this remedy can cause a burn of the intestinal mucosa.

Diarrhea in babies

A child under one year of age may have a bowel movement after each feed. But if, under this regime, the general condition of the baby remains within the normal range, he is calm and eats well, then parents should not worry. The color, consistency of the stool and the presence of blood or mucus in it are of primary importance with such frequent bowel movements. It is worth remembering that it is dangerous that too much fluid will be excreted from the body of the baby.

The causes of loose stools can be:

• malnutrition of a nursing mother or the baby itself;
• acute intestinal pathology– for example, or ;
• intolerance to certain products;
• dysbacteriosis;
• acute intestinal infection.

If the baby has diarrhea, you should immediately seek qualified medical help.. It is especially important to follow this rule if the diarrhea began for no apparent reason, and bowel movements occur too often. Before the arrival of a specialist, the baby needs to ensure sufficient fluid intake in the body.

This phenomenon occurs in almost every child, which can be physiological or pathological. Physiological regurgitation is associated with underdevelopment of the digestive system:

• the esophagus is narrowed or relatively short;
• the sphincter of the entrance to the stomach is underdeveloped;
• the gastric mucosa is highly sensitive and reacts to any irritant, including breast milk;
• funnel-shaped esophagus.

Especially often physiological regurgitation is noted in premature babies, it disappears only by the age of nine months. If at the same time the condition of the baby is not disturbed, there is nothing to worry about. Physiological regurgitation can also appear if the baby is not fed properly or the rules for caring for it are violated:

The following measures will help get rid of physiological regurgitation:

• during feeding, keep the baby in a semi-vertical position;
• when artificial feeding, use a special nipple that prevents swallowing air;
• do not overfeed the baby;
• after feeding, hold the baby in an upright position for a while until the moment of belching air.

Organic causes of the condition in question:

• pyloric stenosis - narrowing of the inlet of the stomach, which refers to developmental anomalies;
• damage to the nervous system during intrauterine development;
• phenylketonuria, galactosemia - disorders of the assimilation of food of a hereditary nature;
• viral and bacterial infections;
• pathological lesions of the kidneys and pancreas.

This is the name of the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the anterior surface of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid. The cause of the development of this disease are bacteria, viruses and fungi, and only in extremely rare cases conjunctivitis may be an allergic reaction.

The disease in question is manifested by redness of the mucous membrane of the eye, itching and discharge of pus from the conjunctival sac. After sleep, the baby's cilia stick together with pus, which does not allow you to open your eyes.

Treatment of conjunctivitis in children should be carried out only under the supervision of an ophthalmologist, because it is the specialist who will be able to select effective medications. Parents can only make the baby feel better by washing the eyes with decoctions of chamomile or calendula, but this can only be done after consulting a doctor.

Acute respiratory viral infections are a group of diseases caused by various airborne viruses. In general, SARS are considered the most common diseases in childhood, and infants are no exception.

Clinical manifestations of acute respiratory viral infections are cough, runny nose, shortness of breath, frequent sneezing, fever in the baby. At the same time, the child may become lethargic and sleep a lot, his appetite disappears.

As soon as the first signs of SARS appeared in a baby, you need to call a pediatrician at home - this will allow you to start effective treatment. The child needs to be provided with plenty of drink: at the age of up to six months, the baby can be given warm boiled water, and older children - a decoction of raisins, cranberries, or chamomile infusion. If the child has consumed too much liquid, or he was force-fed, then this will provoke an attack of vomiting - you should not worry, but you need to adjust the dosage of foods and liquids consumed.

Note:against the background of high body temperature, the baby may begin - the baby's body is stretched, the limbs tremble or twitch, the eyes roll back. In this case, parents should immediately undress the baby, give him an antipyretic and call an ambulance team.

This diagnosis is made in case of underdevelopment of the hip joint even during intrauterine development - the femoral head has increased mobility inside the joint, the development of connective tissue is disturbed. Most often, hip dysplasia occurs in children with. It is very important to diagnose the pathology early, therefore, as part of the examination of the infant, examinations by an orthopedist are carried out at 1-3-6-12 months. If the doctor suspects a deviation from the norm, he will prescribe an X-ray examination or ultrasound for the baby, but not earlier than the child reaches six months of age.

