Major disorders of the cardiovascular system. Comprehensive prevention of diseases of the heart and blood vessels

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

REGULATION FEATURES

DISORDERS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The only function cordially- vascular system is to push blood through the arteries and veins of the body. Blood carries nutrients throughout the body and removes decay products from the body, and also delivers oxygen to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide from them. In adults, the amount of blood is on average 7-8 % from the total weight. IN normal conditions only part of the blood circulates. The other part is contained in the so-called blood “depots” (liver, spleen, skin) and is mobilized when it becomes necessary to replenish (replenish) the amount of blood circulating in the body. At the beginning of the 1628th century, the English scientist William Harvey proved that the connection between the venous and arterial vascular systems and discovered the very fact of blood circulation and the presence of large and small circles of blood circulation. Heart of all mammals, including humans, is a hollow four-chamber muscular organ. It is divided into two atria and two ventricles.

Systemic circulation starts from the left ventricle and ends with the right atrium. When the heart contracts, blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta (the largest artery in the human body) and then, passing through the arteries, arterioles and capillaries of the whole body, enters the venules. Venules are collected in small veins, which merge with larger ones and flow into the inferior and superior vena cava. The inferior and superior vena cava supply blood to right atrium, and this is covered big circle circulation. Thus, the blood that is ejected during the contraction of the heart travels throughout the body.

Small circle of blood circulation starts from the right ventricle and ends at the left atrium. From the right ventricle to pulmonary artery blood enters the capillaries of the lungs and from there through the pulmonary veins returns to the left atrium, where the pulmonary circulation ends. When passing through the capillaries of the small circle, the blood gives off carbon dioxide and is saturated with oxygen.
Blood in the cardiovascular system flows in only one direction: from the left ventricle through the systemic circulation to the right atrium and from the right atrium to the right ventricle, from the right ventricle through the pulmonary circulation to the left atrium and from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The one-sidedness of the blood flow depends on the successive contraction of the heart and on its valvular apparatus. The activity of the heart consists of three phases: the first - systole, i.e., atrial contraction, the second is ventricular systole and the third is a pause, i.e., the period when the atria and ventricles are simultaneously relaxed. The relaxed state of the atria or ventricles is called diastole. In the first phase, the atria contract, and the blood in them enters the ventricles. flapper valves freely
they open towards the ventricles and therefore do not interfere with the flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles. During atrial systole, blood cannot flow back into the veins, since the mouths of the veins are compressed by the annular muscles. Atrial systole lasts 0.12 seconds. Following the atrial systole, their diastole begins to relax. Atrial systole is followed by the second phase - ventricular systole. The systole of the ventricles, in turn, consists of two phases: the phase of tension and the phase of expulsion of blood. In the first phase, i.e., in the phase of tension, the muscles of the ventricles tense up (their tone increases), and the pressure in the ventricles rises, and when it becomes higher than in the aorta and pulmonary trunk, the semilunar valves open, the heart muscle contracts: blood from ventricles under great pressure released into vessels. This is how the second phase of ventricular systole begins - the phase of expulsion of blood. At the same time, the pressure in the ventricles reaches 150 mm Hg, Art. The entire ventricular systole lasts 0.3 seconds. After the systole of the ventricles, their diastole begins. In this case, the semilunar valves close, as the blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery becomes higher than in the ventricles. At the same time, the cusp valves open, and blood from the atria begins to flow back into the ventricles. In a beating heart, atrial diastole partially coincides with ventricular diastole, this is the third phase - a pause. During the pause, blood flows freely from the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium and from the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. Since the valves are open, some of the blood enters the ventricles. A pause is followed by atrial systole. The pause lasts 0.4 seconds. Then a new one starts cardiac cycle. Each cardiac cycle lasts approximately 0.8 seconds.

If you put your hand on the left fifth intercostal space, you can feel the push of the heart. This push depends on the change in the position of the heart during systole. During contraction, the heart becomes almost firm, turns slightly from left to right, the left ventricle presses against the chest, presses on it. This pressure is felt as a push. At healthy person The heart beats an average of 70 times per minute. The heart rate is subject to many influences and often changes even during the day. The position of the body also affects the heart rate: the highest heart rate is observed in a standing position, in a sitting position it is lower, and when lying down, the heart contracts even more slowly. The heart rate increases sharply during exercise; for athletes, for example, during a competition it even reaches 250 per minute. Heart rate depends on age. In children under 1 year old, it is 100-140 per minute, at 10 years old - 90, at 20 years and older - 60-80, and in the elderly it again becomes more frequent up to 90-95.

In some people, the heart rate is rare and fluctuates between 40-60 per minute. This rare rhythm is called bradycardia. It most often occurs in athletes at rest. There are also people with an increased heart rate, when the heart rate fluctuates between 90-100 and can reach up to
140-150 per minute. This frequent rhythm is called tachycardia. The work of the heart quickens when inhaling, emotional arousal(fear, anger, joy, etc.). During contraction, each ventricle ejects an average of 70-80 ml of blood, the so-called. systolic, volume. The action of the heart is accompanied electrical phenomena. The method of recording the action currents of the heart is called electrocardiography.
This device is connected to the right and left hands (first lead), then to right hand And
with the left foot (second lead) and finally with the left arm and left foot (third lead).
When writing on moving paper, a curve is obtained - electrocardiogram The electrocardiogram has five teeth, which are denoted by the letters P, Q, R, S, T. The P wave corresponds to atrial excitation, and the Q, R, S, T waves correspond to ventricular excitation.

