Physical characteristics of pressure. Pressure for dummies: definition, explanation in simple words
We all had our blood pressure taken. Almost everyone knows that normal blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. But not everyone can answer what these numbers actually mean.
Let’s try to figure out what upper/lower pressure actually means, and how these values differ from each other. First, let's define the concepts.
Blood pressure (BP) is one of the most important indicators; it demonstrates the functioning of the circulatory system. This indicator is formed with the participation of the heart, blood vessels and blood moving through them.
Blood pressure is the pressure of blood on the artery wall
Moreover, it depends on the resistance of the blood, its volume “thrown out” as a result of one contraction (this is called systole), and the intensity of heart contractions. Most high rate Blood pressure can be observed when the heart contracts and “throws” blood out of the left ventricle, and is lowest when it enters the left ventricle. right atrium when the main muscle is relaxed (diastole). Now we come to the most important thing.
By upper pressure or, in scientific terms, systolic, we mean the pressure of the blood during contraction. This indicator shows how the heart contracts. The formation of such pressure is carried out with the participation of large arteries (for example, the aorta), and depends this indicator on a number of key factors.
These include:
- left ventricular stroke volume;
- aortic distensibility;
- maximum release speed.
As for the lower pressure (in other words, diastolic), it shows how much resistance the blood experiences as it moves through the blood vessels. Low pressure occurs when the aortic valve closes and blood cannot return to the heart. At the same time, the heart itself is filled with other blood, saturated with oxygen, and prepares for the next contraction. The movement of blood occurs as if by gravity, passively.
Factors affecting diastolic pressure include:
- heart rate;
- peripheral vascular resistance.
Note! IN in good condition the difference between the two indicators ranges between 30 mm and 40 mm Hg, although much depends on the person’s well-being. Despite the fact that there are specific figures and facts, each organism is individual, as well as its arterial pressure.
We conclude: in the example given at the beginning of the article (120/80), 120 is the indicator of the upper blood pressure, and 80 is the lower one.
Blood pressure - norm and deviations
Typically, the formation of blood pressure depends mainly on lifestyle, nutritious diet, habits (including harmful ones), frequency of stress. For example, by eating this or that food you can specifically lower/increase your blood pressure. It is reliably known that there have been cases where people were completely cured of hypertension after changing their habits and lifestyle.
Why do you need to know blood pressure?
For every 10 mmHg increase, the risk of cardiovascular disease increases by about 30 percent. People with high blood pressure are seven times more likely to develop a stroke, and four times more likely to have a stroke. ischemic diseases hearts, two - defeat blood vessels lower extremities.
That is why finding out the cause of symptoms such as dizziness, migraines or general weakness should begin with measuring blood pressure. In many cases, blood pressure needs to be constantly monitored and checked every few hours.
How is blood pressure measured?
In most cases, blood pressure is measured using special device, consisting of the following elements:
- pneumatic cuff for compressing the arm;
- pressure gauge;
- a bulb with a control valve designed for pumping air.
The cuff is placed on the shoulder. During the measurement process, it is necessary to adhere to certain requirements, otherwise the result may be incorrect (underestimated or overestimated), which, in turn, may affect subsequent treatment tactics.
Blood pressure - measurement
- The cuff should correspond to the volume of the arm. For people with overweight and children, special cuffs are used.
- The environment should be comfortable, the temperature should be room temperature, and you should start after at least a five-minute rest. If it is cold, vascular spasms will occur and blood pressure will rise.
- The procedure can be performed only half an hour after eating, drinking coffee or smoking.
- Before the procedure, the patient sits down, leans on the back of a chair, relaxes, his legs should not be crossed at this time. The hand should also be relaxed and lie motionless on the table until the end of the procedure (but not on the “weight”).
- The height of the table is no less important: it is necessary that the fixed cuff is located at the level of approximately the fourth intercostal space. For every five-centimeter movement of the cuff in relation to the heart, the indicator will decrease (if the limb is elevated) or increase (if it is lowered) by 4 mmHg.
- During the procedure, the pressure gauge scale should be located at eye level - this way there will be less chance of making a mistake when reading.
- Air is pumped into the cuff just enough to internal pressure it exceeded the estimated systolic blood pressure by at least 30 mmHg. If the pressure in the cuff is too high, pain may occur and, as a result, blood pressure may change. The air should be discharged at a speed of 3-4 mmHg per second, the tones are listened to with a tonometer or stethoscope. It is important that the head of the device does not put too much pressure on the skin - this can also distort the readings.
- During the reset, the appearance of the tone (this is called the first phase of Korotkoff sounds) will correspond to the upper pressure. When, during subsequent listening, the tones completely disappear (fifth phase), the resulting value will correspond to the lower pressure.
- After a few minutes, the measurement is repeated. An average obtained from several consecutive measurements more accurately reflects the situation than a single procedure.
- It is recommended to take the first measurement on both hands at once. Then you can use one hand - the one on which the pressure is higher.
Note! If a person has an abnormal heart rhythm, then measuring blood pressure will be a more difficult procedure. Therefore, it is better for a medical professional to do this.