Symptoms of hip dysplasia include:

• additional folds on one leg;
• asymmetry of folds on the hips and buttocks;
• crying or anxiety of the baby when trying to spread his legs;
• clicks when breeding legs bent at the knee joints;
• unequal leg lengths.

Depending on how severe the disease in question is, the baby may be prescribed:

• physiotherapy;
• Pavlik's stirrups;
• massage;
• Freik tire.

With the help of special orthopedic devices, the child's legs are constantly in a divorced and bent position- this creates optimal conditions for the proper formation of joints. At first, the baby should wear such spacers around the clock, then the wearing mode becomes softer. In no case should parents remove the devices ahead of time, as this can nullify all previously achieved results.

Torticollis is wrong position head, in which it is deviated to one side. The appearance of a defect depends on the development of the baby.

Signs of the considered pathology in the first year of a baby's life:

• in the first two months of life - when laying the child on the stomach, an increased tone of the muscles of the back and neck is visible, asymmetry of folds will be noted on the legs;
• at 3-5 months - there is a slowdown in the growth of the child and a decrease in the reaction to any sound stimulus;
• at 6-7 months - strabismus is noted, the child stands on toes, teeth erupt late;
• at 7-12 months - the asymmetry of the folds on the hips and buttocks, the asymmetry of the shoulders, the curvature of the spine, the baby begins to walk late and is quite far behind in physical development from their peers.

The reasons for the development of torticollis can be called the following:

If torticollis is determined, then a consultation with an orthopedist and a neurologist will be required - specialists will be able to determine the true cause of the disease and prescribe the correct treatment. Parents should not delay the visit to the doctors and the start of treatment, as neglected torticollis can lead to deformation of the vertebrae and face.

For the treatment of the disease in question can be used:

• physiotherapy - electrophoresis, magnetotherapy;
• the imposition of a special collar;
• physiotherapy exercises and massage;
• position treatment;
• specially selected exercises in the pool or in the bath.

There is also a surgical treatment for torticollis, but if therapy was started in a timely manner, then it will not be needed.

When a child is sick, you think it would be better if he got sick himself. Rushing to help your children, do not self-medicate. Some diseases have the peculiarity of “masking” as completely different diseases, and here you can’t do without the help of a specialist.

What are childhood diseases

One of the main places is occupied by the most common childhood diseases. Immediately after the birth of the baby’s gastrointestinal tract, it begins to work in a “new mode”, and the first problems begin with the well-known crying from “gas in the tummy”. Pediatricians recommend laying the baby on the stomach more often, dry heat, dill drops, feeding by the hour. By three months, the pain usually disappears and is safely forgotten.

If at the beginning of life we ​​accustom children to the regime, then over time, often, everything changes. Irregular meals, an abundance of poor quality products stuffed with all sorts of "E", are reflected in the child's gastrointestinal tract with emerging gastritis.

Reflux

When a child complains of abdominal pain, suffers from belching with bad smell, you can suspect reflux - inflammation in the esophagus. The reason is the throwing of the contents of the stomach back into the esophagus, the entry of bile into the stomach.

Constipation and diarrhea

Constipation and - intestinal disorders associated with malnutrition and stress. There is even such a concept - nervous stomach". It can also be the result of an infectious disease. The main thing is to find the cause and prescribe the appropriate treatment. If the cause is an infection, you will need to take antimicrobials.

Autoimmune diseases occur due to a malfunction in the child's immune system. The body is fighting with itself. Need advice and help from an immunologist.

Obesity in children

Truly the disease of the century can be called childhood obesity. Unfortunately, side effect computerization has become, spending more time in front of the monitor screen than on the street. The lack of outdoor games, the abundance of fatty and junk food, consisting of many preservatives, is a provoking factor. fraught with diabetes, liver diseases, ischemic heart disease and even early heart attack and stroke.

Digestive organs such as the stomach, colon, and small intestine, and duodenum have a number of interrelated diseases - gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, duodenitis, peptic ulcer.

These diseases have common symptoms and causes.

Infectious diseases in children

Quite diverse and contagious. With the spread of vaccination, the risk of getting some diseases is practically reduced to zero. But, despite this, it is necessary to know about these diseases.