The heart, removed from the body, continues to contract rhythmically. This feature of the
dtsa gives reason to conclude that the causes that cause the contraction of the heart are in itself. In higher animals (including humans), excitation occurs in special accumulations of nervous and muscle tissue, which are called nodes.

Rhythm healthy heart variability is present. Variability heart rate(HRV) is measured by the distances between the R waves; it is higher in athletes and decreases until it disappears in a state of ill health and stress.

The heart is innervated by the vagus and sympathetic nerves. The vagus nerve originates in the medulla oblongata, where its center lies, and the sympathetic nerves depart from the cervical sympathetic node. Action vagus nerve on the functioning of the heart-slowing down and relaxing. The action on the heart of the sympathetic nerves is opposite, that is, accelerating and intensifying.

The activity of the centers of the vagus and sympathetic nerves is coordinated. If the excitability of one of these centers increases, then the excitability of the other center decreases accordingly. With muscular activity, the heart begins to work faster, since the tone of the center of the vagus nerve decreases with simultaneous increase sympathetic nerve center tone, which leads to an increase in heart rate. Excitation of the vagus and sympathetic nerves originates in the central nervous system.

A variety of stimuli - heat, cold, sharp pain, as well as fear, anger towards other emotions, cause a slowdown or an increase in cardiac activity. With any irritation at the endings of sensory nerves, excitation occurs, which is transmitted to the central nervous system and from there along the efferent (centrifugal) nerves - vagus or sympathetic, is transmitted to the heart.

An example reflex influence The following experience can serve on the activity of the heart. The frog's chest cavity is opened. Then they strike the belly of the frog. The activity of the heart slows down or stops completely. Slowdown or cardiac arrest occurs reflexively. The strong excitation that occurs upon impact is transmitted to medulla and covers the center of the vagus nerve, excitation along the nerve enters the heart and inhibits its activity. This reflex explains the deep fainting or even death of a person (during cardiac arrest), which occurs after a strong blow to the stomach. Reflex influences on the activity of the heart are also observed under the influence of changes occurring inside the body.

Numerous experiments have shown that the cerebral cortex controls the activity of the heart. In particular, they developed conditioned reflexes on the activity of the heart. In this case, the heart is controlled by the cortex indirectly, through the autonomic NS. Events that trigger the regulation of cardiac activity are also emotions, thoughts, ideas. So, the conductor Toscanini's pulse rate while listening to his recordings increased in the same way as when he was physically conducting the orchestra.

Cardiac activity is also regulated by the nervous system humorally. The sympathetic nervous system through spinal cord instructs the adrenal cortex to produce adrenaline. Having reached the heart with blood flow, adrenaline enhances cardiac activity through adrenaline receptors. Its action lasts 5-8 seconds, but during this time, in the case of a stress reaction, glucocorticoids are secreted, which prolong the action of adrenaline for minutes and hours.

Acetylcholine acts diametrically opposite to adrenaline, which causes a sharp slowdown and weakening of cardiac activity, up to a complete cardiac arrest.

The heart muscle, which does a great job, needs a continuous supply of nutrients and oxygen and in the removal of decay products is abundantly supplied with blood. The blood supply to the heart is carried out by the coronary arteries.

In the thickness of the heart muscle, they disintegrate into a dense capillary network. Violation of the normal circulation of the heart causes sudden changes in cardiac activity. In humans, blood circulation in the heart muscle is disturbed with sclerosis coronary vessels, with blockage (thrombosis) and reflex spasms. Adrenaline causes constriction of all vessels, except for the coronary and cerebral vessels, which, on the contrary, expand, improving the supply of the heart during physical exertion and emotional arousal.

The heart ejects portions of blood in the vessel only during systole, intermittently. Despite this, blood flows through the blood vessels in a continuous stream. The blood flow becomes continuous due to the elasticity of the walls of the arteries. After ventricular systole, the pressure in the arteries rises sharply, and the walls of the arteries stretch. Following systole, diastole occurs, when the walls of the vessels, due to elasticity, return to their original position. They put pressure on the blood, push it further and ensure a uniform flow of blood through the vessels. the value blood pressure Basically, two conditions determine: the energy that is reported during systole, and the resistance of the arterial vascular system, which has to be overcome by the flow of blood flowing from the aorta. During systole, the pressure increases and becomes the highest, it is called systolic. The lowest pressure is called diastolic. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure was named pulse pressure. If, systolic pressure in brachial artery a person is equal to 120 mm Hg. Art., and diastolic -70 mm Hg. Art., then pulse pressure will be equal to 50 mm Hg. Art.