How to evaluate blood pressure
The higher a person’s blood pressure, the Great chance the occurrence of diseases such as stroke, ischemia, renal failure and so on. To independently assess the pressure indicator, you can use a special classification developed back in 1999.
Table No. 1. Assessment of blood pressure levels. Norm
* — optimal from the point of view of the development of vascular and heart diseases, as well as mortality.
Note! If the upper and lower blood pressure are in different categories, then the one that is higher is selected.
Table No. 2. Assessment of blood pressure levels. Hypertension
| Pressure | Upper pressure, mmHg | Lower pressure, mmHg |
|---|---|---|
| First degree | From 140 to 159 | From 90 to 99 |
| Second degree | From 160 to 179 | From 100 to 109 |
| Third degree | Over 180 | Over 110 |
| Borderline degree | From 140 to 149 | Up to 90 |
| Systolic hypertension | Over 140 | Up to 90 |
>>Pressure and pressure force
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Everything is quite simple. It is one of the main indicators of activity of cardio-vascular system. Let's look at this issue in more detail.
What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is the process of compression of the walls of capillaries, arteries and veins under the influence of blood circulation.
Types of blood pressure:
- upper, or systolic;
- lower, or diastolic.
Both of these values should be taken into account when determining your blood pressure level. The very first units of its measurement remain - millimeters of mercury. This is because older machines used mercury to determine blood pressure levels. Therefore, the blood pressure reading looks like in the following way: blood pressure upper (for example, 130) / blood pressure lower (for example, 70) mmHg. Art.
Circumstances that directly affect blood pressure range include:
- the level of force of contractions performed by the heart;
- the proportion of blood ejected by the heart during each contraction;
- resistance of the walls of blood vessels, which is the flow of blood;
- the amount of blood circulating in the body;
- pressure fluctuations in chest which are caused by the respiratory process.
Blood pressure levels can change throughout the day and as you age. But for most healthy people characterized by a stable blood pressure.
Determination of types of blood pressure
Systolic (upper) blood pressure is a characteristic of the general condition of the veins, capillaries, arteries, as well as their tone, which is caused by contraction of the heart muscle. It is responsible for the work of the heart, namely with what force the latter is able to push out blood.
Thus, the level of upper pressure depends on the strength and speed with which heart contractions occur.
It is unreasonable to assert that arterial and cardiac pressure are the same concept, since the aorta also participates in its formation.
The lower one characterizes the activity of blood vessels. In other words, this is the blood pressure level at the moment when the heart is most relaxed.
Lower pressure is formed as a result of contraction peripheral arteries, with the help of which blood enters the organs and tissues of the body. Therefore, the state of blood vessels - their tone and elasticity - is responsible for the level of blood pressure.
How to find out your blood pressure level?
You can find out your blood pressure level using a special device called a “blood pressure tonometer”. This can be done either at the doctor (or nurse) or at home, having first purchased the device at the pharmacy.
Distinguish the following types tonometers:
- automatic;
- semi-automatic;
- mechanical.
A mechanical tonometer consists of a cuff, a pressure gauge or display, an inflation bulb, and a stethoscope. How it works: put the cuff on your arm, place a stethoscope under it (you should hear your pulse), inflate the cuff with air until it stops, and then begin to gradually deflate it by unscrewing the wheel on the bulb. At some point, you will clearly hear pulsating sounds in the headphones of the stethoscope, then they will stop. These two marks are the top and bottom blood pressure.
Consists of a cuff, electronic display and bulb. How it works: put on a cuff, inflate the bulb to the maximum, then release it. The electronic display shows the upper and lower values of blood pressure and the number of beats per minute - pulse.
An automatic blood pressure monitor consists of a cuff, an electronic display and a compressor, which performs manipulations to pump and deflate air. How it works: put on the cuff, start the device and wait for the result.
It is generally accepted that a mechanical tonometer gives the most accurate results. It is also more affordable. At the same time, automatic and semi-automatic blood pressure monitors remain the most convenient to use. Such models are especially suitable for older people. Moreover, some types have a voice notification function for pressure indicators.
You should measure blood pressure no earlier than thirty minutes after any physical activity (even minor) and an hour after drinking coffee and alcohol. Before the measurement process itself, you need to sit quietly for a couple of minutes and catch your breath.
Blood pressure - normal by age
Each person has an individual one that may not be associated with any diseases.
Blood pressure levels are determined by a number of factors that are of particular importance:
- age and gender of the person;
- personal characteristics;
- life style;
- lifestyle features, preferred type of recreation, and so on).
Blood pressure also tends to increase when performing unusual physical activity and emotional stress. And if a person constantly performs physical activity (for example, an athlete), then the blood pressure level may also change both for time and for a long period. For example, when a person is under stress, then his blood pressure can rise to thirty mm Hg. Art. from the norm.
However, there are still certain limits for normal blood pressure. And every ten points of deviation from the norm indicates a disruption in the functioning of the body.
