Diet for a year and a half. Rice porridge with apples

At 2 years old, food should still be different from an adult, the baby's stomach is not yet able to digest adult meals. Pediatricians still do not recommend the use of fatty and fried foods by the child. Although once a week you can already give fried fish in batter or pancakes. All fast food is banned, and sweets should be limited.

• Milk and dairy products are important during this period of life, but it is already desirable to reduce the fat content of milk, to give less fat.
• Cottage cheese best served raw, but can be cooked as a casserole.
• Vegetables and fruits should be in the diet in large quantities. You can no longer grind them into a puree, but give boiled or stewed pieces. Many children love salads from fresh vegetables or fruit seasoned with sour cream. Now dill, parsley can be present in vegetable salads.
• Meat and fish remain important in the child's menu. If the child refuses to eat meat, prepare a potato casserole with minced meat. Many children love this dish. Omelet with fish has a soft texture and is also liked by little fussy eaters. Pediatricians do not recommend giving sausage and salted fish to a child.
• In the diet two year old you can enter the liver. It is very useful for blood formation and digestion, and is also rich in easily digestible proteins. Pairs well with vegetables.
• Kashi may already bother the child, but do not exclude them. Enough to diversify regular porridge adding fruits and berries to it.
• Soups vegetable or meat broth should be present at least three times a week. Pediatricians believe that borscht is the most useful for children's digestion. Only when cooking do not need to add spices and fried vegetables.
• Bread in the diet of the child should be present daily, and it is better not to give baking yet. IN as a lung for a snack, it is better to offer the baby unsweetened cookies.
• You can enjoy marmalade or marshmallows. Chocolate can be given in limited quantities if you are not allergic to it.

Sample menu in the table, for children from 2 years old(increased by click):

What can you feed a child at 3 years old

From the moment a child reaches the age of one, his diet gradually expands and changes. But this does not mean at all that after a year the child needs to be transferred to an adult diet, his digestive system is not yet ready to digest many products of an adult table, and pancreatic enzymes and bile are not yet fully functionally active.

Nutrition for children up to one and a half years

The nutrition of a child after 1 year changes, gradually and smoothly approaching the table of adults. What are the features of nutrition after a year:

• children become more active and tidy at the table, they learn how to use cutlery, drink from a cup, use a napkin
• children actively drink water, washing it down with food, doing it many times during a meal
• children can eat on the move, often it is difficult to keep them at the table, and they periodically run up to the mother, take pieces of food, and continue to move, spin in a chair, scatter food
• they show selectivity in food, they can sort out food, throwing out what they think is tasteless from the plate, arrange "strike", demanding certain foods.

These are the features eating behavior children, all parents go through these stages of development of the taste and eating habits of the child.

Usually, after the age of one year, children switch to five meals a day. Typically, a child's diet looks like:

• Breakfast (8.00-8.30)
• Second breakfast (10.30-11.00)
• Lunch (12.30-13.00)
• Afternoon snack (15.30.-16.00)
• Dinner (18.30-19.00)

In between meals, there may be small snacks with fruits or light desserts, juices, compotes. It is important not to give these snacks to children high-calorie foods(sweet cookies, rolls, sweets, chocolate, sweets) so that the child has an appetite for the next meal.

Usually children in the first year of life receive breast milk or adapted milk formulas as the main food. The nutrition of a child after 1 year undergoes some changes, especially from the type of feeding:

• When breastfeeding mother's milk is gradually replaced by complementary foods during the daytime and becomes an additional food. But, according to WHO, breastfeeding after a year does not need to be completed, it is advisable to continue it up to one and a half to two years, gradually and smoothly weaning the child from the breast. In the period up to a year and a half, breastfeeding can still be maintained in the daytime before bedtime and as snacks between meals, gradually feeding is reduced to sucking the breast for a night's sleep and at night, as well as breastfeeding not for nutrition, but mostly for communication and soothing .
• When a child is on adapted mixtures, there is a transition to triad mixes, special dairy products that are designed to replace cow's milk at this age, which is not recommended in the nutrition of young children due to high allergenicity. The mixture is mainly given at night, replaced by regular products during the day.

Why is the diet of children changing? Peculiarities of children's digestion.

The expansion of the diet and the change in dietary patterns is determined by the peculiarities of the development of the child's digestive tract. After a year, active teething of the chewing group occurs (there should be 12 of them), sharp rise the concentration of digestive juices and the activity of intestinal and pancreatic enzymes. This helps to facilitate the digestion of new and denser food, its active assimilation.

The appearance of teeth requires an increase in the chewing load on them for the correct and complete formation of the dentoalveolar apparatus and the facial skeleton. A child at this age learns to chew pieces of food about 2-3 cm in size and a relatively loose consistency. Chewing helps in the development of the muscles and bones of the jaw, which forms the correct bite and proper grinding of food for its active digestion.

• The child begins to consume large amounts of food in view of the increase in the volume of the stomach to about 250-300 ml, while its emptying of food occurs approximately every 3-4 hours from the moment of the previous intake.
• This causes the formation of a new mode of eating, at first five meals a day, and as they grow older, the transition to four meals a day by the age of three years.
• The volume of food per day at this age is about 1200-1300 ml, the volume of the average portion of food with five meals a day is approximately equal to 250 ml with small deviations within 30-50 g.
• The consistency of food with the appearance of teeth should gradually thicken from mushy to the usual food of a soft consistency (boiled vegetables, cereals, pasta, meat cutlets, meatballs, etc.), which can be bitten and chewed.