The level of blood pressure under normal conditions for certain age groups remains strictly constant. Sometimes blood pressure rises above 150 mm Hg. Art. Such a persistent increase in pressure is a fairly common disease and is called hypertension. An increase in blood pressure that occurs during muscle activity (severe physical labor, sport competitions etc.), sometimes it can reach up to 200 mm.r g. Art., after the cessation of work it quickly decreases and soon returns to normal. A similar rapidly passing change in blood pressure is also observed with emotional arousal, for example, with anger, fear. During sleep, blood pressure drops. Blood pressure can drop dramatically. Persistent decrease in systolic pressure to 80-90 mm Hg. Art. called hypotension. A sharp drop in pressure if not taken Urgent measures, calls a series serious violations in the body and leads to death.

A study of the effect of smoking on blood pressure and pulse rate showed that smoking one cigarette causes an increase in systolic pressure by an average of 20 mm Hg, and diastolic pressure by 14 mm Hg. Art. Pulse quickens at an average of 36 beats per minute. On the electrocardiogram, a change in the T wave is observed. As a result of vasoconstriction, the skin temperature of the fingers decreases by 2.4-3.2 °. This must be remembered during the polygraph test, because the specialist, when working with heavy smokers a choice has to be made: interrupt the test and let the interviewee smoke a cigarette, or, under one pretext or another, not allow the interviewee to smoke during the event. The polygaphologist should remember that if he gave the interviewee the opportunity to smoke a cigarette, then after that it is necessary to withstand a 15-20-minute pause so that the parameters of the circulatory system return to their original level.

Blood circulation in the venous part of the vascular system has its own characteristics, which

are primarily due to the structure of the walls of the veins, which, compared with the walls

arteries are very thin and easily squeezed. The blood pressure in the veins is very low - 10-20 mm Hg. Art., and in large veins located in chest cavity, even negative, i.e. below atmospheric pressure. The pressure in them fluctuates depending on the phase of breathing. When inhaling rib cage increases, it contributes to the expansion of the lungs, as well as the veins located in the chest cavity. At the same time, their walls stretch, the lumen expands, and the pressure in them drops, becoming negative. Such a pressure drop is of great importance for the movement of blood through the veins: a significant difference is created between the blood pressure in large and small veins, which contributes to the flow of blood from small veins to larger ones, i.e., its movement towards the heart. An important factor, contributing to the movement of blood through the veins, are muscle contractions. Muscle contraction presses on the veins, which collapse, and the blood in them is squeezed out and flows towards the heart, while the semilunar valves in the veins, like valves, prevent its return flow. That is why physical education, muscle contractions during work, walking, etc. contribute to the improvement of venous circulation.

If you put your finger on those parts of the body where the arteries approach the surface, you can feel arterial pulse. The pulse can be felt on the wrist by slightly pressing radial artery To radius, on the temple, on the neck, at the corner mandible, in the groin, etc.

Feeling it, you can get some idea about the work of the heart and the state of the entire cardiovascular system. For a more detailed study, the pulse is recorded, and the curve that is obtained at the same time makes it possible to make a deeper analysis. Recording of a pulse wave as a component of a peripheral reaction of the cardiovascular

the system is maintained using the plethysmogram or photoplethysmogram channel

Usually the heart works somewhat unevenly: when you inhale, the activity of the heart accelerates. A similar unevenness in the work of the heart is observed at complete rest. A change in the activity of the heart in connection with the phases of respiration is called respiratory arrhythmia.

Blood pressure in the body is always maintained at a constant level. If according to

for any reason (joy, fear, physical work, etc.), blood pressure rises, very soon it returns to normal again, blood pressure self-regulates. The principle of self-regulation, established by I.P. Pavlov, is also related not only to other functions of the body (breathing, etc.)

DISORDERS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Atrial fibrillation and flutter (atrial fibrillation) - a chaotic contraction of individual groups of muscle fibers, in which the atria as a whole do not contract, and the ventricles work irregularly, usually at a frequency of 100 to 150 beats per minute. Atrial fibrillation can be persistent or paroxysmal. Observed at mitral defects heart disease, coronary heart disease, thyrotoxicosis, alcoholism

Flickering and fluttering of the ventricles(ventricular fibrillation) can occur with any serious illness heart (often acute phase myocardial infarction), with pulmonary embolism, overdose of cardiac

Heart blocks- violations of cardiac activity associated with a slowdown or cessation of impulse conduction through the conduction system of the heart. There are blockades sinoatrial (at the level of atrial muscle tissue), atrioventricular (at the level of the atrioventricular junction) and intraventricular. By severity, there are - 1) blockade of the 1st degree: each impulse is slowly carried out to the underlying sections of the conduction system, 2) blockade of the II degree, incomplete: only a part of the impulses is carried out, 3) blockade III degree, full: pulses are not conducted. All blockades can be persistent and transient. They occur with myocarditis, cardiosclerosis, myocardial infarction, under the influence of certain drugs (cardiac glycosides, beta-blockers, verapamil). Congenital complete transverse blockade is very rare.

Atherosclerosis A common disease, expressed in the growth in the wall of large and medium-sized arteries connective tissue(sclerosis) in combination with fatty impregnation of their inner shell (athero-). Because of the thickening, the walls of the vessels become denser, their lumen narrows, and blood clots often form. Depending on the area in which the affected arteries are located, the blood supply to a particular organ or part of the body suffers with its possible necrosis (heart attack, gangrene).