Viral parotitis (mumps), scarlet fever, poliomyelitis, diphtheria. Pretty impressive list. The source of disease is a virus transmitted from a sick person. All diseases have a certain incubation period - the time the disease develops in the body. Infectious diseases are not at all harmless, dangerous complications. Treatment is carried out strictly under medical supervision! All of these diseases are vaccinated and should not be neglected.

Flu

If a person suffers from the diseases described above once, then the infection haunts us throughout our lives. Strengthen the immunity of the child, harden the body, write it down in the sports section, take the child to the sea once a year. Dysentery is a disease of dirty hands. Do not allow children to eat unwashed vegetables and fruits, teach personal hygiene rules, do not buy products in suspicious goods.

Diseases of the urinary system

Children, like adults, are susceptible. Not infrequently, parents bring a child with complaints of pain in the kidneys, pain when urinating, bloody issues. As a rule, these are symptoms of diseases such as urethritis and others. Timely treatment will help to avoid complications, such as stones in the organs of the urinary system.

Respiratory diseases in children

Pneumonia - bacterial with signs of acute respiratory infections. Early treatment is the key Get well soon. Do not start, always seek medical attention.

It occurs due to the spread of a cold to the bronchi. It can proceed in a mild form, and maybe in a severe one, with a high temperature. Accompanied by a strong dry cough with or without sputum, depending on the degree of the disease. Modern medicines perfectly cope with this disease. Traditional medicine also has effective recipes in its arsenal.

Dental diseases

Dental diseases of children are diseases of the oral mucosa. Low resistance to infections, various injuries, viruses, are the cause of development, seizure. Diseases of the oral cavity are well treated by rinsing with traditional medicine and home remedies.

ENT diseases in a child

ENT diseases in children can occur from the first days of life. Inflammatory diseases may occur as complications of infection. Often , which are expressed and , are delayed due to the developing , . It is very important to treat diseases of the ears, throat and nose in a timely manner, as there is a danger of developing inflammatory process brain tissue, which can be life threatening. Such diseases include inflammation and others.

We have reviewed the list of childhood illnesses, the most common ones that can occur from the first year of life and bring worries to parents.

And finally. To make children less sick, you need to start taking care of this from the first day of life - do not neglect breastfeeding. Only with mother's milk the child receives all the necessary vitamins, strong immunity, resistance to diseases.

Temper the child, let him run barefoot, do not wrap up too warmly, do not rush to give antibiotics for any disease. Children is our future. May they be healthy and beautiful!

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From this article you will learn what are the diseases of children of the first year of life, how to recognize and cure the diseases of young children.

Diseases of children in the first year of life

Your child must become familiar with the many pathogens in their environment and build up their as-yet unused immune system. Everyone is successful past disease makes the baby stronger. However, a sick child certainly needs medical attention and your attention.

First diseases baby

In the first weeks, the newborn usually has to face only minor difficulties in adapting to life "outside", which, however, quickly pass. Meanwhile, from contacts with infections that cause diseases, he is not immune.

And at one fine moment it will happen - the food, so desired before, is repelled or even regurgitated, or the baby cries without apparent reason, or he has a fever and the thermometer shows above 39 ° C. Health disorders, especially unexpected for parents if this is their first child, quickly cause mild panic.

It is feeding that is generally one of the “most-most” important maternal tasks, and then suddenly the child pushes food away, and this is like a blow right to the heart for you. However, sooner or later, any child must face many pathogens in their environment. This is quite normal, and not a cause for frustration. Nature has provided the baby with many mechanisms to protect against diseases. And the more often he is with your good care- overcomes them, the better you will learn to deal with the baby's diseases.

Painful conditions in infants

In the first weeks of life, many infants experience age-related problems such as jaundice, navel and skin problems, drooling, and restless behaviour. Along with these deviations, there are also ailments associated with maturation and hormones. For example, not testicular descent or breast swelling. However, as a rule, this should not be a cause for concern - many of these ailments usually disappear on their own.

Viral infections in children of the first year of life

The most common reason for more serious violations health of infants and young children of the first year of life are certainly viral infections. In the mother's womb, the baby is mostly protected from them. Against some childhood diseases, the mother gives the baby "on loan" protective substances that pass through the placenta to the child and protect him for about 6-9 months from diseases (this applies to measles, mumps, rubella), if the mother had these diseases or received vaccinations against them .