During this period, eating habits and eating habits are formed, so now is the time to offer the child a variety of (allowed, healthy) foods for testing so that he learns to eat different foods. When eating, they are actively produced digestive juices, which helps in the active assimilation of food. At this age, strict adherence to the diet is important, which helps to "turn on" digestion by a certain time and adequately absorb all the components of food.

Features of cooking for young children

• food should be fully cooked, food should not be overcooked, preferably steam cooking or simmering
• food is prepared directly for its reception, it is unacceptable to warm it up and store it even for a day in the refrigerator, this sharply reduces its nutritional value and increases the risk of spoilage, contamination with dangerous microbes and food poisoning, especially in the warm season
• soups and cereals are cooked in a pureed form, vegetables and fruits are kneaded with a fork, meat and fish are given in the form of minced meat, chopped products or souffle
• dishes are cooked in boiled, stewed or steam form without adding spices, garlic and pepper to them.

Basic requirements for the diet of children

The nutrition of a child under the age of one and a half years should be:

• correct and balanced in all major components
• the menu should be varied, compiled for a week from different dishes and products
• adjusted for proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral components.

This is achieved by a combination in the daily diet of vegetables and fruits, meat or fish dishes, dairy products, flour products and croup.

It is important to immediately decide what products a child can eat, taking into account the state of health and characteristics of early development.

During the first year of life, the child could be identified food allergy or individual food intolerance, which will exclude these foods from the diet for up to two to three years. As they grow older, it will be possible to carefully try to introduce them into the diet under the control of tolerance.

Comparative characteristics of the diet up to 3 years

It is also necessary to know what foods a child under the age of one and a half can eat, and what basic characteristics food products for children should have. Here is a sample list of these products.

Necessary products for a child up to one and a half years

About dairy products

Dairy products should be indispensable components of the diet of a child up to one and a half years. However, the most important question for today -? The gastrointestinal tract of the baby is not able to fully absorb whole milk up to 2 years, since the necessary enzymes are not yet available (someone does not produce this enzyme in the future throughout their lives). In this regard, the introduction of whole cow's milk is not recommended before 2-3 years. In addition, today there is a massive allergization of the population, especially among children, including a growing number of cases of development. You need to be especially careful with milk:

• children with atopic dermatitis
• in the presence of milk intolerance by the parents of the child
• children with digestive disorders.

Breastfed babies don't need whole cow's milk by definition, they get their mother's milk. For children on artificial mixtures, it is better to replace the intake of cow's milk with special milk mixtures, triads, fermented milk products.

Dairy products are rich in easily digestible animal protein, animal fat, as well as a set of vitamins and minerals necessary for the growth and development of the baby. Dairy products contain beneficial bacteria that help the intestines, support the growth and functioning of their own microflora, and stimulate the immune system.

• Dairy products should be in the diet daily - kefir, yogurt, yogurt
• Every other day - cottage cheese, cheeses, sour cream or cream
• For children with normal body weight, the intake of low-fat or low-fat dairy products is not recommended.
• The daily volume of dairy products, taking into account their costs for cooking, is at least 400 ml.
• The consumption of milk in cereals, cottage cheese in dishes, sour cream and cream in dishes is taken into account.

It is worth considering the fact that today in Russia, many manufacturers, in order to reduce production costs, include palm oil in dairy products, which is much cheaper than milk fat, and it is not always indicated on product labeling (or is simply indicated vegetable fats). Therefore, very cheap dairy products (butter, cheese, sour cream, cottage cheese, etc.) most likely contain it. Disputes about the dangers and benefits of palm oil have been going on for a long time, and it is not necessary to unequivocally state that it is harmless to the child's body.

It is clear that the shorter the shelf life of the product and the fresher it is (today's, yesterday's), the better. In the summer, there are a lot of cases of poisoning of babies with dairy products, the same curds, sour cream, yogurts, because in the heat, due to the negligence of retail chains, downtime of goods without a refrigerator often occurs (transportation, storage, waiting for loading, unloading, etc.). Therefore, before giving a dairy product to a child, make sure it is fresh, try the product yourself.

What dairy products can a child

Yogurt

Children after a year should be given special children's yoghurts, which are balanced in terms of the amount of fats and carbohydrates. They are prepared using a special yogurt starter (thermophilic streptococcus and yogurt (Bulgarian) stick). These yogurts are not thermally processed, have a very short shelf life (stored only in the refrigerator), which allows them to retain their beneficial properties. Yoghurts that have a long shelf life have either been thermally processed or contain preservatives and are highly undesirable for children. beneficial bacteria they don't have, but additional components can harm children.

Kefir

This fermented milk drink helps in work of cardio-vascular system and intestines due to the content in its composition of special lactic acid microbes and bifidoflora. These microbes help the growth of beneficial intestinal microflora, which will improve digestion and immune function. At the same time, kefir has high acidity and fixes the stool, especially during long-term storage, its intake should be limited to 200-300 ml per day.

Cottage cheese

Cottage cheese is a source of protein and calcium for a child, but it is very difficult to digest due to the high percentage of protein. Therefore, the volume of cottage cheese per day should not exceed 50-100g. Only cottage cheese with a fat content of at least 5-9% will be useful for the full absorption of calcium; zero-fat cottage cheese is not so useful, since calcium is practically not absorbed without the presence of fat. Curd can be used in pure or with the addition of fruits, at one time with cottage cheese, high-calorie and protein dishes are no longer given.