Sudden death All conditions requiring action cardiopulmonary resuscitation, are united by the concept " clinical death", which is characterized by the cessation of breathing and blood circulation. This implies not only a complete mechanical cardiac arrest, but also a type of cardiac activity that does not provide the minimum required level of blood circulation. This condition can develop with various life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias: ventricular fibrillation, complete transverse (atrioventricular) block. cardiogenic cause cessation of blood circulation is myocardial infarction.

Hypertonic disease (essential hypertension) accounts for up to 90% of all cases of chronic hypertension blood pressure. In economically developed countries, 18-20% of adults suffer from hypertopic disease, that is, they have repeated rises in blood pressure to 160/95 mm Hg. Art. and higher.

Hypotonic disease(primary chronic hypotension, essential hypotension) A disease associated with dysfunction of the nervous system and neurohormonal regulation of vascular tone, accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure. The initial background of such a state is asthenia associated with psychotraumatic situations, chronic infections and intoxications (industrial hazards, alcohol abuse), neuroses.

myocardial infarction Heart disease caused by insufficiency of its blood supply with a focus of necrosis (necrosis) in the heart muscle (myocardium); essential form ischemic heart disease. Acute blockage of the lumen of the coronary artery by a thrombus, a swollen atherosclerotic plaque, leads to myocardial infarction.

Ischemic disease hearts Chronic disease caused by insufficient blood supply to the myocardium, in the vast majority of cases (97-98%) is a consequence of atherosclerosis coronary arteries hearts. The main forms are angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (see), atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis. They occur in patients both in isolation and in combination, including those with various complications and consequences (heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, thromboembolism).

angina pectoris- an attack of sudden chest pain that always responds the following signs: has clearly expressed time occurrence and termination, appears under certain circumstances (when walking normally, after eating or with a heavy burden, when accelerating, climbing uphill, a sharp headwind, other physical effort); the pain begins to subside or completely stops under the influence of nitroglycerin (1-3 minutes after taking the tablet under the tongue).

Cardiopsychoneurosis(NCD, vegetative-vascular dystonia) It has a functional nature, it is characterized by disorders of neuroendocrine regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular system.

Heart failure A condition caused by insufficiency of the heart as a pump that provides the necessary blood circulation. It is a consequence and manifestation of diseases that affect the myocardium or impede its work: non-chemic heart disease and its defects, arterial hypertension, diffuse diseases lungs, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies.

Hello, friends! With you Ekaterina Kalmykova. Today I wanted to talk to you about health. This is probably due to the fact that many of my friends and acquaintances are sick now. This is due to the sharp cooling outside the window. Also, my husband is sick. In general, this is my mood and the topic for today's article, I chose the appropriate one.

Moreover, this topic will be relevant to everyone who, through the Internet, for example, or blogging while in. Since our work with you over time has turned from active into passive, and this, in turn, can have a rather detrimental effect on our health.

We increasingly began to sit on chairs, move less and less often observe correct mode food and eat healthy food. And it is not surprising that all these factors lead to the fact that we begin to feel much worse, because such a lifestyle leaves a negative imprint on our cardiovascular system.

Therefore, today we will talk about such a topic as the prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system.

In order to talk about why this disease can occur, how to deal with it and prevent its occurrence, let's find out what it is.

Disease related ailments circulatory system, cardiac muscle, are divided into several types:

1. Cardiac ischemia- conduction problems blood vessels to the heart muscle. In the future, it can lead to a heart attack. This type also includes angina pectoris.

2. Stroke or cerebral hemorrhage- occurs due to problems with the vessels of the brain. In the first case, due to a violation of the blood supply, in the second - due to a rupture of the vessel.

3. Arrhythmia- violation of the heart rhythm.

4. Thrombosis- the occurrence of blood clots, as a result of clumping of platelets.

5. Heart disease- usually a congenital disease.

6. Atherosclerosis- deposition on the walls of blood vessels of fat and cholesterol, which leads to disruption of the blood supply to organs.

7. Vegetative-vascular dystonia- a violation of the cardiovascular system associated with neuralgia. I can tell you a lot about this disease, since I myself suffer from this disease. I have accumulated a lot of information, so this topic is for a separate article. Therefore, if you this problem relevant - so as not to miss the release of this post. It will be mega useful, especially for people suffering from this disease.

There are even more subspecies of this disease, but we will not delve into each one. The main thing is that it became clear to you how extensive the affected area is in the event of cordially- vascular diseases.

Causes of cardiovascular disease

There are enough factors that lead to this disease in our time. As mentioned above, our lifestyle is a fertile soil that helps this ailment to progress.

