When doing DTP to a newborn. What drugs should be chosen? Are vaccinations dangerous?

Vaccination of Russian babies begins from the first day after birth, so parents should find out in advance about the necessary vaccinations in the first year of life. Let's find out which mandatory vaccinations are present in the vaccination schedule of babies from birth to a year.

Calculate the vaccination calendar

Why get vaccinated at such an early age?

Vaccination in the first year of life helps to build immunity in babies as early as possible, protecting them from dangerous diseases. How smaller baby, topics great danger represents an infectious disease for him.

For example, when infected with whooping cough up to 12 months, there is a huge risk of suffocation and brain damage.

In a baby with diphtheria, the airways are clogged with films, and tetanus often ends in death. Having become infected with hepatitis B, a child can remain a carrier of this virus for life. Tuberculosis in young infants is very dangerous by the transition to a common form and damage to the meninges.

Of course, in the first months of life, the baby, most likely, will not encounter the causative agents of these dangerous diseases. However, that is why vaccination is carried out in the first year. It is important that by the time the risks of infection increase (the child begins to actively explore the world and communicate with big amount people), the baby already had protection against such infections.

Vaccines protect babies from deadly diseases

Table

Child's age	What infection is being vaccinated against?
First 24 hours	Hepatitis B
3 to 7 days of life	Tuberculosis
One month	Hepatitis B
Two month	Hepatitis B (if the risks of the baby are increased); pneumococcal infection
Three months	Haemophilus influenzae (infants who have big risk infection); Polio; Diphtheria; Tetanus;
Four and a half months	Polio; pneumococcal infection; Tetanus; Haemophilus influenzae (children with increased risk infection); Diphtheria.
	Polio; Hepatitis B (except children at risk); Haemophilus influenzae (infants who are at increased risk of infection); Diphtheria; Tetanus;
12 months	Rubella; Hepatitis B (children at increased risk);

Short description

The first vaccine used in babies under one year old is a drug that produces immunity to hepatitis B. The vaccine is performed on the first day after the baby is born (usually in the first 12 hours), then repeated at 1 month and at 6 months. If the baby was classified as a risk group, then the third immunization is transferred to more early term(2 months), and in a year they make another, fourth vaccination.
The second vaccine that a newborn faces is BCG. It is administered to babies on the third or seventh day of life in the maternity hospital. If the level of the disease in the region is not increased, and among the relatives of the baby there is no infected people, introduce a lightweight version of this vaccine - BCG-M.
From two months relatively recently they began to vaccinate against pneumococcal infection. The child receives the second dose of pneumococcal vaccine at 4.5 months.
Three-month-old babies are faced with several new vaccines at once. It is at this age that they begin to vaccinate against diphtheria, whooping cough, and also tetanus. Also, three-month-old babies are vaccinated against polio (used inactivated vaccine). If the baby has indications, he is also given a vaccine aimed at preventing hemophilic infection.
At 4 and a half months, the baby is repeated all those vaccinations that were made at the age of three months.
A six-month-old child is vaccinated for the third time against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus, as well as against Haemophilus influenzae (if indicated). Also at this age, they are vaccinated against polio for the third time, but already using a live vaccine.
From the age of 6 months, babies begin to be vaccinated against the flu. The vaccine is administered annually in the autumn.

Children are best tolerated by vaccination breastfeeding

Preparation for vaccination

Since vaccination is allowed only for healthy children, the main point in preparing for the introduction of the vaccine is to determine the health status of the baby. For this child, a doctor should always be examined - in the maternity hospital, the condition of the baby is assessed by a neonatologist, in the children's clinic, the pediatrician examines the babies, and if necessary, the baby can also be shown to an allergist and a neuropathologist.

Immunoprophylaxis in the Russian Federation is guaranteed by the state. All moms and dads dream of being born healthy child, and it is they who should think about how to protect the long-awaited child from diseases after it leaves the mother's womb. Vaccinations for newborns are the protection that the state legally guarantees, but, following the principle “ informed consent”, gives parents the right to choose whether to accept vaccination or refuse it. If a mother says “no”, she must be aware that her grown-up baby may simply not be taken into kindergarten, or school.