Age | Upper level of blood pressure, mm Hg. Art. | Lower blood pressure level, mm Hg. Art. |
1 - 10 years | ||
from 95 to 110 | ||
16 - 20 years | from 110 to 120 | |
21 - 40 years old | from 120 to 130 | |
41 - 60 years | ||
61 - 70 years | from 140 to 147 | |
Over 71 years old |
You can also calculate your individual blood pressure using the following formulas:
1. For men:
- upper blood pressure = 109 + (0.5 * number full years) + (0.1 * weight in kg);
- lower blood pressure = 74 + (0.1 * number of completed years) + (0.15 * weight in kg).
2. For women:
- upper blood pressure = 102 + (0.7 * number of completed years) + 0.15 * weight in kg);
- lower blood pressure = 74 + (0.2 * number of completed years) + (0.1 * weight in kg).
Round the resulting value to a whole number according to the rules of arithmetic. That is, if the result is 120.5, then when rounded it will be 121.
Increased blood pressure
High blood pressure is high level at least one of the indicators (lower or upper). The degree of its overestimation should be judged by taking into account both indicators.
Regardless of whether the lower blood pressure is high or high, it is a disease. And it's called hypertension.
There are three degrees of the disease:
- first - SBP 140-160 / DBP 90-100;
- second - SBP 161-180 / DBP 101-110;
- third - SBP 181 and more / DBP 111 and more.
It is worth talking about hypertension when there is a high level of blood pressure values over a long period.
According to statistics, this figure is overestimated systolic pressure is most often observed in women, and diastolic - in men and the elderly.
Symptoms of high blood pressure may include:
- decreased performance;
- the appearance of fatigue;
- frequent feeling of weakness;
- morning pain in the back of the head;
- frequent dizziness;
- the appearance of nosebleeds;
- noise in ears;
- decreased visual acuity;
- appearing at the end of the day.
Causes of high blood pressure
If lower arterial, then most likely this is one of the symptoms of the disease thyroid gland, kidneys, adrenal glands, which began to produce renin in large quantities. It, in turn, increases the tone of the muscles of blood vessels.
Increased lower blood pressure is fraught with the development of further more serious diseases.
High upper pressure indicates too frequent heart contractions.
A jump in blood pressure can be caused by a number of reasons. This is for example:
- narrowing of blood vessels as a result of atherosclerosis;
- overweight;
- diabetes;
- stressful situations;
- poor nutrition;
- excessive consumption of alcohol, strong coffee and tea;
- smoking;
- lack of physical activity;
- frequent weather changes;
- some diseases.
What is low blood pressure?
Low blood pressure is vegetative-vascular dystonia or hypotension.
What happens with hypotension? When the heart contracts, blood enters the vessels. They expand and then gradually narrow. Thus, the vessels help the blood move further along the circulatory system. The pressure is normal. For a number of reasons, vascular tone may decrease. They will remain expanded. There is then not enough resistance for blood movement, which causes the pressure to drop.
Blood pressure level for hypotension: upper - 100 or less, lower - 60 or less.
If the pressure drops sharply, blood supply to the brain is limited. And this is fraught with consequences such as dizziness and fainting.
Symptoms may include:
- increased fatigue and lethargy;
- the appearance of darkening in the eyes;
- frequent shortness of breath;
- feeling of coldness in the hands and feet;
- increased sensitivity to loud sounds and bright light;
- muscle weakness;
- motion sickness in transport;
- frequent headaches.
What is the cause of low blood pressure?
Poor joint tone and low blood pressure (hypotension) may be present from birth. But more often the culprits low blood pressure become:
- Extreme fatigue and stress. Overwork at work and at home, stress and lack of sleep cause a decrease in vascular tone.
- It's hot and stuffy. When you sweat, your body leaves a large number of liquids. For the sake of maintaining water balance it pumps water out of the blood that flows through the veins and arteries. Its volume decreases, vascular tone decreases. The pressure drops.
- Taking medications. Heart medications, antibiotics, antispasmodics and painkillers can “lower” blood pressure.
- Emergence allergic reactions for anything with possible anaphylactic shock.
If you haven't had hypotension before, don't leave it unpleasant symptoms without attention. They can be dangerous “bells” of tuberculosis, stomach ulcers, complications after a concussion and other diseases. See a therapist.
What to do to normalize blood pressure?
These tips will help you feel all cheerful day if you are hypotensive.
- Don't rush to get out of bed. When you wake up, do a short warm-up while lying down. Move your arms and legs. Then sit down and stand up slowly. Perform actions without sudden movements. they can cause fainting.
- Accept cold and hot shower in the morning for 5 minutes. Alternate the water - one minute warm, one minute cool. This will help you cheer up and is good for blood vessels.
- A cup of coffee is good for you! But only natural tart drink will raise the pressure. Drink no more than 1-2 cups a day. If you have heart problems, drink green tea instead of coffee. It invigorates no worse than coffee, and does not harm the heart.
- Sign up for the pool. Go at least once a week. Swimming improves vascular tone.
- Buy ginseng tincture. This natural “energetic energy” gives tone to the body. Dissolve 20 drops of tincture in ¼ glass of water. Drink half an hour before meals.
- Eat sweets. As soon as you feel weak, eat ½ teaspoon of honey or a little dark chocolate. Sweets will drive away fatigue and drowsiness.
- Drink clean water. Every day, 2 liters of pure and non-carbonated. This will help maintain pressure on normal level. If you have heart and kidney problems, drinking regime must be prescribed by a doctor.