Let's list them:

most main reason is heredity. If someone in your family had problems in this area, most likely you will also encounter them.
Injuries. Very often, injuries can affect the disease.
Improper nutrition. We increasingly began to eat in fast foods, where the main component is fats and carbohydrates. As a rule, in order to quickly cook a cutlet or french fries, they are fried in hot oil, which sometimes does not change so often. And because of this oil in our body, the level of cholesterol rises, which prevents normal functioning blood in our body. Or another rather relevant example: when working at home, we often eat right sitting at the computer, we arrange dry snacks for ourselves without looking up from the monitor. Yes Yes! And don’t say that you don’t do that 🙂 We hold the mouse with one hand, and a sandwich in the other.
Passive lifestyle. Have you heard the expression “Movement is life”. Now this is not about our generation, because people pedaling or running along the track, although you can meet on the street, but very rarely. Basically, everyone tries to move around in warm cars, alternately pressing the gas-brake. Given that when you come home, you are unlikely to run on a treadmill or jump rope. Most likely, after a working day spent on a chair at the computer, at home you again occupy sitting position on a comfortable sofa ... Well, in general, you understand.
Wrong way of life: smoking, alcohol. All this also adversely affects not only what we are talking about in today's article, but also on other organs.

Also this disease may occur as a result of chronic diseases. But as a rule, these days most often this disease is acquired.

Manifestations of cardiovascular disease

If you don’t have time to eat right, drive mostly by car or public transport, and you don’t have the strength and time to go to the gym, then you should know that your risk of developing an illness increases many times. This is not a joke or a way of intimidation, but a real picture.

Symptoms:

Breathlessness.
Chest pain
Heart rhythm disorder
Cold and damp hands or feet
Headache
Fainting state
puffiness
Pallor
Bluish color of the lips, nose, tip of the tongue, fingers, legs, earlobes.

If you notice at least one of these signs, you should contact a specialist to diagnose problems with the heart or blood vessels and prevent their development. When making such a diagnosis - do not be alarmed. There are many ways to deal with this problem. The doctor will select the necessary treatment for you.

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases

For primary prevention will help you:

1. Physiotherapy exercises. It enhances blood circulation. It is even better to exercise in nature, as you also saturate your body with oxygen. Here are some examples of morning exercises:

2. Proper nutrition. In order to maintain your health, try to eat food, rich in protein and fiber, and reduce carbohydrates and fats. They must remain in your diet for the proper functioning of the brain and intestines, however, proteins should prevail, as this is a building material that helps strengthen the walls of your blood vessels. If you have excess weight, then it is better to follow a diet and eat small portions 5-6 times a day.

Related articles:

3.Massage. I do not advise you to do it without a doctor's prescription, as you can harm yourself, but it can also be prescribed to you as a preventive measure.

4. Bad habits. Get rid of them once and for all. Firstly, good example Secondly, the health benefits!

5.Diagnostics. Try to get checked out by a cardiologist at least once a year. After all, with the way of life that we lead, such problems can arise in a matter of days and lead to not very good consequences. Don't neglect medical examinations that are carried out at work. And if you work from home, take the time to visit a specialist yourself.

By the way, if you make money at home at the computer, then the following articles will be useful to you:

Be sure to read them!

I hope the activities described in the article will help you prevent diseases of the cardiovascular system and provide you with a long and healthy life. The main thing is to do prevention, then you will always be in shape.

Remember, the result depends only on you!

Be healthy!

And in conclusion, watch the video and listen to a song to cheer you up.

Ekaterina Kalmykova

Myocardial infarction occurs when blood supply to any part of the heart muscle is interrupted. If the blood supply is interrupted for minutes or more, the “starving” part of the heart dies. This site of death (necrosis) of heart cells is called myocardial infarction.

Stroke is a severe and very dangerous violation cerebral circulation, which ultimately causes the death of brain tissue, due to a lack of necessary nutrition in the brain, resulting in damage to the brain and blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain.

Ischemic heart disease - is caused by an imbalance in the need for and receipt of oxygen by the heart through the bloodstream. ISHB can develop suddenly, it can be chronic and not regular. Cardiac arrhythmias - violations of the rhythmic characteristics of the work of the heart muscle, which has several forms, divided in accordance with changes in rhythm, strength and frequency of contractions: tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia.

Angina - " angina pectoris"a disease manifested in a mismatch between the need and delivery of oxygen to the myocardium, which causes a malfunction of the heart and causes discomfort and pain in the chest. The most common cause of angina pectoris is arteriosclerosis. Angina pectoris is a disease that manifests itself in a mismatch between the need for and delivery of oxygen to the myocardium, which causes heart failure and causes chest discomfort and pain. The most common cause of angina pectoris is arteriosclerosis.
Prevention cardiovascular diseases 2. Reduce body weight 2. Reduce body weight 3. Eliminate alcohol 4. Give up cigarettes 5. Avoid stressful situations 6. Increase physical activity 7. Refuse overuse table salt.

Comprehensive prevention diseases of the heart and blood vessels

Cardiovascular diseases - the epidemic of the XXI century

According to official data, about 1 million people die from cardiovascular diseases every year in Russia. 300 thousand people. Mortality due to this cause is more than 55% of all deaths. Among the developed countries, Russia is the leader in this sad indicator.

Not only treatment, but first of all, competent prevention of cardiovascular diseases will help reduce the number of patients suffering from and other ailments. Especially people from the so-called risk groups need to know about prevention methods.

Physical education is your main assistant

Benefit physiotherapy exercises is beyond doubt, because, firstly, during active classes, especially at fresh air, cells and tissues of the body are saturated with oxygen, and secondly, blood circulation increases, the heart muscle strengthens. Aerobic activities that increase heart rate are preferable - walking, running, skiing, cycling.