Maternal immunity reliably "envelops" the fetus in the womb, after birth it becomes a source of strong immunity breast milk(provided that the mother's body at one time developed antigens from measles, chickenpox and other infectious diseases). However, to protect the child from all harmful bacteria, and especially from those transmitted through sneezing and coughing, mother's milk unable to, and vaccinations for newborns in the maternity hospital should effectively protect against "contagion".

Particularly principled parents avoid immunization, believing that the baby's body must fight infections on its own, using internal reserves. But the vast majority of moms and dads trust vaccination as a reliable way to develop specific immunity. Unlike he nonspecific (innate) immunity, specific is individual character and is formed as a result of the contact of the immune system with microbes and antigens.

Why is “dense” vaccination important in the first year of life?

Already in the first week of life, the newborn is vaccinated twice, and over the next 12 months, in the absence of medical contraindications, the child is administered a significant total dose of various vaccines. And the lion's share of them, based on national calendar vaccinations, falls precisely in the first year of a child's life (six vaccines against nine infections).

To the logical question why such a massive vaccination is needed, doctors answer: what less age child, the lower the chance of acute reactions and complications. When calculating the dosage of the drug, it is taken into account that the immune system is still in the formation stage, and side effects are usually kept to a minimum.

National vaccination calendar

In Russia, as in most countries of the world, it operates. The content of this document (list and terms) is determined by the risk specific disease, forecast possible complications after immunization, the nature of the course of the disease and other objective circumstances. The availability of the required vaccine is also taken into account.

The national calendar of the Russian Federation does not coincide with the calendars of most European countries: in our country, against hemophilic infection, immunization is carried out only in risk groups. But already in the maternity hospital, Russian newborns are supposed to do, which is due to the threatening numbers of the spread of this disease.

Almost immediately after birth, the baby is vaccinated twice: against tuberculosis and against hepatitis B.

How hepatitis enters the body

The hepatitis B virus infects the liver. It enters the body of an adult through the blood or through sexual contact. airborne way transmission is ruled out, as is the possibility of infection through food and drink. The hepatitis B virus can quickly penetrate into the fragile body of a newborn if a small particle of infected blood gets on the mucous membrane or on damaged skin. If the virus is allowed to freely “get into” the baby’s body, it will be very difficult to cope with it: it will provoke the development of chronic hepatitis.

We put a barrier to enemy number 1 - viral hepatitis B

The newborn receives this vaccine on the first day of birth. Then at three months and then at six months. There are two timing exceptions: infants with hepatitis virus from their mother are given the vaccine within the first 12 hours after birth, and premature babies after they gain 2kg. weight.

List of contraindications for hepatitis B vaccination

In the maternity hospital, a newborn will not be vaccinated if:

The baby is not full-term (weighs less than two kg).
He has a purulent-septic infection.
There are any intrauterine infections.
The central nervous system is affected.

Primary (secondary) immunological deficiency in family members.
Side effects after such vaccination in older children in the family.
Congenital enzyme deficiency.
Perinatal lesions of the central nervous system.
Severe hereditary pathologies.
Also, BCG can be temporarily postponed if:
The newborn has infectious diseases.
The newborn was diagnosed with hemolytic disease.
The baby is not full term.

What vaccinations should a child get before the age of one?

When the baby is three months old, the first DPT vaccination(for whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus), and for polio. At four and a half months, the vaccination against these four diseases is repeated, and a second one is given. At 6 months, the child is vaccinated for the third time against four diseases, and for the third time - against hepatitis B. At 7 months, the baby is vaccinated against hemophilia, at eight months - against hemophilia again. When the child is one year old, he is vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps(pigs).

The principle of "informed consent"

It must be remembered that this principle has not been canceled. Physicians are required to disclose to patients full information about the advantages or disadvantages of a particular method medical intervention(in this case, vaccinations). Refusing vaccinations, you can rely on the law "On the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases" of July 17, 1998 (No. 157FZ). It enshrines the right of any citizen of the Russian Federation to refuse vaccinations (Article 5), and to vaccinate minors only with the consent of their parents (Article 11).

When making a decision about vaccination, parents should be aware that their decision affects health and full life their child in society.