- Get enough sleep. A rested body will work as it should. Sleep at least 7-8 hours a day.
- Get a massage. According to experts oriental medicine, there are special points on the body. By influencing them, you can improve your well-being. The pressure is controlled by the point between the nose and upper lip. Gently massage it with your finger for 2 minutes clockwise. Do this when you feel weak.
First aid for hypotension and hypertension
If you feel dizzy, severe weakness, tinnitus, call an ambulance. While the doctors are on their way, take action:
- Unbutton the collar of your clothing. The neck and chest should be free.
- Lie down. Lower your head. Place a small pillow under your feet.
- Smell the ammonia. If you don't have it, use table vinegar.
- Have some tea. Definitely strong and sweet.
If you feel a hypertensive crisis approaching, then you also need to call a doctor. In general, this disease should always be supported preventive treatment. As first aid measures, you can resort to the following actions:
- Organize foot bath With hot water, to which mustard has been previously added. An alternative would be to overlay mustard compresses on the heart area, back of the head and calves.
- Lightly wrap your right and then your left arm and leg for half an hour on each side. When the tourniquet is applied, the pulse should be palpable.
- Have a drink from chokeberry. It could be wine, compote, juice. Or eat jam from this berry.
To reduce the risk of occurrence and development of hypotension and hypertension, you should adhere to the regimen healthy eating, prevent the appearance excess weight, exclude harmful foods from the list, move more.
Blood pressure should be measured from time to time. If you observe a trend of high or low blood pressure, it is recommended to consult a doctor to determine the causes and prescribe treatment. Prescribed therapy may include methods to normalize blood pressure, such as taking special medications and herbal infusions, dieting, doing a set of exercises, and so on.
Man is complex mechanism, in whose body all processes are interconnected. Blood pressure is an important health indicator; sudden changes in blood pressure can cause serious complications in the form of a stroke, myocardial infarction or coronary disease. Every person should know what factors provoke changes in pressure, how to measure it correctly, and how preventive measures follow to normalize it.
What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is the level of blood pressure on the walls of the body's arteries. This is an individual indicator; its changes may be influenced by:
- person's age;
- stressful situations;
- the presence of chronic pathologies;
- Times of Day;
Exists average rate blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg. Art., which doctors rely on in the process of diagnosing a patient. Pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury and shows two numbers - upper and lower pressure.
Blood pressure is one of the the most important indicators human health
- Upper (systolic) is the pressure exerted by the blood at the moment of maximum contraction of the heart.
- Lower (diastolic) – blood pressure at the moment of maximum relaxation of the heart muscle.
Deviations of 20-30 mm Hg. Art. above or below the average 120/80 mm Hg. Art. in an adult indicates possible diseases. Timely treatment will protect against the spread of the disease to chronic form and from severe complications.
Every person should know about blood pressure and what it is to prevent possible diseases.
Mechanism of arterial regulation
In the human body, all processes are interconnected. The mechanism of arterial regulation is very complex, it is influenced by such things as the central and autonomic nervous system, endocrine system person.
Blood pressure fluctuates within its normal range due to the following factors:
- Movement of blood through vessels (hemodynamics). Responsible for blood pressure levels.
- Neurohumoral regulation. Nervous and humoral regulation make up common system, which has a regulating effect on the level of pressure.
Blood pressure (BP) is the force of blood pressure on the walls of the arteries.
The nervous system reacts with lightning speed to changes in the body. During physical activity, at mental stress and stress, the sympathetic nervous system activates the stimulation of cardiac activity and affects the speed of the heartbeat, which causes a change in pressure.
The kidneys perform important function To maintain blood pressure, they remove water and electrolytes from the body.
The kidneys secrete hormones and substances that are important humoral regulators:
- Produce renin. This hormone is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which regulates pressure in the body, affects blood volume and vascular tone.
- They form depressant substances. With their help, the arteries dilate and the pressure decreases.
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Methods and rules for measuring indicators
Pressure can be measured directly and indirect method. The direct (invasive) method of measuring pressure is used when inpatient treatment patient when constant monitoring of the indicator is needed. It is produced using a catheter, the needle of which is inserted into the patient’s lumen radial artery. The catheter itself is connected to a pressure gauge to obtain pressure readings.
To measure blood pressure, classic tonometers with a phonendoscope are used
The indirect (non-invasive) method of measuring pressure does not require direct contact with the bloodstream:
- Auscultatory or auditory method. It is performed using a mechanical tonometer with a phonendoscope. The cuff compresses the artery with the help of inflated air and the readings are heard in the form of noise, which is emitted as blood passes inside the artery.
- Oscillometric method. Does not require noise listening and the readings are displayed on the digital tonometer display. The most common measurement method, which requires minimal effort and is convenient for daily use at home in the form of an electronic tonometer.
To get the correct tonometer readings when measuring pressure, you must follow these rules:
- Blood pressure is measured while sitting or lying down.
- The patient should be in a relaxed state and not talk.
- One hour before the measurement, you need to avoid eating, two hours - alcohol and cigarettes.
- The cuff placed on the arm is secured at the level of the heart.