But against many hundreds of viruses that usually cause harmless current diseases, a child of the first year of life does not have immunity from the very beginning from birth: he must be ill with them so that protective substances (antibodies) are formed in him. Yet his immune system is well prepared to fight this infection.

Diseases of young children

Meningitis is a disease of young children

Cause: Bacterial or viral origin. Meningitis may have death. Incubation period usually 10 to 14 days. Fortunately, bacterial meningitis, which is the most dangerous form of the disease, is very rare in preschool children who have been properly vaccinated.

Signs and symptoms: Bacterial meningitis may start as a cold, flu, ear infection, but the child's condition deteriorates very quickly and becomes very lethargic; the temperature rises to 38.9-40 ° C; there is a neck and protrusion of the fontanel. With viral meningitis, the child has the same symptoms, but does not look as sick

What can be done:

Seek immediate medical attention. He must do lumbar puncture to determine if your child has bacterial or viral meningitis. The faster the disease is and its treatment begins, the better the result will be.

If the child has bacterial meningitis, the doctor will treat the child with intravenous antibiotics for 7 days.

Disease viral meningitis treated the same way as the flu.

Mumps is a disease of young children

Cause: It is spread by a virus with an incubation period of 7 to 10 days.

Signs and symptoms: In the beginning, the symptoms of this disease in young children are similar to flu and stomach problems; then, after two or three days, the glands under the earlobes swell and begin to hurt. The child looks like a hamster with stuffed cheek pouches, and it may be painful for him to open his mouth. He may also have a slight fever. Mumps usually lasts 7-10 days and is contagious until the swollen glands are gone.

What can be done:

let's baby more liquid and soft foods.

Apply cold compresses to your cheeks.

Give to the child to relieve the condition and ease the pain.

Call your doctor right away if your child becomes drowsy, vomits constantly, shows signs of dehydration, and has a neck.

Signs and symptoms: The child wakes up at night and does not find a place for himself; him severe itching around the anus (in girls - and in the vagina); the presence of thread-like worms, about 0.6 mm long, crawling out of the rectum and laying eggs around the anus and vagina.

What can be done:

Use a flashlight at night to see if worms are crawling out of the baby's anus (they are more visible under electric light) and/or place tape around the baby's anus to get some eggs to take to the doctor for analysis.

Keep your child's nails short to avoid scratching.

Cause: Caused by a bacterium when a wound is deeply infected. The incubation period is from 3 to 21 days.

Signs and symptoms: diseases of children of the first year of life: muscle spasms, especially in the jaw muscles; convulsions.

What can be done:

Seek immediate medical attention. Your child needs to be treated with antibiotics.

Infection urinary tract in young children

Cause: The definition can be difficult. The doctor may order an ultrasound or x-ray, as well as other tests, to make sure the kidneys are working properly and determine what the real cause of the infection is.

Signs and symptoms: Fever, pain and frequent urination, vomiting, abdominal pain. In young children, constant fever without obvious reasons may be the only symptom of a urinary tract infection.

What can be done:

See your doctor for a diagnosis and antibiotic treatment.

Hypothyroidism - a disease of young children

Cause: Develops due to insufficient functioning thyroid gland, due to insufficient production of the hormone of this gland - thyroxine. The disease hypothyroidism in children is congenital and acquired.

Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in young children due to an intrauterine disorder in the development of the thyroid gland; the violation may occur due to a defect in the germ layers, inflammation of the gland, treatment of the mother during pregnancy by certain medicines(thyrostatic drugs).

Acquired hypothyroidism can develop at any age due to infection of the thyroid gland, removal of the thyroid gland, etc.

Signs and symptoms: clinical manifestations this disease in young children: bradycardia, constipation, mucosal edema, lagging behind the child in physical and mental development. A child with congenital hypothyroidism has dry skin, puffiness of the face, thickening of the lips, narrowing of the palpebral fissures, an increase in the tongue (in other cases, the tongue does not even fit in the oral cavity), swallowing disorder, an increase in the abdomen; child suffering from congenital hypothyroidism, lethargic, reacts badly to what is happening around, starts to sit, walk, talk late.

What can be done:

Treatment of hypothyroidism in young children is carried out with thyroid preparations; this so-called replacement therapy.