On initial stage the life of a baby, the issue of immunology is more acute than ever. Throughout the first year of life, a newborn's blood contains mother's antibodies, which give children basic protection against certain dangerous infectious diseases. But there are diseases for which there can be no natural protection. And than more dangerous disease the sooner vaccination should take place after the birth of the child. The first vaccination for any baby, according to the vaccination schedule in Russian Federation, becomes a vaccine against infectious hepatitis. They put it immediately after birth in the first few days. Subsequently, revaccination against this disease is carried out at the age of one month and six months. Why is hepatitis B vaccination so necessary for children and how many of them are mandatory?

The danger of hepatitis

Viral hepatitis of any type (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) is a dangerous infectious disease. It is transmitted parenterally (including sexually), that is, through the physiological fluids of the body. The hepatitis B virus is considered the most dangerous, as it is the most common and very difficult to inactivate. This means that the virus survives very well in the most difficult environment and temperature regime. For these reasons, there high risk to become infected with the virus even without direct contact with the carrier: through personal hygiene items, medical instruments, wounds and even dried blood. This also provokes childhood infection, children love to touch everything with their hands, drag it into their mouths - all this increases the risk of infection.

Vaccination against hepatitis B can be carried out as many times as you like, but as a rule, 5 vaccinations are enough - 3 in the first years of life, 3 at the age of 20 years.

The incubation period or time during which the virus manifests itself in an infected organism for hepatitis can be several weeks, up to six months - for long time hepatitis B virus can provide children with several chronic diseases. Listed dangerous complications after hepatitis of the liver, cancer and cirrhosis of the liver are listed, functional insufficiency liver, disorders of the urinary and biliary tract, and many other pathologies. Often, with chronic hepatitis, it is no longer possible to return to a full-fledged healthy life especially for children. There are rare cases when hepatitis B disease goes away without significant consequences for the body, so prevention is a reasonable way out. Man who is ill chronic hepatitis B, contagious for life.

When properly vaccinated against hepatitis B, a newborn is immune from the virus for more than 20 years.

Vaccination and precautionary measures are the only reliable ways prevent this infection dangerous virus. Children are vaccinated on the first day of life, rarely, if there are any complications, the vaccination is postponed for 1-2 days. The urgency of hepatitis B vaccination is explained by the fact that no immunity is transmitted from the mother to the child - on the contrary, if the mother has hepatitis B, her child has a very high chance of becoming infected. This can happen in utero, during childbirth, and also in everyday life - through objects common use, wounds and so on. A high degree of risk is not a one-time use of medical instruments. To prevent infection of children, all pregnant women in the second month of pregnancy donate blood for the presence of the hepatitis virus - infection detected in advance gives the newborn a much more chance to stay healthy.

Vaccination

As we have already said, vaccination against hepatitis B for newborn children is divided into three stages:

the first vaccination immediately after birth (from several hours to a day);
vaccination at the age of one month after birth;
6 months - final stage revaccination, after which final immunity is acquired.

However, the schedule may vary slightly depending on different conditions, the decision on how much and when to give vaccinations should always remain with the immunologist. So, a child in a high-risk zone of infection (sick or unexamined parents) is given one more vaccination - at the age of 2 months, and the last stage is given to the child exactly one year. This type of vaccination is called "fast" and significantly reduces the chances of getting infected (from 40-60%, provided that the mother is a carrier of the virus, to 5-12%). How standard method, it is also absolutely safe.

In Russia, the problem of hepatitis is given a lot of attention. great attention, perhaps that is why there are quite a lot of vaccination drugs on the medical market, suitable for the child up to 6 months. Here is the complete list:

Name	Manufacturer country
Hepatitis B vaccine recombinant yeast	Russia
Regevak B	Russia
Shanvak	India
Biovac	India
Serum Institute	India
Eberbiovak	Cuba
Euvac B	South Korea
Angerix	Belgium
H-V-Vax II	USA
BUBO-M	Russia
BUBO-KOK	Russia
BUBO-KOK	Russia

The last three vaccines are combined, that is, they are used for vaccination not only against hepatitis B. Often, this is much more convenient, but sometimes it is unacceptable. Before using these drugs, you need mandatory consultation immunologist doctor. It would also be useful to consult if there is any doubt about which vaccination to choose for your child.