Cheese, sour cream and cream

These products are recommended to be given to the child in limited quantities or used in the preparation of meals for children. Sour cream and cream are often given as dressings for soups or second courses, cheese can be added to side dishes. As the teeth erupt, you can give the child pieces of unsalted hard cheese to chew.

Fish

In the diet of children, the use of fish dishes is recommended once or twice a week. Children under one and a half years of age are allowed such types of fish as cod, hake or pollock, pike perch, sea bass, but if the child is allergic, you should refuse fish at least up to 2-3 years. Fish can be offered in the form of specialized canned fish for children, fish soufflé, boiled fish with a side dish or steam cutlets.

Fish is useful for children because of its easily digestible protein and a set of vitamins and trace elements, iodine and fluorine, phosphorus and calcium, useful for the growth of the skeleton and teeth. But, soups on fish broth are strictly prohibited at this age - extractive and harmful substances from the carcass of fish pass into the broth during cooking.

Meat

• Meat is the main source of animal protein for the baby and should be on the child's table at least five times a week.
• Different varieties of meat and poultry can be introduced into the diet of children in the amount of 100g.
• Meat dishes can be in the form of minced meat, meatballs, steam cutlets or canned meat for children.
• It is important to remember that meat is digested for a long time and it must be introduced in the morning - at lunchtime.
• After a year, the diet expands due to offal - tongue, liver, heart.
• Poultry and rabbit meat, turkey, lamb are also useful.

Fat, lamb meat and fatty pork, waterfowl meat are excluded from the nutrition of young children wild birds and animals. It is strictly forbidden for children under 3 years of age to introduce sausages and sausages, sausages, even labeled for children (most often children's names on them are tricks of manufacturers, these are ordinary sausages and sausages). Children's sausages must have the inscription "specialized product for baby food" and the age of the child (usually 3+ for sausages).

Egg

Eggs are a source of protein, they contain a lot of protein in addition to useful amino acids, trace elements and vitamins. Eggs are given to a child after a year every day, in the absence of allergies or pathologies of the biliary system. You can add an egg to dishes or give it a boiled hard boiled egg, make a steam omelet out of it. It is forbidden for young children to give soft-boiled eggs or in a bag, fried eggs. If you are allergic to chicken egg protein, quail eggs can be an excellent alternative. They can be up to 2 pcs per day.

Oils

In the diet of children, there should be enough fats in the form of vegetable oils and butter. Butter can be given with a soft bun in the form of a sandwich or added to ready-made cereals and vegetable purees so that the butter does not undergo heat treatment and does not lose its useful properties. The amount of butter per day is not more than 10-15g.

Vegetable oils are used for cooking and dressing ready-made dishes, they are seasoned with salads and vegetable dishes. It is better to use unrefined oils - extra virgin olive, sunflower. The norm of vegetable oils is not more than 10 g per day.

Cereal dishes

After a year, both gluten-free cereals (buckwheat, rice and corn) and gluten-containing cereals (wheat, oats, rye) are used in children's nutrition. Cereals are used both in the form of cereals and in the form of cereal side dishes for main courses. Especially useful for children will be buckwheat, corn and oatmeal porridge, multi-cereal porridge.

After a year, you can gradually add semolina and millet porridge to the child's menu, but semolina should be given infrequently - it is very high-calorie. Porridges are usually served for breakfast and their quantity is no more than 200-250 ml. The volume of garnish for second courses should be about 100-150g.

Bread, pasta

For the field of the year, children can be offered bread made from white and rye flour, while white bread you can give up to 40 g, and rye no more than 10 g. White bread is digested better, an excess of rye bread can lead to bloating of the crumbs.

In the diet of children under one and a half years old, you can include baby vermicelli, cobwebs or egg noodles. The amount of pasta should not exceed 100g per day.

Vegetables and fruits

In the diet of children under one and a half years of age, vegetables and fruits must be present without fail every day. They are a source of vitamins and minerals, pectins, fruit acids and sugars, and vegetable fiber to stimulate digestion. Vegetables and fruits are applicable both thermally processed (boiled, steamed, baked) and fresh.

Vegetables

The daily volume of vegetables and fruits should reach 300-400 g, of which vegetables should make up at least half of the volume.

Fruits

The assortment of fruits after a year expands significantly, but it is worth introducing local fruits according to the season and initially in small quantities, following the reactions.

• Up to two years of age, be wary of strawberries and exotic fruits (citrus fruits, kiwi, etc.). The amount of these fruits should not exceed 100g.
• Gooseberries, currants, raspberries, cranberries and others will be useful after a year. In shattered form.
• It is worth giving up the use of grapes for at least two years, it leads to fermentation in the stomach and can cause digestive disorders.

Sweets

Until the age of three, children should not be spoiled with chocolate, confectionery, sweets due to the load of pancreatic glucose, excess chemical substances as part of these products, excess calories and the risk of carious lesions of the teeth. Also, do not eat cakes with cream, cakes and shortbread cookies. From confectionery you can give marshmallows, marshmallows and marmalade.

Do not encourage the baby's craving for sweets: it is not uncommon for parents to encourage their baby to finish eating vegetables or meat, they promise candy as a reward. The substitution of taste values ​​occurs very quickly and the child will soon give preference to sweets instead of healthy food.