- If the tonometer is semi-automatic, air injection is carried out smoothly and without sudden movements.
- The rolled up sleeve of clothing should not squeeze your hand during the measurement process.
A person’s normal blood pressure directly depends on his age and lifestyle
It is better to take the first home pressure measurements on both hands. The hand on which the indicators are higher is used for constant measurements. It is believed that the pressure in right-handed people will be higher on the left hand, and in left-handed people - on the right hand.
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Does hawthorn lower or increase blood pressure? Rules for using the product
Normal blood pressure for an adult ranges from 110/70 to 125/85 mmHg. Art. If a person carries out systematic pressure measurements and receives a reading of 10 mm Hg. higher or lower than the previous one, this is not a pathology. But if there are constant significant fluctuations in pressure, you should consult a doctor.
Arterial hypotension: symptoms and treatment
Systematic pressure below 100/60 mm Hg. Art. called arterial hypotension.
Teenagers and young girls are most prone to it. The main symptoms of hypotension include:
- dizziness;
- fatigue;
- lethargy;
- nausea;
- insomnia;
- cardiopalmus.
During the treatment process, the specialist must establish the root cause affecting the decrease in blood pressure.
Low blood pressure, although not fraught with such dangerous complications, as tall, but a person is uncomfortable living with him
Along with the treatment of the underlying disease, drug treatment is prescribed:
- Psychomotor stimulants. Such medications activate the nervous system, they stimulate performance and relieve lethargy, increase heart rate and increase blood pressure (Sindocarb, Mesocarb).
- Analeptic drugs. Increase blood circulation in the process of excitation of the vasomotor center posterior section brain. These drugs increase a person’s performance and mood (“Cordiamin”).
- Alpha adrenergic agonists. They increase vascular tone and cause constriction of arterioles (Gutron, Midodrin).
Each of the medications described has its own series side effects, therefore should be prescribed under strict medical supervision. Hypotonic patients should devote time to physical activity and long sleep, and a contrast shower is also recommended.
Products that increase blood pressure and improve the condition of the hypotensive body:
- coffee;
- strong tea;
- nuts;
- cheeses.
A cup of coffee helps, but you should remember that the drink is addictive
Hypertension: manifestations and principles of treatment
Increased constant blood pressure 139/89 mm Hg. Art. is one of the most common diseases of the cardiovascular system.
Older people with heart and vascular diseases are most prone to hypertension. But it is possible that high blood pressure may occur in people over 30 years of age.
To risk factors for development arterial hypertension include:
- systematic stress;
- excess weight;
- heredity;
- age over 55 years;
- diabetes;
- elevated cholesterol levels;
- renal failure;
- constant smoking and drinking alcohol.
Hidden course of hypertension or initial stage Diseases can be suspected if the following are periodically observed: headaches
For treatment to be effective, in parallel with hypertension, the doctor will treat its underlying cause. When treating elderly hypertensive patients, it is important that the doctor knows general state sick patient and his weak sides. They are prescribed medications with minimum quantity side effects, so that the drugs do not affect the functioning of already diseased organs and do not worsen his health.
Downgrade high blood pressure The following drugs will help:
- Diuretics. They are prescribed for removal excess salt and fluids from the body that contribute to increased blood pressure. Potassium-containing diuretics, together with the liquid, do not remove potassium, which is important for the body, and thiazide-type diuretics have a low range side effects on the body (“Aldactone”, “Indapamide”).
- Beta blockers. By reducing the amount of adrenaline, these medications reduce the heart rate. In its work, adrenaline is interconnected with beta-adrenergic receptors, the work of which is blocked by these medications (Concor, Vasocardin).
- Calcium antagonists. Such drugs dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow in the body. The decrease in pressure occurs due to inhibition of the flow of calcium ions into the patient’s heart and blood vessels (“Lomir”, “Norvasc”).
Therapeutic measures for hypertension may include both drug and non-drug methods
Blood pressure in children and adolescents
During the period of growth and puberty, the body of a child and adolescent undergoes active restructuring and changes. Indicator 120/80 mmHg. Art. refers to a fully formed person, and normal values in children and adolescents will be underestimated. So, the pressure is 105/60 mm Hg. Art. is considered normal for a child 6-10 years old.
Blood pressure: what is considered normal, how to measure it, what to do if it is high and low?
Humanity owes a lot to the Italian Riva-Rocci, who at the end of the last century invented a device that measures blood pressure (BP). At the beginning of the last century, this invention was wonderfully supplemented by the Russian scientist N.S. Korotkov, proposing a technique for measuring pressure in brachial artery phonendoscope. Although Riva-Rocci apparatus was bulky compared to current blood pressure monitors and indeed mercury-based, but the principle of its operation has not changed for almost 100 years. And the doctors loved him. Unfortunately, now you can only see it in a museum, because it has been replaced by compact (mechanical and electronic) devices of a new generation. And here auscultatory method N.S. Korotkova is still with us and is successfully used by both doctors and their patients.
Where is the norm?