It is allowed to use any vaccine among those available in Russia. They are all absolutely safe, but the vaccine "Regevac B" is considered the most suitable for Russian conditions. It is adapted specifically to the genotype of the virus that is most common in our country, suitable for children under 6 months old and does not hit the pocket.

Ask your doctors what vaccinations cost and consult with several doctors. Often, doctors are in tacit collusion with the nearest pharmacies and can recommend even less useful for children, but more expensive vaccines.

Hepatitis B vaccine is always given intramuscularly in the upper arm or inner part hips. A child under 9 months old, due to the peculiarities of the formation muscle tissue, vaccination is almost always done in the thigh. A syringe of no more than 5 ml and a needle with a thickness of 0.6 to 0.8 mm should be used. It is important to warm the vaccine solution before use in order to cause less harm to the child. discomfort. The standard dosage for children of recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine per month is 0.5 ml.

Complications and contraindications

Whatever vaccines are offered by doctors to choose from, they are all made according to the same principle - the main active ingredient is 95% antigen of the hepatitis B virus. With this approach to the creation of the drug, the risk of dangerous complications and negative reactions of the body is practically eliminated. However, the standard for domestic medicine Hepatitis B vaccinations are important contraindications:

having an allergy to baker's yeast(in the case when one of the parents had such an allergy, it is better to refrain from vaccination or find an analogue);
allergic reaction for the last vaccination (often children forget to mark cases of allergies in the medical record, it is important to monitor this additionally);
transferred meningitis - vaccination is done no earlier than six months after the illness;
sharp autoimmune diseases such as lupus or systemic multiple sclerosis.

The presence of hepatitis B in the blood of a vaccinated child is not a contraindication, in this case the vaccine will simply be useless. Whatever non-standard situations arise during vaccination, you should seek the advice of an immunologist or therapist.

Among the standard reactions of the body to vaccination, several main ones can be distinguished. They are extremely rare and are not as dangerous as unpleasant consequences. In the list of such reactions: slight increase temperature (no more than 1.5 degrees from the norm), slight weakness and general malaise, sweating, rash, redness of the skin, children's cry. All these backfire are not considered a serious deviation from the norm, but can be very exciting for parents. In such cases, it is recommended to wait at least a day before contacting a doctor, noting in detail all changes in the child's condition. Some children may also experience discomfort, itching around the vaccination site and painful induration, in the event that the vaccination was done unprofessionally.

The Importance of Vaccination

The second hepatitis B vaccination for children is very important, without it it is impossible to instill full immunity. Therefore, do not skip it, even if your child had an unpleasant reaction to the first one or had any doubts. If the standard vaccination does not suit the baby, the vaccination at 1 month can be given with another drug - there are as many analogues on the market as you like.

Vaccinations for children - benefit or harm to health? Serum anti-rhesus immunoglobulin

A child whose immune system is improving artificial way, due to vaccinations, this is primarily the preparedness of the child's body for various serious diseases. IN Lately there were many opponents who believe that vaccination is a deliberate infection of the child's body with a disease that can seriously harm the health of the baby.

Medicine has been using the vaccination technique for about one hundred and fifty years, and all this time there are both opponents and defenders of this action. Although such a simple thing as statistics confirms the correctness of actions, many parents consider the vaccine dangerous and partly this fear is understandable: the reaction of the child to the injected antibodies is very different, ranging from fever to the appearance of a rash and ending in some cases with serious problems expressed by side effects. If add frequent violations vaccination procedures by the doctors themselves, it is quite understandable why parents so often refuse vaccinations, thereby exposing the child to the danger of serious diseases.

The first vaccines are carried out directly in the maternity hospital, but today the governments of many countries, with the unwillingness of parents to vaccinate their children, do not insist on the procedure. After the introduction of active antibodies into the child's body, at the time of infection, he is exposed to them, which causes a corresponding reaction. In view of the small amount of the substance, and the active opposition of the baby's immune system during normal development the child comes into close contact with the disease against which the vaccine is given and becomes ill with it in mild form. Instead, the baby's immune system will learn to recognize and suppress the development of the appearance of antibodies in the body throughout life.

What diseases are vaccinated against?