It is known that when lipids are deposited on the walls of the arteries, thereby leading to a narrowing of the lumen of the vessels and even to their clogging. In physical education operates in the following way. Fatty substances consumed by a person in excess of the measure do not settle in the vessels, but are burned by the body during training, and their safe level is maintained in the blood, coronary blood flow increases.

Physical activity depends on the age, functional state of a person, and also on whether he already has any diseases of the cardiovascular system. Those who have never been involved in physical education and sports should start with walking.

The doctors found that the minimum dynamic load is as follows: 3 times a week for 30 minutes at a comfortable pace. Those involved in health jogging should remember that it is not recommended to run more than 30-40 km a week, because in this case the body's reserves are depleted, and efficiency decreases.

Apart from aerobic exercise, benefits the body. You can do the following exercises:

Rotation with hands clenched into a fist, as well as with feet put on the toe (20 times in one direction and the other);
Rhythmic compression-extension of the hands (30 times);
Turns of the body to the right and left with arms spread apart (10 times);
Mahi with a straight leg forward, while the hands reach for the toe (10 swings with each leg);
Lunges forward alternately with each leg (10-20 times);
Vertical lifting of the legs in order to prevent diseases of the vessels of the legs (1-2 minutes).

This complex can be included in morning exercises, or execute at any convenient time. It is important that the room is well ventilated, and that the person is wearing comfortable clothing that does not hinder movement. But there are a number the following contraindications for physical education:

Sharp forms , ;
Acute;
accompanied by severe pain in the region of the heart.

For correct construction You must adhere to the following rules in your training:

Systematicity involves at least 3 classes per week;

The pulse should not exceed 120-140 beats per minute;

If you experience dizziness, pain in the heart or nausea, stop exercising.

Healthy eating is a big step towards health

Prevention of vascular diseases requires an adequate balanced diet. One of the main causes of these diseases is insufficient intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids who are responsible for lipid metabolism in organism. Therefore, use:

Fish, steamed or boiled (2-3 times a week);
Raw avocado (1-2 fruits per week);
Flaxseed oil (2 tablespoons per day);
Nuts (6-8 pieces per day).

Due to the content of fiber, which prevents the absorption of cholesterol, as well as Omega-3 acids, you should consume cereal cereals - oatmeal, buckwheat, brown rice. How coarser grinding, the richer the porridge with valuable substances.

The following vegetables and fruits are especially valuable and useful:

Pumpkin

Reduces blood pressure and puts in order the water-salt balance (the composition includes beta-carotene, potassium, vitamin C);

Garlic

Reduces vascular tone and blood pressure (the composition includes hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide);

Broccoli

Nourishes the heart and blood vessels with vitamins and elements (the composition includes vitamins of groups B, C, D, as well as potassium, iron, manganese);

strawberries

Strengthens the walls of blood vessels and fights anemia (comprises folic acid, copper, iron, iodine);

Pomegranate

It improves blood circulation, strengthens the walls of blood vessels, thins the blood, preventing blockage of blood vessels (it contains antioxidants, iron, iodine).

In addition to receiving useful products, it is worth reducing the amount of salt consumed, fatty, fried, refined foods that do not carry any nutritional value except empty calories. Refrain from taking products containing a large number of sugars - cakes, creams, milk chocolate.

Stress - a blow to the vessels

The mechanism of action of stress on the cardiovascular system is known: the hormone adrenaline is produced, which makes the heart beat faster, and the vessels spasm and constrict. Because of this, pressure rises, the heart muscle wears out.

American scientists have found that the cardiovascular system is directly related to the brain and hormonal sphere. That's why if a person experiences negative emotions- fear, anger, irritability, then the heart will suffer.

For prevention for this reason, a person needs:

More often to be in nature, away from the bustle of the city;
Learn not to let minor troubles, domestic troubles close to your heart;
Coming home, leave all thoughts of business behind the threshold;
Listen to relaxing classical music;
Give yourself as many positive emotions as possible.
IN necessary cases take natural sedatives, for example, motherwort.

Down with bad habits!

smoking and healthy blood vessels incompatible. Nicotine spasms blood vessels, therefore. Besides, vascular walls are damaged, plaques are deposited on them, which are the main cause of cardiovascular diseases. The smoker's brain suffers, memory is disturbed, paralysis may occur. That's why to prevent the formation of blood clots and the destruction of the walls of blood vessels, smoking must be abandoned.

Another destructive habit is excessive alcohol intake. Ethanol acts quickly: under its influence, red blood cells lose their negative charge and begin to stick together, impairing vascular patency, increasing blood clotting and increasing the risk of extremely dangerous blood clots. Oxygen starvation is experienced not only by organs and tissues, but also by the myocardium; the heart begins to beat faster, depleting its resources. In addition, ethanol interferes with fat metabolism, dramatically increasing the level of cholesterol in the blood, and it contributes to the formation of plaques on the walls of blood vessels.

Drink lovers should know that systematic use alcohol, no matter what - beer, wine or champagne, provokes a replacement muscle layers myocardium for fat. The reception of electrical impulses is disrupted, the ability of the myocardium to contract decreases, and this threatens with the appearance of arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia and other severe consequences. There is only one conclusion - reduce alcohol consumption as much as possible, and if it cannot be avoided at a banquet, then just eat as many fresh green vegetables as possible with it.