It is worth refusing as much as possible in the nutrition of children from sugar, replacing it with honey (in the absence of allergies) or sweet fruits. Yes, of course, sweets are good for the brain, this is the source fast carbohydrates and pleasure for children, but it is worth thinking about the long-term consequences of irrational sugar intake.

• When consuming sweets, glucose from the intestines is actively and quickly absorbed into the bloodstream, increasing its concentration by two to three times. Such sharp fluctuations in blood glucose levels lead to the stress of the pancreas in the production of insulin. Glucose is actively utilized in the tissues, where it is processed into fats, which leads to excess weight and metabolic shifts that set the body to work in an "emergency" mode in the future.
• From early childhood, a tendency to atherosclerosis, diabetes and obesity is programmed.
• In addition, according to recent studies, excess sugar in food leads to a decrease in immunity, the removal of beneficial trace elements from the body - chromium, magnesium and copper.
• Sugar also provokes the formation of allergies in the body of children with skin, intestinal and pulmonary symptoms.

Do not forget about potential harm sugar for teeth, especially dairy. Sweets, namely sugar, will be one of the main reasons for the formation of caries in a child. Due to the anatomical and physiological features of milk teeth - delicate thin enamel, the absence of perfect protection mechanisms, caries acquires a lightning-fast course, and complications develop rapidly: inflammatory nature(pulpitis, periodontitis), as a result of which premature extraction of teeth often occurs - bite pathologies.

caries is infectious process, and the main pathogens will be some streptococci. The nutrient medium and habitat of which will be plaque. Sugar and sweets, especially sticky ones (cookies with a high content of margarine, "chupa-chups") create a sticky layer on the surface of the teeth, which is poorly peeled off and remains on the teeth for a long time. These conditions ensure the development of caries and its consequences.

In addition, carious teeth are constant sources of infection, and can cause the development of tonsillitis, infectious diseases of the kidneys and other internal organs.

Our ancestors, who did not consume sugar, but used honey and fruits as sweets, were healthier than we are. This suggests that from an early age it is worth controlling sugar intake, limiting it or replacing it with more healthy natural products. And even more so, you should not give children drinks that are saturated with sugar (carbonated sweet drinks, cola, Pepsi, store juices), and even more so, allow lump sugar to gnaw.

Today, it is extremely difficult to control the consumption of refined sugar by family members, since it is found in many prepared foods on the supermarket shelves and it is difficult to calculate how much it is contained in a particular product. But it is worth reducing the consumption of sugar at least when cooking at home.

We repeat that, ideally, you should not give sweets to a child UNDER 3 YEARS. If not, at least limit your intake to 4-5 teaspoons per day, including sweet foods.

Sample menu for one day for a child 1.5 years old

• First breakfast: oatmeal with banana, white bun with butter, tea/milk
• Second breakfast: banana, apple juice, dried
• Lunch: cucumber salad with tomato and olive oil, vegetarian borscht, vegetable stew with veal steam cutlet, rosehip compote
• Snack: cottage cheese casserole with apple, yogurt
• Dinner: mashed cauliflower and potatoes, kefir, cookies, apple.

It is worth mentioning that the norms given below are only an approximate amount that a child at this age can eat on average. But, for example, fragile, slender girls (little ones) eat much less than boys, so if your baby eats less food, this is normal, do not panic. Each child is individual and weight gain depends on the build and height of the child. To control the normal weight gain of the baby, you can use (boys and girls up to 115 cm) in our other article.

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From the sixth month, complementary foods usually begin, during which he gets acquainted with a whole world of new taste sensations. By the end of the year, he had already tried almost all useful "adult" products. But some questions regarding the nutrition of a one-year-old baby remain unresolved.

The answer to this question depends on the type of food. If the baby is artificial, then the amount of milk formula consumed should be reduced to 500 ml per day. When breastfeeding, it is not necessary to cut the milk ration, which is due to the biological "flexibility" of mother's milk. Its composition changes in accordance with the age needs of the child, so it is impossible to overfeed the baby with this product. For the baby, the process of feeding is not only satisfying hunger, but the moment when he feels peace, security and mother's care.

Nutrition rules

The total calorie content of the food consumed by the baby is 1000–1200 kcal, excluding the liquid drunk. This norm persists until the eighteenth month. It is necessary to teach the baby to eat in 4-5 doses, and breastfeed only in the morning or in the evening. Subject to the regime at certain hours, digestive enzymes will be actively produced. Regarding the consistency of dishes, fruits and vegetables can already be rubbed, and not crushed to a puree state. The meat must be manually divided into small strips, since the baby is not yet able to chew large pieces with gums and several teeth.

A one-year-old child should not be given heated food, only freshly prepared.