The normal blood pressure in adults is considered to be120/80 mm Hg. st. But how can this indicator be fixed if a living organism, which is a person, must constantly adapt to different conditions existence? And people are all different, so blood pressure still deviates within reasonable limits.
infographics: RIA Novosti
Let modern medicine and abandoned the previous complex formulas for calculating blood pressure, which took into account parameters such as gender, age, weight, but there are still discounts on something. For example, for an asthenic “lightweight” woman, the pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Art. is considered quite normal, and if blood pressure increases by 20 mm Hg. Art., then she will certainly feel it. In the same way, the normal pressure will be 130/80 mmHg. Art. for the trained young man. After all, athletes usually have it this way.
Variations in blood pressure will still be affected by factors such as age, exercise stress, psycho-emotional situation, climatic and weather. , perhaps, he would not have suffered from hypertension if he lived in another country. Otherwise, how can we understand the fact that on the black African continent, hypertension can be found only occasionally among the indigenous population, while blacks in the USA suffer from it en masse? It turns out that only BP does not depend on race.
However, if the pressure rises slightly (10 mm Hg) and only to give the person the opportunity to adapt to environment, that is, occasionally, all this is considered the norm and does not give reason to think about the disease.
With age, blood pressure also rises slightly. This is due to changes in the blood vessels, which deposit something on their walls. In practically healthy people, the deposits are very small, so the pressure will increase by 10-15 mm Hg. pillar
If blood pressure values exceed 140/90 mm Hg. st., will steadfastly stick to this figure, and sometimes even move upward, such a person will be diagnosed arterial hypertension appropriate degree depending on the pressure values. Consequently, for adults there is no norm for blood pressure by age; there is only a small discount for age. But for children everything is a little different.
Video: how to keep blood pressure normal?
What about the children?
Blood pressure in children has different values than in adults. And it grows, starting from birth, at first quite quickly, then growth slows down, with some upward leaps in adolescence, and reaches the level of blood pressure of an adult. Of course, it would be surprising if the pressure of such a small newborn baby, with everything so “new”, was 120/80 mmHg. Art.
The structure of all organs of a newly born baby is not yet complete, this also applies to the cardiovascular system. The blood vessels of a newborn are elastic, their lumen is wider, the network of capillaries is larger, so the pressure is 60/40 mm Hg. Art. for him it will be the absolute norm. Although, maybe someone will be surprised by the fact that lipid stains can be found in the aorta of newborns yellow color, which, however, do not affect health and go away over time. But this is so, a retreat.
As the baby develops and further formation of his body, blood pressure rises and by the year of life the normal figures will be 90-100/40-60 mmHg. Art., and the child will reach the values of an adult only by the age of 9-10. However, at this age the pressure is 100/60 mmHg. Art. will be considered normal and will not surprise anyone. But in adolescents, a blood pressure value that is considered normal is slightly higher than that established for adults, 120/80. This is probably due to the hormonal surge characteristic of adolescence. For calculation normal values Pediatricians use blood pressure in children special table, which we bring to the attention of readers.
| Age | Normal minimum systolic pressure | Normal maximum systolic pressure | Normal minimum diastolic pressure | Normal maximum diastolic pressure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Up to 2 weeks | 60 | 96 | 40 | 50 |
| 2-4 weeks | 80 | 112 | 40 | 74 |
| 2-12 months | 90 | 112 | 50 | 74 |
| 2-3 years | 100 | 112 | 60 | 74 |
| 3-5 years | 100 | 116 | 60 | 76 |
| 6-9 years | 100 | 122 | 60 | 78 |
| 10-12 years | 110 | 126 | 70 | 82 |
| 13-15 years old | 110 | 136 | 70 | 86 |
Blood pressure problems in children and adolescents
Unfortunately, such a pathology as arterial hypertension is no exception for child's body. Blood pressure lability most often manifests itself in adolescence, when the body undergoes restructuring, but puberty This is why it is dangerous because a person at this time is not yet an adult, but no longer a child. This age is difficult for the person himself, because it often leads to pressure surges. instability nervous system teenager, and for his parents, and for the attending physician. However pathological abnormalities must be noticed and leveled in a timely manner. This is the task of adults.
The causes of increased blood pressure in children and adolescents may be:
As a result of the influence of these factors, vascular tone increases, the heart begins to work harder, especially its left part. If not accepted urgent measures, a young man can meet his coming of age with a ready-made diagnosis: arterial hypertension or in best case scenario, according to one type or another.
Measuring blood pressure at home
We talk about blood pressure for quite a long time, implying that all people know how to measure it. It seems that there is nothing complicated, we put a cuff above the elbow, pump air into it, slowly release it and listen.
Everything is correct, but before moving on to blood pressure in adults, I would like to dwell on the algorithm for measuring blood pressure, since patients often do this on their own and not always according to the method. As a result, inadequate results are obtained, and, accordingly, unreasonable use antihypertensive drugs. In addition, when people talk about upper and lower blood pressure, they do not always understand what it all means.
For correct measurement Blood pressure is very important in what conditions a person is. To avoid getting “random numbers”, in America they measure blood pressure following the following rules: 
- A comfortable environment for a person whose blood pressure is of interest should be at least 5 minutes;
- Half an hour before the procedure, do not smoke or eat;
- Visit the toilet to bladder was not filled;
- Take into account the voltage painful sensations, bad feeling, taking medications;
- Measure blood pressure twice on both arms in a lying, sitting, standing position.