The main types of vaccinations for children include those that are desirable to be carried out in early age, in order to develop a child's stable immunity to the category of pathogens serious illnesses. Some of them need to be carried out sequentially, in several stages, this ensures systematic adaptation. children's immunity to antibodies not at once, but gradually.

Hepatitis B vaccine, the first vaccine given to a child in the hospital, provided there are no contraindications. Secondary revaccination is performed in a medical institution after 3 months, and the last, third, after six months. If the baby's mother is a carrier of the disease, the revaccination procedure is performed in a different sequence, increasing the number up to 4 times.

On the third day, if there are no contraindications, specially trained personnel vaccinate against tuberculosis (BCG). The vaccine has a long period influence, but for this time it is forbidden to interfere with natural process formation of protection for the child, destroying or cauterizing the injection site.

From the age of three months, the child is vaccinated with complex protection against three diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough (DTP). The procedure is performed in stages, three times, with an interval of 1.5 months.

Together with DTP vaccination doctors recommend vaccinating against polio, a serious illness that can completely change a child's life if they get sick. Vaccination is carried out in stages, starting at 3, then at 4.5 and the last at 6 months, as well as when the child reaches 14 years of age.

Against measles, mumps and rubella, the vaccine is given when the baby reaches 1 year old, with repeated revaccination at 6 years old, or at 13, if for some reason this procedure was skipped.

Hepatitis: vaccination of newborns

Vaccination against hepatitis is carried out the very first, and this is done even in the hospital, on the first day, provided that the baby was born healthy and he has no contraindications to the procedure. Subsequent revaccination is performed at three months and finally at six months, but if the mother has a virus of the disease, revaccination is carried out according to a scheme that differs from the one described above in the following format:

For 1 month of life.
At 2 months.
Upon reaching one year.

If the first vaccination for any other reason was not done, vaccination is carried out at the clinic at the place of residence, with a repeat in a month. The last revaccination is carried out in six months.

The procedure for introducing antibodies is carried out with the help of an injection, intramuscularly in the area of the forearm or thigh. Subject to all the rules for vaccination in a child, apart from redness at the injection site and a slight expansion of the edema in diameter, no other side effects appear. If the child is anxious or naughty, perhaps the temperature rise is not higher than 37.2-37.50C. At a higher temperature (from 380C) and other symptoms: vomiting, convulsions, diarrhea, you should immediately contact a medical facility or call an ambulance.

Contraindications for vaccinating children against hepatitis are:

Any of the infectious diseases at the time of the procedure.
During the teething period.
In the presence of incompatibility to the drug or allergies to yeast products.

Doctors do not recommend vaccination during the course of any disease that can lead to negative side effects. These tips should be heeded not only by the parents of the child, but also by medical workers who, when performing the procedure, must first take an interest in the condition of the baby.

BCG vaccination for newborns (vaccination against tuberculosis)

BCG is a type of vaccine that is used to produce immunity protective properties from tuberculosis in the first day of life after birth (3-5 days). Most often, the procedure is performed in the hospital, intramuscularly in left shoulder personnel specially trained for this event. For these purposes, a special tuberculin syringe is used. Before the vaccination, the attending physician personally checks the expiration dates of the drug and its integrity. The vaccination procedure is recorded in the baby's medical record in a special statement-certificate, which is issued to parents in their hands, or transferred to the institution where the child will be in the future. next time revaccination occurs when reaching 7 and 14 years of age.

A feature of BCG vaccination is the duration external signs vaccinations, which are expressed as the presence of small tubercle in the first 1.5-2 months, provided that the process does not go beyond the norm. Further, under the formed crust (in no case should it be destroyed), a yellowish-dirty liquid accumulates, and the tubercle itself increases in size. The period of formation of the protective process is delayed for 3-4 months, after which the tubercle bursts, and a crust appears at the site of the wound, the integrity of which also cannot be violated. It is advisable not to touch the place of vaccination at all. For the entire period of adaptation of immunity in a child under the arms, lymph nodes can increase in size. If other side effects are noticeable, you need to seek help from specialists.

Before doing BCG vaccination specialists should examine the child and, in case of detection the following diseases, the procedure is permanently postponed.

Immunodeficiency of a different nature.
Malignant diseases of the blood.
discovered tuberculosis.
Detection of neoplasms in the child's body.
Allergy to a drug for the first time.