Main products

By the end of the first year of life, fermented milk products, offal and dried fruits can be actively introduced into complementary foods for the baby. This important sources minerals and vitamins. When forming a child’s menu, you need to include products from the following groups in the daily diet:

1. milk (cottage cheese, yoghurts, cheeses, kefir) - all products need to be bought only in a special children's kitchen. The usual "adult" cottage cheese can be given to the baby only after heat treatment, for example, in the form of freshly prepared cheesecakes or soufflé;
2. meat - the baby is recommended to give low-fat dietary meat (chicken, veal, turkey). You can also cook hearts, beef liver and tongue. Meat must be boiled, stewed or baked;
3. cereals - in addition to buckwheat and rice, other cereals can be introduced into the diet, for example, corn and oatmeal is very useful;
4. vegetables - they can be given boiled and raw. It is better to give preference to cabbage (Brussels, white, cauliflower, broccoli), pumpkin, carrots and zucchini. Of these, you can make multi-component mashed potatoes or soups cooked in meat broth;
5. fruits - "their" fruits remain the most useful: plums, apples, pears. The child's stomach is not yet able to digest pieces of the skin, so all the fruits need to be cleaned. It is also allowed to eat bananas and blueberries (in moderate amount). In the absence of allergies, gooseberries, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, blackberries, cherries, kiwis and even oranges can be given. Researchers have noticed that tangerines are more likely to cause allergies than oranges and grapefruits;
6. fish - this product is introduced gradually (twice a week) in the absence of allergies. At a time, a child can eat 70 g of fish. To make it juicier and healthier, when cooking it must be thrown into boiling water.

Starting from a year old, spices (cumin, coriander, basil, etc.) can be introduced into the baby’s diet, but they should activate the natural taste, and not interrupt it. You can not buy spices with preservatives.

Prohibited Products

There are practically no forbidden products for the baby, but some restrictions remain:

• grapes - it is very difficult for the baby to digest;
• chocolate, caviar and citrus fruits - in some children, these products cause allergies;
• cakes and cakes - an abundance of carbohydrates and sugar slows down metabolic processes;
• preservation, hot sauces, marinades, semi-finished products and processed meat (sausages, sausages) are a storehouse of preservatives;
• brines - negatively affect the gastric mucosa;
• mushrooms - they consist entirely of vegetable protein, which is very difficult to digest.

A child can be spoiled with sweets, but they must be prepared with fructose: jam, preserves, marmalade.

Potatoes should be treated with caution, limiting it to 1/3 of the volume of vegetable puree, since excess starch in the body causes bloating, increased gas formation, frequent stools and allergies. And the accumulation of adipose tissue can cause all sorts of diseases in the future.

Bread consumption should also be moderate, they can only diversify the diet. Grains such as wheat, oats, rye, and barley are high in gluten. A one-year-old baby still does not have enough peptidase, which is responsible for the breakdown of this vegetable protein, as a result of which gluten accumulates and causes the cells of the small intestine to die.

Drinking regime

Drinking regimen is of particular importance for artisans, since the amount of milk formula consumed is reduced. The most useful drinks are fruit juices, baby yogurt, distilled water, rosehip broth and weak herbal teas. It is also allowed to give jelly and compote. Under strict prohibition remains cocoa, which overshadows chocolate in terms of allergenicity. Instead, you can cook a baby drink from chicory with the addition of milk.

sample menu

Main dishes are best boiled, steamed or baked, because this way more nutrients are preserved. However, with any method of heat treatment, products lose a quarter of all vitamins.

In terms of calories, the highest the nutritional value falls for lunch, then for dinner, breakfast and afternoon tea. Second breakfast cannot be called a full meal, as it is rather a snack in the form of fruit juice and unsweetened cookies or crackers.

The weekly menu of a child at 1 year old may look like this:

Next to each product in the table is the allowable one-time consumption rate in grams.

Naturally, dishes from the same categories are interchangeable, for example, a "Tuesday" afternoon snack can be replaced by a "Saturday" one. The main thing is that the daily diet is balanced.

One year is an amazing age. A lot changes in a child: behavior with people around him, his attitude towards himself, as well as tastes in relation to food. What to feed a 1 year old baby? What can be given, and what kind of food should be postponed for now? When giving the baby new types of food for him, be prepared for the fact that the child will not accept it and will refuse. You should not persuade him. Perhaps it is worth waiting and not giving a "new" product yet. From this article you can learn not only new information, but also to acquire additional knowledge about how to feed a child of 1 year.

Food unsuitable for babies

Keep in mind that:

• Nuts and small pieces solid food, can cause suffocation;
• Sweet food - causes tooth decay;
• At this age, salt your child's food so that it seems not salty at all.

Better to use iodized salt: it will provide the growing body with iodine; 4. Sausages and sausage are not children's food. These products contain a lot of food additives harmful to babies and a lot of salt. Replacing natural meat with sausages, porridge from whole grains with pasta, and rosehip broth and freshly squeezed juices with compotes will inevitably lead to a deficiency of vitamins and minerals in the child's body.

Sample menu at the beginning of 1 year of life

Food may be denser than before. For the development of the chewing apparatus of the baby. That is, try not to chop food too finely at this age, let's gnaw an apple slice (without peel), carrots and more. In general, what to feed a 1 year old baby is a task that can be difficult for many parents. After all, the child is no longer quite a baby, but not so big as to seat him at an adult table. Children from the age of 1 can be given weak black tea. It is advisable to alternate it with juices, compotes home cooking, kissels. Remember that the volume of fluid needed by the child during the day should be about one liter per day, including taking into account the soup eaten, dairy products. The interval between feedings should be approximately 4 hours. Here is a sample menu for a child:

6:00 - breast milk (GM) or adapted formula (AC) - 100-200 ml; 10:00 - porridge, volume: 180-200 ml,? yolk, fruit juice-100 ml; 14:00 - to choose from: meat and vegetable puree or fish puree with vegetables -200 g, fruit juice (tea, compote to choose from); 18:00 - GM or AC - about 80 ml, cottage cheese - about 50 g, as well as fruit puree - volume 90-100 g; 22:00 - GM or AC-200 ml / or kefir 200 g / or porridge 180-200 g, tea, juice, whole milk-20-50 g.