Probably, each of us will not agree with this, except for the military registration and enlistment office or in strict inpatient conditions This measurement is appropriate. Nevertheless, one should strive to fulfill at least some points. For example, It would still be good to measure the pressure in calm atmosphere , having comfortably laid or seated a person, take into account the influence of a “good” smoke break or just eaten a hearty lunch. It should be remembered that the accepted antihypertensive may not yet have had its effect (not much time has passed) and not grab onto next pill, seeing a disappointing result.
A person, especially if he is not completely healthy, usually does a poor job of measuring his own blood pressure (it costs a lot to put a cuff on!). It is better if one of the relatives or neighbors does this. Very seriously need to treat And to the method of measuring blood pressure.
Video: measuring pressure with an electronic tonometer
Cuff, tonometer, phonendoscope... systole and diastole
The algorithm for determining blood pressure (auscultatory method by N.S. Korotkov, 1905) is very simple if everything is done correctly. The patient is seated comfortably (can be lying down) and measurement begins:
- Air is released from the cuff connected to the tonometer and the bulb by squeezing it with the palms;
- Wrap the cuff around the patient’s arm above the elbow (tightly and evenly), trying to ensure that the rubber connecting tube is on the side of the artery, otherwise you may get an incorrect result;
- Select a listening location and install a phonendoscope;
- Inflate air into the cuff;
- When inflating air, the cuff compresses the arteries due to its own pressure, which is 20-30 mm Hg. Art. above the pressure at which the sounds heard on the brachial artery with each pulse wave completely disappear;
- Slowly releasing air from the cuff, listen to the sounds of the artery on the elbow;
- The first sound heard by the phonendoscope is recorded with a glance on the tonometer scale. It will mean the breakthrough of a portion of blood through the compressed area, since the pressure in the artery has slightly exceeded the pressure in the cuff. The impact of escaping blood against the artery wall is called in Korotkov's tone, top or systolic pressure;
- The series of sounds, noises, tones following systole is understandable to cardiologists, and ordinary people must catch the last sound, which is called diastolic or lower, it is also marked visually.
Thus, contracting, the heart pushes blood into the arteries (systole), creating pressure on them equal to the upper or systolic. Blood begins to distribute through the vessels, which leads to a decrease in pressure and relaxation of the heart (diastole). This is the last, lower, diastolic beat.
However, there are nuances...
Scientists have found that when measuring blood pressure traditional method its values are 10% different from the true ones ( direct measurement in the artery during its puncture). Such an error is more than compensated for by the accessibility and simplicity of the procedure; moreover, as a rule, one measurement of blood pressure in the same patient is not enough, and this makes it possible to reduce the magnitude of the error.
In addition, the patients do not differ in the same build. For example, thin people have lower detectable values. But for overweight people, on the contrary, it is higher than in reality. This difference can be leveled out by a cuff with a width of more than 130 mm. However, eating is not easy fat people. Obesity of 3-4 degrees often makes it difficult to measure blood pressure on the arm. In such cases, the measurement is carried out on the leg using a special cuff.
There are cases when, with the auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure in the interval between the upper and lower blood pressure in sound wave there is a break (10-20 mm Hg or more), when there are no sounds above the artery (complete silence), but there is a pulse on the vessel itself. This phenomenon is called auscultatory “failure”, which may occur at the top or middle third pressure amplitudes. Such a “failure” should not go unnoticed, because then a lower blood pressure value will be mistakenly taken for the value of systolic pressure ( bottom line auscultatory “failure”). Sometimes this difference can be even 50 mm Hg. Art., which, naturally, will greatly affect the interpretation of the result and, accordingly, treatment, if necessary.
An error like this is highly undesirable and can be avoided. To do this, simultaneously with pumping air into the cuff, the pulse in the radial artery should be monitored. It is necessary to increase the pressure in the cuff to values exceeding sufficiently level of pulse disappearance.
The phenomenon of "infinite tone" well known to adolescents, sports doctors and in military registration and enlistment offices when examining conscripts. The nature of this phenomenon is considered to be a hyperkinetic type of blood circulation and low vascular tone, the cause of which is emotional or physical stress. In this case, it is not possible to determine the diastolic pressure; it seems that it is simply zero. However, after a few days, in a relaxed state young man, measuring lower pressure does not present any difficulties.
Video: measuring pressure using the traditional method
Blood pressure increases... (hypertension)
The causes of high blood pressure in adults are not much different from those in children, but those who are... undoubtedly have more risk factors:
- Of course, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure;
- BP clearly correlates with excess weight;
- Glucose levels (diabetes mellitus) greatly influence the formation of arterial hypertension;
- Excessive consumption of table salt;
- Life in the city, because it is known that an increase in blood pressure parallels the acceleration of the pace of life;
- Alcohol. Strong tea and coffee become a cause only when they are consumed in excessive quantities;
- Oral contraceptives, which many women use to avoid unwanted pregnancy;
- Smoking itself might not be among the causes of high blood pressure, but this bad habit too bad effect on blood vessels, especially peripheral ones;
- Low physical activity;
- Professional activities associated with high psycho-emotional stress;
- Changes atmospheric pressure, changes in weather conditions;
- Many other diseases, including surgical ones.