Bad habits include sitting in front of a TV or computer for a long time in the evening. A person who deprives himself of sleep wears out his heart, because he also needs periods of rest. In order for the heart not to experience congestion, It is recommended to sleep at least 8 hours a day, and this time can be distributed throughout the day.

The benefits of regular check-ups

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels can proceed unnoticed, without any external manifestations. Therefore, you should examine your vessels and heart approximately once a year using the main available methods..

. This method is based on fixing the heart rate with the help of special electrodes. Allows you to identify violations in the work of the myocardium, intracardiac patency, etc.;
Ergometry. The essence of the technique is to study the work of the cardiovascular system in dynamics;
(ultrasound dopplerography). It is used mainly for the prevention of cerebrovascular diseases. The doctor evaluates the blood flow in large vessels neck and head;
. With the help of MRI, specialists determine the patency of blood vessels, the presence of blood clots in it, its anatomy and diameter. Its advantages are obvious: efficiency, accuracy and harmlessness for the patient.
MRA (magnetic resonance angiography). This method is the most modern and effective, especially in diagnosing the state of cerebral vessels, since it allows you to get a three-dimensional image. vascular network investigated area. If the vessels of the body are examined, then a special dye is injected into the artery or vein, thanks to which the pictures are clear and understandable.

Read more about the importance of regular visits to the doctor.

A basic idea of the state of the cardiovascular system can be obtained using simple measurement pulse. The doctor can not only estimate the number of beats per minute, but also the rhythm of heart contractions. The phonendoscope well transmits noises and tones in the heart, which provide information about possible defects in the functioning of the heart valves.

Which specific method is right for you should be determined by a cardiologist. The more, the deeper the research should be.. In addition, it should be controlled, firstly, and secondly - Their increased value indicates that blood vessels are suffering in the body.

Over the past centuries, people have begun to live, on average, much longer, but they have not stopped getting sick. If in old times Since the main causes of death were various epidemics (plague, cholera, etc.), in our time it has become “fashionable” to get sick, first of all, with cardiovascular diseases. As a result, their mortality accounts for about a third of all deaths in the world.

In our country, the incidence among the population of these diseases is also not less than 25-30%. In countries with low level The share of cardiovascular pathologies in the life cycle is even higher, since it is determined not only by the level of development of medicine in the country, but also by the conditions and lifestyle of the population. Therefore, prevention of the risk of cardiovascular diseases is becoming important everywhere.

What are the preventive measures for cardiovascular diseases, and what can we do for this?

medical control

Certainly, self-prevention diseases of the cardiovascular system is important, but it is not enough. Professional and timely medical control, therefore, is essential element health monitoring.

To prevent the onset of the development of the disease or its exacerbation, keep in a "sleep state" chronic diseases a person should regularly visit doctors:

Get checked out by a therapist once a year.
A visit to the doctor should be accompanied by the measurement of blood pressure and body mass index.
At least once every five years, and at the discretion of the doctor and more often, check the level of cholesterol in the blood.

Physical education is a reliable assistant

Prevention of vascular heart diseases with the help of physical exercises for the heart does not raise doubts about its benefits. Active activities, especially carried out in the open air, saturate the tissues and cells of the body with oxygen. The heart muscle is strengthened, and blood circulation becomes more intense. Very useful are various aerobic activities that cause an increase in the number of heart contractions: running, walking, cycling and skiing.

It is known that the cause of the development of atherosclerosis is the deposition of cholesterol and lipids on the walls of blood vessels, narrowing their gaps, or even completely blocking them. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases, namely atherosclerosis, with the help of exercise acts like this: excess fats consumed do not settle on the walls of blood vessels, but are burned during training by the body, while blood flow increases, supporting normal level lipids in the blood.

The choice of physical activity should be related to functional state and the age of the person, the presence of any cardiovascular problems.

For those who have never been involved in sports and even physical education, it is best to start with walking. The minimum dynamic load recommended by doctors is as follows: three times a week for half an hour at a comfortable pace. Those involved in recreational running should not “run away” more than 30-40 km in a week, since further the body’s reserves begin to deplete, reducing working capacity.

Physiotherapy exercises should be carried out in comfortable clothes and in well-ventilated areas.

But there are a number of contraindications to physical education:

Acute heart failure.
Acute forms of rheumatism, endocarditis and myocarditis.
Heart rhythm disturbances in the background severe pain in the chest area.

In order for the prevention of vascular heart disease during training to be as effective as possible, some rules should be observed:

The workout starts with a warm up.
Classes must be held at least 3 times a week.
The pulse rate should not exceed 140 beats.
With dizziness, nausea or pain in the heart, classes immediately stop.

Stress control

It's important to learn how to control stressful situations that are waiting for us everywhere. Chronic sleep deprivation and constant psychological stress exhaust a person, reduce his immunity, cause arrhythmia and other disorders of the heart.

This can be countered healthy sleep and a philosophical approach to life, which will reduce the burden on the nervous system and help avoid heart ailments. Stress is a real blow to the vessels. At the same time, the mechanism of its action is simple and well studied: the adrenal glands produce loading dose the hormone adrenaline, which causes the heart to beat furiously, causing the vessels to constrict and spasm, leading to jump pressure.