During the day, the child should receive: wheat bread, crackers, cookies, vegetable oil and butter, fermented milk products, no more than 400-500 g per day. Individual scheme feeding your baby will help your pediatrician, which will greatly facilitate your decision than to feed a child of 1 year. In the winter diet of a 1-year-old baby, there must be butter and vegetable oil. Choose sour cream, cottage cheese and cheese in a store with an average percentage of fat content. Try to make your baby's diet varied and balanced. Teach eating fun, that is, while eating, think about vegetables, fruits, show a little imagination. In winter, the baby is especially required energy products- fruits, berries (can be prepared for future use by freezing in the freezer), juice, cereals, bread. For the proper functioning of the child's body, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are required. Their ideal ratio up to the age of three is 1:1:3. A child from 1-3 years old can receive 1540 calories per day. Therefore, when compiling a diet, evenly distribute calories between meals. Morning breakfast can account for 20% of daily requirement baby, for a second breakfast - about 10%, for lunch - about 35%, for an afternoon snack - 10% (for example, cottage cheese), for dinner - 25% (it is preferable to give vegetables or porridge).

Sometimes it can be very difficult to agree with the baby to eat a healthy and vitamin-filled product. Here moms have to go for a trick - you can distract with some toy with melodies, you can give jars with lids while feeding, and sometimes culinary tricks are needed. For example, if a child does not want to eat boiled vegetables, they can be chopped in a blender with meat, made into meatballs and boiled in broth. Useful material, which are found in vegetables, are best absorbed with vegetable or butter.

Remember that there should be no compulsion to eat! The main thing is that if you are patient, if you show a little imagination in cooking, if you set the table beautifully, then it is very likely that the child will eat with great appetite.

• Despite the young age, serve beautifully. Decorate the table and dishes “deliciously”.
• Put some food on your plate. Toddlers are afraid of large portions.
• Try with early years educate the taste preferences of the baby. Direct your efforts to ensure that the child loves fish, seafood, fruits and vegetables.
• Remember that the food that is freshly prepared and using simple technology is useful. What the child did not finish at one meal is no longer good for the next meal.

Your baby has just celebrated his first "anniversary" - he turned one year old. He has learned a lot this year. Should his eating style change now?

Perhaps we can say that your crumbs have entered a transitional stage in nutrition. He is no longer a baby. The kid will begin to master the "food environment" more and more and come closer in his eating habits and addictions to adults. But it takes some time for the baby to gradually adjust to a new style of eating.

By this age, the baby's digestive system has also undergone great changes. First, he already got his own teeth. As a rule, by the age of 1 year, children have 6-10 milk teeth. The chewing skills of the baby are rapidly improving. In this process, an important role is played by the interest in chewing food, which "gets" the crumbs in coarse or even unground form. Secondly, there has been a significant increase in digestive enzymes produced in various parts of the baby's digestive tract. This means that he is already ready to digest and assimilate much more complex products than six months ago. Thirdly, the child has already become acquainted with many tastes of dishes; it is likely that he has already formed certain taste preferences. Further modification of nutrition should be associated not only with an increase in the nutritional value of the diet, but also with the expansion of the taste knowledge of the baby.

As a rule, breastfeeding after 1 year occurs early in the morning and late in the evening, before bedtime. Often, even at this age, night feedings are also preserved. There is nothing to worry about: it is impossible to overfeed with breast milk. Besides, latest research allow us to say with confidence that night breastfeeding not only does not increase the risk of developing caries, but on the contrary, prevents its development. Antibodies contained in breast milk inhibit the growth of staphylococcus aureus, which is the main cause of tooth decay.

If the baby has already stopped receiving breast milk, but continues to “apply” at night to a bottle of formula or even juice, then this needs to be put to an end. Unfortunately, formulas differ in properties from breast milk. Therefore, their use, especially at night, significantly increases the risk of caries. The fact is that after them, as after any meal, acid-base balance in the oral cavity is strongly shifted to the acidic side, which creates the preconditions for the destruction of tooth enamel. And in general, by the age of one and a half, a baby should already be weaned from eating at night (this does not apply to breastfeeding), as this disturbs sleep, worsens appetite during the day and prevents parents from getting enough sleep.

When and how much to feed the baby?

Up to 1.5 years old, you can leave the baby five meals a day, but if you notice that the child refuses the last (fifth) feeding, then it's time to transfer him to the "adult" four meals a day: breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack and dinner. In this case, the intervals between feedings are 3.5-4 hours. It is during this period, according to research, that the food eaten is evacuated from the stomach of the crumbs, that is, it is ready for the next meal. You should follow the established diet quite clearly: try not to deviate from the "schedule" for more than 15-30 minutes. If the feeding regimen is observed, a clearer work of the entire digestive system is observed: the food reflex causes the formation good appetite, digestive juices are produced in a timely manner and in sufficient quantities, which allows you to digest and assimilate food well. With erratic nutrition, such a reflex is almost not developed, the secretion of enzymes and juices decreases, and food is processed worse. Try not to give your baby anything between feedings - fruits, juices, dairy products, and especially sweets. This is especially true for children with reduced appetite. Such "snacks" reduce the appetite of the crumbs, knock down the established mechanism for the production of digestive juices, so during the main meals, he may refuse certain healthy foods.

calories daily ration a child at 12-18 months is approximately 1300 kcal, the amount of food is 1000-1200 ml. The distribution of this amount during the day is quite even: breakfast and dinner - 25% each, lunch - 35%, afternoon tea - 15%. It is estimated that for every kilogram of body weight, a one-year-old child needs about 4 g of protein, 4 g of fat and 16 g of carbohydrates per day. At the same time, animal proteins should make up at least 70% of their total daily amount, vegetable fats - approximately 13% of the total fat.