People suffering from arterial hypertension, as a rule, control their condition themselves by constantly taking medications to lower blood pressure, prescribed by a doctor in individually selected dosages. It could be , or. Considering the good awareness of patients about their illness, there is no point in dwelling too much on arterial hypertension, its manifestations and treatment.
However, everything begins somewhere, and so it is with hypertension. It is necessary to determine: this is a one-time increase in blood pressure caused by objective reasons (stress, drinking alcohol in inadequate doses, some medicines), or there has been a tendency towards its increase by permanent basis, for example, blood pressure rises in the evening, after a day of work.
It is clear that an evening rise in blood pressure indicates that during the day a person bears an excessive load on himself, so he must analyze the day, find the cause and begin treatment (or prevention). In such cases, the presence of hypertension in the family should be even more alarming, since it is known that this disease has a hereditary predisposition.
If high blood pressure is detected repeatedly, even if in numbers 135/90 mmHg. Art., then it is advisable to start taking measures to prevent it from becoming high. It is not necessary to immediately resort to medications; you can first try to regulate your blood pressure by following a regimen of work, rest and nutrition.
Of course, diet plays a special role in this regard. By giving preference to foods that lower blood pressure, you can long time do without pharmaceuticals, or even avoid taking them altogether, if you don’t forget about folk recipes containing medicinal herbs.
Having compiled a menu of these available products, like garlic, white and Brussels sprouts, beans and peas, milk, baked potatoes, salmon fish, spinach, you can eat well and not feel hungry. And bananas, kiwi, orange, pomegranate can perfectly replace any dessert and at the same time normalize blood pressure.
Video: hypertension in the program “Live Healthy!”
Blood pressure is low... (hypotension)
Low blood pressure, although not fraught with such dangerous complications as high blood pressure, is still uncomfortable for a person to live with. Typically, such patients have a diagnosis of vegetative-vascular (neurocirculatory) dystonia, which is quite common these days. hypotonic type, when at the slightest sign unfavorable conditions, blood pressure decreases, which is accompanied by pallor skin, dizziness, nausea, general weakness and malaise. The sick are thrown into cold sweat, fainting may occur.
There are many reasons for this, the treatment of such people is very difficult and lengthy, moreover, there are no medications for constant use, except that patients often drink freshly brewed green tea, coffee and occasionally take tincture of Eleutherococcus, ginseng and pantocrine tablets. Regime, especially sleep, which requires at least 10 hours, helps normalize blood pressure in such patients. The diet should be sufficiently high in calories, because low blood pressure requires glucose. Green tea has a beneficial effect on blood vessels during hypotension, increasing pressure somewhat and thereby bringing a person to his senses, which is especially noticeable in the morning. A cup of coffee also helps, but you should remember that the drink is addictive, that is, you can get hooked on it unnoticed.
The range of health measures for low blood pressure includes:
- Healthy lifestyle ( leisure, sufficient exposure to fresh air);
- High physical activity, sports;
- Water treatments (aroma baths, hydromassage, swimming pool);
- Spa treatment;
- Diet;
- Elimination of provoking factors.
Help yourself!
If you have problems with blood pressure, you should not passively wait for the doctor to come and cure everything. The success of prevention and treatment largely depends on the patient himself. Of course, if suddenly hypertensive crisis If you happen to end up in a hospital, they will prescribe a blood pressure profile and select pills. But when a patient comes to an outpatient appointment with complaints of increased blood pressure, he will have to take on a lot. For example, it is difficult to trace the dynamics of blood pressure from words, therefore the patient is asked to keep a diary(at the observation stage for the selection of antihypertensive drugs - a week, during long-term use drugs – 2 weeks 4 times a year, that is, every 3 months).
The diary can be an ordinary school notebook, divided into columns for convenience. It should be remembered that the measurement of the first day, although carried out, is not taken into account. In the morning (6-8 hours, but always before taking medications) and in the evening (18-21 hours) you need to take 2 measurements. Of course, it will be better if the patient is so careful that he measures the pressure every 12 hours at the same time.
- Rest for 5 minutes, and if there was emotional or physical stress, then 15-20 minutes;
- An hour before the procedure, do not drink strong tea or coffee. alcoholic drinks and don’t think, don’t smoke for half an hour (tolerate it!);
- Do not comment on the actions of the person measuring, do not discuss the news, remember that there should be silence when measuring blood pressure;
- Sit comfortably, keeping your hand on a hard surface.
- Carefully record your blood pressure values in a notebook so that you can later show your notes to your doctor.
You can talk about blood pressure for a long time and a lot, patients really like to do this while sitting under the doctor’s office, but you can talk about it, but you shouldn’t take advice and recommendations into account, because everyone has their own reason for the occurrence of arterial hypertension, their own accompanying illnesses and your medicine. For some patients, blood pressure-lowering medications take more than one day to select, so it is better to trust one person - the doctor.
Video: blood pressure in the “Live Healthy!” program