Such tests quickly wear out the heart muscle.

Doctors have long known about the close relationship between the brain, hormonal and cardiovascular systems and the fact that any strong, especially negative, emotions: anger, fear, irritability invariably hit the heart.

Therefore, to prevent vascular spasms, it is recommended:

Get out into nature more often, away from the bustle of the city.
Learn not to take everyday troubles and minor troubles to heart.
Listen to classical and other relaxing music.
Try to forget about work when you come home.
Look for positive things in life.
When unrest, use motherwort or other natural preparations.

Getting rid of bad habits

Next, we will look at the impact bad habits on the heart. It is hardly possible to find at least one doubting person who is puzzling over the question of whether smoking affects the heart. This issue has been resolved for a long time and finally: healthy blood vessels and heart are incompatible with smoking. Here's how smoking harms the heart: nicotine causes vasospasm, which leads to an increase in blood pressure. In addition, it contributes to the activation of plaque deposits on the walls of blood vessels, leading to the progression of atherosclerosis, a harbinger of heart disease. The brain of a smoker also suffers, memory worsens, the risk of strokes increases. The similar effect of smoking on the work of the heart with already existing cardiological problems requires immediate refusal from it.

Excessive alcohol consumption is another destructive habit. Under the influence of ethanol, red blood cells lose their negative charge, which leads to their adhesion and deterioration of blood rheology, its increased coagulability, which, in turn, threatens with thrombosis. The observed oxygen starvation especially dangerous for myocardial cells. At the same time, the heart beats faster, depleting its own resources. In addition, alcohol negatively affects lipid metabolism, shifting the balance in the direction of increasing the content of cholesterol in the blood, which begins to form plaques on the walls of blood vessels. With the systematic abuse of any alcohol muscle myocardium is replaced by fat. The transmission of electrical impulses becomes more difficult, the myocardium contracts less, which can lead to arrhythmias, ischemia, and other painful consequences. Read about why your heart hurts after alcohol in our article.

Alcohol consumption should be reduced to a minimum, and it is better to supplement its small doses with green vegetables.

A bad habit can be called long sitting in the evenings at the computer or in front of the TV. Lack of sleep also causes wear and tear on the heart, so it is recommended to sleep 8 hours a day, which can be divided into several doses.

Quality nutrition is the key to health

Prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system necessarily implies appropriate balanced diet. One of the reasons for the development of atherosclerosis is the lack of food polyunsaturated fatty acids involved in lipid metabolism.

Below are the main factors that should be considered in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in terms of nutrition:

Binge eating. Don't leave the table feeling full stomach. From a large amount of food, the cardiac diaphragm contracts, which makes it difficult for the heart to work.
The consumption of animal fats should be minimized, and instead of them, prepare salads on unrefined sunflower, olive or sesame oil. Ghee, palm and coconut oil, on the contrary, are harmful to the heart, weaken and prematurely age the myocardium.
It is better to cook easily digestible baked meat, without frying in margarine and oils. Instead of pork, you can use veal, rabbit, chicken, turkeys or quails. Factory delicacies (sausages, ham, etc.) should be excluded. You can occasionally allow lamb dishes, with liver, lard, goose or duck meat.
Seafood. Their regular use is an excellent protection against many heart diseases. Almost any fish can be used, and it can be stewed, steamed or baked. Best for frying fish olive oil, but it is best to use quenching. Will help the work of the heart completely different fish: sardine and herring, salmon and hake, trout and pollock, salmon and catfish.
Dairy products should be present in the diet of even a healthy person. You should avoid a substitute, choosing a proven quality, do not take colored products and concentrates. Cream, homemade sour cream, curdled milk and kefir increase the body's endurance, resistance to influenza and viral infections which can lead to heart complications.
Vegetables and fruits contain a lot of fiber, which helps the body get rid of toxins and toxins and further stimulates the intestines, which reduces the load on the heart. Almost everything is useful: potatoes, cabbage, onions, garlic, lettuce, spinach, apples, apricots, bananas, pomegranates, grapes, figs and a moderate dose walnuts. A mixture of dried fruits for the heart is very useful, and its composition can constantly change, and it is not necessary to buy the most expensive products - you can get by with dried apricots and raisins.

Risk factors

There are 2 types of risk factors: fatal and removable. The first are those risk factors that cannot be changed, but they will have to be reckoned with. And removable risk factors are those that we can overcome by making appropriate adjustments to our lives.

Fatal Risk Factors

Floor. Men are more susceptible to cardiovascular disease.
Age. People over 65 with other risk factors need to be most wary of heart disease.
Heredity. Diseases such as cardiosclerosis, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension are inherited in 25% of cases.

Avoidable Risk Factors

Smoking and alcohol, the negative effects of which we have already mentioned.
Arterial hypertension. The risk of developing coronary artery disease is 3 times higher in people with chronically high blood pressure.
Overweight and abdominal obesity.
Diabetes. Not only increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, but also worsens the condition of a patient with an existing disease.
Wrong nutrition.
Low physical activity.
Stress.