Three day fever in children

This harmless viral infection affects children between the ages of 9 and 15 months. It makes a strong impression on parents experiencing this for the first time, because the temperature of the baby can be very high (up to 40.2 ° C).

Cause: The causative agent of the three-day fever is some virus. It is not very contagious upon contact, and only a small proportion of children of the same age from the immediate environment also become ill. Pregnant mothers-to-be should consult their gynecologist if they have had contact with three-day fever, as a newborn baby can get anemia from this disease (however, treatable).

Signs and symptoms: This disease of children of the first year of life proceeds in accordance with its name. At the same time, it is typical that high temperature almost does not disturb good condition baby. Many children continue to play, eat and drink as usual. Only in rare cases, with an increase in temperature, vomiting or diarrhea or even febrile convulsions (spasms) are observed. With a sharp decrease in fever after 72 hours, a skin rash then appears, which is limited only to the trunk, and there is no rash on the face and limbs. The rash is a soft pink spots that do not merge with each other and disappear completely after about a day.

What can be done:

Because children do not usually feel sick, treatment for this condition is only needed when the child is suffering from a high fever ( severe lethargy, sweating, restless behavior). Then measures are shown to reduce the temperature: a candle of paracetamol in 125 mg or a compress on the calves of the legs.

Tetanus - a disease of young children

Tetanus is an acute, often fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus pathogen. For tetanus in children of the first year of life, an increase in the tone of the muscles of the whole organism and convulsions are characteristic.

Cause: The tetanus bacillus lives in the surface layers of the soil, where it gets from. intestines of domestic and wild animals, as well as humans.

Infection of a newborn occurs when a pathogen enters the umbilical wound with violations of care.

Signs and symptoms: Neonatal tetanus is severe form disease, usually developing within the first 10 days after birth. Early signs of tetanus include difficulty suckling, irritability and increased tearfulness, combined with a grimace, accompanied by a special contraction of the muscles of the face and mandible. With an increase in muscle tension, arching of the spine, flexion of the arms, clenching the hand into a fist, extension of the legs and plantar flexion of the foot appear. At the slightest irritation, convulsions occur.

What can be done:

The basis for the treatment of children in the first year of life from tetanus is the introduction tetanus toxoid or the introduction of tetanus toxoid human immunoglobulin, narcotic drugs to reduce seizures, transferring the baby to machine breathing.

Mortality in tetanus is very high. Leading cause of death is suffocation due to paralysis respiratory center.

In connection with universal immunization against tetanus (the tetanus component of the vaccine is presented in DTP), the incidence of the disease has decreased significantly.

Lacrimal stenosis in newborns

Cause: It often happens that when a baby wakes up, his eyes are glued together. We are talking about a violation of the flow of tears on the affected side. If this was not already from birth, then such a defect in children of the first year of life may occur as a result of an infection in the nasopharyngeal cavity. The nasal lacrimal canal, which runs from the inner corner of the eye (a small drain hole can be seen there) to the nose, is narrowed or inflamed at its junction. Tears cannot drain properly, and where stagnation has arisen in the body, purulent inflammation quickly begins.

Signs and symptoms: A yellowish pus accumulates in the inner corner of the eye, mixed with lacrimal fluid. Both eyes may be affected. After opening the eyes and wiping off the accumulated pus, in older infants, tears flow down the cheeks from the unhealthy side. When the child then wakes up after sleep, the situation is even worse.

What can be done:

Eyes should be rinsed with sterile sodium chloride solution (from a pharmacy).

Attention: you should always move the cotton wool from the outer corner of the eye to the inner (toward the nose).

Eye drops with an antibiotic (they must be prescribed by a doctor!) Can quickly eliminate purulent inflammation, but since the narrowed area remains there, after stopping the injection of drops, inflammation very often resumes again.

You can massage the inner corner of the eye with the tip of your little finger in gentle up and down motions and small rotational movements. At the same time, the patency of the lacrimal nasal canal will improve again. Often, an unpleasant symptom gradually disappears when young children reach the age of 6-8 weeks.

bad hair The child has

Causes of hair loss in children:

General alopecia (alopecia) can be congenital or occur in children with malnutrition, anemia, chronic intoxication, hypovitaminosis, poisoning (for example, arsenic), some infectious (scarlet fever, typhoid) and non-infectious diseases (SLE, SJS), hypothyroidism.