Contraindications for vaccination against tuberculosis of a temporary nature, experts include:

Prematurity of the fetus for the period of childbirth (less than 2000 gr.).
The presence of intrauterine infections.
The presence of any infectious diseases, regardless of their form.
Therapy using hormonal drugs or immunosuppressants.
hemolytic disease.

At certain periods, over several years, the child is tested with a special test (Mantoux reaction) for the effectiveness of the vaccine, which is also performed subject to certain rules by workers who have undergone special training.

DTP baby

DPT (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus toxoid) contains a complex of substances that kill bacteria of the three most dangerous diseases in their manifestations for the child's body: diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. defensive reflexes of the child are produced by familiarizing the immune system with the killed cells of the causative agents of these diseases.

The vaccine in the past has been one of the most difficult characteristic manifestations in the form of side effects. Availability severe edema at the injection site heat body, pain, convulsions, all this terrified parents and often put them in deadlock situations medical workers. New developments are significantly different: this drug is cell-free and, accordingly, infants tolerate them much easier. Vaccination is for phased implementation procedures: the first at 3 months, repeated at 4.5, and the final at six months.

Contraindications to revaccination are:

Individual intolerance to the drug, manifested in an allergic reaction to the vaccine.
Neurological disorders in the form of convulsions during the first vaccination.
A sharp increase in body temperature of the baby after the first vaccination from 380C and above.
If swelling and redness after the first injection exceeds 8 cm in size.

Polio

Vaccination against polio is done in conjunction with DPT, in the same way with subsequent revaccinations. Infants are given the drug in the form of drops, through oral cavity using 2 to 4 drops at a time. For at least an hour, the child is not fed or allowed to drink; for a month, doctors advise to exclude contact between infants and other children.

Occasionally, a side effect is observed in the form of an increase in the body temperature of the child, which occurs in the second week after vaccination. The inactivated version of the vaccine is considered a safer version of vaccination, this procedure is performed intramuscularly. At 12.5 and 14 years are held booster vaccinations, during this period, children already have relatively strong immunity Therefore, they tolerate the procedure without complications.

Other vaccines

With age, the child is prescribed vaccinations that warn the baby against infection with rubella, measles, mumps, the vaccination of which is prescribed from one year. It should also be remembered that when registering a child in a kindergarten and other children's institutions, parents will have to face the registration procedure, which includes the presence of additional vaccinations:

Chickenpox, if the child has not had this disease before.
Seasonal vaccinations (in autumn) against influenza.
Haemophilus infection.
Meningococcus.
Pneumococcus.

Even the usual design of a child in health Camp may break without complying with the requirements obliging parents to provide a nursery medical card, which contains the listed vaccinations.

Contraindications to vaccination

Before vaccination, the child must pass comprehensive study. There are a number of contraindications that prohibit the vaccination procedure:

Permanent (absolute) contraindications. Those that cause reactions that are complex in nature of perceptibility, complications that appeared earlier on the basis of the vaccine used, the presence of immunodeficiency, an infectious disease. This also includes allergies to the drug, diseases of a chronic nature.
Temporary contraindications. Prematurity less than 2000 gr., and other factors that can provoke serious side effects. In all cases, the decision is made by the pediatrician, who determines the period and time of vaccination.
False contraindications. This category includes factors that, according to doctors, are unjustified in their manifestations, but according to their symptoms, they are at risk. Most often, these contraindications are diathesis, atypical dermatitis, mild anemia, dysbacteriosis, thymomegaly.

Despite many protests and the reluctance of many parents to vaccinate their children, traditional medicine categorically insists on carrying out this type of procedures due to their particular importance. For the correct implementation of measures for the vaccination of children, a special scheme has been developed, which is considered the most favorable form of strengthening children's immune system in the fight against severe diseases.

Hepatitis. The first 24 hours after the birth of the baby.
BCG. 1-7 days after birth.
Hepatitis. 1 month (repeated).
Poliomyelitis, DPT. At 3 months after birth.
Poliomyelitis, DPT. At 4.5 months (repeated).
Poliomyelitis, DPT. At 5-5.5 months (last in infancy).
Hepatitis. At 6 months (final).