What to bring to the table?

By the age of 1, your baby is likely to have become familiar with almost all types of foods. After 1 year, the modification of the diet involves both an appeal to new products, and a gradual change in the way they are prepared and the degree of grinding.

Thoracic or not thoracic?
Despite the fact that the baby has already formally left the ranks of infants, it is perhaps still too early to wean him, especially in the hot season (the latter circumstance significantly increases the risk of catching an intestinal infection). Many pediatricians believe that breastfeeding is worth around 20-24 months. After all, breast sucking not only gives the baby the opportunity to get delicious milk, but also allows you to feel maternal warmth and care, providing psychological comfort. We must also not forget that milk remains extremely useful even at this age: it contains special substances that stimulate the development of the nervous system, in particular the brain, many vitamins, antibodies, and is easily and completely absorbed.

Dairy products in a child's diet

Dairy products continue to play an important role in nutrition. They are a source of valuable calcium, B vitamins, as well as a supplier of protein and milk fat. After 1 year, the baby can be offered kefir (up to 200 ml per day), yogurt (200-300 ml). It is best not to exceed the recommended amount, as dairy products are rich in acidic compounds, which can overload both the digestive and excretory system baby. It is better that the yogurt is made specifically for baby food. If you give your baby "adult" yogurts, make sure that they are low-fat (dairy, not creamy) and contain as little sucrose, preservatives, flavors and other artificial additives as possible. Of course, it is better to prefer "live" yoghurts - they allow you to maintain healthy intestinal flora. Such yogurts have a limited shelf life (usually no more than 2 weeks), and they can only be stored in the refrigerator, at a temperature of 2-8°C. If the yogurt packaging indicates that the shelf life is more than 1 month, then this product has been heat-treated and does not contain live lactic acid cultures. Milk formulas are also relevant - the so-called "follow-up formulas", that is, those that are intended for feeding children after 6 months. Why, even after 1 year, is it worth offering them to the baby? The fact is that nutritionists are increasingly agreeing to postpone the baby's acquaintance with whole cow's milk at least until 2-2.5 years, which is associated with a high frequency of allergic reactions to cow's milk protein.

Other important dairy products are cottage cheese and cheese. daily dose cottage cheese can be increased after 1 year to 70 g per day. Some parents prefer to give it to their children every other day, but at a dose of about 140 g. Cottage cheese can be given in a "pure" form, or you can make pudding, casserole from it, and closer to a year and a half - make cheesecakes. Cheese is often used in grated form as an additive to pasta. But some babies love to chew cheese with their teeth. In this case, this product will also contribute to the development of chewing skills.

Butter is most often used as an additive to cereals or spread on bread. The recommended dose is about 12 g per day. It is better not to subject the butter to heat treatment (that is, add it to ready-made dishes).

After 1 year, low-fat sour cream and cream can be used in small quantities. Sour cream is best suited for dressing first courses, cream - for making sauces for second courses.

Fruits and vegetables in a child's diet

Fruits and vegetables should also be widely represented on the baby's table. After 1 year, you can slowly introduce the baby to new types of fruits and berries: strawberries, cherries, cherries, kiwi, apricots, peaches, currants, gooseberries, chokeberries, sea buckthorn, raspberries, blackberries, cranberries, blueberries, lingonberries and even citrus fruits. Of course, such acquaintances should be well thought out, and the mother will have to carefully observe the reaction of the crumbs to each new product introduced. In children with allergic reactions, it is best not to take new steps without consulting an allergist or pediatrician. Berries that have a fairly dense peel are best mashed, while soft juicy fruits (apricots, peaches, kiwi) can be offered to the baby in slices. Even if your beloved little one tolerates exotic fruits (citrus fruits, kiwi), do not give them a lot: these fruits contain quite a lot of vegetable acids, which in large quantities can irritate the delicate mucous membrane gastrointestinal tract. Grapes enhance the fermentation processes in the intestines and overload the child's diet with carbohydrates. However, it is relatively poor in vitamins. That's why nutritionists recommend starting it at a later age. late age- closer to three years. Fruits can be given to the baby at the end of the main meals, can also be added to porridge, mixed with dairy products. The recommended dose of fruits is about 200-250 g per day. To this amount, you can add another 100 ml of fruit juice. If up to 1 year it was necessary to prefer clarified juices, then after 1 year it is quite possible to give juices and nectars with pulp to the baby.