Focal alopecia occurs with syphilis, poisoning with thallium-containing products, fungal infection of the hair, etc. Alopecia of the nape in children of the first half of life is observed with rickets, perinatal encephalopathy.

Causes of excess hair growth:

Overgrowth hair in young children can be total or regional. Hypertrichosis (excessive body hair and limbs) may be genetically determined or associated with some chronic diseases (tuberculosis, JRA, ulcerative colitis, etc.). Excessive hair growth in girls with facial hair growth (hirsutism) occurs with Itsenko-Cushing's disease and syndrome, long-term treatment glucocorticoids, hyperandrogenemia.

Hair problems in children:

Sparse, hard, brittle hair on the head of children of the first year of life - diagnostic important symptom hypothyroidism. Dull hair color, their dryness and splitting at the ends can be a manifestation of dystrophy, deficiency of vitamins, iron and other trace elements, metabolic disorders.

Head hair fungus:

fungal infection hair (in particular, fungi of the genus Microsporum) is characterized by the appearance on the skin of the scalp of rounded reddish foci, delimited from healthy skin. The hair above them breaks very close to the root, as a result of which, as it were, clipped areas are formed.

Children's pediculosis:

The best protection against diseases in children of the first year of life is their prevention. It is provided with periodic examinations and vaccinations. With regular conversations with your pediatrician, you can ask questions and resolve any ambiguities, and besides, talking about your child is a pleasure in itself.

You can say so for his contented mother. This says something more important: you, as a mother, will feel that something is missing in the child, much earlier than the most experienced pediatrician. A healthy baby is usually friendly, rosy-cheeked, has mostly predictable sleep and wake patterns, drinks milk quickly during feedings, and gains weight fairly well. But still, if this is your first child, you will probably be a little fearful, and some of the behavior of your child may frighten or disturb you.

Preventive examinations of the child

The nine preventive check-ups are the perfect opportunity to talk about your observations and concerns. On the other hand, with a preventive examination (PP), you will know what to pay special attention to in the period until the next EP.

Before examining children in the first year of life, one should prepare well, and it is best to have questions written down in advance. If you know in advance what exactly the pediatrician will examine, you will be able to tell him your additional observations. Thus, you and your pediatrician will be like one team during the PT. The more effectively you work together, the better it will be for the child. This also applies to vaccinations. The immunity of a child of the first year of life will not be weakened by them, but will be strengthened. It's better not to expose your child's health to unnecessary and sometimes dangerous loads - get your baby vaccinated!

Diagnostic examination of children up to a year

Prevention is better than cure - especially for sucklings and small children. Too late recognized chronic diseases can remain for life. Regular participation in government-mandated preventive examinations will give your baby good chance on healthy childhood.

The schedule of early diagnostic examination of children of the first year of life is designed in such a way that it overlaps for observation all the critical stages in which they are best detected or diagnosed. chronic disorders. Yes, six early diagnostic examinations in the first year of life, they are intended primarily to detect congenital pathologies of individual systems and organs, for example, the heart, kidneys, nervous system and hips. Later, the sense organs, hearing and vision, and, of course, the entire general course of development are purposefully checked.

Many children deviate in terms of development (dates) from the usual norms. They do not crawl, start walking later than others, or do not speak a word at two years. All this can still be within the normal range and usually it is. However, although rare, developmental delay may hide pathologies or underlying diseases that can be treated and thereby prevent more serious consequences. Last but not least, during these examination periods, proper nutrition and, of course, all those questions that you have outlined for a conversation with a pediatrician are discussed.

Important! Each system of early diagnostics is only as good as it ensures the completeness of examinations. So take every chance. For you, it will be calmer to spend 15-30 minutes and find out that everything is in order, or that you will only need to wear orthopedic (bursting) panties for a short time, or temporarily therapeutic gymnastics, after which the development of your baby will go further without violations.

Parents always buy the best for their children: chic cradles, toys and various necessary things for babies. We take care of our children by surrounding them with beautiful furniture and accessories. And this is really important, because even a properly selected cradle will bring your child a healthy sleep.