The scheme described above is intended for carrying out procedures for the main types of vaccines, additional vaccinations are prescribed when the child reaches 1 year of age.

Vaccination of children

Doctors insist: vaccination is vital necessary complex strengthening children's immunity by artificial means. This is the only way to avoid outbreaks of such epidemics. serious illnesses like poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, hepatitis, diphtheria and others. Vaccination is divided according to the types of conditions for the procedures: the maternity hospital, when the baby is guaranteed to be vaccinated against the most complex ailments from the first hours of his life, and medical institutions, where it will be executed after a certain period of time.

Vaccination of newborns in the hospital

The issue of coordinating measures for vaccinating children at an early age between parents and doctors remains acute. Recently, such refusals have become more frequent and this is primarily due to the fear of harming the health of the child with a vaccine that contains weakened material of the disease, protection against which is expected in the future. Against the backdrop of the excitement common sense still prevails: parents are aware of the danger that threatens their child in the first years of life from the effects of serious diseases, so they do not interfere with the work of doctors.

The first vaccination (hepatitis B and BCG) is carried out in the hospital almost immediately after the birth of the baby. Hepatitis B vaccination is performed on the first day after the birth of the baby, injecting the drug into the thigh. The disease is infectious-viral, affecting the liver with the subsequent development of cirrhosis. If a child was born from a mother who is a carrier of the pathogen, his vaccination is carried out in the first 12 hours after birth.

The vaccine against tuberculosis, as in the case of hepatitis B, is administered as an injection in the baby's forearm, during the period from 3 to 7 days of his stay in the hospital. After the injection, a papule forms at the injection site, which persists for 20 minutes.

Both vaccinations are performed by personnel specially trained for this type of procedure, provided there are no contraindications. For each vaccination, the reasons for prohibiting the procedure differ by factors.

Preparing for vaccination of the baby in the clinic

The troubles associated with the birth of a baby and the responsibility for his health falls on the shoulders of parents and doctors, who are obliged in the first period of life to provide the child with everything necessary for his full development. The first months of a child's life are especially troublesome, since at this moment, in addition to the usual care of the baby, it is required to carry out a number of necessary vaccinations. There are rules for preparing a baby for vaccination in a clinic:

By the time of vaccination, make sure that the baby is absolutely healthy, exclude contact with other children and adults in a couple of days.
In case of allergic reactions, make sure that the procedure is carried out at the time of remission.
On the day when the event is planned, it is necessary to carefully observe the behavior of the baby, feed him ahead of time, provided that he is not overfeeding.
If there are people in the family who are ill at the time of vaccination with SARS and other diseases, the date of vaccination is postponed to a more favorable period.

After vaccination, it takes some time to observe the behavior of the baby, so the first half hour is best spent in the clinic, avoiding contact with other children. Previously, specialists should explain to parents which of the symptoms may appear after vaccination and how to properly respond to their appearance. It will also be necessary to follow the first day for changes in the behavior of the child: with an increase in temperature, the appearance of convulsions, vomiting, diarrhea, it is necessary to immediately notify medical workers and call an ambulance.

Calendar mandatory vaccinations monthly for newborns.

Today, already on the first day after the birth of a child, his parents are offered to vaccinate the baby against hepatitis. And this is just the beginning. During the first year of life, the newborn is not yet times will pass similar procedure, because there are many diseases that are dangerous to the health and life of the baby. But do children need to be vaccinated, or can they be dispensed with? As a rule, pediatricians cannot give a definite answer, although they are 90 percent sure of the benefits of vaccination. As for parents, they often have many questions regarding preventive vaccinations: will it hurt, what complications can be, is it possible to refuse vaccinations, etc. Today, vaccination is not mandatory, and therefore, if parents are sure that the vaccine is dangerous for their baby, they may well refuse it by signing the appropriate document. However, in this case, the entire responsibility for the health of the child falls on the shoulders of the parents. For those who nevertheless decided to vaccinate their babies, it will be useful to know what vaccinations are given to newborns by month.

Why is vaccination needed?

When considering the vaccination calendar, parents are often intimidated by their frequency and quantity. However, due to timely vaccination, it is possible to prevent the development of dangerous infectious diseases, to which young children are especially vulnerable. Thus, according to WHO data, every year, due to vaccination, it is possible to save the lives of about 3 million children around the world. Vaccination is a proven, and relatively safe way to make mass prevention of infectious diseases dangerous to humans.