The vegetable menu of the baby can be enriched with beets, turnips, tomatoes, green peas, beans. Legumes should be given to children in small quantities and only when well cooked and finely chopped, as these foods are rich in coarse fiber, which causes increased gas formation in the intestines, increases peristalsis, which can lead to abdominal pain and loose stools. Vegetables are mainly used in soups and side dishes for meat and fish dishes. They can not only be boiled, but also stewed. At the age of 1 year, they are given in the form of mashed potatoes; closer to a year and a half, you can begin to offer the baby soft boiled or stewed vegetables in pieces. Closer to a year and a half, you can sometimes begin to offer crumbs and garden greens - dill, parsley, cilantro, wild garlic, spinach, lettuce, green onions. Finely chopped greens can be added to soups and main dishes before serving.

It is better to add vegetable oils at the final stage of cooking vegetables in order to heat them as little as possible, since during the heating of any fats, carcinogens are formed that are harmful to the health of not only infants, but even adults.

Meat, fish, eggs in the diet of a child

Meat products are given in the form of steam cutlets, meatballs, meatballs, meat soufflé and pudding in the amount of 100 g daily. Toward the middle of the second year, you can offer the baby stew in small pieces, but be careful not to choke. Many types of meat are still used in the diet: beef, veal, lean pork, rabbit, turkey, chicken, as well as offal - liver, tongue, heart, brains. Waterfowl meat (duck, goose) and lamb are rich in refractory fats, which complicates the digestion and assimilation of these meats, so they can be given only from time to time.

Fish should be offered once or twice a week for 30-40 g per meal as a substitute for meat dishes. You can cook fish cakes (steam) or meatballs, stew fish fillets.

Eggs also have great importance in the nutrition of children after 1 year, as they are rich in valuable nutrients - easily digestible protein, valuable amino acids, vitamins (A, D, E), phospholipids, minerals, micro and macro elements. Egg protein is absorbed almost completely - by 96-97%, fats - by about 95%. Only chicken and quail eggs are used to feed babies. Waterfowl eggs are excluded due to the high risk of transmission of dangerous infections. Quail eggs differ from chicken eggs not only more high content protein (with a large amount of essential amino acid - tryptophan), but also higher in fat and cholesterol. Children under 1.5 years old should only be offered boiled eggs (hard boiled) or in the form of omelettes in milk (they can also contain various vegetables). Raw (and besides, “soft-boiled” and “pouched” eggs are digested worse, as they contain undenatured protein, and are also dangerous from the point of view of infection transmission. It is convenient to cook an omelette in a microwave oven. Then it will not be fried, as on pan, and baked, without a crust.The scrambled mass is poured into a bowl designed for microwave ovens(without using oil) and put in the oven for 2-3 minutes. In addition, eggs are added to other products during the preparation of various dishes (cheesecakes, pancakes, etc.). Since eggs are a product with high allergenic properties (quail eggs are still much less allergenic than chicken eggs), they should not be given to children daily, it is better to do this 3 times a week or every other day. The recommended dose of eggs is % chicken egg per day or whole - every other day. For quail eggs, the dose is approximately doubled.

Cereals, flour and bakery products in the child's diet

Cereals are widely used in baby food. Oatmeal and buckwheat are especially useful for babies, you can also use corn, rice, millet and other types of cereals. It will be easier for a one-year-old baby to chew and swallow if the porridge has a uniform consistency, so soluble ("instant") porridges are often used. Closer to one and a half years, well-boiled cereals can be given without additional grinding.

From time to time, pasta can be used in the nutrition of children. They can be given as a side dish or seasoned with soup. However, they should not be abused, as they are rich in easily digestible carbohydrates. It is recommended to offer them to your baby once or twice a week.

Bread is also used in the nutrition of children of this age. Up to 1.5 years, it is better to offer babies only white bread: it is easier to digest. The total amount of bread per day should not exceed 100 g. Starting from 1.5 years old, you can include a little rye bread in the diet of crumbs (up to 50 g per day). Rye bread is not offered to children under 1.5 years old, since the sour dough from which it is made causes fermentation in the intestines.

Other products

Drinking may be provided clean water(better not boiled, but bottled "for baby food"), dairy products, fruit and vegetable juices, compotes (it is desirable that they be cooked without any sweetener at all or with the addition of a small amount of fructose), weakly brewed tea, herbal decoctions (chamomile, fennel, mint, etc.). It is not recommended to give carbonated drinks (even mineral water) to children under 3 years of age, as they contain carbon dioxide irritates the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Let the baby regulate the amount of fluid consumed. It will, of course, depend on the diet, time of year, ambient temperature And motor activity crumbs.

Table salt is used in small quantities - about 0.5-1 g per day.

Grapes enhance fermentation processes, so it is recommended to give it to children no earlier than three years.

Sweets. You can add a little bit of sugar to sweeten some foods that are especially not liked by the baby. It is better to prefer fructose: it is absorbed and absorbed by the body more slowly and evenly (which almost eliminates sudden changes in blood glucose levels), does not require insulin to penetrate into the cells of the body (that is, it does not create overloads in the pancreas), disturbs the acid-base balance less oral cavity (and therefore less conducive to the development of caries). In addition, properly made, it is almost 1.75 times sweeter than sucrose, which allows it to be consumed in small quantities. To add flavor to cereals and cottage cheese, you can use fresh fruits and berries, as well as dried fruits. In addition, occasionally babies can be pampered with sweets (ideally, they can also be made on fructose - you can find such products on store shelves with medical nutrition) - marshmallow, marshmallow, jam, jam and, of course, honey (provided that the baby tolerates it). The total dose of sugars per day is 30-40 g for children 1-1.5 years old.