Although sometimes, no matter how hard we try, the little ones can get sick. Naturally, when a child falls ill for parents, this is the strongest stress. Ailments and diseases of newborns cause great excitement and panic among parents. After all, the baby cannot say that he is in pain, and as a rule, without a specialist, it can be very difficult to determine. In this article, we will look at the most common diseases of the newborn and tell about the treatment of children under one year.
1.Skin irritations
The skin of a newborn is very sensitive. To avoid irritation and infection, keep your baby's skin clean, well moisturized and not squeezing. tight clothes. Despite careful care, the child may develop skin diseases that will require the attention of a doctor.

Gluteal erythema
this is a fairly common skin irritation on the buttocks in infants, which occurs under the influence of urine, feces and bacterial flora. If in spite of everything Taken measures(exclusion from the diet of foods that cause allergic reaction, use of hydrophilic diapers), there are more areas of skin with weeping irritation, consult a doctor.

Infant eczema
This disease rarely occurs before three months, usually appears on the face (except for the nose and chin), behind the ears, sometimes on the folds and joints, on the thumbs and around the nipples. The skin becomes covered with red spots, small dry cracks form, the baby suffers from itching. You need to consult a pediatrician.

Acne in infants
Small white dots on a red background appear quite often on the face and chest from the fourth week and can last for several weeks. The only means of prevention is the daily care of the baby's skin.

2. Rickets- a disease of young children, expressed in violation of bone formation. The most common cause of rickets is a deficiency of vitamin D in the body.

Causes of the disease: flaw sunlight and exposure to fresh air, lack of vitamin D in the food received by the child, prematurity, lack of motor activity in the child, intestinal dysbacteriosis.
The disease is clearly manifested at the age of 3-4 months. The child has anxiety, irritability, whims, poor sleep, children often shudder, especially when falling asleep. The sweating of the skin increases, especially during sleep and when feeding, the face and the hairy part of the head sweat most strongly. The child rubs his head on the pillow all the time, as a result of which the back of his head becomes bald.

Effective prevention of rickets are walking, moderate tanning, massage and gymnastics. starting from 2 week old the child is given vitamin D.

3. Abdominal pain
Children in the first year of life very often have problems with the tummy - colic, this is due to the fact that the intestines of the newborn is located perpendicular to the body. During the first few months, intestinal reversal can cause pain and discomfort in the baby. In such cases, clockwise massage of the tummy can help, as well as maternal warmth. Lay the newborn on your belly with your tummy. Or put your warm hand on the baby's stomach.

Babies are often worried accumulation of gas in the intestines or irregular stool. Helps with gas medical preparations: dill water, plantex, subsimplex, babykalm, babynos. Be sure to check with your pediatrician before taking. Very a good remedy from constipation and gas formation, is a gas outlet tube. vent tube much easier and more convenient to use than an enema.

4.Invagination (volvulus)
It most often occurs at the age of 2-6 months, the peak incidence occurs at the age when the child receives consistently or sometimes simultaneously a lot of new food, which is the main cause of this acute pathology. That is why it is not recommended to rush with complementary foods.

With this disease, one intestine is introduced into another, the vessels of the intestine are pinched, and blood circulation is disturbed. In such cases, the child suddenly begins to scream, periodically calming down.

A few minutes later the cry is repeated again. But already after the second - the third bout of crying, it becomes clear that the child is really not well. A variety of symptoms may appear: vomiting, weakness, pallor or redness of the skin. Blood appears in the stool in the first 12 hours. The presence of blood in the stool is late sign, you need to show the child to the doctor much earlier!

5. Hernias
Hernia- protrusion of the contents of internal organs (cavities) through the wall (most often we are talking about the anterior abdominal wall).
With inguinal hernia swelling in the groin is usually determined. An uncomplicated hernia usually does not cause pain. Often the hernia protrudes due to prolonged crying. With any unprovoked anxiety of the child, you need to carefully examine groin areas to detect hernial protrusion. Inguinal hernia dangerous and can become a real threat to the life of the child. In no case do not try to set the hernia on your own. You should contact your surgeon as soon as possible.
Umbilical hernia and hernia of the linea alba meet quite often. In most cases, hernias that appear in children under the age of 6 months spontaneously disappear at the age of one year. This is due to the strengthening of the muscles of the upper abdominal wall, the transition of the child to a vertical position.

If you are not sure what exactly is bothering your baby, be sure to contact your pediatrician.