The essence of vaccination is the introduction of a vaccine into the baby's body, which consists of weakened or killed strains of microbes, purified protein or synthetic drug. After the introduction of vaccinations in children's body as a response, antibodies begin to be produced that “remember” the pathogen, which further protect the body from it.

Vaccination schedule for newborns

Do vaccinations correctly according to the calendar approved by WHO. The table shows which list of vaccinations is offered to children under one year of age. This scheme can be adjusted by a pediatrician if there were good reasons for that (for example, illness, allergic reaction, lack of a vaccine, etc.).

		Graft	Possible reaction	Possible Complications	Contraindications to vaccination
Newborn baby - first 12 hours	Euwax B, Engerix B	Against viral hepatitis B (first vaccination)	Local reaction in the form of a seal at the injection site, redness, the appearance of discomfort. Fever, malaise and weakness, tearfulness due to headache, diarrhea and excessive sweating are possible.	Rash, hives, exacerbation of an allergic reaction, erythema nodosum, anaphylactic shock.	Allergic reaction to yeast-containing products, diathesis, meningitis, infectious diseases in acute phase, autoimmune diseases.
Newborn baby - 3-7 days	BCG, BCG-M	Tuberculosis vaccine	Increased body temperature in the first days after vaccination, after 1.5-2 months at the injection site, there may be a seal, the appearance of an abscess or a red vesicle covered with a crust, a dark blue or brown spot.	Cold abscesses, infiltrates, extensive ulcer at the injection site, lymphadenitis, keloid scar formation, BCG infection, post-vaccination syndrome (manifested by skin rashes), tuberculous osteitis.	Small weight of the newborn (up to 2.5 kg), a child born to an HIV-infected woman, the presence of intrauterine infection of the baby, moderate and severe form hemolytic disease, birth trauma in which the brain of the baby was damaged, a widespread pustular lesion of the baby's skin, the presence of relatives in the baby with tuberculosis, genetic diseases if complications after BCG have been established in close relatives of the baby.
	Hiberix, DPT, Combitech, ActHib, Engerix B, Pentaxim, Euvax B, Regivak, Infanrix	Hepatitis B - 2nd vaccination. Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio B, Haemophilus influenzae type B - primary vaccination	An increase in body temperature, loss of appetite, the appearance of a seal at the injection site, redness and swelling of this area, its soreness, weakness, drowsiness, irritability, slight vomiting.	Thickening and swelling at the injection site with a diameter of more than 8 cm, convulsions, an allergic reaction (edema, rash, loss of consciousness), fever above 39 0 С	Complications and backlash to previous vaccination, diseases in acute form, immunodeficiency, allergy to the components that make up the vaccine, convulsions, stressful situations and problems of the nervous system.
4.5 months	Hiberix, DTP, ActHib, Pentaxim, Infanrix	Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae type B - 2nd vaccination	Similar to the reaction at the 1st vaccination	Similar to complications in the 1st vaccination	Similar to contraindications for the 1st vaccination
6 months	Hiberix, DTP, AktKhib	diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B - 3rd vaccination	Similar to the reaction at the 1st and 2nd vaccination	Similar to the complications of the 1st and 2nd vaccination	Similar to contraindications for the 1st and 2nd vaccination
12 months	MMR, Priorix, Ervevax	Measles, rubella, mumps	runny nose and headache, general weakness, sleep disturbance, poor appetite, sore throat, redness of the tonsils, rash on the body, fever.	Severe toxic reaction with fever over 38.5 0 C, convulsions and post-vaccination encephalitis, Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock	Allergy to egg white and aminoglycosides, oncology, AIDS, exacerbation of chronic diseases, the introduction of blood components or immunoglobulin, complication of acute respiratory viral infections.

If the child is ill, the pediatrician can defer vaccinations for a month, sometimes it takes a little longer. It is also possible to make several vaccinations in one day, otherwise a break of 1 month should be observed between vaccinations. Also, a child who is absolutely healthy should be vaccinated. More detailed information Your local pediatrician will tell you how to properly vaccinate children under one year old.